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Atheresthes Stomias DIET and PREY

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Atheresthes Stomias DIET and PREY ARROWTOOTH FLOUNDER Atheresthes stomias DIET AND PREY CONSUMPTION NEAR KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA By Brian Anthony Knoth RECOMMENDED: _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ Advisory Committee Chair _________________________ Head, Program in Fisheries APPROVED: _______________________________ Dean, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences _______________________________ Dean of the Graduate School _______________________________ Date ARROWTOOTH FLOUNDER Atheresthes stomias DIET AND PREY CONSUMPTION NEAR KODIAK ISLAND, ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Brian Anthony Knoth, B.S. Fairbanks, Alaska December 2006 iii Abstract The arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias (ATF) population in the Gulf of Alaska has increased dramatically over the past 25 years and the resulting ecosystem impacts are unclear. Arrowtooth flounder diet and prey consumption was studied to more accurately assess the predator-prey relationships of this key predator near Kodiak Island, Alaska. Temporal and ontogenetic diet trends were quantified from the analysis of 742 ATF stomachs sampled from annual bottom trawl surveys conducted in May and August from 2002 to 2004. Several significant dietary trends were found, most notably: 1) euphausiids decreased in dietary importance from May to August whereas the importance of capelin Mallotus villosus increased and 2) smaller ATF consumed more capelin and larger ATF consumed more walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma and Pacific sand lance Ammodytes hexapterus. A bioenergetics model was used to estimate ATF prey consumption. Within the study area, the ATF population was dominated by large individuals (≥ 50 cm total length) that accounted for > 75 % of the population’s total prey biomass consumption. Arrowtooth flounder were significant predators and consumed an estimated 339 t of fish prey including Pacific sand lance and walleye pollock and 222 t of invertebrate prey such as euphausiids and shrimps. iv Table of contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...iii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………...x List of Appendices……………………………………………………………………….xii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................…..xiii Chapter 1 : Introduction...................................................................................................... 1 Background................................................................................................................. 1 Predation in aquatic ecosystems ................................................................................. 1 Arrowtooth flounder biology and management.......................................................... 3 Arrowtooth flounder food habits ................................................................................ 4 Bioenergetics model.................................................................................................... 6 Ecosystem implications .............................................................................................. 7 Thesis objectives and organization ............................................................................. 8 Literature cited.............................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2 : Variations in the food habits of arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias in the nearshore waters of Kodiak Island, Alaska................................................................. 20 Abstract......................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction................................................................................................................... 21 Methods......................................................................................................................... 24 Study area and sampling procedure .......................................................................... 24 Laboratory analysis................................................................................................... 25 v Data analysis ............................................................................................................. 26 Diet analysis.............................................................................................................. 27 Results........................................................................................................................... 29 General diet description ............................................................................................ 29 Interannual variations................................................................................................ 30 Interannual prey size variations ................................................................................ 31 Within year (between May and August) variations in waters 100-200 m ................ 32 Within year variations (between May and August) in waters < 100 m in 2004 ....... 34 Ontogenetic food habit variation in 2004 (waters <100 m)...................................... 35 Ontogenetic food habit variation in 2004 (waters 100-200 m)................................. 36 Cumulative prey curves ............................................................................................ 36 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 37 Arrowtooth flounder general diet composition......................................................... 37 Temporal variations .................................................................................................. 39 Ontogenetic variations .............................................................................................. 43 Ecosystem considerations ......................................................................................... 44 Literature cited.............................................................................................................. 46 Chapter 3 : Arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias prey consumption within the nearshore waters of Kodiak Island, Alaska....................................................................... 92 Abstract......................................................................................................................... 92 Introduction................................................................................................................... 93 Methods......................................................................................................................... 96 vi Study area and Sample collection............................................................................. 96 Bioenergetics modeling ............................................................................................ 97 Model description ................................................................................................. 97 Growth .................................................................................................................. 98 Diet........................................................................................................................ 98 Abundance and mortality...................................................................................... 99 Temperature ........................................................................................................ 100 Energy content of predator and prey species ...................................................... 101 Model simulations................................................................................................... 102 Interannual differences in consumption by ATF > 60 cm .................................. 102 Length class differences in consumption............................................................ 103 Total prey consumption within the study area.................................................... 103 Sensitivity analysis.................................................................................................. 104 Results......................................................................................................................... 105 Interannual variations in consumption.................................................................... 105 Consumption rates .............................................................................................. 105 Total prey biomass consumption ........................................................................ 105 ATF length class variations in consumption........................................................... 106 Consumption rates by depth................................................................................ 106 Total prey biomass consumption by depth ......................................................... 107 Population prey consumption in 2004 .................................................................... 108 Consumption rates .............................................................................................. 108 vii Total prey biomass consumption ........................................................................ 109 Model sensitivity and validation............................................................................
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