Schedule ‘C’ Environmental Assessment for 16th Avenue between Woodbine Avenue and York/Durham Line

Appendix I Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Report

Accessible formats are available upon request.

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Part of Lots 15 and 16, Concessions 4-10 East of Yonge Street (Former Township of Markham, County of York) City of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario

ORIGINAL REPORT

Prepared for:

HDR 255 Adelaide Street West Toronto, ON M5H 1X9

Archaeological Licence #P128 (Hull) Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PIF# P128-0157-2016 ASI File: 16EA-175

28 September 2017

Archaeological & Cultural ASI H e r i t a g e Se r v i c es 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 F 416-966-9723 asiheritage.ca

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Part of Lots 15 and 16, Concessions 4-10 (Former Township of Markham, County of York) City of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ASI was contracted by HDR to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (Background Research and Property Inspection) as part of the 16th Avenue Environmental Assessment. The EA will identify possible improvements to 16th Avenue to accommodate the current and future transportation needs of pedestrians, cyclists, transit users and motorists along this corridor. The project involves a study segment from Yonge Street to Woodbine Avenue and a study segment from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line. ASI has previously undertaken work for this study area under a cancelled EA. Both Stage 1 reports were submitted and accepted into the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport’s provincial register of reports on August 28, 2008. The current Stage 1 report includes updated data from these previous reports in order to meet current requirements. The study area included in this report is the segment from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line, within the City of Markham, Regional Municipality of York.

The background research determined that 76 previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area. A review of the historical and archaeological contexts of the study area also suggested that the study area has potential for the identification of Indigenous and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on the degree to which soils have been impacted.

The property inspection determined that parts of the study area retain archaeological potential and require further archaeological assessment.

In light of these results, the following recommendations are made:

1. Parts of the 16th Avenue study area beyond the existing right-of-way are considered to retain archaeological potential. These lands require Stage 2 archaeological assessment by test pit and/or pedestrian survey where appropriate, both at 5 m intervals, prior to any proposed impacts to the property;

2. The remainder of the study area does not retain archaeological potential on account of deep and extensive land disturbance, low and wet conditions, and slopes in excess of 20 degrees. These lands do not exhibit archaeological potential and therefore do not require further archaeological assessment;

3. Should the proposed work extend beyond the current study area, further Stage 1 archaeological assessment should be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands.

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PROJECT PERSONNEL

Senior Project Manager: Lisa Merritt, MSc. (P094) Senior Archaeologist, Manager EA Projects (East) Environmental Assessment Division

Project Coordinator: Sarah Jagelewski, Hon. BA (R405) Staff Archaeologist, Assistant Manager Environmental Assessment Division

Project Director (Licensee): Katherine Hull, PhD (P128) Senior Archaeologist, Manager of Historical Archaeology Environmental Assessment Division

Project Manager: Eliza Brandy, MA (R1109) Staff Archaeologist

Field Director: Peter Carruthers, MA (P163) Senior Associate

Report Preparation: Eliza Brandy

Graphics: Blake Williams, MLitt (P383) Staff Archaeologist, Geomatics Specialist

Report Reviewer: Lisa Merritt

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i PROJECT PERSONNEL ...... ii 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT ...... 1 1.1 Development Context ...... 1 1.2 Historical Context ...... 2 1.2.1 Indigenous Land Use and Settlement ...... 2 1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement ...... 4 1.2.3 Historical Map Review ...... 5 1.2.4 Twentieth-Century Mapping Review ...... 7 1.3 Archaeological Context ...... 7 1.3.1 Current Land Use and Field Conditions ...... 7 1.3.2 Geography ...... 8 1.3.3 Previous Archaeological Research ...... 9 2.0 FIELD METHODS: PROPERTY INSPECTION ...... 12 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 13 3.1 Analysis of Archaeological Potential ...... 13 3.2 Analysis of Property Inspection Results ...... 14 3.3 Conclusions ...... 14 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION ...... 16 6.0 REFERENCES CITED ...... 17 7.0 MAPS ...... 22 8.0 IMAGES ...... 36

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Location of the Study Area...... 23 Figure 2: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1860 Map of the County of York ...... 24 Figure 3: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1878 Map of the Township of Markham ...... 25 Figure 4: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1930 NTS Sheet for Markham ...... 26 Figure 5: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Surficial Geology ...... 27 Figure 6: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line – Soil Drainage ...... 28 Figure 7: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 1) ...... 29 Figure 8: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 2) ...... 30 Figure 9: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 3) ...... 31 Figure 10: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 4) ..... 32 Figure 11: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 5) ...... 33 Figure 12: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 6) ..... 34 Figure 13: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line –Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 7) ..... 35

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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: West view, study area west of Buttonfield Rd is sloped on either side of the ROW, no potential ...... 36 Plate 2: Southeast view, study area at Rodick Rd is disturbed, no potential ...... 36 Plate 3: Southeast view, study area at Lockridge Rd is disturbed, no potential ...... 36 Plate 4: West view, study area west of Country Estates Dr is disturbed, no potential ...... 36 Plate 5: East view, study area at Country Estates Dr is disturbed, no potential. East of the intersection beyond the ROW retains potential and requires Stage 2...... 37 Plate 6: East view, study area at Normandale Rd, north of the ROW retains archaeological potential and requires Stage 2...... 37 Plate 7: West view, study area at Yorkton Blvd is disturbed, no potential. Beyond the intersection surrounding Bruce Creek is sloped, no potential...... 37 Plate 8: East view, study area at Ivanshoe Dr is disturbed, no potential...... 37 Plate 9: West view, study area at William Berczy Blvd is disturbed, no potential ...... 38 Plate 10: Southwest view, study area at The Bridle Walk is sloped north of the ROW, no potential ...... 38 Plate 11: Northwest view, study area at Alexander Lawrie Ave is disturbed, no potential ...... 38 Plate 12: East view, study area at Markham Heritage Estates retains archaeological potential north of the ROW and requires Stage 2...... 38 Plate 13: Northeast view, study area at Fincham Ave is disturbed, no potential ...... 39 Plate 14: West view, study area at Williamson Rd is disturbed, no potential ...... 39 Plate 15: West view, study area near Donald Cousens and Old 16th Ave retains archaeological potential and requires Stage 2...... 39 Plate 16: West view, study area retains archaeological potential north and south of existing ROW and requires Stage 2...... 39

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1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) was contracted by HDR to conduct a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment (Background Research and Property Inspection) as part of the 16th Avenue Environmental Assessment (EA). The EA will identify possible improvements to 16th Avenue to accommodate the current and future transportation needs of pedestrians, cyclists, transit users and motorists along this corridor. The project involves a study segment from Yonge Street to Woodbine Avenue and a study segment from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line. ASI has previously undertaken work for this study area under a cancelled EA (ASI 2007a, 2007b). Both Stage 1 reports were submitted and accepted into the Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport’s provincial register of reports on August 28, 2008. The current Stage 1 report includes updated data from these previous reports in order to meet current requirements. The study area included in this report is the segment from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line, within the City of Markham, Regional Municipality of York (Figure 1).

All activities carried out during this assessment were completed in accordance with the Ontario Heritage Act (1990), the 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (S & G) administered by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS 2011), and the Municipal Engineers’ Association document Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (2011).

In the S & G, Section 1, the objectives of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment are discussed as follows:

• To provide information about the history, current land conditions, geography, and previous archaeological fieldwork of the study area;

• To evaluate in detail the archaeological potential of the study area that can be used, if necessary, to support recommendations for Stage 2 archaeological assessment for all or parts of the study area; and,

• To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 archaeological assessment, if necessary.

This report describes the Stage 1 archaeological assessment that was conducted for this project and is organized as follows: Section 1.0 summarizes the background study that was conducted to provide the historical and archaeological contexts for the project study area; Section 2.0 addresses the field methods used for the property inspection that was undertaken to document its general environment, current land use history and conditions of the study area; Section 3.0 analyzes the characteristics of the project study area and evaluates its archaeological potential; Section 4.0 provides recommendations for the next assessment steps; and the remaining sections contain other report information that is required by the S & G, e.g., advice on compliance with legislation, works cited, mapping and photo-documentation.

1.1 Development Context

All work has been undertaken as required by the Environmental Assessment Act, RSO (1990) and regulations made under the Act, and are therefore subject to all associated legislation. This project is being conducted in accordance with the Municipal Class EA process.

