FAMILY Pleuronectidae Rafinesque, 1815 - righteye flounders [=Heterosomes, Pleronetti, Pleuronectia, Diplochiria, Poissons plats, Leptosomata, Diprosopa, Asymmetrici, Platessoideae, Hippoglossoidinae, Psettichthyini, Isopsettini] Notes: Hétérosomes Duméril, 1805:132 [ref. 1151] (family) ? Pleuronectes [latinized to Heterosomi by Jarocki 1822:133, 284 [ref. 4984]; no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Pleronetti Rafinesque, 1810b:14 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Pleuronectes [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Pleuronectia Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (family) Pleuronectes [senior objective synonym of Platessoideae Richardson, 1836; family name sometimes seen as Pleuronectiidae] Diplochiria Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Poissons plats Cuvier, 1816:218 [ref. 993] (family) Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Leptosomata Goldfuss, 1820:VIII, 72 [ref. 1829] (family) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Diprosopa Latreille, 1825:126 [ref. 31889] (family) Platessa [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Asymmetrici Minding, 1832:VI, 89 [ref. 3022] (family) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Platessoideae Richardson, 1836:255 [ref. 3731] (family) Platessa [junior objective synonym of Pleuronectia Rafinesque, 1815, invalid, Article 61.3.2 Hippoglossoidinae Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:696, 706 [ref. 26711] (subfamily) Hippoglossoides Psettichthyini Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:708 [ref. 26711] (tribe) Psettichthys Isopsettini Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:709 [ref. 26711] (tribe) Isopsetta

SUBFAMILY Atheresthinae Vinnikov et al., 2018 - righteye flounders

GENUS Atheresthes Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 - righteye flounders [=Atheresthes Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:51] Notes: [ref. 2366]. Fem. Platysomatichthys stomias Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Sometimes misspelled Atherestes. •Valid as Atheresthes Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 -- (Norman 1934:286 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:69 [ref. 21500], Suzuki et al. 2001:39 [ref. 25386], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S59 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:3 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:527 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Atheresthes Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Atheresthinae Species Atheresthes evermanni Jordan & Starks, 1904 - Kamchatka flounder [=Atheresthes evermanni Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:621, Pl. 5 (fig. 1), Reinhardtius oleosus Tanaka [S.], 1918:226] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Matsushima Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Atheresthes evermanni Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Atheresthinae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (oleosus) [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 30 (no. 356); ref. 17357] Tokyo fish market, probably from Iwate [Ibaraki] Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Atheresthes evermanni Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Atheresthinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) - arrowtooth flounder [=Platysomatichthys stomias Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:301] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 152); ref. 10581] Just outside the Golden Gate Bridge (obtained at San Francisco market), California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Pleuronectidae: Atheresthinae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

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SUBFAMILY Pleuronichthyinae Vinnikov et al., 2018 - righteye flounders

GENUS Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854 - righteye flounders [=Pleuronichthys Girard [C. F.], 1854:139, Heteroprosopon Bleeker [P.], 1862:429, Hypsopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1862:330] Notes: [ref. 1817]. Masc. Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:317 [ref. 6893], Fitch 1963 [ref. 21219], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:352 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:152 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:238 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:711 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S68 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:12 [ref. 27606], Suzuki et al. 2009:276[ref. 30301], Yokogawa & Watanabe 2011:24 [ref. 31146], Parin et al. 2014:544 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. (Heteroprosopon) [ref. 388]. Neut. Platessa cornuta Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:317 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:152 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:238 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S68 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:12 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:544 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. (Hypsopsetta) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1668] Fem. Pleuronichthys guttulatus Girard, 1856. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Hypsopsetta Gill, 1862 -- (Norman 1934:315 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:69 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2004:7 [ref. 27606]). •Synonym of Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Vinnikov et al. 2018:159 [ref. 35844]). Current status: Synonym of Pleuronichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae.

Species Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854 - C-O sole [=Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard [C. F.], 1854:139, Pleuronichthys nephelus Starks [E. C.] & Thompson [W. F.], 1910:282, Fig. 1] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 1817] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (nephelus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 38 (no. 1744); ref. 10117] San Juan Islands, Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronichthys coenosus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - ridge-eyed flounder [=Platessa cornuta Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:179, Pl. 92 (fig. 1), Pleuronichthys japonicus Suzuki [S.], Kawashima [T.] & Nakabo [T.], 2009:277, Figs. 1a-c, e, f, 2a-e] Pleuronichthys lighti Wu [H.-W.], 1929:66, Fig. 54] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (japonicus) [Ichthyological Research v. 56 (no. 3); ref. 30301] Off Hamada, ca. 35°22'N, 132°15'E, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Sea of Japan and Pacific coast of Japan, to southern East China Sea and Seto Inland Sea [if valid]. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan & Gilbert, 1881 - curlfin flounder [=Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1881:453] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 173) [v. for 1880]; ref. 12598] Point Reyes and the Farallons, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys decurrens Jordan & Gilbert 1881. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys guttulatus Girard, 1856 - guttulatus righteye flounder [=Pleuronichthys guttulatus Girard [C. F.], 1856:137, Parophrys ayresii Günther [A.], 1862:456] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 8; ref. 1809] Tomales Bay, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys guttulatus (Girard, 1856). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pleuronichthys lighti Wu, 1929 - Light's flounder [=Pleuronichthys lighti Wu [H.-W.], 1929:66, Fig. 54] Notes: [Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. (Zoological Series) v. 5 (no. 4); ref. 17843] Island of Amoy or vicinity. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys lighti Wu, 1929. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: East Asia. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys ocellatus Starks & Thompson, 1910 - ocellated turbot [=Pleuronichthys ocellatus Starks [E. C.] & Thompson [W. F.], 1910:285, Fig. 2] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 38 (no. 1744); ref. 10117] 31°21'N, 113°49'W, Gulf of California, Mexico, Albatross station 3024, depth 11 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys ocellatus Starks & Thompson, 1910. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys ritteri Starks & Morris, 1907 - spotted turbot [=Pleuronichthys ritteri Starks [E. C.] & Morris [E. L.], 1907:243, Pl. 21] Notes: [University of California Publications in Zoology v. 3 (no. 11); ref. 10118] San Diego Bay, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys ritteri Starks & Morris, 1907. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific off western coast of U.S.A. Habitat: marine.

Species Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 - horny-head turbot [=Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:49] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 117); ref. 2366] Outside the Golden Gate Bridge, near San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronichthys verticalis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronichthyinae. Distribution: Eastern Pacific off western coast of U.S.A. Habitat: marine.

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SUBFAMILY Microstominae Cooper & Chapleau, 1998 - smallmouth flounders [=Microstomini] Notes: Microstomini Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:709 [ref. 26711] (tribe) Microstomus [the stem Microstom- has already been used incorrectly for Microstomatinae / Microstomatidae] GENUS Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835 - smallmouth flounders [=Glyptocephalus Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:136, 156, Errex Jordan [D. S.], 1919:343, Tanakius (subgenus of Dexistes) Hubbs [C. L.], 1918:370] Notes: [ref. 1862]. Masc. Pleuronectes saxicola Faber, 1828. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:363 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1299 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:156 [ref. 21500], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:712 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:822 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:57 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:530 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Errex) [ref. 2413]. Masc. Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, 1879. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Errex Jordan, 1919 -- (Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273]). •Synonym of Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:363 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:156 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:530 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae. (Tanakius) [Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses v. 9 (pt 4); ref. 2228] Masc. Microstomus kitaharae Jordan & Starks, 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). Species originally as kitaharae, but named after a male so must be corrected to kitaharai. •Valid as Tanakius Hubbs, 1918 [as kitaharai] -- (Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:210 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:168 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:256 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2004:15 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:57 [ref. 31715]). •Synonym of Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Vinnikov et al. 2018:157 [ref. 35844]). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae.

