Participation of Myanmar Females in Science and Arts : Gender Impact of Science and Arts at University of Yangon

Dr Mya Kay Thi Aung Lecturer Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar (27-8-2015) Participation of Myanmar Females in Science and Arts : Gender Impact of Science and Arts at University of Yangon ABSTRACT Once ago, especially in education, Myanmar females have been kept at home for looking after younger siblings and older people so most of Myanmar females in the previous time were illiterate. However, at present, they have better opportunities of enrollment in education. In this present study of education in Myanmar, compared to the ratio of Myanmar population, more women than men, are found in most of the educational sectors as not only the learners of higher education, but also as the outstanding scientists as well as professionals. The main targeted groups of concern in gender analysis are both science and arts of teaching staff as well as researchers and outstanding undergraduate students in University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar between 2013 and 2015. Resembling the dominance of women in our country’s population, the female educators in our university also outweigh these of males in almost all of the sectors even though most of the top administrators are men. All in all, most of the males in the majority of the professional institutes have much better opportunities in enrolling these institutes or universities. Thus, males have better opportunities regarding with their matriculation marks for university entrees in almost all fields of studies in any institutes. 2 Keywords: Myanmar, females, illiterate, education, researchers

OUTLINE

BACKGROUND OF MYANMAR

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN MYANMAR

TEACHING STAFF AND STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF YANGON

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

3 MYANMAR

Republic of LOCATION India People’s latitudes 09°32’ and 28°31’ N People’s Republic of longitudes 92°10’ and 101°11’ E Republic China of AREA Bangladesh 261228 square miles Lao (676,578 square kilometres) Peoples’ LAND AREA The Bay of Republic Bengal The largest country in Southeast Asia

Thailand POPULATION Andaman Sea The fifth largest country

STANDARD TIME six hours and thirty minutes ahead of GMT 4 2014 CENSUS Females - 26,598,244 Female Male Males - 24,821,176 Population Population 51.8% 48.2% MYANMAR Summary Statistics Region South-Eastern Asia Currency Kyat (MMK)

Surface area (square kilometres) 676578

Population in 2012 (estimated, 000) 52797

Population density in 2012 (per square 78.0 kilometre)

Capital city and population in 2011 (000) Nay Pyi Taw (1060)

United Nations membership date 19 April 1948 6 Myanmar Population 2015

 Burma, or the Republic of the Union of Myanmar shortened to

Myanmar, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia.

 Myanmar is the 24th most populous country in the world, and

the 40th largest country by area, with an estimated population

of 53.7 million.

7 GENERAL SITUATION OF WOMEN IN MYANMAR

The Status of Women in Myanmar  has always been high since the days of Pyu Kingdom (from 5th to 9th Century A D)  no social inequalities can be discerned between men and women  no discrimination based on culture, class or colour although there are regional differences based on local customs  From childhood, young Myanmar girls are trained to undertake work in and around the house

8 STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM Myanmar: Structure of the Education (2015) Education Structure BASIC EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION

Age 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ Computer Science Grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Economics Primary Middle High Education Nursing Paramedical Pharmaceutical Community Health Veterinay Science Agriculture Forestry Dental Engineering Medicine UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES Arts and Science Universities Degree Colleges University of Distance Education University (Law) 1st Degree / (Honours) Post Graduate Degrees Master /M. Res 9 Doctorate Degrees EDUCATION Years of schooling

Primary - 5 secondary (lower) - 4 eleven years secondary ( Higher ) - 2

Basic Education High School Examination

Total Number of Students Completing Secondary School (46.8% Are Females)

Institutes of Higher Education

10 EDUCATION OF MYANMAR WOMEN

PREVIOUS  Girls were kept at home to do the housework and to look after younger siblings  the ability to read and write was considered “ornamental” and most of Myanmar women were illiterate  "Education for All" by the Year 2000

AT PRESENT  no gender gap at any level in the developing regions 11 Education

. The schools in Myanmar are basically "FEMININE SETTINGS " . Most teachers are women