Authorization to carry out the activities necessary for the completion of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment was granted by HDR on August 17, 2016.

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1.2 Historical Context

The purpose of this section, according to the S & G, Section 7.5.7, Standard 1, is to describe the past and present land use and the settlement history and any other relevant historical information pertaining to the study area. A summary is first presented of the current understanding of the Indigenous land use of the study area. This is then followed by a review of the Euro-Canadian settlement history.

1.2.1 Indigenous Land Use and Settlement

Southern Ontario has been occupied by human populations since the retreat of the Laurentide glacier approximately 13,000 years before present (BP) (Ferris 2013). Populations at this time were highly mobile, inhabiting a boreal-parkland similar to the modern sub-arctic. By approximately 10,000 BP, the climate had progressively warmed (Edwards and Fritz 1988) and populations now occupied less extensive territories (Ellis and Deller 1990).

Between approximately 10,000-5,500 BP, the Great Lakes basins experienced low-water levels, and many sites which would have been located on those former shorelines are now submerged. This period produces the earliest evidence of heavy wood working tools, an indication of greater investment of labour in felling trees for fuel, to build shelter, and watercraft production. These activities suggest prolonged seasonal residency at occupation sites. Polished stone and native copper implements were being produced by approximately 8,000 BP; the latter was acquired from the north shore of Lake Superior, evidence of extensive exchange networks throughout the Great Lakes region. The earliest evidence for cemeteries dates to approximately 4,500-3,000 BP and is indicative of increased social organization, investment of labour into social infrastructure, and the establishment of socially prescribed territories (Ellis et al. 1990, 2009; Brown 1995:13).

Between 3,000-2,500 BP, populations continued to practice residential mobility and to harvest seasonally available resources, including spawning fish. Exchange and interaction networks broaden at this time (Spence et al. 1990:136, 138) and by approximately 2,000 BP, evidence exists for macro-band camps, focusing on the seasonal harvesting of resources (Spence et al. 1990:155, 164). It is also during this period that maize was first introduced into southern Ontario, though it would have only supplemented people’s diet (Birch and Williamson 2013:13–15). Bands likely retreated to interior camps during the winter. It is generally understood that these populations were Algonquian-speakers during these millennia of settlement and land use.

From approximately 1,000 BP until approximately 300 BP, lifeways became more similar to that described in early historical documents. The groups occupying the study area during this period were largely immigrants from the north shore of Lake Ontario region and were Iroquoian-speakers. The Iroquoian communities established in the study area were likely involved in complex negotiations and interactions with the local Algonquin-speaking populations. During the Early Iroquoian phase (AD 1000- 1300), the communal site is replaced by the village focused on horticulture. Seasonal disintegration of the community for the exploitation of a wider territory and more varied resource base was still practised (Williamson 1990:317). By the second quarter of the first millennium BP, during the Middle Iroquoian phase (AD 1300-1450), this episodic community disintegration was no longer practised and populations now communally occupied sites throughout the year (Dodd et al. 1990:343). In the Late Iroquoian phase (AD 1450-1649) this process continued with the coalescence of these small villages into larger communities (Birch and Williamson 2013). Through this process, the socio-political organization of the

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First Nations, as described historically by the French and English explorers who first visited southern Ontario, was developed.

By circa AD 1600 the communities within Simcoe County had formed the Confederation of Nations encountered by the first European explorers and missionaries. In the 1640s, the traditional enmity between the Haudenosaunee (Five Nation Iroquois) and the Wendat (and their Algonquian allies such as the Nippissing and Odawa) led to the dispersal of the Wendat.

After the dispersal, the Haudenosaunee established a series of settlements at strategic locations along the trade routes inland from the north shore of Lake Ontario, including Teiaiagon, near the mouth of the Humber River; and Ganestiquiagon, near the mouth of the Rouge River. Their locations near the mouths of the Humber and Rouge Rivers, two branches of the Toronto Carrying Place, strategically linked these settlements with the upper Great Lakes through Lake Simcoe. The west branch of the Carrying Place followed the Humber River valley northward over the drainage divide, skirting the west end of the Oak Ridges Moraine, to the East Branch of the Holland River. Another trail followed the Don River watershed.

When the Seneca established Teiaiagon at the mouth of the Humber, they were in command of the traffic across the peninsula to Lake Simcoe and the Georgian Bay. Later, Mississauga and earliest European presence along the north shore, was therefore also largely defined by the area’s strategic importance for accessing and controlling long established economic networks. Prior to the arrival of the Seneca, these economic networks would have been used by indigenous groups for thousands of years. While the trail played an important part during the fur trade, people would also travel the trail in order to exploit the resources available to them across south-central Ontario, including the various spawning runs, such as the salmon coming up from Lake Ontario or herring or lake trout in Lake Simcoe.

Due, in large part, to increased military pressure from the French upon their homelands south of Lake Ontario, the Iroquois abandoned their north shore frontier settlements by the late 1680s, although they did not relinquish their interest in the resources of the area, as they continued to claim the north shore as part of their traditional hunting territory. The territory was immediately occupied or re-occupied by Anishinaabek groups, including the Mississauga, Ojibwa (or Chippewa) and Odawa, who, in the early seventeenth century, occupied the vast area from the east shore of Georgian Bay, and the north shore of Lake Huron, to the northeast shore of Lake Superior and into the upper peninsula of Michigan. Individual bands numbered several hundred people and were politically autonomous. Nevertheless, they shared common cultural traditions and relations with one another and the land. These groups were highly mobile, with a subsistence economy based on hunting, fishing, gathering of wild plants, and garden farming. Their movement southward also brought them into conflict with the Haudenosaunee.

Peace was achieved between the Iroquois and the Anishinaabek Nations in August of 1701 when representatives of more than twenty Anishinaabek Nations assembled in Montreal to participate in peace negotiations (Johnston 2004:10). During these negotiations captives were exchanged and the Iroquois and Anishinaabek agreed to live together in peace. Peace between these nations was confirmed again at council held at Lake Superior when the Iroquois delivered a wampum belt to the Anishinaabek Nations. In 1763, following the fall of Quebec, New France was transferred to British control at the Treaty of Paris. The British government began to pursue major land purchases to the north of Lake Ontario in the early nineteenth century, the Crown acknowledged the Mississaugas as the owners of the lands between Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe and entered into negotiations for additional tracts of land as the need arose to facilitate European settlement.

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The eighteenth century saw the ethnogenesis in Ontario of the Métis when Métis people began to identify as a separate group, rather than as extensions of their typically maternal First Nations and paternal European ancestry (Métis National Council n.d.). Living in both Euro-Canadian and Indigenous societies, the Métis acted as agents and subagents in the fur trade but also as surveyors and interpreters. Métis populations were predominantly located north and west of Lake Superior, however, communities were located throughout Ontario (MNC n.d.; Stone and Chaput 1978:607,608). During the early nineteenth century, many Métis families moved towards locales around southern Lake Huron and Georgian Bay, including Kincardine, Owen Sound, Penetanguishene, and Parry Sound (MNC n.d.). By the mid-twentieth century, Indigenous communities, including the Métis, began to advance their rights within Ontario and across Canada, and in 1982, the Métis were recognized as one of the distinct Indigenous peoples in Canada. Recent decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada (Supreme Court of Canada 2003, 2016) have reaffirmed that Métis people have full rights as one of the Indigenous people of Canada under subsection 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867.

1.2.2 Euro-Canadian Land Use: Township Survey and Settlement

Historically, the study area is located in part of Lots 15-16, Concessions 4-10 East of Yonge Street (EYS), former Township of Markham, County of York.

The S & G stipulates that areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement (pioneer homesteads, isolated cabins, farmstead complexes), early wharf or dock complexes, pioneer churches, and early cemeteries are considered to have archaeological potential. Early historical transportation routes (trails, passes, roads, railways, portage routes), properties listed on a municipal register or designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or a federal, provincial, or municipal historic landmark or site are also considered to have archaeological potential.

For the Euro-Canadian period, the majority of early nineteenth century farmsteads (i.e., those that are arguably the most potentially significant resources and whose locations are rarely recorded on nineteenth century maps) are likely to be located in proximity to water. The development of the network of concession roads and railroads through the course of the nineteenth century frequently influenced the siting of farmsteads and businesses. Accordingly, undisturbed lands within 100 m of an early settlement road are also considered to have potential for the presence of Euro-Canadian archaeological sites.

