AECOM Report 1.Dot

Appendix I

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment

Environment

York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA Multiple Lots and Concessions in the Geographical Townships of Whitchurch, Markham, Vaughan, and King South, now the Town of Richmond Hill, County of York, Ontario

Licensee: Samantha Markham License: P438 PIF Number: P438-0024-2015

Prepared by: AECOM 410 – 250 York Street, Citi Plaza 519 673 0510 tel London, ON, Canada N6A 6K2 519 673 5975 fax www.aecom.com

Project Number: 60322289

Date: December 17, 2015 REVISED REPORT

AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Statement of Qualifications and Limitations

The attached Report (the “Report”) has been prepared by AECOM Canada Ltd. (“Consultant”) for the benefit of the York Region (“Client”) in accordance with the agreement between Consultant and Client, including the scope of work detailed therein (the “Agreement”).

The information, data, recommendations and conclusions contained in the Report (collectively, the “Information”):

x is subject to the scope, schedule, and other constraints and limitations in the Agreement and the qualifications contained in the Report (the “Limitations”); x represents Consultant’s professional judgement in light of the Limitations and industry standards for the preparation of similar reports; x may be based on information provided to Consultant which has not been independently verified; x has not been updated since the date of issuance of the Report and its accuracy is limited to the time period and circumstances in which it was collected, processed, made or issued; x must be read as a whole and sections thereof should not be read out of such context; x was prepared for the specific purposes described in the Report and the Agreement; and x in the case of subsurface, environmental or geotechnical conditions, may be based on limited testing and on the assumption that such conditions are uniform and not variable either geographically or over time.

Consultant shall be entitled to rely upon the accuracy and completeness of information that was provided to it and has no obligation to update such information. Consultant accepts no responsibility for any events or circumstances that may have occurred since the date on which the Report was prepared and, in the case of subsurface, environmental or geotechnical conditions, is not responsible for any variability in such conditions, geographically or over time.

Consultant agrees that the Report represents its professional judgement as described above and that the Information has been prepared for the specific purpose and use described in the Report and the Agreement, but Consultant makes no other representations, or any guarantees or warranties whatsoever, whether express or implied, with respect to the Report, the Information or any part thereof.

Without in any way limiting the generality of the foregoing, any estimates or opinions regarding probable construction costs or construction schedule provided by Consultant represent Consultant’s professional judgement in light of its experience and the knowledge and information available to it at the time of preparation. Since Consultant has no control over market or economic conditions, prices for construction labour, equipment or materials or bidding procedures, Consultant, its directors, officers and employees are not able to, nor do they, make any representations, warranties or guarantees whatsoever, whether express or implied, with respect to such estimates or opinions, or their variance from actual construction costs or schedules, and accept no responsibility for any loss or damage arising therefrom or in any way related thereto. Persons relying on such estimates or opinions do so at their own risk.

Except (1) as agreed to in writing by Consultant and Client; (2) as required by-law; or (3) to the extent used by governmental reviewing agencies for the purpose of obtaining permits or approvals, the Report and the Information may be used and relied upon only by Client.

Consultant accepts no responsibility, and denies any liability whatsoever, to parties other than Client who may obtain access to the Report or the Information for any injury, loss or damage suffered by such parties arising from their use of, reliance upon, or decisions or actions based on the Report or any of the Information (“improper use of the Report”), except to the extent those parties have obtained the prior written consent of Consultant to use and rely upon the Report and the Information. Any injury, loss or damages arising from improper use of the Report shall be borne by the party making such use.

This Statement of Qualifications and Limitations is attached to and forms part of the Report and any use of the Report is subject to the terms hereof.

AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Distribution List

Hard Copy # PDF Association / Company Name Yes York Region Yes Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport Yes AECOM

Revision Log

Revision # Revised By Date Issue / Revision Description

AECOM Signatures

Report Prepared By: Samantha Markham, MES Professional Archaeologist

Report Reviewed By: Adria Grant, BA, CAHP Senior Archaeologist, Practice Lead

AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Executive Summary

AECOM was contracted by York Region to conduct a Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the proposed improvements to Stouffville Road. The study area consists of a 500 metre (m) wide corridor centered on Stouffville Road, from Highway 404 west to Yonge Street, and an approximate 100 hectare (ha) parcel of land where Stouffville Road terminates at Yonge Street (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The study area is located within multiple lots and concessions in the Geographical Townships of Whitchurch, Markham, Vaughan, and King South, now the Town of Richmond Hill, Municipality of York, York County, Ontario.

This Stage 1 archaeological assessment was triggered by a Municipal Class Environmental Assessment during the planning stage of the project and to meet the requirements of the Environmental Assessment Act (Ontario Government 1990a). This project is also subject to the Ontario Heritage Act (Ontario Government 1990b).

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment has determined that there is high potential for the recovery of both First Nation and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources within parts of study area and a known archaeological site is within its limits. Due to extensive urban development some portions of the study area have been previously disturbed; however, areas of agricultural field, woodlot, and manicured lawn within the study area limits are included as areas where archaeological integrity could remain intact (Figure 6). Stage 2 archaeological assessment is recommended for any areas of potentially undisturbed lands identified in this study as retaining archaeological potential.

It should be noted that this Stage 1 assessment is a preliminary study completed during the early pre-planning stages of the Stouffville Road Improvements project and includes lands in which several different routing options are being explored. Once all route alternatives and the overall scope of this project have been determined, all areas of potentially undisturbed lands that may potentially be affected by this project will require Stage 2 archaeological assessment.

The Stage 2 archaeological assessment must be conducted by a licensed archaeologist and must follow the requirements set out in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ontario Government 2011), including:

Pedestrian survey at 5 m intervals where ploughing is possible (e.g., agricultural fields). This assessment will occur when agricultural fields have been recently ploughed, weathered, and exhibit at least 80 % surface visibility;

Test pit survey at 5 m intervals in all areas that will be impacted by the project and where ploughing is not possible (e.g., woodlots, overgrown areas, manicured lawns);

Poorly drained areas, areas of steep slope and areas of previous disturbance (e.g., pipelines, railways, road ROWs, buildings) identified are to be mapped and photo-documented, but are not recommended for Stage 2 survey as they possess low to no archaeological potential.

During the background research, a historic church and cemetery were identified in the southwestern portion of the study area. Special consideration and recommendations must be made for the St. John’s Anglican Church and St. John’s Cemetery as historic churches and associated cemeteries significantly increase the potential for finding unmarked burial locations, grave shafts, and/or the recovery of human remains. Given the mid-19th century establishment of the registered St. John’s Cemetery, and its proximity to the Yonge Street Municipal ROW, a high probability exists that unmarked graves and associated shafts may be present adjacent to, or within the ROW. Current fence line or boundaries do not necessarily represent the limits of the cemetery below ground. As a

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precautionary measure, it is recommended that after Stages 1 and 2 archaeological assessments are completed, should any ground disturbing activities be conducted in the vicinity of the historic church, the following activities must be conducted to determine if any grave shafts are present:

Stage 3 mechanical topsoil removal must be conducted for all lands between the Yonge Street ROW and the known cemetery limits as well as a 10 m buffer on either side of the cemetery limits to further determine the nature/limits of the historic cemetery. Mechanical topsoil removal must be completed using an excavator with a straight-edged ditching bucket and only under the supervision of a licensed archaeologist.

Should deeply buried sites be discovered, a Stage 2 assessment will be conducted according to the standards appropriate for survey in deeply buried conditions as per Section 2.1.7 in the Ontario MTCS Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ontario Government 2011). If human remains are encountered during construction, work should cease immediately, the police or Regional Coroner should be contacted, as well as the Registrar of the Cemeteries Regulation Unit of the Ministry of Consumer Services.

The Ontario MTCS is asked to accept this report into the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports and issue a letter of concurrence with the recommendations presented herein. As further archaeological assessments are required archaeological concerns under land use planning and development processes have not fully been addressed.

