“At Abstrahere Fra Statuens Reale Indhold”

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“At Abstrahere Fra Statuens Reale Indhold” “AT ABSTRAHERE FRA STATUENS REALE INDHOLD” ET MIKROSTUDIE AF H.W. BISSENS STATUE AF A.S. ØRSTED1 SALLY SCHLOSSER SCHMIDT Fra Bissens Haand see vi dennegang et betydeligt Værk, en siddende Portraitstatue af Conferensraad Ørsted, som er abildet i antikt Costume, lænet tilbage paa en Stol i en eftertænkende, simpel og alvorlig Stilling. Denne Figur er ædel og imponerende, og erindrer om de siddende Statuer af romerske Consuler i det vaticanske Museum. Ho- vedet er støttet paa den venstre Arm, og en Papirrulle hviler i den sænkede højre Ha- and. Draperiet svarer til Attitudens Skjønhed og Værdighed; Folderne ere meget na- turlige, og falde, for at nævne et Partie, særdeles smukt fra det venstre Knæ ned til den fremstående højre Fod. Vi længes efter at se denne Statue udført i Marmor.2 Sådan skrev Dansk Kunstblad om den gipsstatue af jurist og embedsmand (og si- den også politiker og minister) Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778-1860), som billed- huggeren Herman Wilhelm Bissen (1798-1868) udstillede på årets Charlotten- borg-udstilling i 1838.3 Værket var ikke alene Bissens første statue af en samtidig person, det var også et af landets første monumentale skildringer af en repræ- sentant fra periodens elite. Statuen materialiserer således et møde mellem kunst og politik, hvor den klassiske, togaklædte igur stødte sammen med den aktuelle politiske debat. Dette sammenstød er interessant, fordi det peger på, hvordan periodens po- litikere og borgerskab aktivt brugte kunsten til at opbygge – eller forhindre – en stemning af nationalt fællesskab og identitet i den befolkning, der så småt ik stands- og forfatningsrettigheder, og som på kort sigt ville komme til at udgøre en vælgerskare. Når Orla Lehmann (1810-1870) undertiden beskrives som den første moderne politiker, er det altså blandt andet, fordi han forstod og anerkend- te den palet af påvirkningsmuligheder, som kunsten stillede til rådighed.4 Det er ikke en ny observation. I den videnskabelige guldalderforskning har særligt Ger- 1 Bagge et al. (red.): Danske politiske breve, bd. 2, brev 495. 2 Dansk Kunstblad, 10, 25. april 1838. 3 Fortegnelse over de ved det Kongelige Akademie for de skjönne Kunster offentligen udstillede Kunstværker. 14, anført som “En statue i naturlig störrelse. Gips”. 4 Friisberg: Orla Lehmann – Danmarks første moderne politiker. 90 trud Oelsner og Karina Lykke Grand længe arbejdet med koblingen mellem kunst og politik.5 Vejle Kunstmuseum har også arbejdet med forholdet mellem kunst og den nationalliberale politik, hvilket resulterede i to udstillinger med tilhørende kataloger i 1986 og 1993.6 I kataloget til den første udstilling om Orla Lehmann og den nationale kunst behandler kunsthistoriker Nina Damsgaard indgående Leh- manns rolle som både kunstkøber og kunstkender. Udgangspunktet for disse ud- stillinger har imidlertid været kunsthistorisk, afsættet har været kunstneren, og sigtet har især været museernes forståelse og formidling af guldaldertiden. Men fra et historiefagligt synspunkt er der også meget at vinde ved at sammenstille de skriftlige kilder med de visuelle og skulpturelle overleveringer fra guldalderen. Udgangspunktet for artiklen her er derfor historiefagligt, afsættet er den politisk engagerede borger, og sigtet er en tværvidenskabelig forståelse for, at vi som hi- storikere også i praksis fortsat må øve os i at styrke vores udsagn ved at kigge ud over arkivkassen. Det giver os nemlig mulighed for at stille endnu skarpere på, hvilke aktører – menneskelige, materielle og idéhistoriske – der gennem tiden har fået lov til at deinere vores kultur- og samfundsforståelse. I arbejdet med det forskelligartede kildemateriale bruger jeg begrebet det po- litiske motiv som analyseredskab.7 Begrebet har nemlig en dobbelthed, der rum- mer både et politisk og et kunstmæssigt aspekt af værket, og det kan således fungere som katalysator for en tæt sammenstilling af de usynlige, immaterielle intentioner og de synlige, materialiserede intentioner. A.S. Ørsted kan, i kraft af sit arbejde og sin samfundsmæssige position, siges at være et politisk motiv.8 Den anden del af begrebet, om kunstneren var politisk motiveret for at udføre værket, kan være sværere at gennemskue – men ligesom politikerne har også kunstner- ne efterladt sig et righoldigt skriftligt kildemateriale. I tilfældet med statuen af Ørsted taler kilderne og litteraturen for, at Bissens politiske engagement øgedes med årene, og at han efterhånden også kunne have en vis grad af politisk motive- ring i sit arbejde. Udgangspunktet for artiklen er tre breve og en statue: brevet fra den nati- onalliberale politiker Orla Lehmann, brevet fra professor i kunsthistorie Niels Lauritz Høyen (1798-1870), brevet fra den konservative historiker Casper Pa- ludan-Müller (1805-1882) samt den ovenfor nævnte gipsstatue forestillende A.S. 5 Grand og Oelsner: ’Politisering af det nationale’. 