The first Europeans to arrive in the area were transient merchants and traders from France and England, who followed Indigenous pathways and set up trading posts at strategic locations along the well-traveled river routes. All of these occupations occurred at sites that afforded both natural landfalls and convenient access, by means of the various waterways and overland trails, into the hinterlands. Early transportation routes followed existing Indigenous trails, both along the lakeshore and adjacent to various creeks and rivers (ASI, (Archaeological Services Inc.) 2006).

Township of Markham

The land within the Township of Markham was first settled by German families from New York State, who arrived around 1790, before the township had been surveyed. At this time, York was just a hamlet and Yonge Street did not exist, although its line had been established. As more settlers began to arrive, Governor Simcoe encouraged United Empire Loyalists to take up land alongside English immigrants who also came in increasing numbers. The Township of Markham was then partially surveyed in 1794, being the third in the county to be marked, Yonge Street became the base of the township and each concession,

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of which there were ten, contained 35 lots, making the Township an almost perfect square (City of Markham 2001). Towards the end of the eighteenth century, many Pennsylvanian German families were finding life difficult after the Revolutionary War and were prepared to relocate in British territory (i.e. Upper Canada) (Champion 1979:27–28). A number of the early families such as the Reesors and Raymers were settled in the area before 1810.

Markham’s many rivers and tributaries soon supported water-powered mills, and a number of historic communities were established around these sites. Such hamlets include German Mills, Almira, Buttonville, Cedar Grove and Unionville. In 1851 Smith’s Canadian Gazeteer described Markham as “a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the River Rouge. It contains two grist mills with three run of stones each, a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall, and four churches – Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, and Wesleyan Methodist” (Robinson 1885:199). By 1857, the lumber industry had managed to clear most of the township of trees and the land was then under cultivation. Improved transportation routes such as Yonge Street and increased populations led to the expansion of such villages as Markham, Thornhill and Unionville, and the establishment of more specialized industries, such as tanneries, wagon works, and furniture factories (City of Markham 2001).

The arrival of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway in 1871, with stations in Unionville and Markham, brought additional growth and prosperity to the township. The Village of Markham itself, which was incorporated in 1873, had a population of 1,100 in 1891 (City of Markham 2001). Increased contact with Toronto brought about by the rail line and other transportation and communication improvements however, diminished the industrial role of the villages within the Township of Markham by the turn of the century. The township returned to its agricultural roots and relied on such industries until after World War II (City of Markham 2001).

Rapid population growth and an influx of immigrants saw the establishment of the Municipality of York by the Province of Ontario, and the incorporation of the Town of Markham in 1971. In 2012 the Town of Markham was re-designated as the City of Markham.

1.2.3 Historical Map Review

The 1860 Tremaine's Map of the County of York and the 1878 Historical Atlas of the County of York were examined to determine the presence of historic features within the study area during the nineteenth century (Figures 2-3). A number of historic features are illustrated within or adjacent to the study area, including houses and orchards, and a school house. Table 1 presents a summary of property owners and historic features found within the study area.

It should be noted, however, that not all features of interest were mapped systematically in the Ontario series of historical atlases, given that they were financed by subscription, and subscribers were given preference with regard to the level of detail provided on the maps. Moreover, not every feature of interest would have been within the scope of the atlases.

In addition, the use of historical map sources to reconstruct/predict the location of former features within the modern landscape generally proceeds by using common reference points between the various sources. These sources are then geo-referenced in order to provide the most accurate determination of the location of any property on historic mapping sources. The results of such exercises are often imprecise or even contradictory, as there are numerous potential sources of error inherent in such a process, including the

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vagaries of map production (both past and present), the need to resolve differences of scale and resolution, and distortions introduced by reproduction of the sources. To a large degree, the significance of such margins of error is dependent on the size of the feature one is attempting to plot, the constancy of reference points, the distances between them, and the consistency with which both they and the target feature are depicted on the period mapping.

Table 1: Nineteenth-century property owner(s) and historical feature(s) 1860 1878 Con Lot Property Owner(s) Historical Feature(s) Property Owners Historical Feature(s) IV 15 Francis Button (N) Blacksmith Shop Jno. Button (N) Farmsteads (3) John Button (SW) Church Wm. Wilmot (SW) Orchard (1) Wm. M. Button J.P. (SE) Farmstead (1) Wm. Stiver (SE) Waterway 16 Henry Brown (SW) Farmstead (1) Jonathon Calvert (S) Farmsteads (2) Thomas Frisby (NW) Waterway Thos. Frisby (NW and Blacksmith Shop James Walker (NE) SE) Thos. Frisby (SE) Jas. Walker (NE) Henry Brown (SE) V 15 James McLean (W) Farmstead (1) Jno. Patterson (W) Farmsteads (2) Chas. McLean (E) Millpond Marshall Crosby (E) Orchards (2) Waterway Waterway Millpond 16 Robert Stiver (W) Sawmill Robert Stiver (W) Farmsteads (2) Andrew Smith (E) Millpond Jno. Francis (E) Orchards (2) Watercourse Watercourse Sawmill Millpond Unknown Structures (6) VI 15 Mark. M. Braithwaite Farmsteads (3) M.M. Braithwaite (W) Farmsteads (2) (W) Church H. Sharpe (E) Orchard (1) George R. Crosby (E) Store Jacob Pingle (E) Waterway H. Wismer (E) Church 16 Fredrick Eckhart, Esq. Farmstead (1) Jacob Lemons (W) Farmsteads (4) (W) Wm. Golden (NE) Orchards (2) H. Stiver/ Henry Wismer Amos Heisey (Centre) Waterway (E) Jacob Pingle (E)

VII 15 David L. Wismer (W) Farmsteads (2) Benj. Reesor (W) Farmsteads (3) Asa Wismer (Centre) Sawmill As. Wismer (Centre) Orchards (2) Jacob Wismer (E) Waterway Jacob Wismer (E) Waterway Implement Factory Subdivided lots (4) with residences (2) 16 Alexander Hunter (W) German Tannery Alex Hunter (W) Farmsteads (4) Daniel Strickler (E) Pump Factory Daniel Strickler (E) Orchards (4) Watercourse Jacob (surname Pottery illegible) Schoolhouse

VIII 15 Peter Ramer Watercourse Jno. Raymer Farmstead (1) Orchard (1) Toronto and Nippissing Railway Watercourse 16 Ambr. Noble (W) Watercourse Ambrose Noble (W) Farmsteads (4) John Reesor (Centre) Unknown structure Jno. L. Reesor (Centre) Orchards (3) Lutin Miller (E) Luton Miller (E) Toronto and Nippissing Railway

IX 15 Ben. Marr Esq. (W) Sawmill Hy. Marr (W) n/a Christian Reesor Esq (E) Christ. Reesor Esq (E)

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1860 1878 Con Lot Property Owner(s) Historical Feature(s) Property Owners Historical Feature(s) 16 Peter Pike (NW) Farmstead (1) Peter Pike (NW) Farmsteads (2) Lutin Miller (SW) Diverted Roadway H. Miller (SW) Orchards (1) George Miller (E) Waterway W. Mitchell (SW) Diverted roadway George Miller (E)

X 15 Christian Reesor Esq. Watercourse Chas. C. Reesor Farmsteads (1) Orchards (1) Watercourse 16 George Miller (W) Waterways (2) George Miller (W) Farmsteads (2) John Gamble (E) Jonathon Turner (E) Orchards (1) Waterway

By 1878, 43 structures are present along 16th Avenue. Several historic roads are shown running through the study area in addition to 16th Avenue, including Woodbine Avenue, Warden Avenue, Kennedy Avenue, McCowan Road, Markham Road/ Main Street, Ninth Line, Reesor Road, and York/Durham Line. Several watercourses are also depicted, including Rouge River, Berczy Creek, Bruce Creek, and the Little Rouge River, all part of the Rouge River drainage. The study area is situated in a rural agricultural context in both maps, with present day 16th Avenue clearly depicted in its extant alignment. The settlement of Buttonville is located to the south of the western portion of the study area on modern day Woodbine Avenue, the settlement of Unionville is depicted to the south on present day Kennedy Road, and the Town of Markham is south on present day Markham Road/Main Street on both the 1860 and 1878 mapping. The nineteenth century maps demonstrate no major transformations taking place within the study area in the late nineteenth century.