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Project Personnel

Project Manager Peter Cholewa, Manager, Transportation

Environmental Planner Anoushka Martil

Technical Lead Adria Grant, BA, CAHP (R131)

Licensed Archaeologist Samantha Markham, MES (P438)

Report Production Samantha Markham, MES (P438)

Field Supervisor Samantha Markham, MES (P438)

GIS Technician Rayna Carmichael

Office Assistance Jennifer Brennan

Acknowledgements

Proponent Contact Jackson Marin, Project Manager, Capital Planning and Delivery, Transportation Services, York Region

Approval Authority Alex Phillips, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport Robert von Bitter, Archaeological Data Coordinator Archaeology Review Coordinator

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Table of Contents

Statement of Qualifications and Limitations Distribution List Executive Summary Project Personnel page 1. Project Context ...... 3 1.1 Development Context ...... 3 1.1.1 Objectives ...... 3 1.2 Historical Context ...... 4 1.2.1 Pre-Contact First Nations Settlement ...... 4 1.2.2 Post-Contact First Nations and Euro-Canadian Settlement ...... 7 1.2.3 Euro-Canadian Settlement ...... 7 1.2.3.1 Geographic Township of Whitchurch ...... 8 1.2.3.2 Geographic Township of Markham ...... 9 1.2.3.3 Geographic Township of Vaughan ...... 9 1.2.3.4 Geographic Township of King ...... 10 1.2.4 Reports with Relevant Background Information ...... 13 1.3 Archaeological Context ...... 14 1.3.1 Natural Environment ...... 14 1.3.2 Known Archaeological Sites and Surveys ...... 15 1.3.3 Existing Conditions ...... 16 2. Property Inspection ...... 17 3. Analysis and Conclusions ...... 18 3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential...... 18 3.2 Summary and Conclusions ...... 18 4. Recommendations ...... 20 5. Advice on Compliance with Legislation ...... 22 6. Bibliography and Sources ...... 23 7. Images ...... 26 8. Maps ...... 31

List of Figures

Figure 1: Location of Study Area ...... 32 Figure 2: Study Area in Detail ...... 33 Figure 3: Treaties and Purchases, adapted from Morris ...... 34 Figure 4: Portion of the 1878 Maps of the Townships of Whitechurch, Markham, Vaughan, and King South ...... 35 Figure 5: Soil Drainage and Agricultural Suitability ...... 36 Figure 6: Results of the Stage 1 Property Inspection ...... 37 Figure 7: Photo Locations ...... 38

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List of Tables

Table 1: Specific lots and concessions ...... 3 Table 2: Cultural Chronology for York County ...... 4 Table 3: 19th Landowners and Historical Feature(s) in the Stouffville Improvements Study Area ...... 11 Table 4: Related Archaeological Assessment Reports within 50m of the study area ...... 13 Table 5: Archaeological Sites within 1 km of the Stouffville Road Study Area ...... 15

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1. Project Context

1.1 Development Context

Table 1: Specific lots and concessions

Geographical Township Lots Concession Whitchurch 61 Concession I 61 Concession II 61 Concession III Markham 59 to 60 Concession I 60 Concession II 60 Concession III Vaughan 59 to 60 Concession I King South 61 Concession I

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment for improvements to Stouffville Road was conducted on April 9, 2015 under PIF number P438-0024-2015 issued to Samantha Markham of AECOM. Access to the study area was restricted to publicly accessible areas.

1.1.1 Objectives

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment has been conducted to meet the requirements of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s (MTCS) Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ontario Government 2011). The Stage 1 research information is drawn from:

MTCS’s Archaeological Sites Database (ASDB) for a listing of registered archaeological sites within a 1 kilometre (km) radius of the study area; Reports of previous archaeological assessment within 50 m of the study area; Recent and historical maps of the study area; Archaeological management plans or other archaeological potential mapping, where available; and Visual inspection of the property

The objective of the Stage 1 background study is to document the archaeological and land use history and present conditions within the study area. This information will be used to support recommendations regarding cultural heritage value or interest as well as assessment and mitigation strategies.

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1.2 Historical Context

Previous archaeological research and surveys have led to a thorough understanding of past settlement practices in this portion of the province. The following sections provide a background of the land use history of York County. 1.2.1 Pre-Contact First Nations Settlement

It has been demonstrated that pre-contact First Nations people began occupying southwestern Ontario as the glaciers receded from the land, as early as 11,000 B.C. Table 2 provides a breakdown of the cultural and temporal history of past occupations of York County.

Table 2: Cultural Chronology for York County

Archaeological Period Characteristics Time Period Comments Early Paleo Fluted Points 9000-8400 BC Arctic tundra and spruce parkland, caribou hunters Late Paleo Holcombe, Hi-Lo and 8400-8000 BC Slight reduction in territory Lanceolate Points size Early Archaic Notched and Bifurcate base 8000-6000 BC Growing populations Points Middle Archaic Stemmed and Brewerton 6000-2500 BC Increasing regionalization Points, Laurentian Development Late Archaic Narrow Point 2000-1800 BC Environment similar to present Broad Point 1800-1500 BC Large lithic tools Small Point 1500-1100 BC Introduction of bow Terminal Archaic Hind Points, Glacial Kame 1100-950 BC Earliest true cemeteries Complex Early Woodland Meadowood Points 950-400 BC Introduction of pottery Middle Woodland Dentate/Pseudo-scallop 400 BC – AD 500 Increased sedentism Ceramics Princess Point AD 550-900 Introduction of corn horticulture Late Woodland Early Ontario Iroquoian AD 900-1300 Agricultural villages Middle Ontario Iroquoian AD 1300-1400 Increased longhouse sizes Late Ontario Iroquoian AD 1400-1650 Warring nations and displacement Contact First Nations Various Algonkian and AD 1600-1875 Early written records and Iroquoian Groups treaties Historic French and English Euro- AD 1749-present European settlement Canadian Note: taken from Ellis and Ferris, 1990

As Chapman and Putnam (1984) illustrate, the modern physiography of southern Ontario is largely a product of events of the last major glacial stage and the landscape is a complex mosaic of features and deposits produced during the last series of glacial retreats and advances prior to the withdrawal of the continental glaciers from the area. Southwestern Ontario was finally ice free by 12,500 years ago. With continuing ice retreat and lake regressions the land area of southern Ontario progressively increased while barriers to the influx of plants and animals steadily diminished (Karrow and Warner 1990).

The first human settlement can be traced back 11,000 years; these earliest well-documented groups are within the Paleo period which literally means old or ancient. Paleo people were non-agriculturalists who depended on hunting and gathering of wild food stuffs, they would have moved their encampments on a regular basis to be in the locations where these resources naturally became available and the size of the groups occupying any particular

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location would vary depending on the nature and size of the available food resources (Ellis and Deller 1990). The picture that has emerged for early and late Paleo people is of groups at low population densities who were residentially mobile and made use of large territories during annual cycles of resource exploitation (Ellis and Deller 1990).

The next major cultural period following the Paleo period is termed the Archaic, which is broken temporally into the Early, Middle and Late. There is much debate on how the term Archaic is employed; general practice bases the designation off assemblage content as there are marked differences in artifact suites from the preceding Paleo period and subsequent Woodland periods. As Ellis et al (1990) note, from an artifact and site characteristic perspective the Archaic is simply used to refer to non-Paleo manifestations that pre-date the introduction of ceramics. Throughout the Archaic period the natural environment warmed and vegetation changed from closed conifer-dominated vegetation cover, to mixed coniferous and deciduous forest to the mixed coniferous and deciduous forest in the north and deciduous vegetation in the south we see in Ontario today (Ellis et al 1900). During the Archaic period there are indications of increasing populations and decreasing size of territories exploited during annual rounds; fewer moves of residential camps throughout the year and longer occupations at seasonal campsites; continuous use of certain locations on a seasonal basis over many years; increasing attention to ritual associated with the deceased; and, long range exchange and trade systems for the purpose of obtaining valued and geographically localized resources (Ellis et al 1990).

In the 17th century two major language families, Algonquian and Iroquoian were represented by the diverse people of North America. Iroquoian speaking people were found in southern Ontario and New York State, with related dialects spoken in the mid-Atlantic and interior North Carolina, while Algonquian speaking peoples were located along the mid-Atlantic coast into the Maritimes, throughout the Canadian Shield of Ontario and Quebec and much of the central Great Lakes region (Ellis et al 1990). Linguists and anthropologists have attempted to trace the origin and development of these two language groups and usually place their genesis during the Archaic (Ellis et al 1990).