According to the statistics from DBE

% OF WOMEN TEACHERS

Primary - 72.9% Secondary (Lower) - 72.9% Secondary ( Higher ) - 70.5%

DBE = Department of Basic Education 12 Myanmar Female Participations in Science

 participation of Myanmar females have been increasing in education 13

VISION AND MISSION 'To create an education system that will generate a learning society capable of facing the challenges of the Knowledge Age‘

MOTTO

'To Build a Modern Developed Country Through Education‘ 14 RATE OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENCE (31-12-2013)

UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE) (31-12-2013) PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES PROFESS ASSOCIATE ASSISTANT DEMONSTRATORS/TU LECTURERS TOTAL ORS PROFESSORS LECTURERS TORS LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES No DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES MA FEMAL MAL MALES FEMALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES LES ES ES 50 44 1 CHEMISTRY 0 5 0 4 4 44 2 20 1 1 7 74 45

2 PHYSICS 0 2 4 2 4 33 4 34 4 3 16 74 40 35 35 33 34 3 MATHEMATICS 1 1 3 3 3 22 1 6 0 0 8 32 30 4 ZOOLOGY 0 2 0 3 0 29 2 31 2 13 4 78 25

5 BOTANY 1 2 2 4 3 22 1 35 0 6 7 69 20

6 GEOLOGY 3 0 0 0 1 2 4 4 0 0 8 6 15

INDUSTRIAL 10 7 CHEMISTRY 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 3 0 12 5 COMPUTER 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 0 0 1 8 SCIENCE 0

9 METERIOLOGY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 BOIOTECH 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 ECONOMICS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Figure:1 Rate of Female Participation in Science TOTAL 5 14 9 17 16 320 14 139 7 26 51 353 (31-12-2013) RATE OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN ARTS (31-12-2013)

UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN ARTS) (30-6-2013) PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES PROFESS ASSOCIATE ASSISTANT DEMONSTRAT LECTURER TOTAL ORS PROFESSOR LECTURER ORS/TUTORS LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES No DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES

MALE FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MALES FEMALES S DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES

30 27 1 MYANMAR 1 0 1 3 4 18 2 12 0 3 8 36

2 ENGLISH 0 3 0 1 3 11 0 15 0 1 3 31 25 22

GEOGRAPHY 3 2 0 0 2 2 22 0 6 0 1 4 31 20 18

4 HISTORY 0 3 0 4 3 27 2 13 0 2 5 49 15 15 5 PHILOSOPHY 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 1 2 8 10 6 PSYCHOLOGY 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 3 5 7 LAW 0 3 0 0 1 6 0 2 0 4 1 15

ORIENTAL 0 8 SCIENCE 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 7

INTERNATIONAL 9 RELATIONSHIP 0 3 0 1 0 9 3 6 0 6 3 25

10 ANTHROPOLOGY 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 11

11 ARCHAEOLOGY 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 1 7 3

LIBRARY 12 AND 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 4 0 0 2 11 Figure:2 Rate of Female Participation in Arts LITERATURE (31-12-2013) TOTAL 4 17 1 13 17 115 15 65 1 20 38 230 PROFESSORS Professor Numbers of Each Department of Science and Arts MALES FEMALES MYANMAR 1 1 in University of Yangon (31-12-2013) ENGLISH 0 3 GEOGRAPHY 1 1 12 HISTORY 0 3 9 PHILOSOPHY 0 2 10 PSYCHOLOGY 0 2 9 LAW 0 3 ORIENTAL 8 PROFESSORS(31-12-2013) 0 2 SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 6 0 3 5 RELATIONSHIP ANTHROPOLOGY 0 2 4

ARCHAEOLOGY 1 9 2 LIBRARY AND 0 9 FEMALES LITERATURE CHEMISTRY 0 5 0 MALES PHYSICS 0 2

MATHEMATICS 0 2 LAW PHYSICS

ZOOLOGY 0 2 BOTANY

HISTORY

ENGLISH

GEOLOGY ZOOLOGY

BOTANY 1 2 BOIOTECH

MYANMAR

CHEMISTRY

ECONOMICS

GEOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHY

GEOLOGY 2 0 PSYCHOLOGY

METERIOLOGY MATHEMATICS INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

0 2 ANTHROPOLOGY

CHEMISTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ORIENTALSCIENCE

COMPUTER COMPUTER SCIENCE 0 0

SCIENCE INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

METERIOLOGY 0 0 LIBRARYAND LITERATURE BOIOTECH 0 0

ECONOMICS 0 0 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0

Figure:3 Number of Professors in each department of Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2013) UNIVERSITY OF YAGON (SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (31-12-2013)