Species Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758) - witch flounder [=Pleuronectes cynoglossus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:269, Glyptocephalus acadianus Gill [T. N.], 1873-74:362, Platessa elongata Yarrell [W.], 1839:33, Fig. [pt. 2], Pleuronectes nigromanus Nilsson [S.], 1829:401, Pleuronectes saxicola Faber [F.], 1828:244] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] Belgium. Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic regions: Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (acadianus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 25; ref. 17659] Eastport, Maine, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (elongata) [A history of British fishes, illustrated by nearly 400 wood-cuts. Supplement.; ref. 17748] Stoford, Bridgewater Bay, England. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (nigromanus) [Isis (Oken) v. 22 (no. 4); ref. 18475] North Sea. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (saxicola) [Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne, Kjöbenhavn v. 5 (no. 15); ref. 18075] Denmark. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptocephalus kitaharae (Jordan & Starks, 1904) - Kitahara's flounder [=Microstomus kitaharae Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:625, Pl. 7 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Matsushima Bay, Japan, Albatross station 3770, depth 42-45 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus kitaharae (Jordan & Starks, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904) -- blackfin flounder [=Microstomus stelleri Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:247, Microstomus hireguro Tanaka [S.], 1916:67, Glyptocephalus ostroumowi Pavlenko [M. N.], 1910:59, Figs. 13a, b, Glyptocephalus sasae Snyder [J. O.], 1911:548] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Aniva Bay, Okhotsk Sea; Sea of Japan from Tatar Strait to Wonsan, Korea; depth about 50-80 meters. Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (hireguro) [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 28; ref. 15075] Obama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (ostroumowi) [Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelej Imperatorskom' Kazanskom' Universiteti, Kazan v. 42 (no. 2); ref. 3393] Peter the Great Bay, Russia, Sea of Japan, depth 245-280 feet (35-40 Russian fathoms). Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (sasae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 40 (no. 1836); ref. 4152] Otaru market, Hokkaido, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

Species Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, 1879 - rex sole [=Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington [W. N.], 1879:88] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 2 (no. 72); ref. 17560] Markets of San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, 1879. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 - smallmouth flounders [=Microstomus Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:136, 150, Brachyprosopon Bleeker [P.], 1862:428, Cynicoglossus Bonaparte [C. L.], 1837:puntata 97, Cynoglossa Bonaparte [C. L.], 1846:48, Embassichthys Jordan [D. S.] & Evermann [B. W.], 1896:506, Veraequa Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:625] Notes: [ref. 1862]. Masc. Microstomus latidens Gottsche, 1835. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:355 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:625 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:210 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1303 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:163 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:258 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:712 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:822 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S65 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:57 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:539 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Brachyprosopon) [ref. 388]. Neut. Pleuronectes microcephalus of Fleming 1828 (= Pleuronectes microcephalus Donovan, 1803). Type by monotypy. •Objective synonym of Cynoglossa Bonaparte, 1846. •Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:355 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:163 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S66 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Cynicoglossus) [ref. 4893]. Masc. Pleuronectes cynoglossus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by monotypy. Apparently appeared first in puntata 97, fasc. 19 under Platessa passer. Bonaparte stated that the species was P. cynoglossus Linnaeus; possibly based on a misidentified type species (see Norman 1934:355). •Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:355 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:163 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S65 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:539 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Cynoglossa) [ref. 519]. Fem. Pleuronectes microcephalus Donovan, 1803. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:355 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:625 [ref. 6885], Desoutter in Lévêque et al. 1992:866 [ref. 21590], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:163 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S66 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:539 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Embassichthys) [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 21 (for 1895) Appendix 5; ref. 2442] Masc. Cynicoglossus bathybius Gilbert, 1890. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Embassichthys Jordan & Evermann, 1896 -- (Norman 1934:361 [ref. 6893], Amaoka et al. 1981 [ref. 5578], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:210 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:68 [ref. 21500], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:822 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S60 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:529 [ref. 33547]). •Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Current status: Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. (Veraequa) [ref. 2526]. Fem. Veraequa achne Jordan & Starks, 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). As Veraegua in figure caption. •Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:355 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:164 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S66 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:539 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Microstomus Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae.

Species Microstomus achne (Jordan & Starks, 1904) - slime flounder [=Veraequa achne Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:625, Pl. 7 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Matsushima Bay, Japan, Albatross station 3772, depth 79 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Microstomus achne (Jordan & Starks, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Microstomus bathybius (Gilbert, 1890) - bathybius righteye flounder [=Cynicoglossus bathybius Gilbert [C. H.], 1890:123] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (no. 797); ref. 1623] Santa Barbara Channel, off southern California, U.S.A., 33°49'45"N, 119°24'30"W, Albatross station 2980, depth 603 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Microstomus bathybius (Gilbert, 1890). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792) - lemon sole [=Pleuronectes kitt Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:120, Pleuronectes gilli Steindachner [F.], 1868:120, Pleuronectes laevis Shaw [G.], 1803:299, Microstomus latidens Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:150, Pleuronectes microcephalus Donovan [E.], 1803:3 unnum. pp., Pl. 42, Platessa pola Cuvier [G.], 1829:339] Notes: [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] British seas. Current status: Valid as Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: Western Baltic Sea, North Sea, eastern North Atlantic, southeast coast of Greenland. Habitat: marine. (gilli) [Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 5 (no. 14); ref. 20463] "Eismeer bei Nordisland". Current status: Synonym of Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (laevis) [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] London, England. Current status: Synonym of Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (latidens) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 2 (pt 2, no. 2); ref. 1862] Copenhagen fish market. Current status: Synonym of Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (microcephalus) [The natural history of British fishes, including scientific and general descriptions of the most interesting species, and an extensive selection of accurately finished coloured plates.; ref. 17408] England. Current status: Synonym of Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine. (pola) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Habitat: marine.

Species Microstomus pacificus (Lockington, 1879) - Dover sole [=Glyptocephalus pacificus Lockington [W. N.], 1879:254] Notes: [Mining and Scientific Press. An illustrated journal of mining, popular sciences and general news v. 38 (no. 16) 19 Apr.; ref. 20590] Markets of San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Microstomus pacificus (Lockington, 1879). Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Microstomus shuntovi Borets, 1983 - Shuntov's righteye flounder [=Microstomus shuntovi Borets [L. A.], 1983:718, Fig.] Notes: [Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 23 (no. 5); ref. 8248] North Pacific, 35°17'N, 171°19'E, depth 270-290 meters. Current status: Valid as Microstomus shuntovi Borets, 1983. Pleuronectidae: Microstominae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

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SUBFAMILY Hippoglossinae Gill, 1864 - halibuts [=Eopsettinae, Lyopsettinae] Notes: Hippoglossinae Gill, 1864d:196, 197 [ref. 1701] (subfamily) Hippoglossus Eopsettinae Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:696, 706 [ref. 26711] (subfamily) Eopsetta Lyopsettinae Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:696, 706 [ref. 26711] (subfamily) Lyopsetta

GENUS Clidoderma Bleeker, 1862 - halibuts [=Clidoderma Bleeker [P.], 1862:425, Notes: [ref. 388]. Neut. Platessa asperrima Temminck & Schlegel, 1846. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Clidoderma Bleeker, 1862 -- (Norman 1934:314 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:210 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Lea et al. 1989:239 [ref. 21534], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:172 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:248 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:701 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S60 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:55 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:528 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Clidoderma Bleeker, 1862. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae Species Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - roughscale sole [=Platessa asperrima Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:177, Pl. 91] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Current status: Valid as Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, in Jordan, 1885 - halibuts [=Eopsetta (subgenus of Hippoglossoides) Jordan [D. S.] & Goss [D. K.], in Jordan, 1885:923, [135], Xystrias Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:623] Notes: [ref. 2385]. Fem. Hippoglossoides jordani Lockington, 1879. Type by original designation (also monotypic). On p. 135 of separate. •Valid as Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885 -- (Norman 1934:307 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:83 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:229 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:706 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S60 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:55 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:529 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. (Xystrias) [ref. 2526]. Masc. Hippoglossus grigorjewi Herzenstein, 1890. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885 -- (Norman 1934:307 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:83 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:229 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S60 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:529 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae.

Species Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein, 1890) - shotted halibut [=Hippoglossus grigorjewi Herzenstein [S. M.], 1890:134 [56 in n. s.], Verasper otakii Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1900:378] Notes: [Mélanges Biologiques, tirés du Bulletin physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg v. 13; ref. 18286] Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. Current status: Valid as Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein, 1890). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (otakii) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1213); ref. 2502] Tokyo, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein, 1890). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Eopsetta jordani (Lockington, 1879) - Petrale sole [=Hippoglossoides jordani Lockington [W. N.], 1879:235] Notes: [Mining and Scientific Press. An illustrated journal of mining, popular sciences and general news v. 38 (no. 15) 12 Apr.; ref. 20589] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Eopsetta jordani (Lockington, 1879). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hippoglossus Cuvier, 1816 - halibuts [=Hippoglossus Cuvier [G.], 1816:221] Notes: [ref. 993]. Masc. Pleuronectes hippoglossus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. •Valid as Hippoglossus Cuvier, 1816 -- (Norman 1934:291 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:624 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1301 [ref. 13677], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:701 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:819 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S62 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:6 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Shinohara et al. 2011:56 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:533 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Hippoglossus Cuvier, 1816. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae.