The Early Woodland period is distinguished from the Late Archaic period primarily by the addition of ceramic technology, which provides a useful demarcation point for archaeologists but is expected to have made less difference in the lives of the Early Woodland peoples. The settlement and subsistence patterns of Early Woodland people shows much continuity with the earlier Archaic with seasonal camps occupied to exploit specific natural resources (Spence et al 1990). During the Middle Woodland well-defined territories containing several key environmental zones were exploited over the yearly subsistence cycle. Large sites with structures and substantial middens appear in the Middle Woodland associated with spring macro-band occupations focussed on utilizing fish resources and created by consistent returns to the same site (Spence et al 1990). Groups would come together into large macro-bands during the spring-summer at lakeshore or marshland areas to take advantage of spawning fish; in the fall inland sand plains and river valleys were occupied for deer and nut harvesting and groups split into small micro-bands for winter survival (Spence et al 1990). This is a departure from earlier Woodland times when macro- band aggregation is thought to have taken place in the winter (Ellis et al 1988; Granger 1978).

The period between the Middle and Late Woodland period was both technically and socially transitional for the ethnically diverse populations of southern Ontario and these developments laid the basis for the emergence of settled villages and agriculturally based lifestyles (Fox 1990). The Late Woodland period began with a shift in settlement and subsistence patterns involving an increasing reliance on corn horticulture. Corn may have been introduced into Southwestern Ontario from the American Midwest as early as 600 A.D. However, it did not become a dietary staple until at least three to four hundred years later. The first agricultural villages in southwestern Ontario date to the 10th century A.D. Unlike the riverine base camps of the Middle Woodland period, these sites are located in the uplands, on well-drained sandy soils. Categorized as "Early Ontario Iroquoian" (900-1300 A.D.), many archaeologists believe that it is possible to trace a direct line from the Iroquoian groups which inhabited Southwestern Ontario at the time of first European contact, to these early villagers.

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Village sites dating between 900 and 1300 A.D., share many attributes with the historically reported Iroquoian sites, including the presence of longhouses and sometimes palisades. However, these early longhouses were actually not all that large, averaging only 12.4 metres in length. It is also quite common to find the outlines of overlapping house structures, suggesting that these villages were occupied long enough to necessitate re-building. The Jesuits reported that the Huron moved their villages once every 10-15 years, when the nearby soils had been depleted by farming and conveniently collected firewood grew scarce. It seems likely that Early Ontario Iroquoians occupied their villages for considerably longer, as they relied less heavily on corn than did later groups, and their villages were much smaller, placing less demand on nearby resources.

Judging by the presence of carbonized corn kernels and cob fragments recovered from sub-floor storage pits, agriculture was becoming a vital part of the Early Ontario Iroquoian economy. However, it had not reached the level of importance it would in the Middle and Late Ontario Iroquoian periods. There is ample evidence to suggest that more traditional resources continued to be exploited, and comprised a large part of the subsistence economy. Seasonally occupied special purpose sites relating to deer procurement, nut collection, and fishing activities, have all been identified. While beans are known to have been cultivated later in the Late Woodland period, they have yet to be identified on Early Ontario Iroquoian sites. The Middle Ontario Iroquoian period (1300-1400 A.D.) witnessed several interesting developments in terms of settlement patterns and artifact assemblages. Changes in ceramic styles have been carefully documented, allowing the placement of sites in the first or second half of this 100-year period. Moreover, villages, which averaged approximately 0.6 hectares in extent during the Early Ontario Iroquoian period, now consistently range between one and two hectares.

House lengths also change dramatically, more than doubling to an average of 30 metres, while houses of up to 45 metres have been documented. This radical increase in longhouse length has been variously interpreted. The simplest possibility is that increased house length is the result of a gradual, natural increase in population. However, this does not account for the sudden shift in longhouse lengths around 1300 A.D. Other possible explanations involve changes in economic and socio-political organization. One suggestion is that during the Middle Ontario Iroquoian period small villages were amalgamating to form larger communities for mutual defense. If this was the case, the more successful military leaders may have been able to absorb some of the smaller family groups into their households, thereby requiring longer structures. This hypothesis draws support from the fact that some sites had up to seven rows of palisades, indicating at least an occasional need for strong defensive measures. There are, however, other Middle Ontario Iroquoian villages which had no palisades present. Another researcher has suggested that the longest houses may be associated with families that were more successful in trade and other forms of economic activity. More research is required to evaluate these competing interpretations. The lay-out of houses within villages also changes dramatically by 1300 A.D. During the Early Ontario Iroquoian period villages were haphazardly planned at best, with houses oriented in various directions. During the Middle Ontario Iroquoian period villages are organized into two or more discrete groups of tightly spaced, parallel aligned, longhouses. It has been suggested that this change in village organization may indicate the initial development of the clans which were a characteristic of the historically known Iroquoian peoples.

Initially at least, the Late Ontario Iroquoian period (1400-1650 A.D.) continues many of the trends which have been documented for the proceeding century. For instance, between 1400 and 1450 A.D. house lengths continue to grow, reaching an average length of 62 metres. One longhouse excavated on a site southwest of Kitchener stretched an incredible 123 metres. After 1450 A.D., house lengths begin to decrease, with houses dating between 1500-1580 A.D. averaging only 30 metres in length. Why house lengths decrease after 1450 A.D. is poorly understood, although it is believed that the even shorter houses witnessed on historic period sites can be at least partially attributed to the population reductions associated with the introduction of European diseases such as smallpox.

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Village size also continues to expand throughout the Late Ontario Iroquoian period, with many of the larger villages showing signs of periodic expansions. The Late Middle Ontario Iroquoian period and the first century of the Late Ontario Iroquoian period was a time of village amalgamation. One large village situated just north of Toronto has been shown to have expanded on no fewer than five occasions. These large villages were often heavily defended with numerous rows of wooden palisades, suggesting that defence may have been one of the rationales for smaller groups banding together.

Archaeologists are able to trace archaeologically known groups from this time period to the historically documented people identified when French fur traders first arrived (Wright 1994). The Ontario Iroquois from southern Ontario gave rise to the Huron, Petun, Neutral and Erie; the St. Lawrence Iroquois, a distinct population encountered by Jaques Cartier in 1535 that had disappeared by the time Samuel de Champlain returned to the same area in 1603; and from Northern Ontario the groups that gave rise to the Algonquian speaking Cree, Ojibwa and Algonquin people (Wright 1994).

1.2.2 Post-Contact First Nations and Euro-Canadian Settlement

The post-contact First Nation occupation of southern Ontario was heavily influenced by the dispersal of Iroquoian speaking peoples, such as the Huron, Petun and Neutral by the New York State Confederacy of Iroquois, followed by the arrival of Algonkian speaking groups from northern Ontario. The Ojibwa of southern Ontario date from about 1701 and occupied the territory between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario (Schmalz 1991). This is also the period in which the Mississaugas are known to have moved into southern Ontario and the Great Lakes watersheds (Konrad 1981) while at the same time the members of the Three Fires Confederacy, the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi were immigrating from Ohio and Michigan (Feest and Feest 1978). As European settlers encroached on their territory the nature of First Nations population distribution, settlement size and material culture changed. Despite these changes it is possible to correlate historically recorded villages with archaeological manifestations and the similarity of those sites to more ancient sites reveals an antiquity to documented cultural expressions that confirms a long historical continuity to Iroquoian systems of ideology and thought (Ferris 1009). First Nations people of southern Ontario have left behind archaeological resources throughout the Great Lakes region that show continuity with past peoples even if this was not recorded in Euro-Canadian documentation.

1.2.3 Euro-Canadian Settlement

When Europeans first arrived at the site of present-day Toronto, the vicinity was inhabited by the Huron people, who by then had displaced the Iroquois that had occupied the region before c. 1500 (Williamson 2008). The study area falls within Treaty No. 13 that was signed in 1805 (see Figure 3 for treaty boundaries), and is also known as the Toronto Purchase. Treaty No 13 was made:

…at the River Credit at Lake Ontario, between William Claus, Esquire, Deputy Superintendent General and Deputy Inspector General of Indians and of their Affairs, for and in behalf of Our Sovereign Lord the King and the Principal Chiefs, Warriors and People of the Mississague Nation of Indians…described as follows: “Commencing at the east bank of the south outlet of the River Etobicoke; thence up the same following the several windings and turnings of the said river to a maple tree, blazed o 4 sides at a distance of three miles and three quarters in a straight line from the mouth of the said river; thence north twenty-two degrees west twenty- four miles and one quarter; thence north sixty-eight degrees east fourteen miles; thence south twenty-two degrees east twenty-eight miles more or less to Lake Ontario; then westerly along the waters edge of Lake Ontario, to the eastern bank of the south outlet of the River Etobicoke, being the place of beginning, together with all the woods and waters theron.” Morris 1943: 22

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French traders founded Fort Rouillé, also known as Fort Toronto, on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759 because of increasing hostilities with the British (Toronto Historical Plaque). During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the unsettled lands north of Lake Ontario. In 1787, the British negotiated the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of New Credit, thereby securing more than 1,000 km² of land in the Toronto area (Morris 1943).

