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THE CASE of the PONTIC STEPPE 1775-1830S by Andriy Posun'ko A DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 THE AMBIGUITIES OF COSSACKDOM: THE CASE OF THE PONTIC STEPPE 1775-1830s by Andriy Posun’ko A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Alfred Joseph Rieber CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2018 DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 Copyright in the text of this dissertation rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. I hereby declare that this dissertation contains no material accepted for any other degrees and no materials previously written of published by another person unless otherwise noted. CEU eTD Collection iii DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 Abstract Traditionally, the history of the Pontic Steppe cossacks ends in 1775 with the dissolution of the Zaporozhian Sich by Russian troops. Indeed, after 1775 the majority of free cossacks communities had already been either dissolved or subjugated by the Russian Empire. On the other hand, in the late eighteenth century the Russian legislation was extremely vague and cossacks could not yet become a proper estate of the empire. Studying the transitional period of 1775-1830s, I focus on the complexities of the borderland management in the Steppe region and imperial officials’ attempts to win the loyalty of locals accustomed to the cossack tradition. Tracking various cossack formations, I demonstrate how competing understandings of cossackdom coexisted, influenced each other, and how cossackdom as a social category evolved. Finally, paying attention to the under-represented cases of cossackdom – irregulars recruited from foreign subjects or from nomads, temporary raised cossack militias, etc. – I move towards more flexible understanding of the cossackdom with its varying contexts and attempt to answer the question – what could cossackdom mean at the turn of the centuries in the end? CEU eTD Collection iv DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 Acknowledgments This research would be impossible without the help of many wonderful people, whom I was extremely lucky to meet and whose assistance was crucial to the completion of this project. First of all, I should mention my supervisor, Alfred Rieber – his readiness to help extended far beyond advices on the text and his unwavering support was central in my undertakings during the last seven years. I learned much from him and I owe him a debt of most sincere gratitude. Next, I thank my parents Serhii and Olena Posun’ko, my wife Anastasiia, and my son Savva, who were with me even when I hesitated and whose belief in me was my primary source of inspiration. During my research in Ukraine, I received invaluable support and guidance from Svitlana Kaiuk and Oleh Repan (Dnipro), Liudmyla Malenko and Petro Boiko (Zaporizhia), Liliia Bilousova (Odesa), Mykola Riabchuk (Kyiv). As for my fieldtrip to Russian archives, I am extremely grateful to Andrei Doronin and Mariia Chasovskaia (German Historical Institute); Andrei Iserov, Irina Savel’eva, Aleksandr Kamenskii, and Evgenii Trefilov (Higher School of Economics); Aleksandr Beznosov and Oksana Beznosova CEU eTD Collection (Russian-German House). I would also like to thank Mikhail Sergeevich from Russian State Archive of Military History, as well as all other archivists and librarians, who guided me through registers and inventories. Finally, I am grateful to Mert Sunar (Istanbul), Constantin Ardeleanu (Bucharest), Roman v DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 Shyian (Alberta), whose advice was helpful both in framing current dissertation and preparing my next research project. I also wish to express warm thanks both to professors and students at CEU, whose feedback was indispensable to the completion of this dissertation upon my return to Budapest. I would like to personally thank professors Mikhail Dmitriev, Domagoj Madunich, Tolga Esmer, Ostap Sereda, and Jan Hennings, who commented on working versions of this dissertation. I thank Agnes Kelemen, Anna Nakai, Dejan Lukich, and Agoston Berecz for their constructive peer-feedback during departmental seminars as well. I am also extremely grateful to Aniko Molnar whose steadfast support in all matters administrative and beyond allowed me to dedicate much more resources to this project. Finally, this project was sponsored by a number of organizations – Open Society Foundation, Max Weber Stiftung, ZEIT Stiftung, Volkswagen Stiftung – to whom I express my gratitude for their generous support of my research. In the same vein, I would like to thank organizers, administrators, and fellows of the Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies (Budapest), Trajectories of Change Programme (Hamburg), and Pontica Magna Programme (Bucharest). At the same time, any inaccuracies and oversimplifications in the text below are my sole responsibility. CEU eTD Collection vi DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 A Note on Transliteration • For the romanization of names, places and terms originally in Cyrillic, I use the simplified – without ligatures – Library of Congress transliteration system. When transliterating from the pre-reform Russian, I use the contemporary spelling: omitting “er”, etc. • The exemptions from LoC transliteration are names of monarchs commonly used in the English-language historiography (thus, for instance, Alexander I, yet Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshev). • When possible and relevant, I try to include alternative (Russian/Ukrainian/Moldavian) spellings for personal names; however, in the majority of cases I rely on the version present in primary sources I had access to. • For the cossacks of Lower Dnieper I use compromise spelling Zaporizhia / Zaporozhians. • I generally do not capitalize the term “cossack(s)” since in chronological and geographical frames of the study this term is primarily used not as an ethnonym (Russians, Ukrainians, Cossacks), but either to signify a type of troops (dragoons, hussars, cossacks) or a social category (peasants, CEU eTD Collection merchants, cossacks). The term is capitalized when it is the part of the official unit name with all other words being capitalized (e.g. Bug Cossack Host). vii DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 • The term “host” is used to denote cossack units and is equivalent to Ukrainian “viis’ko” and Russian “voisko”. • As for archival sources, I use translation instead of transliteration: Fund – for “fond” Inventory – for “opis’/opys” Bundle – for “sviazka” File – for “delo/sprava” Fol./Fols – for “list(y)/arkush(i)” Abbreviations Used for Publications PSZ – Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii SIRIO – Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo Istoricheskogo Obshchestva ZNTSh – Zapysky Naukovoho Tovarystva imeni Shevchenka ZOOID – Zapiski Odesskogo Obshchestva Istorii i Drevnostei Abbreviations Used for Archives ANRM – Arhiva Nationala a Republicii Moldova, Chisinau DAOO – Derzhavnyi arkhiv Odes'koi oblasti, Odesa GAKK – Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Krasnodarskogo kraia, Krasnodar ORRNB – Otdel rukopisei Rossiiskoi natsional'noi biblioteki, St. Petersburg RGADA – Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov, Moscow RGIA – Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv, St. Petersburg CEU eTD Collection RGVIA – Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv, Moscow viii DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2018.06 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 The Statement of Problem .......................................................................... 2 Chronological, Geographical, and Topical Framing ................................ 4 Existing Scholarship ................................................................................. 12 Frontiers ..................................................................................................... 18 Empire-building ......................................................................................... 25 The Pontic Steppe and its Neighboring Regions ................................... 34 Chapter 1: Abolished, yet Reborn .............................................................. 54 1.1 Dissolution of the Sich ........................................................................ 56 1.2 Danubian Alternatives: From Betrayers to Prodigal Sons ............... 71 Chapter 2: Almost Cossacks, but Not Quite ............................................. 96 2.1 Foreign Volunteers in the Russian Imperial Army ............................ 98 2.1.1 Volunteers in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768 – 1774 ............... 102 2.1.2 The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 – 1792 ...................................... 114 2.1.3 Moldavian, Wallachian, and Bessarabian cossacks ................. 122 2.2. Tatar and Nogai cossacks ............................................................... 139 Chapter 3: Promises Unfulfilled ............................................................... 157 3.1 Cossacks as Opolchenie: Ekaterinoslav Cossack Host ................ 159 3.2 Preliminary Generalizations: Cossacks’ Functions in the Empire 182 Chapter 4: Problems and Proposals on the Reform of Cossacks ........ 198 4.1 New Challenges… ............................................................................. 203 4.2 …and New Responses .....................................................................
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