Species Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Atlantic halibut [=Pleuronectes hippoglossus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:269, Hippoglossus americanus Gill [T. N.], 1864:220, Hippoglossus gigas Swainson [W.], 1839:302, Hippoglossus linnei Malm [A. W.], 1877:508, Hippoglossus maximus Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:164, Hippoglossus vulgaris Fleming [J.], 1828:199] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European seas. Current status: Valid as Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic regions: (including western Baltic Sea, northern North Sea). Habitat: marine. (americanus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 1704] Eastern coast of North America. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine. (gigas) [The natural history and classification v. 2; ref. 4303] No locality stated. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine. (linnei) [ref. 2881] European seas. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. (maximus) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 2 (pt 2, no. 2); ref. 1862] European seas. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [A history of British animals; ref. 1339] Rivers and estuaries of England. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 - Pacific halibut [=Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:224, Fig. 15, Hippoglossus hippoglossus camtchaticus Rendahl [H.], 1931:61] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Aniva Bay, s Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea. Current status: Valid as Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: marine. (camtchaticus) [Arkiv för Zoologi v. 22 (pt 4) A (no. 18); ref. 16326] Kamtchatka, Russia, northwestern Pacific. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lyopsetta Jordan & Goss, in Jordan, 1885 - halibuts [=Lyopsetta (subgenus of Hippoglossoides) Jordan [D. S.] & Goss [D. K.], in Jordan, 1885:923 [135]] Notes: [ref. 2385]. Fem. Hippoglossoides exilis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). On p. 135 of separate. •Synonym of Eopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:83 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Lyopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885 -- (Norman 1934:306 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:706 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2004:10 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Valid as Lyopsetta Jordan & Goss, 1885. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Species Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) - slender sole [=Hippoglossoides exilis Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:154] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 136); ref. 10584] Between the Golden Gate Bridge and Point Reyes, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Reinhardtius Gill, 1861 - halibuts [=Reinhardtius Gill [T. N.], 1861:50, Platysomatichthys Bleeker [P.], 1862:425] Notes: [ref. 1766]. Masc. Pleuronectes cynoglossus of Fabricius (not of Linneaus), 1780. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Reinhardtius Gill, 1861 -- (Norman 1934:288 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:627 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1306 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:73 [ref. 21500], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:701 [ref. 26711], Suzuki et al. 2001:39 [ref. 25386], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S69 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:14 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:546 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Reinhardtius Gill, 1861. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. (Platysomatichthys) [ref. 388]. Masc. Pleuronectes pinguis Fabricius, 1824. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Reinhardtius Gill, 1861 -- (Norman 1934:288 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:627 [ref. 6885], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:73 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S69 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:14 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Reinhardtius Gill, 1861. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae.

Species Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) - Greenland halibut [=Pleuronectes hippoglossoides Walbaum [J. J.], 1792:115, Hippoglossus groenlandicus Günther [A.], 1862:404, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Gill [T. N.], 1861:50, Reinhardtius matsuurae Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:309, Pl. 16 (figs. 7-8), Pleuronectes pinguis Fabricius [O.], 1824:45] Notes: [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] Northern Ocean. Current status: Valid as Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Arctic Ocean and adjacent North Pacific and North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (groenlandicus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Greenland. Current status: Synonym of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine. (hippoglossoides) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 13 (Suppl.); ref. 1766] Current status: Synonym of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. (matsuurae) [Journal of the College of Science. Imperial University, Tokyo v. 15 (pt 2); ref. 2506] Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Sagami Sea, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine. (pinguis) [Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs naturvidenskabelige og mathemastiske afhandlinger København: Munksgaard (Series 4) v. 1; ref. 17474] Greenland. Current status: Synonym of Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Verasper Jordan & Gilbert, in Jordan & Evermann, 1898 - halibuts [=Verasper Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], in Jordan & Evermann, 1898:2606, 2618] Notes: [ref. 2445]. Masc. Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert, 1898. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Verasper Jordan & Gibert, 1898 -- (Norman 1934:311 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:87 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:233 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:701 [ref. 26711], Evseenko 2003:S70 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:15 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:547 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Verasper Jordan & Gilbert, 1898. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae.

Species Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert, in Jordan & Evermann, 1898 - barfin flounder [=Verasper moseri Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], in Jordan & Evermann, 1898:2619] Notes: [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2445] Shana Bay, Iturup Island, Kuril Islands. Current status: Valid as Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert, 1898. Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) - spotted halibut [=Platessa variegata Temminck [C. J.] & Schlegel [H.], 1846:176, Pl. 90] Notes: [Fauna Japonica Parts 10-14; ref. 4374] Japan. Current status: Valid as Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846). Pleuronectidae: Hippoglossinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine

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SUBFAMILY Pleuronectinae Rafinesque, 1815 - righteye flounders [=Heterosomes, Pleronetti, Pleuronectia, Diplochiria, Poissons plats, Leptosomata, Diprosopa, Asymmetrici, Platessoideae, Hippoglossoidinae, Psettichthyini, Isopsettini] Notes: Hétérosomes Duméril, 1805:132 [ref. 1151] (family) ? Pleuronectes [latinized to Heterosomi by Jarocki 1822:133, 284 [ref. 4984]; no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Pleronetti Rafinesque, 1810b:14 [ref. 3595] (ordine) ? Pleuronectes [published not in latinized form before 1900; not available, Article 11.7.2] Pleuronectia Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (family) Pleuronectes [senior objective synonym of Platessoideae Richardson, 1836; family name sometimes seen as Pleuronectiidae] Diplochiria Rafinesque, 1815:83 [ref. 3584] (subfamily) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Poissons plats Cuvier, 1816:218 [ref. 993] (family) Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Leptosomata Goldfuss, 1820:VIII, 72 [ref. 1829] (family) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Diprosopa Latreille, 1825:126 [ref. 31889] (family) Platessa [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Asymmetrici Minding, 1832:VI, 89 [ref. 3022] (family) ? Pleuronectes [no stem of the type genus, not available, Article 11.7.1.1] Platessoideae Richardson, 1836:255 [ref. 3731] (family) Platessa [junior objective synonym of Pleuronectia Rafinesque, 1815, invalid, Article 61.3.2] Hippoglossoidinae Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:696, 706 [ref. 26711] (subfamily) Hippoglossoides Psettichthyini Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:708 [ref. 26711] (tribe) Psettichthys Isopsettini Cooper & Chapleau, 1998:709 [ref. 26711] (tribe) Isopsetta