York County was created in 1792 and was part of the jurisdiction of Home District of Upper Canada. The first lieutenant-governor of Canada, Col. John Graves Simcoe, immediately divided Upper Canada into nineteen counties, one of which was named York (Barkey et al1993). The County of York was divided into two ridings, East and West York. In 1798 the East Riding included the townships of Whitby, Pickering, Scarborough, York, Etobicoke, Markham, Vaughan, King, Whitchurch, Uxbridge, and Gwillimbury (Barkey et al1993). York County was initially settled by people migrating up from the eastern United States in 1792.

Yonge Street is one of the earliest roadways in Ontario. It was upgraded from a wagon trail to an actual road with cedar or pine planks in 1794 by Augustus Jones and the Queen’s Rangers. It was named Yonge Street by Simcoe after Sir George Yonge, Secretary of War between 1782 and 1794. Originally, the length of the road spanned 34.5 miles (Champion 1979). It was incorporated into the North-West Company’s transportation route for fur trade goods from the Don River up to Holland Landing, then through the waterways to Michilimackinac (Champion 1979). The old Stouffville Road, which in the 1830’s and 1840’s was still through largely unbroken forest, served mainly as a connecting link between York (Toronto) and Brock Township (Barkey et al.1993). Figure 4 illustrates the four townships that are included within the study area.

1.2.3.1 Geographic Township of Whitchurch

At the time of the first settlers from Europe and the American colonies, there were at least three First Nation trail systems: one trail paralleling Yonge Street, a second called the Vandorf Trail ran from the headwaters at the Rouge River system to Newmarket and Holland Landing crossing the height of land at Vandorf, and the third, the Rouge Trail, ran northwest from Musselman’s Lake (Barkey et al 1993). Bond Lake is located directly near the Yonge Street Trail.

The territory was the site of several First Nation villages, including Iroquois settlements around Preston Lake, Vandorf, and Musselman Lake. In 2003, a large 16th-century Huron village was discovered in Stouffville during land development. Approximately 2,000 people once inhabited the Mantle Site which included a palisade and more than 70 longhouses, yielding tens of thousands of artifacts. Other Huron village sites are located near urban Stouffville, the Draper Site to the southeast and the Ratcliff or Baker Hill Site and the Old Fort Site to the northwest.

Whitchurch Township was created in 1787 as one of ten townships in York County. It was named in honour of the village of Whitchurch, Herefordshire in England where Elizabeth Simcoe wife of Sir John Graves Simcoe was born. The first European settlements in Whitchurch Township were established in the 1790s, though Whitchurch and large areas of southern Ontario were only ceded by the south-Central Ontario Mississaugas in 1923. The first settlers to the area were Quakers from Vermont and Pennsylvania (Barkey et al.1993). By 1796, the first patents for land was received by Joseph Bouchette. Between 1800 and 1802, John Stegman completed a survey of the township which created a system of land concessions. This allowed for the organized distribution of land to settlers, with each concession containing five, 200-acre (0.81 km2) lots. This layout remains visible today, as the road network in the area reflects the locations of the boundaries between concession blocks (Barkey et al.1993).

Many of the first settlements in Whitchurch Township, including Vandorf, Bloomington, and Gormley, were developed at the intersections of main roads throughout the township and /or near streams where mills could built to process the timber cleared from the land. “Stoufferville” was one such hamlet that grew around the saw and grist

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mills of Abraham Stouffer, a Mennonite who with his wife Elizabeth Reesor Stouffer came from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania in 1804, and acquired 600 acres (2.4 km2) of land. Elizabeth's brother Peter Reesor established what is today Markham, first called Reesorville. Stouffer's sawmill was in operation by 1817 on Duffin's Creek on the Whitchurch side of Main St., and by 1825 he had a gristmill across the street on the Markham Township side of Main St. as well. In the early 1830s, the old Stouffville Road was carved through largely virgin forest to connect York (Toronto) with Brock Township; a post office was opened in 1832 and the name Stouffville was standardized (Barkey et al.1993).

In 1877, Stouffville became an incorporated village. Stouffville's growth was aided by the establishment of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, built in 1871, which connected Stouffville and Uxbridge with Toronto. In 1877, a second track was built north to Jackson's Point on Lake Simcoe. These connections were created in large part to provide a reliable and efficient means of transporting timber harvested and milled in these regions. Intensive forestry in Whitchurch Township led to large-scale deforestation that eroded the soils, initiating the abandonment of many mills in the area. On January 1, 1971, Whitchurch Township and the Village of Stouffville were merged to create the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville (Barkey et al.1993).

1.2.3.2 Geographic Township of Markham

The Markham Township was named by Simcoe after William Markham, who was the Archbishop of York (City of Markham n.d.). The first settlers in the area were a group of German families migrating from New York State to the German Mills area on Lot 4 in Concession 3. This group was later known as the “Berczy Settlers”, led by William Berczy in 1794 (Champion 1979). The township was first surveyed by Abraham Iredell in 1793-1794, dividing concessions 2 to 6 into 200-acre lots. The harsh living conditions drove many of the first settlers to the Niagara region. German Mills saw the construction of dams and a grist mill that produced flour. Other settlers were employed to clear Yonge Street and road cutting towards the interior of the township. The Rouge River was used for transportation throughout the township. Other buildings constructed included a brewing house, residences, bakeries, and blacksmith shops.

Roads were initially blaze-trails cut through dense bush. The earliest road in the township that was built and maintained was known as Mill Road, running from Yonge Street to German Mills, following no survey line, but is located at approximately the current location of John Street in Thornhill. It was later planked and gravelled. Highway 7, then called the ‘sideroad’ was the earliest survey roads to take shape, from Yonge Street to the 8th Line. It was not until 1801 was the township divided into 10 concession roads, now named streets with various designations, running north - south, with six side roads running east – west, now numbered avenues or named streets. Early villages include Thornhill, Unionville and Markham that thrived as a result of the abundance of rivers and streams that supported water-powered saw and grist mills and, later, woollen mills.

In 1871 the Toronto and Nipissing Railway Company opened its Scarborough-Uxbridge line, increasing the influx of settlers to the Unionville and Markham stations. This allowed more convenient access for farmers and millers to transport their products to Toronto and access to supplies. The Village of Markham incorporated in 1873, and grew to a population of 1,100 by 1891 (City of Markham n.d.).

1.2.3.3 Geographic Township of Vaughan

The Township was named after Benjamin Vaughan, who was a British commissioner sent to negotiate the Peace Treaty with the United States in 1783. The first European to pass through the area was the French explorer Etienne Brule, who traversed the Humber Trail in 1615 (Reaman 1971). For the next 100 years, European activity in the area was largely confined to fur traders and a minor military presence. An influx of settlers began in the late 1780’s. The

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population of Vaughan Township went from 31 people in 1801 to 203 in 1805, and from 510 in 1817 to 957 in 1825. By 1842, the population stood at 4,300 (City of Vaughan: History Briefs, 2008).

The first roads through the township were First Nation trails. The most important of these, the Humber Trail, connected Lake Ontario to Lake Simcoe by way of the Humber and Holland Rivers (Reaman1971). The trail followed the east side of the Humber River to Woodbridge. At Woodbridge it split with one branch following the east side of the east river branch and the other following the west side of the west branch. The trail was very important to First Nations and for early traders, but after following the trail in 1793, Simcoe determined to survey in a new transportation route further east that would better serve as a military road. As a result, Yonge Street soon replaced the old trail as the preferred north-south route.

After survey of Vaughan Township in the 1790’s, a network of roads gradually emerged as the lands were settled. As a condition of the patent, all settlers were required to clear a 33 foot wide roadway across the 1/4 mile frontage of their lot. Settlers across the road did likewise, thus creating a 66 foot wide concession road along the main survey lines. Due to the paucity of good roads in the area, between 1850 and 1880, the Vaughan Road Company operated a toll road along the route now followed by Islington Avenue to Highway 27. The four toll gates were situated at Albion Road and Finch, at Woodbridge and Clarence, at Islington and Clarence and at Islington and Highway 27 (City of Vaughan: History Briefs, 2008). The oldest settlement in the Vaughan Township is Thornhill, where a saw mill was constructed in 1801 and the population grew to 300 by 1836. Other early settlements include Richmond Hill, Coleraine, Pine Grove, Eglin Mills and Burwick, now Woodbridge.

