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Outline of applied

The following outline is provided as an overview of and • Sericulture – also called silk farming, is topical guide to , which is the branch of the rearing of silkworms for the produc- science that applies existing scientific knowledge to de- tion of silk. Although there are several velop more practical applications, including commercial species of silkworms, Bom- and other technological advancements. Science itself byx mori is the most widely used and in- is the systematic enterprise that builds and organizes tensively studied. knowledge in the form of testable explanations and pre- • Food science – study concerned with all tech- [1][2][3] dictions about the universe. nical aspects of foods, beginning with harvest- ing or slaughtering, and ending with its cook- ing and consumption, an ideology commonly 1 Branches of applied science referred to as “from field to fork”. It is the discipline in which the , biological, Applied science – application of scientific knowledge and physical are used to study the na- transferred into a physical environment. ture of foods, the causes of deterioration, the principles underlying food processing, and the improvement of foods for the consuming pub- • – science and of producing lic. and using plants for food, fuel, feed, fiber, and recla- • – art and science of managing forests, mation. tree plantations, and related natural resources. • Animal husbandry – agricultural practice of • Arboriculture – cultivation, management, breeding and raising livestock. and study of individual trees, shrubs, • Aquaculture – also known as aquafarming, is vines, and other perennial woody plants. the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, • Silviculture – practice of controlling crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.[4][5] the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet di- • Algaculture – form of aquaculture involv- verse needs and values. It includes re- ing the farming of species of algae. generating, tending and harvesting tech- • Mariculture – cultivation of marine or- niques. ganisms for food and other products in • Horticulture – art, science, technology and the open ocean, an enclosed section of business of intensive plant cultivation for hu- the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways man use which are filled with seawater. • Floriculture – discipline of horticulture • – science of farming concerned with the cultivation of flower- • Cuniculture – also known as rabbit farm- ing and ornamental plants for gardens and ing, is the breeding and raising domestic for floristry, comprising the floral indus- rabbits, usually for their meat or fur. try. • Fungiculture – process of producing • Hydroculture – growing of plants in a food, , and other products by soilless medium, or an aquatic based en- the cultivation of mushrooms and other vironment. Plant nutrients are distributed fungi. via water. Hydroculture is aquatic horti- • Heliciculture – also called snail farming, culture. is the process of farming or raising land • Hydroponics – subset of hydrocul- snails specifically for consump- ture and is a method of growing tion, and more recently, to obtain snail plants using mineral nutrient solu- slime for cosmetics use. tions, in water, without soil. • Olericulture – science of vegetable grow- • Permaculture – branch of ecological de- ing, dealing with the culture of non- sign and ecological engineering, which de- woody (herbaceous) plants for food. velop sustainable human settlements and self-

1 2 1 BRANCHES OF APPLIED SCIENCE

maintained agricultural systems modeled from craft that stay within Earth’s atmosphere, and natural ecosystems. the latter with craft that operate outside it. • • – process and product of planning, de- Aerospace engineering – Aerospace en- signing and . Architectural works, in gineering is the primary branch of engi- the material form of , are often perceived neering concerned with the , con- as cultural symbols and as works of art. struction, and science of and . It is divided into two ma- • Architectural engineering – application of en- jor and overlapping branches: aeronau- gineering principles and technology to build- tical engineering and astronautical engi- ing design and construction. neering. The former deals with craft that • science – collection of scientific stay within Earth’s atmosphere, and the knowledge that focuses on the analysis and latter with craft that operate outside it. control of the physical phenomena affecting • – engineering dis- buildings. cipline that applies engineering science and technology to agricultural production and pro- • Applied – cessing. • Computing technology (outline) – hard- • Agricultural science – broad multidisci- ware and , and computing methods. plinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sci- • – any act or experience that has a forma- ences that are used in the practice and un- tive effect on the , character, or physical ability derstanding of agriculture. of an individual. In its technical sense, education is • the process by which society deliberately transmits Applied engineering – field concerned with the its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from application of management, design, and tech- one generation to another. nical skills for the design and integration of systems, the execution of new product , • – branch of , engineering and the improvement of processes, technology dealing with electrical circuits that in- and the management and direction of physical volve active electrical components such as vacuum and/or technical functions of a firm or organi- tubes, , and integrated circuits, and zation. associated passive interconnection . • – application of en- • (outline) – interdisciplinary en- gineering principles and design concepts to gineering science having to do with the efficient, medicine and . safe, environmentally friendly and economical ex- • Bioengineering – application of concepts traction, conversion, transportation, storage and use and methods of biology (and secondarily of of energy, targeted towards yielding high efficiency physics, chemistry, , and com- whilst skirting side effects on , nature and puter science) to solve real-world problems re- the environment. lated to the life sciences and/or the applica- tion thereof, using engineering’s own analyt- • (outline) – accomplished by devices ical and synthetic and also its or physical media that store some form of energy traditional sensitivity to the cost and practical- to perform some useful operation at a later time. A ity of the solution(s) arrived at. device that stores energy is sometimes called an ac- • cumulator. Chemical engineering – application of phys- ical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), • Engineering (outline) – discipline, art, skill and pro- and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology fession of acquiring and applying scientific, mathe- and biochemistry) with mathematics and eco- matical, economic, social, and practical knowledge, nomics, to the process of converting raw mate- in order to design and build structures, , rials or chemicals into more useful or valuable devices, systems, materials and processes that safely forms. realize improvements to the lives of people. • Civil engineering – deals with the design, • Aeronautical engineering – Aerospace engi- construction, and maintenance of the physi- neering is the primary branch of - cal and naturally built environment, including ing concerned with the design, construction, works like , , , , and and science of aircraft and spacecraft. It buildings. Civil engineering has many sub- is divided into two major and overlapping disciplines. branches: aeronautical engineering and astro- • Computer engineering – design and develop- nautical engineering. The former deals with ment of computer systems 3