6 Damsgaard: Orla Lehmann – og den nationale kunst; Damsgaard og Jacobsen (red.): D.G. Mon- rad – en kunstsamler i 1800-tallet. 7 Begrebet stammer ikke fra et teoretisk værk, men er en begrebsdeinering jeg undersøger i arbejdet med min ph.d.-ahandling. Begrebet giver mig mulighed for at knytte begreberne kunst og politik meget snævert sammen, og er derfor brugbart som analytisk redskab. 8 A.S. Ørsted optræder også på Constantin Hansens maleri af Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsam- ling (1860-1864). Her er det pudsigt, hvordan han på skitsen (på Christiansborg) er placeret siddende, mens han i den endelige version (på Det Nationalhistoriske Museum) er stående og i hovedhøjde med de øvrige. 91 Ørsted, som Bissen gerne ville have udført i marmor – og som han derfor skul- le have inansieret. Den marmorstatue, der diskuteres i brevene, eksisterede på dette tidspunkt således kun som en idé, og ikke som et færdigt værk der kan pla- ceres i en kunsthistorisk kronologi.9 For de nationalliberale og for den brede nationalpolitiske debat var 1842 et skelsættende år: Lehmann lancerede ejderpolitikken, Hiort Lorenzen talte på provokerende vis dansk i stænderforsamlingen, og den københavner-resideren- de tysker Louis Gurlitt malede Et Landskab ved Himmelbjerget, der gjorde J.Th. Lundbye så oprørt, at han i national protest malede det monumentale En dansk kyst.10 Der foregik altså ganske mange sideløbende ting, der på kompleks vis også inluerede hinanden, og statuen med de tre tilknyttede breve kan bruges som en mikrohistorisk indgang til disse forskelligartede dagsordner. Historikeren István Szijártó gennemgår med sine ire argumenter for mikro- historie, hvordan det mikrohistoriske greb kan bruges til netop at vise komplek- siteten i en mangfoldighed af kontekster på et begrænset kildemateriale, og det er præcis denne kompleksitet af kontekster, der er afgørende for at forstå, hvorfor Bissen ikke får inansieret sin marmorstatue.11 Artiklen her trækker således også på Giovanni Levis argument om at det mikrohistoriske greb kan give adgang til historien ved at se på noget meget partikulært og ved at læse “between the lines of a particular document, or between the igures of a painting in order to discern meanings which have previously evaded explanations”.12 Eftersom marmorstatu- en i 1842 kun kendes gennem skriftlige beskrivelser, kan den betragtes som væ- rende et usynligt værk mellem de øvrige værker i Bissens oeuvre, og vi må derfor nærlæse de skriftlige kilder for at inde det og for at forstå, hvorfor det ikke blev materialiseret. Brevene bliver nedenfor behandlet kronologisk for bedre at kunne tegne både indbyrdes og kontekstuelle koblinger, og med udgangspunkt i denne mikrohi- storiske gennemgang af de tre breve bliver deres konkrete stridspunkt koblet til en større fortælling om kunst, politik og national identitet. De tre breve giver os nemlig indblik i en enkelt sag, hvor repræsentanter fra borgerskabets elite måtte argumentere for deres holdning til et speciikt kunstværk. Men fra de tre breve kan der også trækkes tråde til en mere generel tendens i tiden, hvor nationalpoli- tiske spørgsmål i stigende grad kom visuelt til udtryk i kunsten, hvor kunstnerne ik en stemme i den offentlige debat, og hvor de toneangivende borgere måtte ba- lancere mellem æstetik, ideologi, identitet og økonomi, fordi debatrummene ofte blev vævet sammen på kryds og tværs af både tema- og personsammenfald. 9 Inden for kunsthistorie ville gipsiguren også kunne betragtes som et kunstværk, men her betragter jeg mere snævert den marmorstatue, der forhandles i brevvekslingen som det egentlige kunstværk. 10 Baagøe: ’Løvet i Charlottes bøgelund’, 135-138. 11 Szijártó: ’Four Arguments for Microhistory’, 210-211. 12 Levi: ’On Microhistory’, 110-114. 92 For de breve, der behandles i denne artikel, handler det konkrete politiske hensyn især om forfatningspolitik og nationalpolitik. A.S. Ørsted repræsenterer på den ene side en kongetro helstatspolitik, mens Lehmann og Paludan-Müller på hver deres måde er i opposition til dette politiske standpunkt.13 Hvor begrebet politik her deineres med en meget bred klangbund omfattende alle typer af mål- rettede, ideologiske og samfundsudviklende dagsordener og initiativer blandt både formelle og uformelle magthavere,14 skal begrebet kunst i stedet opfattes temmelig snævert i denne sammenhæng. Kunst er her deineret som et stykke visuelt arbejde af skulpturelt eller billedmæssigt format, der dels er udført af en, der – via sin tilknytning til Kunstakademiet – var anerkendt som kunstner i pe- rioden, dels opfattes som et arbejde, der er privilegeret i en sådan grad, at det til- lægges en meget høj æstetisk værdi og også betragtes som repræsentativ
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