1.2.4 Twentieth-Century Mapping Review

The 1930 National Topographic Survey (NTS) sheet for Markham was examined to determine the extent and nature of development and land uses within the study area (Figure 4). There are numerous structures illustrated within the study area on either side of 16th Avenue. All major roadways continue to be depicted in a similar alignment as earlier mapping, as do the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway corridors. The communities of Buttonville, Unionville, Quantztown and Mount Joy are all depicted to have undergone minimal growth from the nineteenth century.

1.3 Archaeological Context

This section provides background research pertaining to previous archaeological fieldwork conducted within and in the vicinity of the study area, its environmental characteristics (including drainage, soils or surficial geology and topography, etc.), and current land use and field conditions. Three sources of information were consulted to provide information about previous archaeological research: the site record forms for registered sites available online from the MTCS through “Ontario’s Past Portal”; published and unpublished documentary sources; and the files of ASI.

1.3.1 Current Land Use and Field Conditions

A property inspection conducted on September 1-2, 2016 noted that the 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study corridor was approximately 14 kilometers long and passes through the City of

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Markham in an increasingly urbanized landscape. It is surrounded by agricultural fields in the easternern- most section, and residential and commercial developments throughout (Plates 1-16). The 16th Avenue paved right-of-way (ROW) includes wide grass boulevards and sidewalks, with concrete medians separating lanes in the western portion of the study area. Nearly the entire alignment of 16th Avenue between Ninth Line and Donald Cousens Parkway has been heavily modified from the original alignment in order to accommodate new residential developments. The 16th Avenue ROW is carried over the GO Transit rail line as well as four main water crossings – Berczy Creek, Bruce Creek, Robinson Creek, and Little Rouge Creek.

1.3.2 Geography

In addition to the known archaeological sites, the state of the natural environment is a helpful indicator of archaeological potential. Accordingly, a description of the physiography and soils are briefly discussed for the study area.

The S & G stipulates that primary water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, etc.), secondary water sources (intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes, swamps, etc.), ancient water sources (glacial lake shorelines indicated by the presence of raised sand or gravel beach ridges, relic river or stream channels indicated by clear dip or swale in the topography, shorelines of drained lakes or marshes, cobble beaches, etc.), as well as accessible or inaccessible shorelines (high bluffs, swamp or marsh fields by the edge of a lake, sandbars stretching into marsh, etc.) are characteristics that indicate archaeological potential.

Water has been identified as the major determinant of site selection and the presence of potable water is the single most important resource necessary for any extended human occupation or settlement. Since water sources have remained relatively stable in Ontario since 5,000 BP (Karrow and Warner 1990 Figure 2.16), proximity to water can be regarded as a useful index for the evaluation of archaeological site potential. Indeed, distance from water has been one of the most commonly used variables for predictive modeling of site location.

Other geographic characteristics that can indicate archaeological potential include: elevated topography (eskers, drumlins, large knolls, and plateaux), pockets of well-drained sandy soil, especially near areas of heavy soil or rocky ground, distinctive land formations that might have been special or spiritual places, such as waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases. There may be physical indicators of their use, such as burials, structures, offerings, rock paintings or carvings. Resource areas, including; food or medicinal plants (migratory routes, spawning areas) are also considered characteristics that indicate archaeological potential (S & G Section 1.3.1).

The study area is located within the Peel Plain physiographic region. The Peel Plain is a level-to- undulating area of clay soil which covers an area of approximately 77,700 hectares across the central portions of the Regional Municipalities of York, Peel, and Halton. The Peel Plain has a general elevation of between 500 and 750 feet above sea level with a gradual uniform slope towards Lake Ontario. The Peel Plain is sectioned by the Credit, Humber, Don, and Rouge Rivers with deep valleys as well as a number of other streams such as the Bronte, Oakville, and Etobicoke Creeks. These valleys are in places bordered by trains of sandy alluvium. The region is devoid of large undrained depressions, swamps, and bogs though nevertheless the dominant soil possesses imperfect drainage.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Page 9

The Peel Plain overlies shale and limestone till which in many places is veneered by occasionally varved clay. This clay is heavy in texture and more calcareous than the underlying till and was presumably deposited by meltwater from limestone regions and deposited in a temporary lake impounded by higher ground and the ice lobe of the Lake Ontario basin. The Peel Plain straddles across the contact of the grey and red shales of the Georgian Bay and Queenston Formations, respectively, which consequently gives the clay southwest of the Credit River a more reddish hue and lower lime content than the clay in the eastern part of the plain. Additionally the region exhibits exceptional isolated tracts of sandy soil specifically in Trafalgar Township, near Unionville, and north of Brampton where in the latter location there is a partly buried esker. The region does not possess any good aquifers and the high level of evaporation from the clay’s now deforested surface is a disabling factor in ground-water recharge. Further, deep groundwater accessed by boring is often found to be saline (Chapman and Putnam 1984:174–175).

Figure 5 depicts surficial geology for the study area. The surficial geology mapping demonstrates that the study area is underlain by coarse and fine glaciolacustrine deposits, such as diamicton, sand, gravel, silt, as well as organic deposits (Ontario Geological Survey 2010). Soils drainage in the study area is illustrated in Figure 6. Soils with good to variable drainage include Bottom Land, Burford loam, Cashel clay, and Woburn loam, while soils in the study area with imperfect to poor drainage include Berrien sandy loam, Lyons loam, Malton clay, Milliken loam, and Peel clay (Hoffman and Richards 1955).

The study area is located within the Rouge River watershed. The Rouge River has its headwaters on the Oak Ridges Moraine and drains an area of 336 square kilometers, of which 40% is rural, 35% is urban, and 24% is forest or wetland (TRCA n.d.).

1.3.3 Previous Archaeological Research

In Ontario, information concerning archaeological sites is stored in the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (OASD) maintained by the MTCS. This database contains archaeological sites registered within the Borden system. Under the Borden system, Canada has been divided into grid blocks based on latitude and longitude. A Borden block is approximately 13 km east to west, and approximately 18.5 km north to south. Each Borden block is referenced by a four-letter designator, and sites within a block are numbered sequentially as they are found. The study area under review is located in Borden block AlGt and AlGu.

According to the OASD, 76 previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area (MTCS 2016). A summary of the sites is provided in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Registered archaeological sites registered within 1 km of the study area Borden # Site Name Cultural Affiliation Site Type Researcher AlGt-6 Peter Reesor Woodland, Iroquoian Camp Konrad 1972 AlGu-10 Buttonville Precontact Indigenous Camp Clark 1920 AlGt-61 Seebeck AlGt-64 Smitham AlGt-68 Dent Brown AlGt-98 Balfour AlGt-163 Strickler Euro-Canadian Homestead Henderson 1987 AlGt-210 Swan Lake Early Archaic Findspot ASI 1994 AlGu-218 Neu

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AlGt-225 Wismer Commons 1 Precontact Indigenous Findspot Pearce 1996 AlGt-226 Wismer Commons 2 Euro-Canadian Homestead Pearce 1996 Euro-Canadian; AlGt-227 Wismer Commons 3 Findspot Pearce 1996 Precontact Indigenous AlGt-228 Wismer Commons 4 Euro-Canadian Unknown Pearce 1996 AlGt-229 Wismer Commons 5 Euro-Canadian Unknown Pearce 1996 AlGt-232 Wismer Commons 8 Euro-Canadian Unknown Pearce 1996 AlGt-237 Rumohr Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1996 AlGt-238 - Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1997 AlGt-239 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1997 AlGt-254 Clendenen Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1999 AlGt-255 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1999 AlGt-256 - Middle Archaic Findspot ASI 1999 AlGt-257 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1999 AlGt-258 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1999 AlGt-306 Pike Euro-Canadian Midden ASI 2002 AlGt-307 - Late Archaic Findspot ASI 2002 Slocki 2003; AlGt-309 Cornell Late Woodland Village Sutton 2012 AlGt-310 - Euro-Canadian Undetermined Slocki 2003 AlGt-311 - Euro-Canadian Scatter Slocki 2003 AlGt-312 8-16 Euro-Canadian Farmstead TRCA 2003 AlGt-313 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 Euro-Canadian; AlGt-314 - Findspot TRCA 2003 Precontact Indigenous AlGt-315 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-316 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-317 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-318 - Precontact Indigenous Camp Clark 1920 AlGt-319 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot MIA 1986 AlGt-320 - Precontact Indigenous Camp Clark 1920 AlGt-321 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot MIA 1986 AlGt-323 Cornell Late Archaic Camp MIA 1986 AlGt-324 - Euro-Canadian Cemetery, House MIA 1986 AlGt-325 - Late Archaic Findspot MIA 1986 AlGt-326 - Late Archaic Findspot MIA 1986 AlGt-329 Brothers Marr Precontact Indigenous Findspot MIA 1986 AlGt-330 William Marr Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1987 AlGt-331 Sixteenth Avenue Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1987 AlGt-332 Wilmot Euro-Canadian Hamlet Sutton 2005 AlGt-333 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1987 AlGt-34 Pike Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1988 AlGt-354 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot LMA 1996 AlGt-355 - Euro-Canadian Homestead LMA 1996 AlGt-356 - Euro-Canadian Unknown LMA 1996