In 1871 the Toronto, Grey & Bruce Railway built a line connecting Orangeville to Toronto through Woodbridge and Kleinburg (Andrea, 1997). The presence of the railway also spawned additional small villages along the route. The Metropolitan Railway was built up Yonge Street in 1896 that provided transportation to Newmarket and Sutton (Reaman 1971). Vaughan Township was incorporated in 1850, and a municipal government was established. By the 1870s, the original lots had been subdivided. In addition to the residences and orchards on most lots, the map also indicates a few other public features: hotels, sawmills, grist mills, churches, schoolhouses, post offices and towns. Given that the atlases were financed by subscription and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps, some features might [not] be represented in the atlas (Miles & Co., 1878).

1.2.3.4 Geographic Township of King

King Township was further away from main navigable waterways, and the lack of transportation facilities hindered its development. Settlement had to await the improvement of roads, particularly of Yonge Street (Gillham 1975). The Township was named after Major John King, who was an English Under-Secretary of State from 1794 to 1801 for the Home Department in the Portland administration. The first settler was Timothy Rogers who was a Loyalist from Vermont. In 1801 he travelled up Yonge Street and applied for and received a land grant for 40 farms, each 200 ac, which was planned for Quaker families that would return with him from Vermont. This area of initial settlement southwest of Newmarket would become known as Armitage, after its first settler Amos Armitage in 1804. Soon after, the communities of Kettleby and Lloydtown were established to the west. The township was first surveyed in 1800 by John Stegman, and continued through 1836 to 38 by Callighan, in 1850 by John Ryan, and in 1859 by Whelock (Gillham 1975). The Armitage post office opened in 1904 on lot 89. Another early settler of note was Nathaniel Gamble, who kept an inn on the south side of Mulock Road, which is currently known as Gamble Road.

The Regional Municipality of York was established by Bill 102: An Act to Establish the Regional Municipality of York of the provincial parliament, passed on June 26, 1970 and coming into force on January 1, 1971. The act expanded Richmond Hill's borders, annexing parts of Whitchurch Township, Markham Township, Vaughan Township and King Township into Richmond Hill, expanding the area covered from 1,700 acres (6.9 km2) to 27,000 acres (110 km2).

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The town grew to encompass the communities of Gormley, Dollar, Langstaff, Carrville, Headford, Elgin Mills, Jefferson, Bond Lake, Temperanceville, Lake Wilcox, Oak Ridges and Richvale.

The 1860 Tremaine’s map of the County of York and the 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of York (Miles & Co.), Townships of Whitchurch, Markham, Vaughan, and King South were reviewed to identify the presence of any historic features within the study area during the 19th century settlement of the four townships (Figure 4). Table 2 details the listed 19th century property owners and any visible historic features in the vicinity of the Stouffville Improvements study area for the multiple lots and concessions in which the study area falls, based on these historic maps (Tremaine 1860; Miles & Co. 1878). It is important to note that the Ontario historical atlases were funded by subscription fees and preference was often given to subscribers in terms of who was listed and what details were provided on the maps. In addition, not all structures or features of interested were mapped and some may not have been placed accurately.

Table 3: 19th Landowners and Historical Feature(s) in the Stouffville Improvements Study Area

Township Lot Conc. Listed Landowner(s) Historic Feature(s) Source William Ellis (N ½ ) No features illustrated Drynoch Whitchurch 61 1 Tremaine 1960 Cpt. M. Macleod (S ½) Moses Gamble (N ½ ) F. Page (SW ¼ ) No features illustrated Miles & Co. 1878 C.M. McLeod (SE ¼ ) John Leary (N ½) 1 Homestead Whitchurch 61 2 Tremaine 1960 Geo. Collard (S ½) No features illustrated Jno Leary (N ½) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 Geo. Collard (S ½) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard John Heise (1/4 of W ½) No features illustrated Whitchurch 61 3 Christ. Baker (3/4 of W ½) No features illustrated Tremaine 1960 Saml. Baker (E ½) 1 Structure, Gormleys Corners Mrs. Leary (1/4 of W ½) 1 Homestead Thos. Farmer (3/4 of W ½) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 Saml. Baker (E ½ ) 1 Homstead, 2 orchards, laneway Thos. Mortson (N ½) No features illustrated Markham 59 1 Tremaine 1960 John Smith (S ½) 1 Homestead Thos. Mortson (W ¾) 2 Homesteads, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 Jno. Doner (E ¼ ) No structures illustrated 60 1 Cpt. Martin Macleod St. John’s Church Tremaine 1960 Est. of E. Page (W ½) Church, 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 L. Longstaff (E ½) No structures illustrated Daniel Brooks Esq. (W ½) No features illustrated Markham 60 2 Tremaine 1960 Christopher Hoover 1 Homestead Dan. Brooks (W ½) No structures illustrated Joseph Sherrick (E) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 P. Doner (NE corner) 1 Homestead Peter Doner (W ½) No features illustrated Samuel Doner (E ½) Gormley’s Corners Store, several Markham 60 3 Tremaine 1960 structures fronted on Stouffville Road. Peter Doner (W ½) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 Jno Smith (E ½) Gormley’s Corners P.O., 1

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Township Lot Conc. Listed Landowner(s) Historic Feature(s) Source Homestead, 1 ochard Vaughan 59 1 Thos. Helsop (NE ¼) No features illustrated Tremaine 1960 F. Page (NE ¼) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard Miles & Co. 1878 G. Jefferson (SE ¼) 1 Homestead, 1 orchard 60 1 Capt. Martin McLeod 1 Homestead Tremaine 1960 N.T. McLeod 2 Homesteads, Miles & Co. 1878 King South 61 1 Capt. Martin McLeod (S ½) 1 Homestead, Drynoch Tremaine 1960 Col. N.T. McLeod No features illustrated Miles & Co. 1878

In addition, a search of the Ontario Historical Plaques (OHP) database and the Town of Richmond Hill Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and Historical Importance was conducted to determine if there were any historical plaques within the current study area. One bronze historical plaque was identified in the OHP database, located at St. John the Baptist Anglican Church, which is a listed heritage building. St. John the Baptist Anglican Church was constructed in 1849 and still stands today within the study area at the corner of Yonge Street and Stouffville Road. This church is located near the site of the short-lived settlement of Windham, founded by Comte de Puisaye in 1798. A plaque was erected in front of the church in 1958 by the York Pioneer and Historical Society to commemorate these settlers, fugitives from the French Revolution who were granted 22 lots along Yonge Street in the late 1700s. The historical plaque, The de Puisaye Settlement 1799, reads as follows:

The de Puisaye Settlement 1799 In the fall of 1798 some 40 exiled French Royalists under the leadership of Joseph-Genevieve, Comte de Puisaye (1754-1827), emigrated from England to Upper Canada. The following year they were given rations and agricultural implements and settled along Yonge Street in the townships of Markham and Vaughan. However, these members of the nobility and their servants were unable to adapt themselves to a pioneer existence and by 1806 their settlement, known as Windham, was abandoned. De Puisaye lived for a time on an estate near Niagara, but returned to England in 1802.

Ontario Archaeological and Historical Sites Board

A search of the registered Cemeteries and Crematoriums Database determined that this is the only registered cemetery within the proposed Stouffville Road Improvements Study Area. The St. John’s Anglican Cemetery is located within the western study area limits at 12125 Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario within Lot 59, Concession 1 (Figure 6). This cemetery is listed as a heritage property in the Town of Richmond Hill Inventory of Buildings of Architectural and Historical Importance. Stones in the St. John’s Anglican Cemetery date to as early as the mid-19th century. The selection of a cemetery location often reflects an association of the location with powerful religious associations; in this case, an association with the neighbouring historic St. John the Baptist Anglican Church.

