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Combating Iuu CWP-23/Inf.3 E COORDINATING WORKING PARTY ON FISHERY STATISTICS Twenty-third Session Hobart, Tasmania. 22-26 February 2010 COMBATING IUU Author: OECD W0000 2 Fish Piracy « COMBATING ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING Fish Piracy Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a worldwide problem which is increasing in scale. But the inter- national community lacks hard evidence because IUU fishing activities are camouflaged and information and data are therefore often anecdotal. Establishing the extent of IUU fishing and its impact on resources is a cru- cial issue, and regional fisheries management organisations and the NGO community can play a vital role in provi- ding information and data to governments and international institutions. COMBATING ILLEGAL, IUU fishing is an economic activity that will continue to exist as long as it is profitable. It is therefore important to better understand the social and economic factors that drive IUU fishing in order to identify more effective Fish Piracy UNREPORTED AND methods to combat this evil. This was the aim of the April 2004 OECD workshop on IUU fishing. The workshop looked at the various means available for deterring IUU fishing and sought to understand the costs and benefits of UNREGULATED FISHING alternative strategies. Previous efforts of dealing with IUU fishing have produced meagre results, so new approaches are needed. The workshop asked whether existing institutions are capable of dealing with this often concealed, cross-border activity, and proposed new and alternative ways to deal with it. IUU fishing is a global environmental, economic and social threat. The international community and the countries FISHING AND UNREGULATED ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED COMBATING most heavily involved need to consolidate their efforts and go beyond national interests if they are to succeed in ensuring the sustainability of the world’s fisheries resources for future generations. OECD's books, periodicals and statistical databases are now available via www.SourceOECD.org, our online library. This book is available to subscribers to the following SourceOECD themes: Agriculture and Food Environment and Sustainable Development Ask your librarian for more details on how to access OECD books on line, or write to us at [email protected] www.oecd.org ISBN 92-64-01679-1 53 2004 02 1 P -:HSTCQE=UV[\^]: cover-.fm Page 1 Wednesday, August 4, 2004 4:44 PM 'JTIÁ1JSBDZ $0.#"5*/(Á*--&("- Á 6/3&1035&%Á"/%Á6/3&(6-"5&% '*4)*/( ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT cover-.fm Page 2 Friday, July 23, 2004 4:13 PM Á 03("/*4"5*0/Á'03Á&$0/0.*$Á$001&3"5*0/ Á"/%Á%&7&-01.&/5 Á1VSTVBOUÁUPÁ"SUJDMFÁÁPGÁUIFÁ$POWFOUJPOÁTJHOFEÁJOÁ1BSJTÁPOÁUIÁ%FDFNCFSÁ ÁBOEÁXIJDIÁDBNF JOUP GPSDFÁPOÁUIÁ4FQUFNCFSÁ ÁUIFÁ0SHBOJTBUJPOÁGPSÁ&DPOPNJDÁ$PPQFSBUJPOÁBOEÁ%FWFMPQNFOUÁÉ0&$% TIBMMÁQSPNPUFÁQPMJDJFTÁEFTJHOFE o UPÁBDIJFWFÁUIFÁIJHIFTUÁTVTUBJOBCMFÁFDPOPNJDÁHSPXUIÁBOEÁFNQMPZNFOUÁBOEÁBÁSJTJOHÁTUBOEBSEÁPG MJWJOHÁJOÁNFNCFSÁDPVOUSJFT ÁXIJMFÁNBJOUBJOJOHÁGJOBODJBMÁTUBCJMJUZ ÁBOEÁUIVTÁUPÁDPOUSJCVUFÁUPÁUIF EFWFMPQNFOUÁPGÁUIFÁXPSMEÁFDPOPNZ o UPÁDPOUSJCVUFÁUPÁTPVOEÁFDPOPNJDÁFYQBOTJPOÁJOÁNFNCFSÁBTÁXFMMÁBTÁOPONFNCFSÁDPVOUSJFTÁJOÁUIF