PROFESSORS MALES PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS MALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES LECTURERS MALES LECTURERS FEMALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS MALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS MALES DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES

50 44 45 40 33 34 35 35 27 30 25 22

20 18 15 15 10 5 0

Figure:4 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2013) 18 UNIVERSITY OF YAGON (SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (31-12-2014)

30 26 23 25 22 19 20 17 15 15

Figure:5 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2014) 19 UNIVERSITY OF YAGON(SUMMARY OF FEMALE TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS)(31-12-2014)

PROFESSORS FEMALES ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS FEMALES LECTURERS FEMALES ASSISTANT LECTURERS FEMALES 45 41 DEMONSTRATORS/TUTORS FEMALES 40 38 37 37 36 35

30 26 25 23 22 20 19 17 15 15

Figure:6 Summary of Female Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (31-12-2014) UNIVERSITY OF YAGON (SUMMARY OF TEACHING STAFF IN SCIENCE AND ARTS) (30-6-2015)

60 52 50 49 46 50 45 43 36 40 35

Figure:7 Summary of Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon (30-6-2015) PARTICIPATION 100 FEMALE 90 AS TEACHING STAFF AT 80 YANGON UNIVERSITY 70 2013 60 2014 50 2015 MYANMAR ENGLISH 40 2013 FEMALES GEOGRAPHY HISTORY 30 PHILOSOPHY PSYCHOLOGY LAW 20 ORIENTAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP 10 ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY 0 LIBRARY AND LITERATURE CHEMISTRY

PHYSICS LAW

MATHEMATICS PHYSICS

ZOOLOGY BOTANY

ENGLISH

HISTORY

GEOLOGY ZOOLOGY

BOTANY BOIOTECH MYANMAR

GEOLOGY CHEMISTRY

GEOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHY

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY PSYCHOLOGY

METERIOLOGY MATHEMATICS

COMPUTER SCIENCE ARCHAEOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY

METERIOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL BOIOTECH ORIENTALSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPUTERSCIENCE

MYANMAR INDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY MYANMAR LIBRARYLITERATUREAND ENGLISH 2015 FEMALES ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY 2014 FEMALES INTERNATIONALRELATIONSHIP HISTORY HISTORY

PHILOSOPHY PHILOSOPHY

PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY

LAW LAW

ORIENTAL SCIENCE ORIENTAL SCIENCE

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP ANTHROPOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY

LIBRARY AND LIBRARY AND LITERATURE LITERATURE CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY

PHYSICS PHYSICS

MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS

ZOOLOGY Figure:8 Summary of Female Teaching Staff in Science and Arts at University of Yangon22 Between 2013 and 2015 The Educational Pathway for Teaching Staff at University of Yangon(2015)

11.13% Lecturers Males 88.87% Females (431) (54)

17.89% 82.11% of Females (156) Demonstrators/Tutors Males (34)

15.91% 84.09% Females (74) Assistant Lecturers Males (14) 13.95% 86.05% Females Males (6) Professors (37) 22.22% 77.78% Males (8) Females Associate Professors (28) Professor Associate Professor Lecturer Assistant Lecturer Demonstrator/Tutor 23 24 2013 BSc/BA MALES 2013 BSc/BA FEMALES

50 40 30 20 10 0

2014 BSc/BA 2014 BSc/BA 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

2015 BSc/BA MALES 2015 BSc/BA FEMALES

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Figure:9 Summary of Undergraduate Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015 25 PhD Students at University of Yangon (2013, 2014, 2015) 120 108 103 2013 MALES 95 100 96 87 2013 FEMALES 78 80 80 80 72 2014 MALES

59 2014 FEMALES 57 60 52 56 46 2015 MALES

40 2015 FEMALES

Figure:10 Summary of PhD Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015 26 Female PhD Students at University of Yangon (2013, 2014, 2015)

