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In Canada's Offshore Pacific Bioregion

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In Canada's Offshore Pacific Bioregion Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2016/034 Pacific Region Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in Canada’s Offshore Pacific Bioregion Stephen Ban1, Janelle M. R. Curtis2, Candice St. Germain3, R. Ian Perry2, Thomas W. Therriault2 11121 McKenzie Street Victoria, BC V8V 2W1 2Pacific Biological Station Fisheries and Oceans Canada 3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7 3Institute for Ocean Sciences 9860 West Saanich Road Sidney, BC V8L 5T5 June 2016 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada. As such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time frames required and the documents it contains are not intended as definitive statements on the subjects addressed but rather as progress reports on ongoing investigations. Research documents are produced in the official language in which they are provided to the Secretariat. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat 200 Kent Street Ottawa ON K1A 0E6 http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/ [email protected] © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2016 ISSN 1919-5044 Correct citation for this publication: Ban, S., Curtis, J.M.R., St. Germain, C., Perry, R. I., and Therriault, T.W. 2016. Identification of Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in Canada’s Offshore Pacific Bioregion. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. 2016/034. x + 152 p. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ ix RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................... x 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 2 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ................................................................................................. 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 7 2.2 LOCATION .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 FEATURE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATED AREA ...........................................12 2.4 FEATURE CONDITION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE EVALUATED AREA ......14 2.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA AGAINST CBD EBSA CRITERIA ..............................16 2.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................18 3 SEAMOUNTS ...................................................................................................................19 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................19 3.2 LOCATION .................................................................................................................23 3.3 FEATURE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATED AREA ...........................................25 3.4 FEATURE CONDITION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE EVALUATED AREA ......34 3.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA AGAINST CBD EBSA CRITERIA ..............................37 3.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................41 4 CONTINENTAL SLOPE ....................................................................................................42 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................42 4.2 LOCATION .................................................................................................................44 4.3 FEATURE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATED AREA ...........................................47 4.3.1 Fish species .........................................................................................................47 4.4 FEATURE CONDITION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE EVALUATED AREA ......50 4.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA AGAINST CBD EBSA CRITERIA ..............................55 4.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................57 5 BATHYPELAGIC AND ABYSSAL ZONE ..........................................................................57 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................57 5.2 LOCATION .................................................................................................................58 5.3 FEATURE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATED AREA ...........................................61 5.3.1 Fish assemblages ................................................................................................62 5.3.2 Other species.......................................................................................................63 5.4 FEATURE CONDITION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE EVALUATED AREA ......64 5.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA AGAINST CBD EBSA CRITERIA ..............................66 5.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................67 6 PELAGIC AND SURFACE WATERS ................................................................................68 6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................68 6.2 LOCATION .................................................................................................................72 6.3 FEATURE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVALUATED AREA ...........................................72 iii 6.3.1 Plankton ...............................................................................................................74 6.3.2 Other invertebrates ..............................................................................................75 6.3.3 Fishes ..................................................................................................................76 6.3.4 Marine mammals .................................................................................................76 6.3.5 Seabirds ..............................................................................................................77 6.3.6 Top predators ......................................................................................................80 6.4 FEATURE CONDITION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK OF THE EVALUATED AREA ......87 6.4.1 Climate change ....................................................................................................87 6.4.2 Fishing .................................................................................................................88 6.5 ASSESSMENT OF THE AREA AGAINST CBD EBSA CRITERIA ..............................90 6.6 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................94 7 SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED EBSAS .................................................................................96 7.1 CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN EBSAS ..........................................................................96 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................98 9 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................98 APPENDIX ..............................................................................................................................122 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Correspondence between DFO (2004) and CBD (2008) EBSA criteria. ..................... 2 Table 1.2 The CBD evaluation template, modified to include DFO criteria. ................................ 3 Table 2.1. Location and feature information for hydrothermal vent fields within Canada’s Offshore Pacific Bioregion (Beaulieu 2010). ............................................................................... 9 Table 3.1. Ecosystem evaluation framework (EEF) for Cobb Seamount, Bowie Seamount, Dellwood, Heck and Union Seamounts, and all other seamounts in the Offshore Pacific Bioregion. ..................................................................................................................................20 Table 3.2. Temperature and oxygen at-depth of named seamounts estimated from World Ocean Atlas (2013) data. ......................................................................................................................22 Table 3.3. Indicator species of vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) observed on or collected from Cobb Seamount during the past five decades (Du Preez et al. 2015). ..............................27 Table 3.4. Taxa observed on Cobb Seamount and included on CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendix II or the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) Red List. ..................................................27 Table 3.5. List of rockfish species observed at Bowie Seamount. .............................................30 Table 3.6. Seamounts where commercial fishing activity was known to have occurred (X) between 1983 and 2014. Source: L. Lacko (DFO, Nanaimo, B.C., personal communication, 2014). .......................................................................................................................................36 Table 4.1. Submarine canyon
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