• Artificial intelligence (outline) – intelli- • Polymer engineering – subfield of materials gence of machines and the branch of science concerned with polymers, primarily that aims to create it. synthetic polymers such as . • – field of engineering • – study of the combined that generally deals with the study and applica- disciplines of physics, engineering and math- tion of , electronics and electromag- ematics in order to develop an understanding netism. of the interrelationships of these three disci- • Engineering technology (outline) – develop- plines. ment and implementation of existing technol- • Security engineering – focuses on the security ogy within a field of engineering. aspects in the design of systems that need to • Environmental engineering science – multi- be able to deal robustly with possible sources disciplinary field of engineering science that of disruption, ranging from natural disasters to combines the biological, chemical and physi- malicious acts. cal sciences with the field of engineering. • Software engineering (outline) – application • Industrial engineering – branch of engineering of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable ap- dealing with the optimization of complex pro- proach to the development, operation, and cesses or systems maintenance of software, and the study of • engineering – science and tech- these approaches; that is, the application of en- nology of creating objects from inor- gineering to software. ganic, non-metallic materials. • – interdisciplinary field • Control engineering – engineering disci- of engineering focusing on how complex engi- pline that applies control theory to design neering projects should be designed and man- systems with desired behaviors. aged over their life cycles. • Language engineering – deliberate effort to • Environmental science – multidisciplinary aca- influence the function, structure, or acquisi- demic field that integrates physical, biological and tion of languages or language variety within a information sciences to the study of the environ- speech community. ment, and the solution of environmental problems. • Marine engineering – engineering of boats, , oil rigs and any other marine vessel • – application of one or more of environmental science, green • and engineering – interdis- chemistry, environmental monitoring and ciplinary field applying the properties of mat- electronic devices to monitor, model and con- ter to various areas of science and engineer- serve the natural environment and resources, ing. This scientific field investigates the rela- and to curb the negative impacts of human in- tionship between the structure of materials at volvement. atomic or molecular scales and their macro- scopic properties. • Fisheries science – of • Materials engineering – interdisciplinary managing and understanding fisheries. It is a field applying the properties of matter to multidisciplinary science, which draws on the various areas of science and engineering. disciplines of limnology, oceanography, fresh- water biology, marine biology, conservation, • Mechanical engineering – discipline of engi- , population dynamics, economics and neering that applies the principles of physics management to attempt to provide an inte- and materials science for analysis, design, grated picture of fisheries. manufacturing, and maintenance of mechan- ical systems. • (outline) – application of a broad • engineering – engineering discipline spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest that involves the practice, the theory, the sci- to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime ence, the technology, and application of ex- or a civil action. tracting and processing minerals from a nat- • Health science – application of science, technol- urally occurring environment. ogy, engineering or mathematics to the delivery of • Nuclear engineering – branch of engineering healthcare concerned with the application of the break- down (fission) as well as the fusion of atomic • Conservation medicine – emerging, interdis- nuclei and/or the application of other sub- ciplinary field that studies the relationship be- atomic physics, based on the principles of nu- tween human and animal health, and environ- clear physics. mental conditions. 4 1 BRANCHES OF APPLIED SCIENCE