Located south of Bond and Wilcox Lakes, Gormley’s Corners was a small rural community originally situated on the south side of Stouffville Road at Woodbine Avenue (fourth concession road) to the east of the study area. The small hamlet straddled the Geographic Townships of Whitchurch to the north and Markham to the south. Early settlers arrived in the Gormley area between 1800 and 1804 and included the Heise, Brillinger, Steckley, Cober, Doner, and Wideman families. Agriculture was the backbone of the rural community in this area and the small hamlet of Gormley’s Corners began to be developed around its namesake’s general store and post office. James Gormley, a teacher and public notary, arrived in the area in the 1840s and served as postmaster for the area from 1851 until 1876. It was his store and post office that were the impetus for the later development of a small commercial district.

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In 1867, Sam Moorby opened a second store directly across the street and account books remaining with the Moorby family suggest that the store operated until 1876 (Barkey 1989).

Later, the Francey family built and ran a large hotel with other commercial enterprises appearing over time including a blacksmith’s and cabinet maker’s shop, a shoemaker’s shop, carriage making, and weaving (Plate 1). By 1904, telephone services had arrived in Gormley’s Corners. In 1905, the construction of the James Bay Railway shifted the business centre of Gormley to the west by half of a concession, resulting in the development of a new neighbourhood, New Gormley, centred on the railway station. The neighbourhood of New Gormley is located within the current study area.

Throughout the early 20th century, the original James Gormley post office continued to operate under a number of various postmasters, one of whom, Sam Doner, served as postmaster for thirty years beginning in 1923. In 1935, the original store and post office building was destroyed by a fire and a new building was constructed onto the old foundations which continued to serve as a store and post office until 1967 (Barkey 1989).

In 1971, the early community of Gormley’s Corners became a part of Whitchurch-Stouffville with the creation of the Region of York. This change saw the Whitchurch-Markham boundary moved south of the original town line at Stouffville and Gormley Sideroad to avoid dividing the community. The construction of Provincial Highway 404 in the 1980s provided a new boundary line for the Towns of Richmond Hill and Whitchurch-Stouffville, dividing the original community of Gormley Corners between two neighbouring towns (Barkey 1989).

The James Bay/Canadian Northern Railway runs through the current study area. Following a survey of New Gormley in 1903-1904, the James Bay Railway Company purchased railway right-of-way near Gormley from John Leary and Peter Doner. The railway tracks were laid down in 1905, running through Langstaff, Richmond Hill, and Gormley. The service ran freight and passenger service as early as 1906. The next year, construction of the Gormley Station was completed and New Gormley rapidly grew into a busy and industrious community (Plate 6). Another store was opened as did a grain elevator, harness shop, a feed mill, a cement block-making company, and a short-lived measuring stick factory. Additionally, a substantial number of red-brick, two-storey homes were built along the main street of this new and industrious part of the community (Barkey 1989).After a number of years of financial trouble, the James Bay Railway was nationalized in 1918 and, in 1923, was merged, along with several other railways, into the Canadian National railway (CN), which still survives today.

1.2.4 Reports with Relevant Background Information

Previous assessments have resulted in the documentation of relevant information for the current study area. Table 4 lists all of the relevant reports.

Table 4: Related Archaeological Assessment Reports within 50m of the study area

Year Title Author Report on Phase 1 of the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of 1988a ASI Richmond Hill, Ontario. Report on Phase 2 and 3 of the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of 1988b ASI Richmond Hill, Ontario. Phase 4 Implementation Report: Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of 1900 ASI Richmond Hill, Ontario. Stage 1 & 2 A.A. of the Duke of Richmond Phase 2, Part of lot 56 & Phase 4, Part of Lot 2002 ASI 57, Conc.1 W.Y.S., Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York, Ontario Stage 1&2 AA of Draft Plan of Subdivision 19T-99006, Oak Ridges Farm Co-Tenancy, 2003a ASI Part of Lots 61, 62, 63, 64 & 65, Con. 1, WYS, Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York. Stage 1-2 AA of Draft Plan of Subdivision (Phase IV and V), Part of Lots 62-63, con 1 2003b ASI EYS, Part of Lots 2-3, Con 2, EYS, Town of Richmond Hill, Regional Municipality of York,

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Year Title Author Ontario Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bayview Avenue (Y.R. 34) Improvements From Elgin 2003c Mills Road East (YU.R. 38) to Stouffville Road (Y.R. 14) (Former Markham Township, ASI York County), R. M. of York, Ontario Stage 3 AA of Site AlGu 289 and Stage 3 and 4 AA and Salvage Excavation of Sites 2004 AlGu-290 and AlGu-291, Lot 63, Concession 1 EYS (Part of Draft Plan of Subdivision ASI 19T(R)-98011 Comprising Part of Lots 62 and 63, Con 1 EYS 2009 Town of Richmond Hill Official Plan: Archaeological and First Nations Policy Study ASI Richmond Hill Mosque - Imam Residence, Town of Richmond Hill, Part of Lot 1, Fisher Archaeological 2012 Concession 2 (Former Geographic Township of Whitchurch), Stage 1: Archaeological Consultants Background Study St 2AA, 1380 Stouffville Road Residence Town of Richmond Hill, Municipality of York Fisher Archaeological 2013 Region, York County Consultants

Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) conducted a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of two properties located to the southwest of the current study area, which identified one new archaeological site, the H1 (AlGu-244) site, which consists of a small scatter of Euro-Canadian artifacts. No further work was recommended (ASI 2003b). ASI (2003a) also conducted a Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment that identified eight pre-contact First Nation sites north of the current study area, east of Bond Lake. The majority of the registered sites are findspots. However, one of these sites, AlGu-289 required further Stage 3 assessment, while AlGu-290 and AlGu-291 were completely removed during Stage 4 mitigation (ASI 2004). The Bayview Avenue right of way from Stouffville Road south to Elgin Mills Road East has been subject to a previous Stage 1 archaeological assessed by ASI in 2003, which resulted in the recommendation that prior to any land disturbing activities, a Stage 2 assessment should be conducted (ASI 2003c).

The Richmond Hill Master Plan of Archaeological Resources was developed by ASI from 1988 to 1990. The Town of Richmond Hill Official Archaeological Policy Study indicates the several areas of archaeological potential within Richmond Hill identified during the course of the Master Plan report development (ASI 2009). Specifically within the current study area, the Master Plan identifies high archaeological potential along Stouffville Road, Yonge Street, Bayview Aveune, and Leslie Street. Close proximity to potable water and historic roadways increases the archaeological potential. Pre-contact potential exists within a 300m buffer around potable water sources, and 1km buffers around previously identified Late Woodland village sites (ASI 2009).

1.3 Archaeological Context

1.3.1 Natural Environment

The study area is situated within the “South Slope” physiographic region (Chapman & Putnam: 1984, 172-174).

The South Slope is the southern slope of the Oak Ridges Moraine but it includes the strip south of the Peel plain. …it rises 300 to 400 feet in an average width of 6 or 7 miles. Extending from the Niagara Escarpment to the Trent River it covers approximately 940 square miles. The central portion is drumlinized…The streams flow directly down the slope; being rapid they have cut sharp valleys in the till…Bare grey slopes, where soil is actively eroding are common in this area. Chapman & Putnam, 1984: 172-174

The closest source of potable water is Rouge River and its many unnamed tributaries that run directly through the study area. Bond Lake and Wilcox Lake are located directly north of Stouffville Road between Bayview Avenue and Yonge Street. Figure 5 illustrates the soil drainage and agricultural suitability of the land within the study area.

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1.3.2 Known Archaeological Sites and Surveys

Previous assessments have indicated that York County was intensively occupied by pre-contact First Nation people and early Euro-Canadian pioneers. The provincial ASDB was consulted on March 9, 2015 to determine if there were any registered archaeological sites in close proximity to the study area. A response was received March 24, 2015 from Rob von Bitter, the Archaeological Site Data Co-ordinator, who indicated 24 sites are located within 1 km of the study area. Of the 24 sites, 11 are pre-contact, 9 are Euro-Canadian, and 4 had incomplete site records. One of these sites, the Rodes (AlGu-44) site, is located within the study area boundaries. Table 5 lists the sites within 1 km of the study area.