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AlGt-357 - Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1997 AlGt-358 - Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1997 AlGt-359 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 1997 AlGt-360 - Euro-Canadian Homestead Poulton 1997 AlGt-361 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-362 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 Euro-Canadian; AlGt-363 - Findspot TRCA 2003 Precontact Indigenous AlGt-364 Pike Farm A: 14-27 Middle Archaic Campsite TRCA 2003 AlGt-366 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-367 - Euro-Canadian Findspot TRCA n.d. Euro-Canadian; AlGt-368 - Findspot TRCA 2003 Precontact Indigenous AlGt-369 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-382 Pike Farm B: 26-46 Early Archaic Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-383 Pike Farm B: 26-47 Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-384 Pike Farm B: 26-48 Euro-Canadian Mid-Nineteenth Century TRCA 2003 AlGt-385 - Middle Archaic Findspot TRCA 2003 AlGt-398 Beckett I Early Archaic Findspot ASI 2003 AlGt-399 Beckett II Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 2003 AlGt-524 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2007 AlGt-538 Markham Pottery Site Euro-Canadian Industrial ASI 2013 AlGt-539 - Precontact Indigenous Findspot TRCA 2009 AlGt-596 Royal Precontact Indigenous Findspot ASI 2011 Euro-Canadian (1800- AlGt-601 Eckardt Log house Homestead Finlayson 2012 1850 CE) Euro-Canadian (c.1850 AlGt-602 Frederick Eckardt Homestead Finlayson 2012 CE) AlGt-604 Farley Site Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 2012 AlGt-621 - Euro-Canadian Homestead, Midden Powers 2015 NB – sites in bold are within 50m of the study area ASI – Archaeological Services Inc LMA –London Museum of Archaeology MIA – Museum of Indian Archaeology TRCA – Toronto and Region Conservation Authority

According to the background research, 11 reports detail previous archaeological fieldwork within 50 metres of the current study area:

ASI (2007a, 2007b) conducted two Stage 1 archaeological assessments for the 16th Avenue EA, which was later cancelled. Both reports were submitted and accepted into the MTCS register. One included a property inspection of the ROW between Yonge Street and McCowan Avenue. ASI concluded that portions of the study area retained archaeological potential and would require Stage 2 prior to any development. The other included a property inspection of the ROW between Donald Cousens Parkway to York/Durham Line. Throughout the course of the assessment, the study area was refined for the final report, however property inspections were made for the original proposed study area between Woodbine and York/Durham Line (mapping on file with ASI).

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ASI (2009a) conducted a Stage 1-2 archaeological assessment as part of the Kennedy Road Watermain EA. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment determined that the preferred route had been entirely disturbed by previous roadwork and utility installation and was clear of further archaeological concern.

ASI (2009b) conducted a Stage 2 archaeological assessment for the Warden Avenue EA between 16th Ave and Major Mackenzie Drive. A property inspection determined that lands within 50 metres of the current Stage 1 study area north of 16th Avenue was disturbed and retained no archaeological potential.

The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (2010) conducted a Stage 2 and 3 archaeological assessment ahead of intersection improvement and bridge replacement on 16th Avenue near Reesor Road. The assessment identified AlGt-539, which consisted of a single non-diagnostic lithic artifact located in an agricultural field north of 16th Avenue east of the Rouge River. It was recommended that the site had no further cultural heritage value or interest.

ASI (2010a) conducted a Stage 2 archaeological assessment as part of the 16th Avenue EA between Donald Cousens Parkway and Reesor Road. The Stage 2 assessment was conducted at five metre intervals on the areas of proposed impact that lay outside the previously assessed TRCA lands, which was approximately 330 metres long. No cultural material was identified and the area was considered clear of archaeological concern.

ASI (2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012b) conducted Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessments of the Upper Unionville Development Phases 1 to 3 ahead of construction of a subdivision on the north side of 16th Avenue in the Town of Markham. The Royal site (AlGt-596) was encountered and subject to a Stage 3 archaeological assessment, which found 15 flakes and one scraper encountered in a 40 square metre area. No further archaeological investigation was required upon completion of the Stage 3(ASI 2011).

ASI (2012a) identified The Eckardt Log Cabin site (AlGt-601) and the Frederick Eckardt site (AlGt-602) during the Stage 2 assessment of Phase 2B. The Eckardt Log Cabin site (AlGt-601) extends over an area 55 m by 65 m, surrounding the Eckardt Log House, a designated heritage structure. Over 500 artifacts dating from the early to-late-nineteenth century were collected during the Stage 2 assessment. The Frederick Eckardt site (AlGt-601) consists of 54 artifacts dating to the mid-to-late nineteenth century. Both the Eckhardt Log Cabin (AlGt-601) and the Frederick Eckardt (AlGt-602) sites were recommended for Stage 3. Phase 3 entailed consideration of the proximity of previously registered archaeological sites, the original environmental setting of the property, and general nineteenth-century land use patterns. The Stage 2 assessment included a field survey conducted by means of a pedestrian survey employed at five metre transect intervals. No archaeological resources were found during the course of the Stage 2 field assessment (ASI 2012b).

Golder (2016) conducted a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of the York Downs Golf Club on part of Lots 16-18, Concession 5, Township of Markham, including part of the current study area. The property inspection determined that the entire property exhibited potential and requires Stage 2 survey prior to development.

2.0 FIELD METHODS: PROPERTY INSPECTION

A Stage 1 property inspection must adhere to the S & G, Section 1.2, Standards 1-6, which are discussed below. The entire property and its periphery must be inspected. The inspection may be either systematic or random. Coverage must be sufficient to identify the presence or absence of any features of

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archaeological potential. The inspection must be conducted when weather conditions permit good visibility of land features. Natural landforms and watercourses are to be confirmed if previously identified. Additional features such as elevated topography, relic water channels, glacial shorelines, well- drained soils within heavy soils and slightly elevated areas within low and wet areas should be identified and documented, if present. Features affecting assessment strategies should be identified and documented such as woodlots, bogs or other permanently wet areas, areas of steeper grade than indicated on topographic mapping, areas of overgrown vegetation, areas of heavy soil, and recent land disturbance such as grading, fill deposits and vegetation clearing. The inspection should also identify and document structures and built features that will affect assessment strategies, such as heritage structures or landscapes, cairns, monuments or plaques, and cemeteries.

The Stage 1 archaeological assessment property inspection was conducted under the field direction of Peter Carruthers (P163) of ASI, on September 1-2, 2016 in order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions and to evaluate and map archaeological potential of the study area. It was a visual inspection only and did not include excavation or collection of archaeological resources. Fieldwork was only conducted when weather conditions were deemed suitable, per S & G Section 2. Previously identified features of archaeological potential were examined; additional features of archaeological potential not visible on mapping were identified and documented as well as any features that will affect assessment strategies. The inspection focused only on those areas identified to retain archaeological potential in the Stage 1 report on the previous 16th Avenue EA by ASI (2007a). Areas previously identified to have been subject to deep and extensive disturbance were visually confirmed but not further documented. Field observations are compiled onto the existing conditions of the study area in Section 7.0 (Figure 7-8) and associated photographic plates are presented in Section 8.0 (Plates 1-16).

3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

The historical and archaeological contexts have been analyzed to help determine the archaeological potential of the study area. These data are presented below in Section 3.1. Results of the analysis of the study area property inspection are presented in Section 3.2.