• – branch of medicine that is involved a disease, or resulting from an abnormal in the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treat- syndrome. ment of diseases, disorders and conditions of • Pediatrics – branch of medicine that deals the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and the adja- with the medical care of infants, children, cent and associated structures and their impact and adolescents. on the human body. • Pharmacy – health that links • Optometry – health care profession concerned the health sciences with the chemical sci- with the health of the eyes and related struc- ences and it is charged with ensuring the tures, as well as vision, visual systems, and vi- safe and effective use of pharmaceutical sion information processing in humans. drugs. • Physiology – science of the function of • Medicine – science of healing. To elabo- living systems. rate, it is the applied science of the diagno- • sis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It Psychiatry – medical specialty devoted to encompasses a variety of health care practices the study and treatment of mental disor- evolved to maintain and restore health by the ders. prevention and treatment of illness in human • Radiology – medical specialty that em- beings. ploys the use of imaging to both diagnose and treat disease visualised within the hu- • – branch of biology and man body. medicine that is the consideration of the • Toxicology – branch of biology, chem- structure of living things. istry, and medicine concerned with the • Human anatomy – scientific study of study of the adverse effects of chemicals the morphology of the adult human. on living organisms. • Dermatology – branch of medicine deal- • Urology – medical and surgical specialty ing with the skin and its diseases, a unique that focuses on the urinary tracts of males specialty with both medical and surgical and females, and on the reproductive sys- aspects. tem of males. • Cardiology – medical specialty dealing • Nutrition – studies the relationship between with disorders of the heart (specifically diet and states of health and disease. the human heart). • Nursing – Nursing is a healthcare profession • Endocrinology - medical specialty deal- focused on the care of individuals, families, ing with the endocrine system, its dis- and communities so they may attain, maintain, eases, and its specific secretions (hor- or recover optimal health and quality of life. mones), and the interactions of these with • Pharmacology – branch of medicine and biol- all aspects of bodily functioning ogy concerned with the study of drug action • Gastroenterology – branch of medicine • Physical therapy – Military Physical Thera- whereby the digestive system and its dis- pists working with patients on balance prob- orders are studied. lems, orthopedic/musculoskeletal injuries, • Gynecology – medical practice dealing amputee, compression wrapping to control with the health of the female reproductive edema, and during evaluation/assessment of system (uterus, vagina, and ovaries). strength, flexibility, and joint range of motion, • Immunology – study of the immune sys- massages, etc. . tem. • Veterinary medicine – branch of science that • Internal medicine – medical specialty deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treat- dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, ment of disease, disorder and injury in non- and treatment of adult diseases. human animals. • Neurology – medical specialty dealing • Applied – interdisciplinary field of study with disorders of the nervous system. that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to • Ophthalmology – branch of medicine that language-related real-life problems. deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. • Management – getting people together to accom- • Pathology – precise study and diagnosis plish desired goals and objectives using available re- of disease. sources efficiently and effectively. • Pathophysiology – study of the changes • – process of communicating fi- of normal mechanical, physiological, and nancial information about a business entity to biochemical functions, either caused by users such as shareholders and managers. 5