QSPDFTTÁPGÁFDPOPNJDÁEFWFMPQNFOUÁBOE o UPÁ DPOUSJCVUFÁ UPÁ UIFÁ FYQBOTJPOÁ PGÁ XPSMEÁ USBEFÁ POÁ BÁ NVMUJMBUFSBM Á OPOEJTDSJNJOBUPSZÁ CBTJTÁ JO BDDPSEBODFÁXJUIÁJOUFSOBUJPOBMÁPCMJHBUJPOT Á 5IFÁ PSJHJOBMÁ NFNCFSÁ DPVOUSJFTÁ PGÁ UIFÁ 0&$%Á BSFÁ "VTUSJB Á #FMHJVN Á $BOBEB Á %FONBSL Á 'SBODF (FSNBOZ Á (SFFDF Á *DFMBOE Á *SFMBOE Á *UBMZ Á -VYFNCPVSH Á UIFÁ /FUIFSMBOET Á /PSXBZ Á 1PSUVHBM Á 4QBJO 4XFEFO Á 4XJU[FSMBOE Á 5VSLFZ Á UIFÁ 6OJUFEÁ ,JOHEPNÁ BOEÁ UIFÁ 6OJUFEÁ 4UBUFTÁ 5IFÁ GPMMPXJOHÁ DPVOUSJFT CFDBNFÁ NFNCFSTÁ TVCTFRVFOUMZÁ UISPVHIÁ BDDFTTJPOÁ BUÁ UIFÁ EBUFTÁ JOEJDBUFEÁ IFSFBGUFSÁ +BQBO ÉUI "QSJM Á'JOMBOEÁÉUIÁ+BOVBSZÁ Á"VTUSBMJBÁÉUIÁ+VOFÁ Á/FXÁ;FBMBOEÁÉUIÁ.BZÁ .FYJDPÁ ÉUIÁ .BZÁ Á UIFÁ $[FDIÁ 3FQVCMJDÁ ÉTUÁ %FDFNCFSÁ Á )VOHBSZÁ ÉUIÁ .BZÁ Á 1PMBOE ÉOE /PWFNCFSÁ Á,PSFBÁÉUIÁ%FDFNCFSÁ ÁBOEÁUIFÁ4MPWBLÁ3FQVCMJDÁÉUIÁ%FDFNCFSÁ Á5IF $PNNJTTJPOÁ PGÁ UIFÁ &VSPQFBOÁ $PNNVOJUJFTÁ UBLFTÁ QBSUÁ JOÁ UIFÁ XPSLÁ PGÁ UIFÁ 0&$%Á É"SUJDMFÁ Á PGÁ UIF 0&$% $POWFOUJPO ¦Á0&$%Á 1FSNJTTJPOÁ UPÁ SFQSPEVDFÁ BÁ QPSUJPOÁ PGÁ UIJTÁ XPSLÁ GPSÁ OPODPNNFSDJBMÁ QVSQPTFTÁ PSÁ DMBTTSPPNÁ VTFÁ TIPVMEÁ CFÁ PCUBJOFEÁ UISPVHIÁ UIFÁ $FOUSFÁ GSBO¡BJT EÈFYQMPJUBUJPOÁEVÁESPJUÁEFÁDPQJFÁÉ$'$ Á ÁSVFÁEFTÁ(SBOET"VHVTUJOT ÁÁ1BSJT Á'SBODF ÁUFMÁÉ ÁÁÁÁ ÁGBYÁÉ ÁÁÁÁ ÁGPSÁFWFSZÁDPVOUSZÁFYDFQU UIFÁ 6OJUFEÁ 4UBUFTÁ Á *OÁ UIFÁ 6OJUFEÁ 4UBUFTÁ QFSNJTTJPOÁ TIPVMEÁ CFÁ PCUBJOFEÁ UISPVHIÁ UIFÁ $PQZSJHIUÁ $MFBSBODFÁ $FOUFS Á $VTUPNFSÁ 4FSWJDF Á É 3PTFXPPEÁ%SJWF Á%BOWFST Á."ÁÁ64" ÁPSÁ$$$Á0OMJOFÁXXXDPQZSJHIUDPNÁ"MMÁPUIFSÁBQQMJDBUJPOTÁGPSÁQFSNJTTJPOÁUPÁSFQSPEVDFÁPSÁUSBOTMBUFÁBMMÁPSÁQBSU PGÁUIJTÁCPPLÁTIPVMEÁCFÁNBEFÁUPÁ0&$%Á1VCMJDBUJPOT Á SVF "OESÏ1BTDBM ÁÁ1BSJTÁ$FEFYÁ Á'SBODF FOREWORD In its 2003-2005 programme of work, the OECD’s Committee for Fisheries decided to undertake research examining illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing issues. As part of the project, the Committee hosted a Workshop which took place in Paris on 19-20 April 2004. The Workshop was attended by 120 participants and included representatives from OECD Member and non-member countries, as well as international governmental and non-governmental organisations. The Workshop was made possible by funding from a number of OECD Member countries. The Committee for Fisheries will continue the analytical work on illegal, unreported and unregulated fisheries issues and plans to publish its findings in 2005. The views and opinions expressed in these Proceedings are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the OECD Committee for Fisheries or the OECD Member countries. It is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Acknowledgements The OECD and the Committee for Fisheries express appreciation to all participants for contributing to the success of the Workshop on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Activities. This publication has been made possible through voluntary funding by a number of OECD Member countries. It has been prepared and edited by Kathleen Gray, Fiona Legg and Emily Andrews-Chouicha. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 9 KEY OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS 11 PART I – OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF PLAY ON ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING 17 Chapter 1: Regulating IUU Fishing or Combating IUU Operations? 