3.1 Analysis of Archaeological Potential

The S & G, Section 1.3.1, lists criteria that are indicative of archaeological potential. The 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area meets the following criteria indicative of archaeological potential:

• Previously identified archaeological sites (AlGt-232, AlGt-331, AlGt-363, AlGt-539, AlGt- 602); • Water sources: primary, secondary, or past water source (Rouge River and tributaries); • Early historic transportation routes (16th Avenue, Toronto and Nipissing Railway); • Proximity to early settlements (Buttonville, Unionville, Markham); and • Well-drained soils (Burford and Woburn loams)

These criteria are indicative of potential for the identification of Indigenous and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on soil conditions and the degree to which soils have been subject to deep disturbance.

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3.2 Analysis of Property Inspection Results

The Stage 1 property inspection focused only on those areas identified to retain archaeological potential in the previous Stage 1 reports for the 16th Avenue EA by ASI (2007a, 2007b). Areas previously identified to have been subject to deep and extensive disturbance remained unchanged (Figures 7-13; areas highlighted in orange) (ASI 2007a). A portion of the study area was previously assessed as low and wet and does not retain archaeological potential (Figure 10: areas highlighted in magenta).

The property inspection determined that lands within the 16th Avenue ROW, as well as many lands beyond the ROW, have been subjected to deep and extensive disturbance, due to the construction and widening of the ROW, utilities infrastructure, and residential and commercial developments. These areas do not retain archaeological potential (Plates 1-16; Figures 7-13: areas highlighted in yellow). A number of areas adjacent to the ROW were sloped in excess of 20 degrees and do not retain archaeological potential (Plates 1, 7, 10; Figures 7-9, 12, 13: areas highlighted in pink). Some of the lands beyond the 16th Avenue ROW retain archaeological potential and will require Stage 2 archaeological assessment by test pit or pedestrian survey, both at five metre intervals, prior to any development (Plates 5, 6, 12, 15, 16; Figures 8, 10, 12, 13: areas highlighted in green).

3.3 Conclusions

The Stage 1 background study determined that 76 previously registered archaeological sites are located within one kilometre of the study area. The area has a long and complex Indigenous history due to its proximity to the Rouge Rivers and its tributaries. A review of the geography of the study area suggested that the study area has potential for the identification of Indigenous and Euro-Canadian archaeological resources, depending on soil conditions and the degree to which soils have been subject to deep disturbance.

The property inspection determined that part of the study area retains archaeological potential and will require Stage 2 assessment by test pit or pedestrian survey prior to any development.

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4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

In light of these results, the following recommendations are made:

1. Parts of the 16th Avenue study area beyond the existing right-of-way are considered to retain archaeological potential. These lands require Stage 2 archaeological assessment by test pit and/or pedestrian survey where appropriate, both at 5 m intervals, prior to any proposed impacts to the property;

2. The remainder of the study area does not retain archaeological potential on account of deep and extensive land disturbance, low and wet conditions, and slopes in excess of 20 degrees. These lands do not exhibit archaeological potential and therefore do not require further archaeological assessment;

3. Should the proposed work extend beyond the current study area, further Stage 1 archaeological assessment should be conducted to determine the archaeological potential of the surrounding lands.

NOTWITHSTANDING the results and recommendations presented in this study, ASI notes that no archaeological assessment, no matter how thorough or carefully completed, can necessarily predict, account for, or identify every form of isolated or deeply buried archaeological deposit. In the event that archaeological remains are found during subsequent construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, approval authority, and the Cultural Programs Unit of the MTCS should be immediately notified.

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5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

ASI also advises compliance with the following legislation:

• This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, RSO 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological field work and report recommendations ensure the conservation, preservation and protection of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

• It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological field work on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

• Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

• The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

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6.0 REFERENCES CITED

ASI 2007a Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Class Environmental Assessment Between Yonge Street and McCowan Road, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario.

2007b Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Class Environmental Assessment between Donald Cousens Parkway and York-Durham Line, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario.

2009a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment Kennedy Road PD4-PD6 Watermain Project P-08-23 Town of Markham, R.M. of York, Ontario. [P264-087-2009].

2009b Stage 2 Property Assessment Reconstruction and Widening of Warden Avenue (Y.R.65)From 16th Avenue (Y.R. 73) to Major Mackenzie Drive (Y.R.25) Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. [P264-090-2009].

2010a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment (Property Assessment) 16th Avenue Improvements: Donald Cousens Parkway to East of Reesor Road Detailed Design, Town of Markham, Ontario. [P094-021-2010].

2010b Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Upper Unionville Development, Phase 1A, Part of Lot 16 and 17, Concession 6, Geographic Township of Markham, County of York, now the Town of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. [P049- 599-2010].

2011 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Upper Unionville Development, Phase 1 and Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Royal Site (AlGt-596) Part of Lot 16 and 17, Concession 6 Geographic Township of Markham, County of York Now the Town of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario.

2012a Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Upper Unionville Development, Phase 2B, Part of Lot 16 and 17, Concession 6, Geographic Township of Markham, County of York, Now the Town of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. [P049-644-2010, P347-010- 2011, P347-117-2012].

2012b Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of Upper Unionville Development, Phase 3 Part of Draft Plan of Subdivision 19TM-10003 Part of Lot 16, Concession 6 Geographic Township of Markham, County of York Now the Town of Markham, Regional Municipality of York, Ontario. [P047-330-2012].

ASI, (Archaeological Services Inc.) 2006 Historical Overview and Assessment of Archaeological Potential Don River Watershed, City Of Toronto.

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Birch, J., and R. F. Williamson 2013 The Mantle Site: An Archaeological History of an Ancestral Wendat Community. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Latham.

Brown, J. 1995 On Mortuary Analysis – with Special Reference to the Saxe-Binford Research Program. In Regional Approaches to Mortuary Analysis, edited by L. A. Beck, pp. 3–23. Plenum Press, New York.

Champion, Isabel (editor). 1979 Markham 1793-1900. The Markham District Historical Society, Markham, Ontario.

Chapman, L.J., and F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Vol. 2. Ontario Geologic Survey, Special Volume. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

City of Markham 2001 A History of the Town of Markham. .

Dodd, C. F., D. R. Poulton, P. A. Lennox, D. G. Smith, and G. A. Warrick 1990 The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 321–360. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Edwards, T.W.D., and P. Fritz 1988 Stable-Isotope Palaeoclimate Records from Southern Ontario, Canada: Comparison of Results from Marl and Wood. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25: 1397–1406.

Ellis, C. J., and D. B. Deller 1990 Paleo-Indians. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 37–64. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Ellis, C. J., I. T. Kenyon, and M. W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 65–124. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

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Ellis, C. J., P. A. Timmins, and H. Martelle 2009 At the Crossroads and Periphery: The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario. In Archaic Societies: Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent., edited by T. D. Emerson, D. L. McElrath, and A. C. Fortier, pp. 787–837. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York.

Ferris, N. 2013 Place, Space, and Dwelling in the Late Woodland. In Before Ontario: The Archaeology of a Province, pp. 99–111. McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Golder Associates 2016 York Downs Golf Club, Parts of Lot 16, 17 and 18, Concession 5, Geographic Township of Markham, County of York, Now 4134 16th Avenue, City of Markham, Ontario.

Hoffman, D.W., and N.R. Richards 1955 Soil Survey of York County. Report No. 19 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Ontario Soil Survey. Experimental Farm Service, Canada Department of Agriculture and the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Johnston, D. 2004 Connecting People to Place: Great Lakes Aboriginal in Cultural Context. Unpublished paper prepared for the Ipperwash Commission of Inquiry.

Karrow, P.F., and B.G. Warner 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Ontario to A.D. 1650, pp. 5–36. Occasional Publications 5. London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, London.

Métis National Council n.d. The Métis Nation.

n.d. Métis Historic Timeline. .

Ministry of Culture 1990 Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. [as amended in 2009]. Province of Ontario.

Ministry of the Environment 1990 Environmental Assessment Act, R.S.O. Province of Ontario.

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Ministry of Tourism and Culture 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Cultural Programs Branch, Ontario Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Toronto.

Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2016 PastPortal.

Municipal Engineers Association 2011 Municipal Class Environmental Assessment.

Ontario Geological Survey 2010 Surficial geology of Southern Ontario.

Robinson, C.B. 1885 History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario. C.B. Robinson, Toronto.