• Outline of management – getting people to- • Military engineering – the art and practice gether to accomplish desired goals and objec- of designing and building military works and tives using available resources efficiently and maintaining lines of military and effectively. . • Business Strategy – field that deals with the • Military Strategy and Tactics – set of ideas im- major intended and emergent initiatives taken plemented by military organizations to pursue by general managers on behalf of owners, in- desired strategic goals volving utilization of resources, to enhance the performance of firms in their external environ- • – physics intended for a particular ments. technological or practical use. It is usually consid- • Finance – addresses the ways in which indi- ered as a between “pure” physics and engi- viduals, businesses and organizations raise, al- neering. locate and use monetary resources over time, • – branch of physics which involves the taking into account the risks entailed in their behavior and properties of light, including its projects. interactions with matter and the construction • Marketing – social and managerial processes of instruments that use or detect it. by which products, services and value are • (outline) – study of manip- exchanged in order to fulfil individuals’ or ulating matter on an atomic and molecular group’s needs and wants. These processes in- scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with clude, but are not limited to, advertising, pro- developing materials, devices, or other struc- motion, distribution, and sales. tures possessing at least one dimension sized • Organizational Behavior – field of study that from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum me- investigates the impact that individuals, groups chanical effects are important at this quantum- and structures have on behavior within an or- realm scale. ganization. • (outline) – technology • Operations – those ongoing recurring (cyclic) that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. activities involved in the running of a busi- Among the notable nuclear technologies are ness for the purpose of producing value for the , nuclear medicine, and nuclear stakeholders. . It has found applications from • Applied mathematics – branch of mathematics con- smoke detectors to nuclear reactors, and from cerned with mathematical methods that are typically gun sights to nuclear weapons. used in science, engineering, business, and industry. • Spatial science – academic discipline incorporating Thus, “applied mathematics” is a mathematical sci- fields such as , geographic information sys- ence with specialized knowledge. tems, hydrography and . Spatial science • – technology with features near is typically concerned with the measurement, man- one micrometre (one millionth of a metre, or 10−6 agement, analysis and display of spatial information metre, or 1μm). describing the Earth, its physical features and the built environment. • Military science – study of the technique, psychol- ogy, practice and other phenomena which constitute • GIS – geographic information system is a sys- war and armed conflict. tem designed to capture, store, manipulate, an- • Military Organization – structuring of the alyze, manage, and present all types of geo- armed forces of a state so as to offer mil- graphical data. itary capability required by the national de- • Remote sensing – acquisition of information fence policy. about an object or phenomenon, without mak- • Military Education and Training – Recruit ing physical contact with the object. training, more commonly known as Basic • Photogrammetry – practice of determining the Training and colloquially called Boot Camp, is geometric properties of objects from photo- the initial indoctrination and instruction given graphic images. to new military personnel, enlisted and officer. • Military history – discipline within the scope of general historical recording of 2 History of applied science armed conflict in the history of humanity, and its impact on the societies, their cultures, • History of applied linguistics economies and changing intra and interna- tional relationships. • History of applied mathematics 6 5 APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLICATIONS

• History of applied physics • International Journal of Applied Management and Technology • History of artificial intelligence • International Journal of Applied Mathematics and • Timeline of artificial intelligence Computer Science • History of ceramic engineering • International Journal of Applied • technology • ITL – International Journal of Applied Linguistics • History of computing • • History of computing hardware Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

• History of electronics • Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis

• Early electronic components • Journal of Applied Biomechanics • History of electronic engineering • Journal of Applied • History of energy • Journal of Applied Corporate Finance • History of energy storage • Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology • History of environmental engineering • Journal of Applied Ecology • History of forensic science • Journal of Applied Econometrics • History of forestry • Journal of Applied Economics • History of materials science • • Journal of Applied Electrochemistry

• History of nanotechnology • Journal of Applied Gerontology

• History of nuclear technology • Journal of Applied Horticulture

• History of optics • Journal of Applied Ichthyology • History of software engineering • Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

• Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 3 Applied science in education • Journal of Applied Non-Classical • Bachelor of Applied Science – undergraduate de- • Journal of Applied Philosophy gree awarded for a course of study that generally lasts three to four years in the United Kingdom • Journal of Applied Physics and Australia, and four to six years in Canada, the Netherlands and the United States. • Journal of Applied Physiology • – • Journal of Applied Polymer Science

• Journal of Applied Psychology 4 Applied science organizations • Journal of Applied Social Psychology

5 Applied science publications • Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Tech- nology • American Journal of Applied Sciences • Journal of Applied • Foresight: The International Journal of Applied Forecasting • Journal of Applied Toxicology

• Intégral: The Journal of Applied Musical Thought • The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 7

6 See also

• Outline of science

• Outline of • Outline of physical science • Outline of • Outline of • Outline of social science • Outline of applied science •

7 References

[1] Wilson, Edward O. (1998). Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage . pp. 49–71. ISBN 0-679-45077-7.

[2] "... modern science is a discovery as well as an inven- tion. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required to devise the techniques, abstrac- tions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regu- larities and securing their law-like descriptions.” —p.vii, J. L. Heilbron, (2003, editor-in-chief). The Oxford Com- panion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Ox- ford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.

[3] “science”. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam- Webster, Inc. Retrieved 2011-10-16. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena

[4] Environmental Impact of Aquaculture

[5] Aquaculture’s growth continuing: improved management techniques can reduce environmental effects of the prac- tice.(UPDATE).” Resource: Engineering & Technology for a Sustainable World 16.5 (2009): 20–22. Gale Ex- panded Academic ASAP. Web. 1 October 2009. .

8 External links

• This outline displayed as a mindmap, at wiki- mindmap.com • Free Federal Resources for Educational Excellence – Applied sciences 8 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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