GENUS Acanthopsetta Schmidt, 1904 - righteye flounders [=Acanthopsetta Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:237] Notes: [ref. 3946]. Fem. Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt, 1904. Type by monotypy. Appeared first as name only in Schmidt 1903:521 [ref. 3945]. •Valid as Acanthopsetta Schmidt, 1904 -- (Norman 1934:303 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:107 [ref. 21500], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:706 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S59 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:3 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Shinohara et al. 2011:55 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:526 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Acanthopsetta Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt, 1904 - scale-eye plaice [=Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:237, Pl. 5 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Aniva Bay, Okhotsk Sea; Sea of Japan: Amerika Bay and Peter the Great Bay, Primorye, Russia; Wonsan, Korea; depth 55-110 meters. Current status: Valid as Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks, 1904 - righteye flounders [=Cleisthenes Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:622, Protopsetta (subgenus of Hippoglossoides) Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:230] Notes: [ref. 2526]. Masc. Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan & Starks, 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks, 1904 -- (Norman 1934:304 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Li & Wang 1995:225 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:706 [ref. 26711], Evseenko 2003:S59 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:3 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:528 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Protopsetta) [ref. 3946]. Fem. Hippoglossoides herzensteini Schmidt, 1904. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks, 1904 -- (Norman 1934:304 [ref. 6893], Li & Wang 1995:225 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S60 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:3 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:528 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Cleisthenes Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Cleisthenes herzensteini (Schmidt, 1904) - Herzenstein's righteye flounder [=Hippoglossoides herzensteini Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:229] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Mauka, western Sakhalin Island; Peter the Great Bay, 55-63 m; and Wonsan, Korea, Seas of Japan. Current status: Valid as Cleisthenes herzensteini Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan & Starks, 1904 - Jordan's cleisthenes [=Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:622, Fig.] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Kinkwazan Island, Matsushima Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Cleisthenes pinetorum Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Dexistes Jordan & Starks, 1904 - righteye flounders [=Dexistes Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:624, Araias Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:624] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Masc. Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Dexistes Jordan & Starks, 1904 -- (Norman 1934:347 [ref. 6893], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:352 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:110 [ref. 21500], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:711 [ref. 26711], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606], Shinohara et al. 2011:55 [ref. 31715], Vinnikov et al. 2018:159 [ref. 35844]). Current status: Valid as Dexistes Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Araias) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Masc. Araias ariommus Jordan & Starks, 1904. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Dexistes Jordan & Starks 1904 -- (Norman 1934:347 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:110 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2004:4 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Dexistes Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904 - Rikuzen flounder [=Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:624, Pl. 6 (fig. 1), Araias ariommus Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1904:624, Pl. 6 (fig. 2)] Notes: [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Matsushima Bay, Japan, Albatross station 3774, depth 84 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (ariommus) [Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 [1902]; ref. 2526] Matsushima Bay, Japan, depth 42-45 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Starks, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 - righteye flounders [=Hippoglossoides Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:164, 168, Citharus Reinhardt [J. C. H.], 1837:116, 130, Cynopsetta Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] (ex Schmidt), 1906:188, Drepanopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1861:50, Pomatopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1864:216] Notes: [ref. 1862]. Masc. Hippoglossoides limanda Gottsche, 1835 (= Pleuronectes limandoides Bloch, 1787). Type by monotypy. •Valid as Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:294 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:351 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1300 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:232 [ref. 16193], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:706 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Shinohara et al. 2011:56 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:531 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Citharus) [ref. 3691]. Masc. Pleuronectes platessoides Fabricius, 1780. Type by subsequent designation. Perhaps not intended as a new genus. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1898:2614 [ref. 2445]. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Citharus Artedi, 1793. •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:294 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Cynopsetta) [ref. 2531]. Fem. Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt, 1904. Type by monotypy. Genus and species apparently appeared first as name only (Cynopsetta dubia n. g. n. sp.) in Schmidt 1903:521 [ref. 3945], genus made available by Jordan & Starks 1906; species made available by Schmidt 1904. •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:294 [ref. 6893], Li & Wang 1995:232 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:531 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Drepanopsetta) [ref. 1766]. Fem. Pleuronectes platessoides Fabricius, 1780. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:294 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:624 [ref. 6885], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:531 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Pomatopsetta) [ref. 1704]. Fem. Platessa dentata Storer, 1839. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:294 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:624 [ref. 6885], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:92 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S61 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:5 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt, 1904 - flathead flounder [=Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:227, Pl. 6 (fig. 1), Hippoglossoides katakurae Snyder [J. O.], 1911:546] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Mauka, western Sakhalin Island, Sea of Japan, depth 46-47 Russian fathoms; Aniva Bay, southern Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea, depth 29 Russian fathoms. Current status: Valid as Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (katakurae) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 40 (no. 1836); ref. 4152] Otaru, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides dubius Schmidt, 1904. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 - flathead sole [=Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], 1880:278, Hippoglossoides hamiltoni Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.], in Jordan & Evermann, 1898:2616, Hippoglossoides propinquus Hubbs [C. L.], 1915:469, Pl. 26 (fig. 5), Hippoglossoides robustus Gill [T. N.] & Townsend [C. H.], 1897:234] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 147); ref. 10580] Seattle and Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (hamiltoni) [Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 47; ref. 2445] Off Dalnoi Point, Kamchatka, Russia, Albatross station 3641, depth 16 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (propinquus) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 48 (no. 2082); ref. 2224] Aniwa Bay, Sakhalin Island, Albatross station 5005, depth 40-43 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (robustus) [Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 11; ref. 1749] Bering Sea, 56°14'N, 164°08'W, Albatross station 3541, depth 49 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780) - American plaice [=Pleuronectes platessoides Fabricius [O.], 1780:164, Hippoglossoides limanda Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:168, Pleuronectes limandoides Bloch [M. E.], 1787:24, Pl. 186] Notes: [Fauna groenlandica, systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis, etc.; ref. 17464] Western Greenland. Current status: Valid as Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Arctic, western Baltic Sea, North Sea, North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (limanda) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 2 (pt 2, no. 2); ref. 1862] Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (limandoides) [Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische v. 3; ref. 468] Eastern North Atlantic. Current status: Synonym of Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Isopsetta Lockington, in Jordan & Gilbert, 1883 - righteye flounders [=Isopsetta Lockington [W. N.], in Jordan & Gilbert, 1883:832] Notes: [ref. 2476]. Fem. Lepidopsetta isolepis Lockington, 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, but a valid subgenus Isopsetta -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113, 115 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Isopsetta Lockington, 1883 -- (Norman 1934:326 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:709 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2004:7 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Valid as Isopsetta Lockington, 1883. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington, 1880) - butter sole [=Lepidopsetta isolepis Lockington [W. N.], 1880:325] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 158); ref. 17554] San Francisco market, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington, 1880). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Lepidopsetta Gill, 1862 - righteye flounders [=Lepidopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1862:330] Notes: [ref. 1668]. Fem. Platichthys umbrosus Girard, 1856. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, but a valid subgenus Lepidopsetta -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113,117 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Lepidopsetta Gill, 1863 -- (Norman 1934:329 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:352 [ref. 6441], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Orr & Matarese 2000:551 [ref. 24744], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:709 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S63 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:8 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:534 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Lepidopsetta Gill, 1862. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayers, 1855) - rock sole [=Platessa bilineata Ayres [W. O.], 1855:[2] col. 5, Pleuronectes perarcuatus Cope [E. D.], 1873:32 [9], Platichthys umbrosus Girard [C. F.], 1856:136] Notes: [The Pacific [newspaper] v. 4 (nos 7-22); ref. 13428] Gulf of the Farallones, off San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific. Habitat: marine. (perarcuatus) [Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society v. 13; ref. 929] Alaska, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (umbrosus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 8; ref. 1809] Cape Flattery, Washington, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder, 1911 - dusky sole [=Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder [J. O.], 1911:547] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 40 (no. 1836); ref. 4152] Otaru, Hokkaido, Japan. Current status: Valid as Lepidopsetta mochigarei Snyder, 1911. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