Spence, M. W., R. H. Pihl, and C. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

Stone, L.M., and D. Chaput 1978 History of the Upper Great Lakes. In Handbook of North American Indians, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, pp. 602–609. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Supreme Court of Canada 2003 R. v. Powley. September 19.

2016 Daniels v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development). April 14.

Toronto and Region Conservation Authority 2010 Revised: Archaeological Assessment of TRCA Property in the Town of Markham (Stage 2 and 3), 16th Avenue Road and Reesor Road Intersection Improvement and Bridge Replacement, Lot 15, Concession IX, Lots 15 and 16, Concession X, Town of Markham, York Region. [P303- 062-2010].

TRCA n.d. Rouge River Watershed Features. Accessed August 31, 2016 from .

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Williamson, R. F. 1990 The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by C. J. Ellis and N. Ferris, pp. 291–320. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter OAS Number 5. Ontario Archaeological Society Inc., London.

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7.0 MAPS

ASI Aurora

Whitchurch-Stouffville TOWN OF WHITCHURCH-STOUFFVILLE

King City

Richmond Hill Markham

Vaughan

CITY OF PICKERING

Delray Drive

Swan Park Road

Alfred Paterson Drive Stricker Avenue Williamson Road Study Area

Ridgecrest Road Castlemore Avenue William Berczy Boulevard The Bridle Walk

Old Markham Bypass Stonebridge Drive Mingay Avenue

Hazelton Avenue Reflection Road Country Glen Road Bur Oak Avenue

The Fairways Mai Larkin Avenue n Barnstone Drive Markham Street Angus Glen Boulevard Fincham Avenue Nichols Boulevard CITY OF MARKHAM Ramona Boulevard

Highway 404 Cachet Parkway Parkway Avenue Manhattan Drive Church Street

Markland Street Windridge Drive Waterbridge Lane

Glenbourne Park Drive Normanda Raymerville Drive N Pringle Avenue orth Senator Reesors Drive Macrill Road le Road Atlantic Avenue Foxton Road Bullock Drive

Briarwood Road Main Unionville Street Rizal Avenue Calvert Road Tea Rose Street Carlton Road Markville Road Heritage Road Rodick Road Hollingham Road Wembley Avenue Riverwalk Drive Austin Drive Rouge Street Russell Jarvis Drive Sciberras Road Eureka Street Drakefield Road Village Parkway Legacy Drive

Barter Street Caboto Trail

Eton Street TOWN OF RICHMOND HILL Lemsford Drive Highway 404 Havelock Gate BASE:

East Beaver Creek Road Castan Avenue Ribston Street Allstate Parkway (c) OpenStreetMap and contributors, Apple CreekWhitehall Boulevard Drive Creative Commons-Share Alike Travail Road License (CC-BY-SA) Lunar Crescent Dunnet Street Cox Boulevard Helen AvenueHighway 407 Featherstone Avenue

Coppard Avenue Clegg Road Highway 407 0 3 Enterprise Boulevard Highglen Avenue Eastvale Drive Golden Avenue Kilometres Yorktech Drive Duffield Drive Hillcroft Drive Birchmount Road Lee Avenue Fairty Drive ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW DATE: 28-Sep-17 Elson Street FILE: 16EA175_Fig1_Woodbine CITY OF TORONTO Miller Avenue

Denison Street Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Shields Court 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 14th Avenue Gough Road Alden Road Bradley Road ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca

Figure 1: 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Location of the Study Area ±

BASE: Study Area 0 2,000 Block 5, York County Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Tremaine 1860 Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 19 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig2_1860 Figure 2: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1860 Map of the County of York

X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_HistMaps.mxd ±

BASE: Study Area 0 2,000

Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Markham Township 1878 Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 19 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig3_1878 Figure 3: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1878 Map of the Township of Markham

X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_HistMaps.mxd ±

BASE: Study Area 0 2,000 Markham Sheet Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services NTS 1930 Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 20 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig4_1930 Figure 4: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line study area (approximate location) overlaid on the 1930 NTS Sheet for Markham

X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_HistMaps.mxd Elgin Mills Road East

Highway 404

Major Mackenzie Drive East Major Mackenzie Drive East Highway 48

WoodbineAvenue TOWN OF RICHMOND HILL

Donald Cousens Parkway

Kennedy Road Highway 404 Reesor Road

WardenAvenue

16th Avenue York/Durham Line

16th Avenue CITY OF PICKERING

CITY OF MARKHAM

Ninth Line

Old Markham Bypass McCowan Road Highway 7 Main Markham Street North Highway 7

Leslie Street

Highway 407 Highway 407

14th Avenue 14th Avenue

Markham Road John Street Alden Road

BASE: 0 2,000 Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Study Organic deposits Silt Roads Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Metres 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca Diamicton Sand Water ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 28-Sep-17 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig5_SGU Figure 5: 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Surficial Geology Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Soil.mxd Elgin Mills Road East

Highway 404

Major Mackenzie Drive East Major Mackenzie Drive East Highway 48

WoodbineAvenue TOWN OF RICHMOND HILL

Donald Cousens Parkway

Kennedy Road Highway 404 Reesor Road

WardenAvenue

16th Avenue York/Durham Line

16th Avenue CITY OF PICKERING

CITY OF MARKHAM

Ninth Line

Old Markham Bypass McCowan Road Highway 7 Main Markham Street North Highway 7

Leslie Street

Highway 407 Highway 407

14th Avenue 14th Avenue

Markham Road John Street Alden Road

BASE: 0 2,000 Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Study Area Imperfectly Drained Roads Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Metres 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca Well Drained Poorly Drained Water ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 28-Sep-17 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig6_Drain Figure 6: 16th Avenue from Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Soil Drainage Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Soil.mxd Vandermeer Drive

Odessa Crescent ± Eyer Drive

Dollar Court

Markland Street Macrill Road Calvert Road

scent rchid Cre ThackerayCourt Wild O

Lazenby Court Woodbine Avenue Holmesdale Drive Plum Tree Circle

Oakhaven Drive

Village Gate Drive

Townson Road Hans Drive

Spring Blossom Crescent e Rowland Court tus Circl White Lo

Touraine Drive Tea Rose Street Reansbury Crescent

2 16th Avenue 3 16th Lane Michael Way 1 Sutcliffe Crescent Cavalry Trail Fairholme Drive Camborne Court Aaron Way

Colonel Marr Road Militia Trail Buttonfield Road Leighland Drive Danbury Court

Holbrook Court Muster Court Briarwood Road

Melissa Way Ambleside Crescent

GreystoneRoad

Major Elliott Court

Millbrook Gate

Captain Francis Drive John Button Boulevard Lockridge Avenue Hagerman Boulevard

Brantwood Court Brantwood Hollingham Road

Lancashire Road Lonsdale Court

Warden Avenue Conistan Road Burr Crescent Hemingway Crescent Kerrigan Crescent Road

Rodick Road ton rl Coledale Road Ca Tomlinson Circle Corby Road Baycliffe Road

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Disturbed Previously Assessed: Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation No Potential: Slope >20° Water IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig7_S1 Figure 7: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 1) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd Glenburn Forest Way ±

Old Farm Lane Way

Calvert Road

Kennedy Road

Country Estates Drive

Scott-Hall Court

Reansbury Crescent

4 5 6 7 8 16th Avenue

Delhi Crescent Rae Crescent Greencroft Crescent

Prentice Court Ritter Crescent Roverdale Court

Village Parkway

NormandaleRoad

Briarwood Road Aitken Circle

Redwood Lane Birchview Lane

Hemingway Crescent t

Braithwaite Road

scen

e

Cr Hagerman Boulevard Foxglove Court

rfeldt

e

Warden Avenue BasswoodThe Bridle Hollow Trail Pennock Crescent

Summ Millstone Court Carlton Road Linda Way

Liebeck Crescent Rosemead Close

Stiver Court

Main Unionville Street

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Archaeological Potential No Potential: Slope >20° Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed Previously Assessed: Water USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Metres 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# Disturbed ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig8_S2 Figure 8: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 2) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd Castleglen BoulevardWilfred Murison Avenue Joseph Glover Avenue ± Langley Avenue Rooney Road

Stonebridge Drive

Campden Place

Larcastle Avenue Barkwood Hollow Hollylane Drive KentleyStreet Oxfordshire Street