120 108 103 100 95

40 2013 20 2014

0 2015

LAW

PHYSICS

BOTANY

MAJORS

ENGLISH

HISTORY

GEOLOGY

ZOOLOGY

MYANMAR

COMPUTER

CHEMISTRY

SOCIOLOGY

GEOGRAPHY

PHILOSOPHY

PSYCHOLOGY

MATHEMATICS

BIOCHEMISTRY

ARCHAEOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY

BIOTECHNOLOGY

NUCLEARPHYSICS

ORIENTAL SCIENCE

POLITICALSCIENCE

ENGINEERING PHYSICS

MYANMAR LITERATURE

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

LIBRARY AND LITERATURE

STATISTICAL ACCOUNTING

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP

Figure:11 Summary of Female PhD Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015 27 TOTAL MALE STUDENTS IN ALL SUBJECTS

2013 MALES 2014 MALES 2015 MALES 2013 2014 2015

MALES MALES MALES 60 54 54 MYANMAR 6 6 7 ENGLISH 0 0 0 50 GEOGRAPHY 6 5 7 43 HISTORY 24 22 17 PHILOSOPHY 7 4 2 40 PSYCHOLOGY 2 3 3 LAW 18 12 20 26 30 ORIENTAL 25 1 0 0 SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 3 4 3 20 RELATIONSHIP ANTHROPOLOGY 0 3 0 ARCHAEOLOGY 6 28 3 10 CHEMISTRY 25 54 26 PHYSICS 54 11 43 0 MATHEMATICS 9 7 6 ZOOLOGY 9 4 8 BOTANY 7 13 3 GEOLOGY 16 0 17 INDUSTRIAL 3 2 1 CHEMISTRY LIBRARY AND 2 4 LITERATURE COMPUTER 7 7 7

Figure:11 Total Male Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015 28 TOTAL FEMALE STUDENTS IN ALL SUBJTECTS OF UNIVERSITY OF YANGON 2013 FEMALES 2014 FEMALES 2015 FEMALES

120

100

Figure:12 Total Female Students in Science and Arts at University of Yangon in 2013, 2014 and 2015 29 The Educational Pathway for Students at University of Yangon (2015)

21.46% of 78.54% of Females (955) BSc/BA Males (261)

20.02% Males 79.98% Females PhD (177) (707)

33.08% 66.92% Males Females (348) MSc/MA (172)

77.14% 22.86% Females MRes Males (24) (81) BSc / BA MSc/MA M Res PhD 2015 INTAKE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ ENROLMENT MARKS FOR DIFFERENT INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITIES IN MYANMAR LOWEST MARKS MALES FEMALES Institute of Medicine 486 505 Dental Institute 456 495 Pharmaceutical University 440 440 Paramedical University 434 434 Nursing University 437 437 Yangon Technological University 509 498 Mandalay Technological University 485 480 Government Technological Colleges 412 418 Myanmar Marine Institutes 473 483 Yangon Institute of Education (Science) 448 474 Yangon Institute of Education (Arts) 420 440

31 CONCLUSION

Nowadays, participation of Myanmar females have been increasing in all sectors including education and respected employment. In this paper, the main focus of females are not only from the science but also from the arts of University of Yangon, to survey their participation rate and it can be noted that among the majority of people, female participation has been rising in not only the job sectors as educators, but also higher number of the students at the universities are also females even though there are still some discrimination between the regarded entrance marks for some institutes and universities.

32 REFERENCES

 Education in Burma (2015) –Wikipedia , the Free Encyclopedia.htm

 Living Document (2013-2015): UNESCO Country Programming Document for Myanmar

BGK/UCPD p-6, 7, 12-15

 Martin, R. (2013), Recovery of the Education System in Myanmar, 48-50

 Report on Situation Analysis of Population and Development, Reproductive Health and

Gender in Myanmar, (July, 2010), p-77-78, 159

 The Union Report(2015): The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Nay Pyi Taw:

Ministry of Immigration and Population, Census Report Volume 2. , p-12

 The ECs-Burma/Myanmar Strategy Paper (2007-2013) p-43, 44

 http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/10000-military-spending-still-dwarfs-

education-and-health.html. Retrieved 2014-11-18 33 34