Species Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr & Matarese, 2000 - Northern rock sole [=Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr [J. W.] & Matarese [A. C.], 2000:571, 21-23] Notes: [Fishery Bulletin v. 98 (no. 3); ref. 24744] Constantine Harbor, Amchitka Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, U.S.A., depth 19-42 meters. Current status: Valid as Lepidopsetta polyxystra Orr & Matarese, 2000. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific to Bering Sea. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Limanda Gottsche, 1835 - righteye flounders [=Limanda Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:136, 160] Notes: [ref. 1862]. Fem. Limanda vulgaris Gottsche, 1835 (= Pleuronectes limanda Nilsson [= Linnaeus].). Type by monotypy. Limanda vulgaris Gottsche an unneeded replacement for P. limanda Nilsson; apparently the species goes back to Pleuronectes limanda Linnaeus, 1758. •Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862 -- (Li & Wang 1995:241 [ref. 16193]). •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, but a valid subgenus Limanda -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113, 116 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Limanda Gottsche, 1835 -- (Norman 1934:333 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:624 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:352 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1302 [ref. 13677], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:715 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S63 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:8 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], n Masuda et al. 1984:352 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1302 [ref. 13677], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:715 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S63 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:8 [ref. 27606], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:535 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Limanda Gottsche, 1835. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1814) - yellowfin sole [=Pleuronectes asper Pallas [P. S.], 1814:425, Limanda asprella Hubbs [C. L.], 1915:482, Pl. 27 (fig. 7)] Notes: [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Sea between Kamchatka, Russia and Alaska, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1814). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: marine. (asprella) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 48 (no. 2082); ref. 2224] Market of Korsakov, Aniwa Bay, Sakhalin Island, west of Okhotsk Sea. Current status: Synonym of Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1814). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758) - common dab [=Pleuronectes limanda Linnaeus [C.], 1758:270, Pleuronectes limandula Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Duhamel de Monceau & LaMarre), 1788:75, Limanda oceanica Bonaparte [C. L.], 1846:48, Limanda vulgaris Gottsche [C. M.], 1835:160] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European seas. Current status: Valid as Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic and adjacent arctic: Baltic Sea, North Sea, eastern North Atlantic. Habitat: marine. (limandula) [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (oceanica) [Atti della Settima Adunanza degli Scienziati Italiani Sesta Riunione, Milano 7a Adunanza, Napoli, Part 2; ref. 519] "Ocean". Current status: Synonym of Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (vulgaris) [Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 2 (pt 2, no. 2); ref. 1862] European seas. Current status: Synonym of Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs, 1915 - Sakhalin sole [=Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs [C. L.], 1915:480, Pl. 26 (fig. 6), Limanda korigarei Hubbs [C. L.], 1915:483, Pl. 27 (fig. 8)] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 48 (no. 2082); ref. 2224] Aniwa Bay, Sakhalin Island, west of Okhotsk Sea, Albatross station 5013, depth 43 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs, 1915. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: marine. (korigarei) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 48 (no. 2082); ref. 2224] Aniwa Bay, Sakhalin Island, west of Okhotsk Sea, Albatross station 5008, depth 40 fathoms. Current status: Synonym of Limanda sakhalinensis Hubbs, 1915. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Liopsetta Gill, 1864 - righteye flounders [=Liopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1864:217, Euchalarodus Gill [T. N.], 1864:216] Notes: [ref. 1704]. Fem. Platessa glabra Storer, 1843. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, but a valid subgenus Liopsetta -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113, 117 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Liopsetta Gill, 1864 -- (Norman 1934:368 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:625 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1303 [ref. 13677], Li & Wang 1995:246 [ref. 16193], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Dorofeeva 1998:158 [ref. 23573], Voronina & Evseenko 2001:442 [ref. 25618], Evseenko 2003:S65 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:9 [ref. 27606], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:241 [ref. 28183], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:592 [ref. 29996], Voronina & Chanet 2014:43 [ref. 33419], Parin et al. 2014:538 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Liopsetta Gill, 1864. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Euchalarodus) [ref. 1704]. Masc. Euchalarodus putnami Gill, 1864. Type by monotypy. Described in more detail in Gill 1864:221-223 [ref. 5773]. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, subgenus Liopsetta -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113, 118 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Liopsetta Gill, 1864 -- (Norman 1934:368 [ref. 6893], Li & Wang 1995:246 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S65 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:9 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta Gill, 1864. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776) - Arctic flounder [=Pleuronectes glacialis Pallas [P. S.], 1776:706, Pleuronectes glacialis natio caninensis Suvorov [E. K.], 1929:119, Pleuronectes cicatricosus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:424, Platessa dwinensis Lilljeborg [N.], 1851:5, Pleuronectes franklinii Günther [A.], 1862:442, Liopsetta glacialis knipowitschi Essipov [V. K.], 1939:171, Fig. 2] Notes: [Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reiches; ref. 18509] Arctic Ocean, Kara Bay. Current status: Valid as Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic through Arctic to North Pacific; White Sea; Baltic Sea (possibly introduced). Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (caninensis) [Trudy instituta po izucheniya Severa No. 43; ref. 19829] Cheshskaya [Chosha] Bay, southern Barents Sea, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (cicatricosus) [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Sea between Kamchatka, Russia and Alaska, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (dwinensis) [Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens förhandlingar, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademien. 1850; ref. 17538] Mouth of River Dvina [Dwina], Arkhangelski Oblast, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (franklinii) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Arctic seas of America. Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (knipowitschi) [Sbornik Posvyashchionnyj Nauchnoj Deyatelnosti N. M. Knipovicha, Moskva.; ref. 21768] Gulf of Ob at Cape Drovyanyi, 72°25'N, 72°45'E, Siberia, Arctic Ocean. Current status: Synonym of Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas, 1776). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Kner, in Steindachner & Kner, 1870) - Far Eastern smooth flounder [=Pleuronectes pinnifasciatus Kner [R.], in Steindachner & Kner, 1870:422 [2], Pl. 1 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4250] Decastris Bay, Tatar Strait, northern Sea of Japan. Current status: Valid as Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Kner, 1870). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Liopsetta putnami (Gill, 1864) - Putnam's flounder [=Euchalarodus putnami Gill [T. N.], 1864:216] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 16 (no. 4); ref. 1704] Harbor of Salem, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Liopsetta putnami (Gill, 1864). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic off North America. Habitat: brackish, marine. GENUS Myzopsetta Gill, 1861 - righteye flounders [=Myzopsetta Gill [T. N.], 1861:51] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 13 (Suppl.); ref. 1766] Fem. Platessa ferruginea Storer, 1839. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated by Jordan & Evermann 1898:2644 [ref. 2445]. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Limanda Gottsche, 1835 -- (Evseenko 2003:S64 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:8 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:535 [ref. 33547]). •Valid as Myzopsetta Gill, 1861 -- (Vinnikov et al. 2018:160 [ref. 35844]). Current status: Valid as Myzopsetta Gill, 1861. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Myzopsetta ferruginea (Storer, 1839) - Storer's myzopsetta [=Platessa ferruginea Storer [D. H.], 1839:477 [141], Pl. 7 [Pl. 2]] Notes: [Boston Journal of Natural History v. 2 (nos 3-4) (art. 12); ref. 4278] Cape Ann, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Myzopsetta ferruginea (Storer, 1839). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic. Habitat: marine.