Table 5: Archaeological Sites within 1 km of the Stouffville Road Study Area

Site Borden Site Name Site Type Cultural Affiliation Researcher AlGu-122 None given Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-219 None given Findspot Pre-contact ASI AiGu-244 None given Scatter Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-389 Walnut Grove Scatter Pre-Contact Mark Doner AlGu-44 Rodes Findspot Pre-contact ASI AlGu-440 None given AlGu-441 None given AlGu-442 None given AlGu-126 Memorial Gardens 1 Findspot Pre-Contact ASI AlGu-163 Drynoch 3 Findspot Pre-Contact LMA AlGu-176 Oscroft Findspot Pre-Contact LMA AlGu-284 Capell Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-290 None given Camp Pre-Contact, Woodland ASI AlGu-291 None given Camp Pre-Contact, Woodland ASI AlGu-292 None given Findspot Pre-Contact Archaic ASI AlGu-293 Bouchette Dump Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-294 Bond Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-295 Thompson Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-296 Fiel Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-357 Donor AlGu-70 Casseiopia Findspot Pre-Contact ASI AlGu-74 Rocking Horse Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI AlGu-79 Reuben Heise Village Pre-Contact ASI AlGu-89 Baker Homestead Euro-Canadian ASI

The Rodes (AlGu-44) site is located within the Stouffville Road EA study area and consists of a findspot of a complete corner-notched projectile point made of Onondaga chert, found near a small tributary of the Rouge River. It was discovered in 1987 on part of Lot 1, Concession 2 in the Geographic Township of Whitchurch during pedestrian survey for the Richmond Hill Master Plan Phase II by ASI (1988). The MTCS sites database was accessed on December 16, 2015 in an attempt to obtain additional site details; however, given the age of this report and site forms as well as the lack of report standardization and electronic preservation at the time of production, these documents could not be located for reviewBased on the current Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Standard 1a., Government of Ontario 2011), this site does not meet the criteria for a Stage 3 site- specific assessment.

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Also important to note, is the presence of the Reuben Heise (AlGu-79) located adjacent to the study area to the north, which was also discovered in 1987during the Richmond Hill Master Plan Phase II (ASI 1988). It is a late Woodland village site, located north of Stouffville Road, east of Leslie Street. The MTCS sites database was accessed on December 16, 2015 in an attempt to obtain additional site details; however, given the age of this report and site forms as well as the lack of report standardization and electronic preservation at the time of production, these documents could not be located for review. Based on the current Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Standard 1a., Government of Ontario 2011), this site meets the criteria for a Stage 3 site-specific assessment. Information provided in the MTCS sites database indicates that a “Phase 3” assessment was completed as part of the original 1988 assessment; however, it is unclear as to whether a portion of this site still exist in situ. In order to address the possibility that an ossuary may be associated with the village a greater distance from the settlement, and to address the possibility that undiscovered major settlements may still exist, lands located within 1 km of the identified site are considered to have elevated archaeological potential and must be subject to further assessment (ASI 2009).

1.3.3 Existing Conditions

The study area within the 500 m buffer centered on Stouffville Road from Highway 404 to Yonge Street consists of agricultural fields, residential and commercial areas, woodlots, a golf course, and low lying, wet areas near the Rouge River. There are multiple driveways and residential roads through the area, including major intersections at Bayview Avenue and Leslie Street. Within the approximate 100 ha parcel of land where Stouffville Road terminates at Yonge Street there are residential and commercial areas, a storm water facility, agricultural field, and woods. The study area also includes a small portion of the Bathurst Glen Golf Course and, at the eastern study area limits, construction of the southern edge of the new Gormley GO Station.

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2. Property Inspection

To assist in the evaluation of archaeological potential within the study area, a property inspection was undertaken. The property inspection was conducted to meet the requirements of Section 1.2 of the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ontario Government 2011b) and in accordance with Section 1.2, S.1. the entire study area and periphery was visually assessed to identify the presence or absence of any features of archaeological potential.

Urban development, such as residential, commercial and road construction, has removed any archaeological remains from approximately 10% of the lands within the study area. There are multiple driveways and residential roads through the area, including major intersections at Bayview Avenue and Leslie Street. The Stouffville Road right of way consists primarily of steep slope, which was the result of road construction involving cutting through strandlines to attain the appropriate grade for the road. This is visible on Leslie Street, Bayview Avenue, and Yonge Street. A storm water facility are also included within the study area. Of the remaining 90% of land within the study area, 45 % consists of woodlot, 40% consists of agricultural field, and 5 % consists of a golf course with manicured lawn areas, all of which will require further archaeological investigation (Figure 6).

During the site visit weather conditions were foggy with some light rain and the temperature was approximately 7 degrees Celsius. The fog restricted visibility of features at a far distance but did not prevent the evaluation of archaeological features in close proximity.

Photographs of typical landscape features and current conditions within the study area were taken during the site visit and are provided in Section 7 of this report (Figure 7).

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3. Analysis and Conclusions

3.1 Determination of Archaeological Potential

Archaeological potential is established by determining the likelihood that archaeological resources may be present on a subject property. Criteria commonly used by the Ontario MTCS (Government of Ontario 2011) to determine areas of archaeological potential include:

Proximity to previously identified archaeological sites; Distance to various types of water sources; Soil texture and drainage; Glacial geomorphology, elevated topography and the general topographic variability of the area; Resource areas including food or medicinal plants, scarce raw materials and early Euro-Canadian industry; Areas of early Euro- Canadian settlement and early transportation routes; Properties listed on municipal register of properties designated under the Ontario Heritage Act (Government of Ontario 1990b); Properties that local histories or informants have identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities or occupants; and Historic landmarks or sites.

Distance to modern or ancient water sources is generally accepted as the most important element for past human settlement patterns and when considered alone may result in a determination of archaeological potential. In addition any combination of two or more of the criteria listed above, such as well drained soils or topographic variability, may indicate archaeological potential.

Certain features indicate that archaeological potential has been removed, such as land that has been subject to extensive and intensive deep land alterations that have severely damaged the integrity of any archaeological resources. This includes landscaping that involves grading below the topsoil level, building footprints, quarrying and sewage and infrastructure development (Ontario Government 2011).

3.2 Summary and Conclusions

The potential for pre-contact and contact period First Nation archaeological resources is high based on proximity to the Rouge River, an important thoroughfare and source of potable water, the location of the study area on land adjacent to multiple unnamed tributaries of the Rouge River, and the location of eleven known pre-contact First Nation sites in the vicinity of the study area, one of which, the Rodes (AlGu-44) site, is located within the study area boundaries. Also, the proximity of the Reuben Heise (AlGu-79), a registered Late Woodland village, increases the possibility of ossuaries present within the study area boundaries (ASI 2009). In addition, historical documentary evidence from the first European settlers and surveyors to the area indicates the long history of occupation here by First Nations people. The potential for Euro-Canadian archaeological resources is also judged to be high based on the early settlement of the area by Euro-Canadian settlers. Yonge Street is considered to be one of the earliest transportation routes in Ontario, given that it was constructed and in use prior to 1790. The presence of multiple pre- contact sites in close proximity to the study area, the presence of the Rodes (AlGu-44) site within the study area, and the fact that this area was one of the earliest areas inhabited in Upper Canada, further increases its archaeological potential.

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The potential for Euro-Canadian archaeological resources is also judged to be high based off of the early settlement of the Richmond Hill area by Euro-Canadian pioneers. The presence of historic roadways including Yonge Street, Stouffville Road, Leslie Street, and the Gormley Conservation District, a mid 19th century cemetery, the James Bay/Canadian Northern Railway, historic landmarks present in the study area and the association of this site with historical events, the presence of early 20th century historic structures that indicate significant early settlement and development in the area.

The construction of Yonge Street, Stouffville Road, Bayview Avenue, and Leslie Street within the study area has removed the potential for archaeological resources in those right-of-ways; however, it has been determined that the likelihood for archaeological resources to be present is high in all areas of potentially undisturbed land (Figure 6).

In addition, special consideration should be made in the vicinity of the early cemeteries as the limits of these are not known. The presence of historic cemeteries within or in close proximity to project locations significantly increases the potential for finding unmarked burial locations, grave shafts, and/or the recovery of human remains. Given the mid- 19th century establishment of the registered cemetery and its proximity to the Yonge Street Municipal ROW, a high probability exists that unmarked graves and associated shafts may be present adjacent to, or within the ROW. Current fence line or boundaries do not necessarily represent the limits of the cemetery below ground.

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4. Recommendations

Test pit survey at 5 m intervals in all areas that will be impacted by the project and where ploughing is not possible (e.g., woodlots, overgrown areas, manicured lawns);

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Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ontario Government 2011). If human remains are encountered during construction, work should cease immediately, the police or Regional Coroner should be contacted, as well as the Registrar of the Cemeteries Regulation Unit of the Ministry of Consumer Services.