Sharon LeeDrive

Kennedy Road Irish Rose Drive

McCowan Road Trail Ridge Lane

The Bridle Walk

Briar Path Lane

Bridlefield Lane

10 7 8 Briarhall Crescent 16th Avenue 9

Greencroft Crescent Ferndell Circle Springwood Crescent Hewlett Crescent Soho Crescent

Shorthill Drive

Lexington Drive Manhattan Drive

Marcus Crescent Saratoga Road

Redwood Lane Pinebrook Hollow Wrenwood Court Greenwich Avenue Forty Second Street Adrian Crescent West Side Drive

Longwater Chase Long Island Crescent Raymerville Drive

Wall Street Havagal Crescent BasswoodThe Bridle Hollow Trail

Brogan Court

Waterbridge Lane Brooklyn Crescent Woodlawn Road

Marion Crescent

Rosemead Close Burndenford Crescent Ramers Way

Central Park Drive Marshfield Hollow Dalecroft Circle Delancey Crescent BASE: 0 250 Study Area Disturbed Previously Assessed: Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation No Potential: Slope >20° Water IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig9_S3 Figure 9: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 3) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd Redbud Street Mimosa Street Thimblewood Street Dogwood Street Astrid Terrace

Country Ridge Drive Hollyhock Street ± Hawksbury Road

Edward Jeffreys Avenue

Everett Street KentlandStreet

Hammersly Boulevard Monkhouse Road

Mingay Avenue Tranter Place ce Barnstone Drive ra

Sharon LeeDrive

Ter Highway 48

d Armando Drive y Street

Mea rm

U Irish Rose Drive Forest Manor Place McCowan Road

Tidewa ter S Shultz Street treet Spencer Avenue Mossgrove Street

Golden Meadow Drive

Alexander Lawrie Avenue Heritage Corners Lane

Clarry Street

StorybookCrescent

Roy RaineyAvenue Lugano Crescent 11 16th Avenue 12

Woolen Mill Road Penhurst Court Bendamere Crescent Timbermill Crescent

Elizabeth Street CairnsDrive Raymerville Drive Foundry Crescent

Stone Mason Drive Quarrystone Drive

Michener Crescent Marcus Crescent Cobbler Crescent

Millpond Place Trothen Circle

Tailor Street

Adrian Crescent Brookbank Court Smithy Street Carpenter Court HigginsonTavistock Street Court Manorpark Court Mayberry Court Main Markham Street North Carr Court

Peter Street Peterson Street Coulson Court Rainsford Road Sanderling Drive

Strathmore Drive Brogan Court Crandall Drive Wales Avenue Springdale Street Bishop Crescent

Marion Crescent

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Archaeological Potential Previously Assessed: Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Disturbed Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed Water USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# Previously Assessed: Wet ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig10_S4 Figure 10: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 4) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd Sunburst Crescent Royal Crown Road Augusta Drive Way Bur Oak Avenue

Park Place Drive Clover Street ±

Ambercroft Street Maybreeze Road Miramar Drive Wave Hill Way Louisbourg Way

Northside Road Swan Park Road Oasis Way Reston Ridge Street Giverny Way Alfred Paterson Drive

Trelawny Road St James Court Sanctuary Way Greengage Street Beckstead Street

Chancery Road Outlook Terrace Drive

PinehurstClub Way

Highway 48 Victoria Wood Avenue

Pike Lane The Boardwalk Way Darrington Drive

Chasser Drive

Evaridge Drive

Maple Ridge Crescent Innisvale Drive Cardrew Street Williamson Road Sandpiper Key Way Donhaven Road Blue Heron Beach Way Yale Lane Lakeside Vista Way

Kingfisher Cove Way CourtTaurasi 14 16th Avenue 13

Celebrity Place Gas Lamp Lane Bryant Road Lehman Crescent Spragg Circle

Noe l Street Hallam Road Morning Dove Drive

Elizabeth Street

MintleafGate

Archer Court Larkin Avenue

PennyCrescent Lappe Avenue

PipherGate

Trothen Circle Eastwood Crescent Tiers Gate Country Glen Road Tilman Circle Winklers Lane Main Markham Street North Fincham Avenue White's Hill Avenue

Ninth Line

Heisey Drive Garnish Green

Wales Avenue

Mooreland Court Gowland Road Pilkeys Lane

Bishop Crescent Grove Road Pascoe Drive

Fincham Avenue Ambrose Court Sawyer Crescent Gleason Avenue Pingel Road

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Disturbed Previously Assessed: Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation Water IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig11_S5 Figure 11: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 5) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd ± St James Court

Beckstead Street

Pike Lane Northvale Road

Donald Cousens Parkway

Evaridge Drive

Yale Lane

Country Glen Road Tilbury Gate

Innisvale Drive Cardrew Street

Tottenham Court Chasser Drive Ivy Stone Court 16th Avenue Berryman Lane William Gaspar Court

16th Avenue 16 Clayson Street

CalafiaStreet Capogna Street Kawartha Lane 15

Spragg Circle Gas Lamp Lane Old Oak Lane Peony Street Lappe Avenue Rocking Horse Street

Albert Lewis Street

Winklers Lane Morning Dove Drive

Horsetail Street

Quail Hollow Colchester Street Chippenham Lane White's Hill Avenue

Glendennan Avenue Snow Creek Street Ninth Line Gowland Road

Cornwall Drive Pinecliff Avenue

Pascoe Drive

Hosta Avenue

Reesor Road

Pingel Road Almira Avenue Old Markham Bypass

Walkerville Road

Cornell Rouge Boulevard Shady Oaks Avenue Christian Reesor Park Avenue

Bur Oak Avenue Summerside Street Balsam Street

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Archaeological Potential No Potential: Slope >20° Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed Previously Assessed: Water USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Metres 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# Disturbed ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW ASI DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig12_S6 Figure 12: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 6) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd ±

16th Avenue 16 16th Avenue 15 Donald Cousens Parkway

Albert Lewis Street York/DurhamLine

Reesor Road

BASE: 0 250 Study Area Archaeological Potential Previously Assessed: Roads Ortho Archaeological & Cultural Heritage Services Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, # Disturbed USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, Metres 528 Bathurst Street Toronto, ONTARIO M5S 2P9 Photo Plate and Orientation No Potential: Slope >20° Water IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community ASI 416-966-1069 | F416-966-9723 | asiheritage.ca *# ASI PROJECT NO.: 16EA-175 DRAWN BY: BW DATE: 23 Sep 2016 FILE: 16EA175_YorkDur_Fig13_S7 Figure 13: 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line - Results of Property Inspection (Sheet 7) Path: X:\2016 Projects\EA\16EA-175_176 16th Avenue\View\16EA175_YorkDurh_Stg1_workspace.mxd Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Page 36

8.0 IMAGES

Plate 1: West view, study area west of Plate 2: Southeast view, study area at Rodick Rd Buttonfield Rd is sloped on either side of the is disturbed, no potential ROW, no potential

Plate 3: Southeast view, study area at Lockridge Plate 4: West view, study area west of Country Rd is disturbed, no potential Estates Dr is disturbed, no potential

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Page 37

Plate 5: East view, study area at Country Estates Plate 6: East view, study area at Normandale Rd, Dr is disturbed, no potential. East of the north of the ROW retains archaeological intersection beyond the ROW retains potential potential and requires Stage 2. and requires Stage 2.

Plate 7: West view, study area at Yorkton Blvd is Plate 8: East view, study area at Ivanshoe Dr is disturbed, no potential. Beyond the intersection disturbed, no potential. surrounding Bruce Creek is sloped, no potential.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Page 38

Plate 9: West view, study area at William Berczy Plate 10: Southwest view, study area at The Blvd is disturbed, no potential Bridle Walk is sloped north of the ROW, no potential

Plate 11: Northwest view, study area at Plate 12: East view, study area at Markham Alexander Lawrie Ave is disturbed, no potential Heritage Estates retains archaeological potential north of the ROW and requires Stage 2.

ASI Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 16th Avenue Woodbine Avenue to York/Durham Line Regional Municipality of York, Ontario Page 39

Plate 13: Northeast view, study area at Fincham Plate 14: West view, study area at Williamson Rd Ave is disturbed, no potential is disturbed, no potential

Plate 15: West view, study area near Donald Plate 16: West view, study area retains Cousens and Old 16th Ave retains archaeological archaeological potential north and south of potential and requires Stage 2. existing ROW and requires Stage 2.

ASI