Species Myzopsetta proboscidea (Gilbert, 1896) - Gilbert's myzopsetta [=Limanda proboscidea Gilbert [C. H.], 1896:460, Pl. 33] Notes: [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 19 (for 1893) (art. 6); ref. 1628] Bristol Bay, Alaska, U.S.A., depth 11.5-21 fathoms. Current status: Valid as Myzopsetta proboscidea (Gilbert, 1896). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Myzopsetta punctatissima (Steindachner, 1879) - Steindachner's myzopsetta [=Hippoglossoides (Hippoglossina) punctatissimus Steindachner [F.], 1879:167 [49], Limanda iridorum Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1906:206, Fig. 14] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (nos 1-2); ref. 4229] Hakodate, Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. Current status: Valid as Myzopsetta punctatissima (Steindachner, 1879). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (iridorum) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 31 (no. 1484); ref. 2532] Mororan, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Myzopsetta punctatissima (Steindachner, 1879). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Parophrys Girard, 1854 - righteye flounders [=Parophrys Girard [C. F.], 1854:139] Notes: [ref. 1817]. Fem. Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Sakamoto 1984:95 [ref. 5273], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:821 [ref. 25968]). •Valid as Parophrys Girard 1954 -- (Norman 1934:328 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:713 [ref. 26711], Evseenko 2004:11 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Valid as Parophrys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854 - English sole [=Parophrys vetulus Girard [C. F.], 1854:140, Pleuronectes digrammus Günther [A.], 1862:445, Parophrys hubbardii Gill [T. N.], 1862:281] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 1817] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific as far west as Agattu Island, Aleutian Islands. Habitat: marine. (digrammus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Victoria Harbor, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Current status: Synonym of Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (hubbardii) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 14; ref. 1666] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Platichthys Girard, 1854 - righteye flounders [=Platichthys Girard [C. F.], 1854:139, Flesus Moreau [E.], 1881:298 (v. 3), Kareius Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1900:379, Passer Klein [J. T.], 1775:816, Passer Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Klein), 1792:582, Pseudoplatichthys Hikita [T.], 1934:11, et. seq.] Notes: [ref. 1817]. Masc. Platichthys rugosus Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Platichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:376 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:626 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1304 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:147 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:251 [ref. 16193], Dorofeeva 1998:159 [ref. 23573], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:716 [ref. 26711], Voronina 1999:612 [ref. 24880], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S66 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:11 [ref. 27606], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:242 [ref. 28183], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:592 [ref. 29996], Scharpf 2009:15 [ref. 30400], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Parin et al. 2014:540 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Flesus) [ref. 3040]. Masc. Pleuronectes flesus Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy of name in synonymy of one of two included species. •Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:376 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:626 [ref. 6885], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:147 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:251 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2004:11 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:540 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Kareius) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1213); ref. 2502] Masc. Pleuronectes scutifer Steindachner, 1870. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Valid as Kareius Jordan & Snyder, 1900 -- (Norman 1934:376 [ref. 6893], Sakamoto 1984:210 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:160 [ref. 21500], Li & Wang 1995:253 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S63 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:7 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:534 [ref. 33547], Dyldin & Orlov 2017:195 [ref. 35257]). •Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Vinnikov et al. 2018:160 [ref. 35844]). Current status: Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Passer K) [ref. 2618]. Masc. Not available, published in a work that does not conform to the principle of binominal nomenclature; also preoccupied by Passer Brisson, 1760 in Aves. •In the synonymy of Platichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:376 [ref. 6893], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:147 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2004:23 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Passer W) [ref. 4572]. Not available, published in a part of work rejected for nomenclatural purposes in Opinion 21 (1938). Based on Klein 1744:32 [ref. 30141]. •In the synonymy of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Pseudoplatichthys) [ref. 2160]. Masc. Pseudoplatichthys oshorensis Hikita, 1934. Type by original designation (also monotypic). The type-species is thought to be a hybrid between Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1788) and Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky 1855). •Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:147 [ref. 21500]). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:23 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Synonym of Platichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Species Platichthys bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855) - twocolored righteye flounder [=Platessa bicolorata Basilewsky [S.], 1855:260, Pleuronectes scutifer Steindachner [F.], 1870:628 [6], Pl. 2] Notes: [Nouveaux mémoires de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou v. 10; ref. 200] Shantung, China. Current status: Valid as Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (scutifer) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 61 (1. Abth.); ref. 4218] Chefoo, Shantung Province, China. Current status: Synonym of Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) - flesus righteye flounder [=Pleuronectes flesus Linnaeus [C.], 1758:270, Pleuronectes flesus race baltica Suvorov [E. K.], 1925:280, Pleuronectes bogdanovii Sandeberg [H.], 1878:236, Figs., Pleuronectes flesus natio caninensis Suvorov [E. K.], 1929:111, Platessa carnaria Brown [T.], 1830:99, Pl. 2 (not 3), Pleuronectes flesoides Pontoppidan [E.], 1766:188, Pl. 15, Pleuronectes italicus Günther [A.], 1862:452, Pleuronectes flesus var. leiurus Duncker [G.], 1892:280, 291, Fig. 1, Pleuronectes passer Linnaeus [C.], 1758:271, Pleuronectes roseus Shaw [G.], in Shaw & Nodder, 1796:no page number, Pl. 238, Pleuronectes flesus natio septentrionalis Suvorov [E. K.], 1925:280, Pleuronectes flesus septentrionalis Berg [L. S.], 1932:5, Fig. 3, Pleuronectes flesus var. trachurus Duncker [G.], 1892:280, 291, Fig. 2, Flesus vulgaris Moreau [E.], 1881:299] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European seas. Current status: Valid as Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Atlantic and adjacent Arctic: Baltic Sea, North Sea, eastern North Atlantic and western Europe; introduced elsewhere. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (baltica) [Annals of Institute of Experimental Agronomy v. 3; ref. 19828] Not available, infrasubspecific; from the Baltic Sea. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (bogdanovii) [Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou v. 53 (pt. 2, no. 3); ref. 18653] White Sea. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (caninensis) [Trudy instituta po izucheniya Severa No. 43; ref. 19829] Rivers flowing into Cheshskaya Bay, southern Barents Sea, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (carnaria) [The Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science. Edinburgh. v. 2 (art. 4); ref. 17288] Prestonpans, southeastern Scotland, U.K. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (flesoides) [Dänischer Atlas, oder Beschreibung des Königreichs Dänemark; ref. 18567] Denmark. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (italicus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 4; ref. 1969] Mediterranean Sea; Dalmatia, Croatia, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (leiurus) [Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein. v. 9; ref. 17428] Elbe River at Hamburg, Germany. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (passer) [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European seas. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (roseus) [The Naturalist's Miscellany; ref. 4013] Thames River, U.K. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (septentrionalis S) [Annals of Institute of Experimental Agronomy v. 3; ref. 19828] Kola Bay, southern Barents Sea, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (septentrionalis B) [Notas y resúmenes, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Serie II (Madrid) No. 58; ref. 26819] Coast of Mourman and coasts of Kanin Peninsula. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (trachurus) [Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein. v. 9; ref. 17428] Mouth of Trave River, Germany, Baltic Sea. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (vulgaris) [Histoire naturelle des poissons (Moreau); ref. 3040] Current status: Synonym of Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Platichthys luscus (Pallas, 1814) - Pallas' righteye flounder [=Pleuronectes luscus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:427, Platessa glabra Rathke [H.], 1836:27 [352], Platessa flesus var. marmorata Nordmann [A. von], 1840:534, Pl. 28 (fig. 1)] Notes: [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Feodosiya [Feodosia], Crimea, Ukraine [Black Sea]. Current status: Valid as Platichthys luscus (Pallas, 1814). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Black Sea, Sea of Azov and northeastern Mediterranean Sea; introduced into Caspian Sea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (glabra) [Mémoires présentés à l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg par divers savaus et lus dans ses assemblées. Mémoires des savaus étrangers v. 3; ref. 18611] Kerch, Crimea. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys luscus (Pallas, 1814). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (marmorata) [Voyage dans la Russie méridionale et la Crimée; ref. 3209] Locality unknown. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys luscus (Pallas, 1814). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

Species Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787) - starry flounder [=Pleuronectes stellatus Pallas [P. S.], 1787:347, Pl. 9 (fig. 1), Platichthys rugosus Girard [C. F.], 1854:139] Notes: [Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae v. 1 (Mém.) (for 1783); ref. 18507] Kuril Islands; circa Kamtschatcam [Kamchatka Peninsula]. Current status: Valid as Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Arctic, North Pacific: Aleutian Islands to California; Japan and Korea. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (rugosus) [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 1817] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine.

GENUS Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 - righteye flounders [=Pleuronectes Linnaeus [C.], 1758:268, Leptosoma Nardo [G. D.], 1827:15, 22, Platessa Cuvier [G.], 1816:220, Spanius Gistel [J.], 1848:IX] Notes: [ref. 2787]. Masc. Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Type by subsequent designation. Type designated first by Bory de Saint-Vincent, v. 14, 1828:58, 65 [ref. 3853] (see Whitley 1935:137 [ref. 6396]). On Official List (Direction 33). Name spelled Plueronectes by Low 1813:212 [ref. 30345]. •Valid as Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Norman 1934:348 [ref. 6893], Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:209 [ref. 5273], Sakamoto in Masuda et al. 1984:353 [ref. 6441], Nielsen in Whitehead et al. 1986:1305 [ref. 13677], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:112 [ref. 21500], Rass 1996:569 [ref. 24656] with restricted definition, Dorofeeva 1998:160 [ref. 23573], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:716 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2003:S67 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:12 [ref. 27606], Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:243 [ref. 28183], Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:592 [ref. 29996], Mecklenburg et al. 2011:131 [ref. 31212], Shinohara et al. 2011:57 [ref. 31715], Parin et al. 2014:542 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Leptosoma) [ref. 3146]. Neut. Leptosoma ater Nardo, 1827. Original not examined. Also in Isis, v. 20:482 (seen). Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Leptosoma Leach, 1819 in Crustacea; replaced by Spanius Gistel, 1848. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Platessa) [ref. 993]. Fem. Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Type by absolute tautonymy. On Offical List (Direction 33). •Objective synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Nielsen 1973:623 [ref. 6885], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:112 [ref. 21500], Evseenko 2003:S67 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:12 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:542 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Spanius) [ref. 1822]. Masc. Leptosoma ater Nardo, 1827. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Leptosoma Nardo, 1827, preoccupied by Leptosoma Leach, 1819 in Crustacea. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758 - European plaice [=Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus [C.], 1758:269, Pleuronectes platessa var. baltica Nilsson [S.], 1855:616, Pleuronectes borealis Faber [F.], 1828:244, Platessa latus Cuvier [G.], 1829:339, Platessa vulgaris Cloquet [H.], 1826:403 (v. 41)] Notes: [Systema Naturae, Ed. X v. 1; ref. 2787] European Seas. Current status: Valid as Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Baltic Sea, North Sea, western Mediterranean Sea, eastern North Atlantic: Iceland and Barents Sea south to northern Morocco. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (baltica) [Skandinavisk fauna; ref. 3205] Sund, Baltic Sea. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (borealis) [Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne, Kjöbenhavn v. 5 (no. 15); ref. 18075] Iceland; North and West Jutland and Kattegat, Denmark. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (latus) [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] France. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. (vulgaris) [Dictionnaire des sciences Naturelles; ref. 852] European seas. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: freshwater, brackish, marine. Species Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814 - Alaska plaice [=Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas [P. S.], 1814:423, Pleuronectes pallasii Steindachner [F.], 1879:163 [45], Pl. 2 (fig. 3)] Notes: [Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica v. 3; ref. 3351] Sea between Kamchatka, Russia and Alaska, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: North Pacific and adjacent Arctic. Habitat: marine. (pallasii) [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 80 (nos 1-2); ref. 4229] Kamchatka, Russia. Current status: Synonym of Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Psettichthys Girard, 1854 - righteye flounders [=Psettichthys Girard [C. F.], 1854:140] Notes: [ref. 1817]. Masc. Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, 1854. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Psettichthys Girard, 1854 -- (Norman 1934:310 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Sakamoto 1984:208 [ref. 5273], Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:68 [ref. 21500], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:708 [ref. 26711], Mecklenburg et al. 2002:820 [ref. 25968], Evseenko 2004:13 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Valid as Psettichthys Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, 1854 - Pacific sand sole [=Psettichthys melanostictus Girard [C. F.], 1854:140] Notes: [Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 7; ref. 1817] San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Current status: Valid as Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, 1854. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Eastern North Pacific. Habitat: marine.