19 Olav Schram Stokke and Davor Vidas Chapter 2: Global Review of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Issues: What's the Problem? 49 David A. Balton Chapter 3: IUU Fishing and State Control over Nationals 51 David A. Balton Chapter 4: Dealing with the "Bad Actors"of Ocean Fisheries 57 David A. Balton PART II – COMPILING THE EVIDENCE 65 Chapter 5: Using Trade and Market Information to Assess IUU Fishing Activities 67 Anna Willock Chapter 6: Flags of Convenience, Transhipment, Re-supply and At-Sea Infrastructure in Relation to IUU Fishing 79 Matthew Gianni and Walt Simpson Chapter 7: Patagonian Toothfish – The Storm Gathers 105 Dr. Denzil G.M. Miller Chapter 8: Gathering Data on Unreported Activities in Indian Ocean Tuna Fisheries 147 Alejandro Anganuzzi Chapter 9: Estimation of Unreported Catches by ICCAT 155 Victor R. Restrepo Chapter 10: IUU Fishing in the NEAFC Area: How Big is the Problem and What Have We Done? 159 Kjartan Hoydal 5 PART III – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DRIVERS OF IUU FISHING 167 Chapter 11: Economic Aspects and Drivers of IUU Fishing: Building a Framework 169 David J. Agnew and Colin T. Barnes Chapter 12: The Cost of Being Apprehended for Fishing Illegally: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications 201 U.R. Sumaila, J. Alder and H. Keith Chapter 13: The Social Dimensions of IUU Fishing 231 Jon Whitlow Chapter 14: Incentives for Investment in IUU Fishing Capacity 239 Aaron Hatcher Chapter 15: Efforts to Eliminate IUU Large-scale Tuna Longline Vessels 255 Katsuma Hanafusa and Nobuyuki Yagi Chapter 16: ILO Submission to the Workshop on IUU Fishing Activities 281 Brandt Wagner Chapter 17: IUU Fishing and the Cost to Flag of Convenience Countries 285 Matthew Gianni PART IV – WAYS OF COMBATING IUU FISHING 289 Chapter 18: Advances in Port State Control Measures 291 Terje Lobach Chapter 19: Potential Link Between IUU Fishing and the Status of Safety-Related Instruments Applicable to Fishing Vessels and Fishers 309 Brice Martin-Castex Chapter 20: Enforcement and Surveillance: What Are Our Technical Capacities and How Much Are We Willing to Pay? 311 Serge Beslier Chapter 21: Working Together - What Industry Can Do to Help 317 Martin Exel Chapter 22: Private Initiatives: A Possible Way Forward? 319 Hiroya Sano and Yuichiro Harada Chapter 23: Promoting Corporate Responsibility: the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 325 Kathryn Gordon 6 Chapter 24: What Role for RFMOs? 329 Denzil G.M. Miller Chapter 25: The Development and Enforcement of National Plans of Action: The Spanish Case 331 Ignacio Escobar Chapter 26: OECD Instruments and IUU Fishing 333 Ursula A. Wynhoven Chapter 27: Measures Taken by Chinese Taipei in Combating FOC/IUU Fishing 365 David Chang Chapter 28: Halting IUU Fishing: Enforcing International Fisheries Agreements 369 Kelly Rigg, Rémi Parmentier and Duncan Currie ANNEX – BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS, SPEAKERS AND SESSION CHAIRS 401 7 INTRODUCTION The issue of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing has moved to the forefront of the international fisheries policy agenda in recent years. Governments around the world have recognised the negative effects of IUU fishing activities
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