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5. Advice on Compliance with Legislation

This report is submitted to the Ontario Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48(1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ontario Ministry of Consumer Services.

22 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

6. Bibliography and Sources

Agriculture Canada 1954 Soil Map of York County (Regional Municipality of York), Ontario. Survey Report No. 19. Ottawa: Soil Research Institute, Department of Agriculture

Andrea, C. 1997 Lines of Country. Erin, Ontario: The Boston Mills Press.

Archeoworks Inc. (Archeoworks) 2013 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment for the: Yonge Street Aquifer, Well Capacity Restoration Environmental Assessment, Township of East Gwillimbury, And Township of Whitchurch, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario.

Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) 1988a Report on Phase 1 of the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. Report submitted in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario.

1988b Report on Phase 2 and 3 of the Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario. Report submitted in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario.

1990 Phase 4 Implementation Report: Master Plan of Archaeological Resources for the Town of Richmond Hill. Report submitted in the Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario.

2002 Stage 1 & 2 A.A. of the Duke of Richmond Phase 2, Part of lot 56 & Phase 4, Part of Lot 57, Conc.1 W.Y.S., Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York, Ontario. On file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2003a Stage 1&2 AA of Draft Plan of Subdivision 19T-99006, Oak Ridges Farm Co-Tenancy, Part of Lots 61, 62, 63, 64 & 65, Con. 1, WYS, Town of Richmond Hill, RM of York. On file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2003b Stage 1-2 AA of Draft Plan of Subdivision (Phase IV and V), Part of Lots 62-63, con 1 EYS, Part of Lots 2-3, Con 2, EYS, Town of Richmond Hill, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. On file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2003c Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Bayview Avenue (Y.R. 34) Improvements From Elgin Mills Road East (YU.R. 38) to Stouffville Road (Y.R. 14) (Former Markham Township, York County), R. M. of York, Ontario. On file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2004 Stage 3 AA of Site AlGu 289 and Stage 3 and 4 AA and Salvage Excavation of Sites AlGu-290 and AlGu- 291, Lot 63, Concession 1 EYS (Part of Draft Plan of Subdivision 19T(R)-98011 Comprising Part of Lots 62 and 63, Con 1 EYS. On file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

2009 Town of Richmond Hill Official Plan: Archaeological and First Nations Policy Study. Toronto

Barkey, Jean, Gordon Dibb, Karen Brooks Earley, Karen Edwards, Marjorie Richardson, Helen Roberts, Lynne Rubbens, and Robert Staley. 1993 Whitchurch Township. Whitchurch History Book Committee: Boston Mills Press.

23 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Chapman, L. J. and D. F. Putnam 1966 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Second edition. Ontario Research Foundation, University of Toronto Press.

Champion, Isabel (ed.) 1979 Markham, 1793-1900. Researched and written by the Committee for the History of Markham Township. Markham Historical Society.

City of Markham n.d. A History of the Town of Markham. The Official Site of the City of Markham. Retrieved in March 2015 from http://www.markham.ca/wps/wcm/connect/markhampublic/f5525ec4-865e-49b7-a349- 43bdc6255873/markham_history.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&useDefaultText=0&useDefaultDesc=0

City of Vaughan 2008 City of Vaughan: History Briefs. Retrieved March 2015 from: https://www.vaughan.ca/services/vaughan_archives/historyofvaughan/Pages/default.aspx

Ferris, Neal 2009 The Archaeology of Native-lived Colonialism: Challenging History in the Great Lakes. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Fisher Archaeological Consultants 2012 Richmond Hill Mosque - Imam Residence, Town of Richmond Hill, Part of Lot 1, Concession 2 (Former Geographic Township of Whitchurch), Stage 1: Archaeological Background Study. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

2013 St 2AA, 1380 Stouffville Road Residence Town of Richmond Hill, Municipality of York Region, York County. Report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Gillham, Elizabeth McClure 1975 Early Settlement of King Township, Ontario. Self-Published: King City

Government of Ontario 1990a Ontario Planning Act. R.S.O. 1990. CHAPTER P.13. Last amendment: 2012, c. 6, Sched. 2, s. 1. Electronic document: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90p13_e.htm. Last assessed January 1, 2012. 1990b Ontario Heritage Act. R.S.O. 1990, CHAPTER O.18, Last amendment: 2009, c. 33, Sched. 11, s. 6. Electronic document: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90o18_e.htm. Last assessed April 2013. 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. n.d Archaeological Sites Database (ASDB). Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Ellis, Christopher J. and Neal Ferris (editors) 1990 The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to AD 1650, Eds. Christopher Ellis and Neal Ferris, Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5.

Feest, Johanna E. and Christian F. Feest 1978 In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol.15 Northeast, pp.772-786. B.G. Trigger, Ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institute.

24 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Heidenriech, Conrad E. 1990 History of the St. Lawrence - Great Lakes Area to AD 1650. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to AD 1650, Eds. Christopher Ellis and Neal Ferris, Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, Number 5.

Historical Committee Public and Safety Information Branch 1984 "Main Street, Ontario". From Footpaths to Freeways. p. 23 Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications.

Hoffman, D.W. and N.R. Richards 1955 Soil map of York County, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. Report No. 19 of the Ontario Soil Survey Experimental Farms Service, Canada Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College.

Konrad, Victor 1981 An Iroquois Frontier: the North Shore of Lake Ontario during the Late Seventeenth Century. Journal of Historical Geography 7(2).

Miles. & Co. 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of the County of York. Toronto: Historical Atlas Publishing Co.

Neilson, L. 2012 Yonge Street – Governor Simcoe’s Military Road. Retrieved from http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/featured/yonge-street-governor-simcoes-military-road, April 30, 2014.

Parks Canada n.d. Canadian Register of Historic Places. http://www.hostoricplaces.ca/visit-visite/rep-reg_e.aspx (Last accessed on March 18, 2015). n.d Construction of Yonge Street National Historic Event. Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/index.aspx (Last accessed on March 18, 2015). n.d Canadian Register of Historic Places. (Last accessed on March 13, 2015).

Reaman, G. Elmore 1971 A History of Vaughan Township. University of Toronto Press.

Schmalz, Peter S. 1991 The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. University of Toronto Press.

Tremaine, G. 1860 Tremaine’s Map of the County of York, Canada West. Townships of King, Markham, Vaughan, and Whitchurch. Toronto.

25 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

7. Images

Photo 1: Park adjacent to a school, facing northeast Photo 2: Overgrown field across from storm water ponds, facing southwest

Photo 3: Storm water pond, facing northeast Photo 4: Dump area, possibly the site of a demolished house, facing south

26 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Photo 5: St. John the Baptist Anglican Church and Photo 6: Field conditions within the study area, cemetery, facing northeast facing north

Photo 7: Example of commercial development within Photo 8: Field conditions within study area, facing the study area, facing west northeast

Photo 9: Residential area within study area, facing Photo 10: Conditions along Stouffville Road right of northwest way, facing east

27 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Photo 11: Steep slope within Stouffville Road right of Photo 12: Steep slope down towards Rouge River way, facing south along Stouffville Road, facing east

Photo 13: Golf course fairway visible from Stouffville Photo 14: Example of woodlot within the study area Road, facing east along Bayview Ave, facing east

Photo 15: Example of woodlot within residential Photo 16: Stouffville Road right of way, note the areas, facing northeast slope, facing northeast

28 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Photo 17: Conditions in Stouffville Road right of way, Photo 18: Example of a field along Stouffville Road, facing east facing north

Photo 19: Stouffville Road at Leslie Street South, Photo 20: Field conditions near Leslie Street South, facing east facing southeast

Photo 21: Manicured lawn at the corner of Stouffville Photo 22: Field conditions along Gormly Road West, Road and Leslie Street South, facing north facing east

29 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Photo 23: Field conditions along Stouffville Road, Photo 24: Field conditions along Leslie Street North, note slope from cutting the road right of way, facing facing southwest northeast

Photo 25: Slope along Stouffville Road, note the train Photo 26: Construction beginning on the Gormley Go overpass, facing southeast Station along Stouffville Road, facing northwest

30 AECOM York Region Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

8. Maps

The maps providing additional information on the Stage 1 archaeological assessment of Stouffville Road are provided in the following pages.

31 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Stouffville Road EA

Legend

Study Area Roads ¹ Railway Waterbodies Wooded Area

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