GENUS Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862 - righteye flounders [=Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker [P.], 1862:428, Gareus (subgenus of Liopsetta) Hubbs [C. L.], 1915:486, Limandella (subgenus of Limanda) Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.], 1906:204] Notes: [ref. 388]. Masc. Pleuronectes planus Mitchill, 1814. Type by monotypy. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758, but a valid subgenus Pseudopleuronectes -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113, 116 [ref. 21500]). •Valid as Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862 -- (Norman 1934:342 [ref. 6893], Ahlstrom et al. 1984:643 [ref. 13641], Li & Wang 1995:241 [ref. 16193], Rass 1996:570 [ref. 24656], Cooper & Chapleau 1998:716 [ref. 26711], Evseenko 2003:S68 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:13 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:544 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Gareus) [ref. 2224]. Masc. Pleuronectes obscurus Herzenstein, 1890. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Liopsetta Gill, 1864 -- (Norman 1934:368 [ref. 6893], Li & Wang 1995:246 [ref. 16193] as Gareius). •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862 -- (Evseenko 2003:S68 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:13 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:544 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. (Limandella) [ref. 2532]. Fem. Pleuronectes yokohamae Günther, 1877. Type by original designation. •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 1758 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500]). •Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862 -- (Norman 1934:342 [ref. 6893], Li & Wang 1995:241 [ref. 16193], Evseenko 2003:S68 [ref. 28535], Evseenko 2004:13 [ref. 27606], Parin et al. 2014:544 [ref. 33547]). Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes Bleeker, 1862. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Species Pseudopleuroncetes americanus Walbaum, 1792 - winter flounder [=Pleuronectes americanus Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Schöpf), 1792:113, Pseudopleuronectes dignabilis Kendall [W. C.], 1912:392, Pl. 57, Pleuronectes planus Mitchill [S. L.], 1814:8, Platessa pusilla DeKay [J. E.], 1842:296, Pl. 47 (fig. 153)] Notes: [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated [Rhode Island, New York, U.S.A.]. Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Atlantic: coast of North America. Habitat: marine. (dignabilis) [Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 30 (Doc. 764) (for 1910); ref. 14848] Georges Bank, New England coast, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (planus) [Report, in part, of Samuel L. Mitchill; ref. 3030] New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (pusilla) [Zoology of New-York; ref. 1098] Shallow bays about New York, U.S.A. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. Species Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan & Snyder, 1901) - yellow-striped flounder [=Limanda herzensteini Jordan [D. S.] & Snyder [J. O.], 1901:746, Limanda angustirostris Jordan [D. S.] & Starks [E. C.] (ex Kitahara), 1906:208, Fig. 15, Pleuronectes japonicus Herzenstein [S. M.], 1890:130 [52], Limanda angustirostris var. maculosa Pavlenko [M. N.], 1910:58, Fig. 12] Notes: [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 23 (no. 1235); ref. 2504] Vladivostok, Russia; Hakodate, Japan. Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine. (angustirostris) [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 31 (no. 1484); ref. 2532] Aomori, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (japonicus) [Mélanges Biologiques, tirés du Bulletin physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg v. 13; ref. 18286] Vladivostok, Russia; Hakodate, Japan. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. (maculosa) [Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelej Imperatorskom' Kazanskom' Universiteti, Kazan v. 42 (no. 2); ref. 3393] Peter the Great Bay, Russia, Sea of Japan. Current status: Synonym of Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Jordan & Snyder, 1901). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine.

Species Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Herzenstein, 1890) - obscure righteye flounder [=Pleuronectes obscurus Herzenstein [S. M.], 1890:127 [49]] Notes: [Mélanges Biologiques, tirés du Bulletin physico-mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg v. 13; ref. 18286] Vladivostok, Russia; Japan. Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Herzenstein, 1890). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pseudopleuronectes schrenki (Schmidt, 1904) - cresthead flounder [=Limanda schrenki Schmidt [P. J.], 1904:235] Notes: [Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire; ref. 3946] Korsakov [Korsakovsky Post], Aniva Bay, southern Sea of Okhotsk; Kholmsk [Mauka], south-western Sakhalin Island, Sea of Japan. Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes schrenki (Schmidt, 1904). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

Species Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (Gunther, 1877) - righteye flounders [=Pleuronectes yokohamae Günther [A.], 1877:442] Notes: [Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 4) v. 20 (no. 119) (art. 56); ref. 2009] Yokohama Bay, Japan. Current status: Valid as Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (Günther, 1877). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Distribution: Western North Pacific. Habitat: brackish, marine.

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Unavailable names, uncertain taxa

(genera)

Inopsetta Jordan [D. S.] & Goss [D. K.] in Jordan 1885:924 [136] [United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, Report of the Commissioner v. 13 (1885); ref. 2385] Fem. Parophrys ischyrus Jordan & Gilbert 1880. Type by original designation (also monotypic). On p. 136 of separate. The type-species Parophrys ischyrus Jordan & Gilbert 1880 is thought to be a hybrid between Platichthys stellatus (Pallas 1788) and Parophrys vetulus Girard 1854. •Valid as Inopsetta Jordan & Goss 1885 -- (Norman 1934:375 [ref. 6893]). •Synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus 1758 and also Platichthys Girard 1854 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500] when type species is regarded as a hybrid). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:23 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Uncertain as Pleuronectes Linnaeus 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

Pluviopsetta Tanaka [S.] 1916:141 [Dobutsugaku Zasshi = Zoological Magazine Tokyo v. 28 (no. 330); ref. 4326] Fem. Pluviopsetta taniguchii Tanaka 1916. Type by monotypy. •Questionably a synonym of Pleuronectes Linnaeus 1758 -- (Lindberg & Fedorov 1993:113 [ref. 21500]). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:23 [ref. 27606]). Current status: Uncertain as Pleuronectes Linnaeus 1758. Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae.

(species) microstomus, Pleuronectes Faber [F.] 1828:245 [Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne, Kjöbenhavn v. 5 (no. 15); ref. 18075] No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. ponticus, Hippoglossus Bonaparte [C. L.] 1846:47 [Atti della Settima Adunanza degli Scienziati Italiani Sesta Riunione, Milano 7a Adunanza, Napoli, Part 2; ref. 519] No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. septentrionalis, Hippoglossus Thon [F.] in Ersch & Gruber 1831:335 [Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Wissenschaften Part 8; ref. 19965] May be an unneeded replacement name for Pleuronectes hippoglossus Linnaeus 1758. •Unavailable name in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:29 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. passerus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] 1824:231 [Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale, medicina, ed arti. (series 2) v. 7; ref. 3144] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. Appeared as Pleuronectes Hippoglossoides ovvero [or] Passerus nobis. Possibly based on Pleuronectes passer of earlier authors. ischyrus, Parophrys Jordan [D. S.] & Gilbert [C. H.] 1880:276 [Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 3 (no. 147); ref. 10580] Seattle harbor, Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. Syntypes: (4) USNM 27266 (orig. 3, now 2). Parophrys ischyrus Jordan & Gilbert 1880 is thought to be a hybrid between Platichthys stellatus (Pallas 1788) and Parophrys vetulus Girard 1854. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. oshorensis, Pseudoplatichthys Hikita [T.] 1934:189 [English p. 11], Pl. 2 (figs. 1-2) [Bulletin of the School of Fisheries Hokkaido v. 4; ref. 2160] Oshoro, Hokkaido, Japan. Syntypes: (2). This species is thought to be a hybrid between Platichthys stellatus (Pallas 1788) and Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky 1855). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. Habitat: marine. achirus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:158 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] India orientali. No types known. Described independently of and preoccupied by Pleuronectes achirus Linnaeus 1758; objectively invalid. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

albus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:159 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Ambon Island, Molucca, Indonesia. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. annulatus, Pleuronectes solea var. Walbaum [J. J.] (ex Gronow) 1792:110 [Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium Part 3; ref. 4572] No locality stated. No types known. Based on 'Pleuronectes oblongus, laevis ... of Growow 1763:75 , no. 255 [ref. 1910]. See also Pleuronectes barbatus Bonnaterre 1788. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. apoda, Pleuronectes Mitchill [S. L.] 1818:244 [American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review v. 2 (no. 4) (art. 1); ref. 17774] Straits of Bahamas, Atlantic. No types known. Achiridae. Habitat: marine. aramaca, Pleuronectes Cuvier [G.] 1829:341 [Le Règne Animal (Edition 2) v. 2; ref. 995] Brazil. Available from footnote as, "Pl. aramaca, N., Margr., 181, ..." •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. argenteus, Pleuronectes Shaw [G.] 1803:308 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Indian Seas. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:27 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. barbatus, Pleuronectes Bonnaterre [J. P.] (ex Gronow) 1788:74 [Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature... Ichthyologie; ref. 4940] Locality unknown. No types known. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:344 [ref. 25922]. Based on 'Pleuronectes oblongus, laevis ... of Growow 1763:75 , no. 255 [ref. 1910]. See also Pleuronectes annulatus Walbaum 1792. •Unidentifiable -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:344 [ref. 25922]). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606] based on placement of barbatus Shaw 1803). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

barbatus, Pleuronectes Shaw [G.] 1803:309 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Locality unknown. No types known. Objectively invalid; preoccupied by Pleuronectes barbatus Bonnaterre 1788; apparently based on Gronow -- the same source as Bonnaterre's name. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. cynoglossus, Pleuronectes Nilsson [S.] 1832:53 [Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae; ref. 3204] •Apparently appeared first as Pleuroncetes cynoglossus in Nilsson 1829:401 [ref. 18475] -- needs investigation. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. fasciatus, Pleuronectes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:91 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] East Indies. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. innominatus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:xxxv, 163 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] North America. The word innominatus appears in the index (p.xxxv) referring to unnamed species (f.) described on p. 163. Apparently not a new name proposal, but rather an indication that the indexer did not find a name for this species. •Unavailable in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. luctuosa, Solea Valenciennes [A.] (ex Guichenot) 1850:107 [Histoire naturelle des reptiles et poissons; ref. 1940] Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:325 [ref. 25922] but wrongly with a holotype [MNHN 0000-3222] implying availability. Not available, museum name mentioned in passing in the account of Pleuronectes angulatus Guichenot 1850. maculosus, Pleuronectes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:89 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] American seas. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. mancus, Pleuronectes lunatus var. Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:154 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Perhaps not an original description, same as Pleuronectes mancus [now Bothus mancus] Broussonet 1782. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. microstomus, Pleuronectes Faber [F.] 1828:245 [Tidsskrift for naturvidenskaberne, Kjöbenhavn v. 5 (no. 15); ref. 18075] No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. minutus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 121 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Venice, Italy, Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. Apparently available as above, overlooked. See also Ninni 1872:62 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. monochirus, Pleuronectes Lichtenstein [M. H. C.] 1823:114 [Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoologischen Museums der Königl. Universität zu Berlin, nebst Beschreibung...; ref. 17525] Brazil. Try ZMB for type(s). Apparently an available overlooked name. passarinus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 121 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:59 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. •Unavailable name in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:29 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae: Pleuronectinae. passerus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] 1824:231 [Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale, medicina, ed arti. (series 2) v. 7; ref. 3144] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. Appeared as Pleuronectes Hippoglossoides ovvero [or] Passerus nobis. Possibly based on Pleuronectes passer of earlier authors. pictus, Pleuronectes Forster [J. R.] in Bloch & Schneider 1801:161 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Not available, manuscript name mentioned in account of Pleuronectes spinosus. Based on description and drawing in manuscript by Forster (Johann Reinhold Forster, 1729-1798, German explorer and naturalist of Cook's second voyage). •Nomen nudum in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:29 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. pilosus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 121 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:63 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. pola, Pleuronectes Gistel [J.] 1848:105 [Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs; ref. 1822] Apparently no distinguishing features, not available. •Unavailable name in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:29 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. psetta, Pleuronectes Forsskål [P. S.] 1775:xix [Descriptiones animalium (Forsskål); ref. 1351] Not available, name only; from Malta. quadridens, Pleuronectes Fabricius [O.] 1824 [Det Kongelige Danske videnskabernes Selskabs naturvidenskabelige og mathemastiske afhandlinger København: Munksgaard (Series 4) v. 1; ref. 17474]

quadridens, Pleuronectes Faber [F.] 1828:884 [Isis (Oken) v. 21 (no. 8); ref. 18076] Iceland. No types known. Apparently described first in Fabricius 1824 (still researching). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. quenselii, Pleuronectes Hollberg [L.] 1821:59 [Goetheborgs Kongliga Wettenskaps- och Witterhets-Samhaellets nya handlingar. v. 4; ref. 18304] No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. rhombeus, Pleuronectes Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.] 1801:145 [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] No locality. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine.

rhomboides, Pleuronectes Cuvier [G.] 1816:222 [Le Règne Animal v. 2; ref. 993] No locality. No types known. Type catalog: Desoutter et al. 2001:339 [ref. 25922]. In footnote 2, as "pl. rhomboides, Rondel. 313." •Unidentifiable -- (Desoutter et al. 2001:339 [ref. 25922]). •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. rondeletii, Pleuronectes Shaw [G.] 1803:307 [General zoology or systematic natural history v. 4; ref. 4014] Marseille, France, western Mediterranean Sea. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. rostratus, Pleuronectes Gronow [L. T.] in Gray 1854:89 [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Indian Ocean. No types known. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. saxatilis, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 121 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:57 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid. solea, Pleuronectoides Nardo [G. D.] 1824:233 [Giornale di fisica, chimica e storia naturale, medicina, ed arti. (series 2) v. 7; ref. 3144] Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea). No types known. Apparently an overlooked genus and species, not Pleuronectes solea Linnaeus, which Nardo treats on p. 232. Renamed Leptosoma ater in Nardo 1827:32, 39 [ref. 3146]. •Incertae sedis in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:28 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. Habitat: marine. striatopinnatus, Pleuronectes Tilesius [W. G. von] 1805:443 [Voigt's "Magaziin Naturkunde" v. 9 (no. 5) (art. 11); ref. 19843] Originally as strato-pinnatus. Not available, no distinguishing features. •Unavailable name in Pleuronectidae -- (Evseenko 2004:29 [ref. 27606]). Pleuronectidae. uniporrus, Pleuronectes Nardo [G. D.] (ex Chiereghini) 1847:col. 121 [Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: ...; ref. 17994] Not available, Chiereghini name mentioned in synonymy. Also not available from Ninni 1872:62 [ref. 17995] where Chiereghini manuscript is quoted but name not treated as valid.