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University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Literary Depiction University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Literary Depiction of the Second World War in The Eagle has Landed by Jack Higgins Ondřej Galler Bachelor Thesis 2019 Acknowledgement I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Mgr. Olga Roebuck, Ph.D., for her consultation, guidance and excellent advice. Prohlašuji: Tuto práci jsem vypracoval samostatně. Veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci využil, jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury. Byl jsem seznámen s tím, že se na moji práci vztahují práva a povinnosti vyplývající ze zákona č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, zejména se skutečností, že Univerzita Pardubice má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy o užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona, a s tím, že pokud dojde k užití této práce mnou nebo bude poskytnuta licence o užití jinému subjektu, je Univerzita Pardubice oprávněna ode mne požadovat přiměřený příspěvek na úhradu nákladů, které na vytvoření díla vynaložila, a to podle okolností až do jejich skutečné výše. Beru na vědomí, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách a o změně a doplnění dalších zákonů (zákon o vysokých školách), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a směrnicí Univerzity Pardubice č. 9/2012, bude práce zveřejněna v Univerzitní knihovně a prostřednictvím Digitální knihovny Univerzity Pardubice. V Pardubicích dne 17. 6. 2019 …………………………… Ondřej Galler ANNOTATION This thesis focuses on the World War Two setting of the book The Eagle has Landed by Jack Higgins. The theoretical part describes the genres of Alternative and Secret histories and provides a short description of the author. The following chapter is dedicated to the raid on Gran Sasso by Otto Skorzeny and provides a summary of the Second World War up until the plot of the book takes place. The final, practical, part of the thesis examines individual aspects of the story and compares them to historical sources to verify their historical plausibility. KEY WORDS Eagle has Landed, Jack Higgins, Winston Churchill, Second World War, history ANNOTACE Tato bakalářská práce se soustřední na vyobrazení druhé světové války v díle Orel Přistál od Jacka Higginse. Teoretická část popisuje žánry alternativní a tajné historie a v rychlosti popisuje autorův život. Následující kapitola je věnována nájezdu na Gran Sasso, který proved Otto Skorzeny a poskytuje detailní shrnutí průběhu války až do bodu, kdy začíná příběh. Poslední praktická část zkoumá jednotlivé elementy příběhu a porovnává je s příslušnými zdroji, aby určitě jejich historickou pravděpodobnost. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Orel Přistál, Jack Higgins, Winston Churchill, Druhá světová válka, historie Table of Contents: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 8 1. Literary background .............................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Historical context ........................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Alternative and Secret Histories ........................................................................................ 11 1.3. About the author ................................................................................................................ 14 2. Historical Context ................................................................................................................. 16 2.1. State of the War ................................................................................................................. 16 2.2. The Raid on Gran Sasso ..................................................................................................... 20 2.3. Other Raids of the War ...................................................................................................... 22 3. Plausibility in the Book ......................................................................................................... 26 3.1. The Eagle has Landed ........................................................................................................ 26 3.2. Meeting with Hitler ............................................................................................................ 28 3.3. The Team ........................................................................................................................... 30 3.3.1. Kurt Steiner ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.3.2. Harvey Preston ................................................................................................................ 33 3.3.3. Joanna Grey .................................................................................................................... 34 3.4. Wartime Britain ................................................................................................................. 35 3.4.1. American Troops in Britain ............................................................................................ 37 3.5. Various other inaccuracies ................................................................................................. 38 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 41 Resumé ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 46 Introduction This thesis focuses on the accuracy of the depiction of World War Two and plausibility of the story presented in the book The Eagle has Landed (1975) by Jack Higgins. Jack Higgins, real name Harry Patterson, wrote 77 books as of 2016 and is now one of the most famous military fiction authors. It was, however, his 35th book, Eagle Has Landed, that jettisoned him among the best-selling authors. The book has since sold over 50 million copies1 and garnered international praise.2 But how authentic it really is? This is the question that this thesis will attempt to answer. The book is significant for various reasons. Firstly, it is a best-selling book from World War II that features German protagonists. While the German soldiers were portrayed with sympathy in works of fiction before, there hasn’t been a story that attained mainstream popularity told from their perspective. Secondly, the historical setting, which except for a few mistakes, which will be explained later, is written fairly convincingly. The author uses the ‘false document technique’ to add the feel of realism. While the historians or history enthusiasts will point out many inaccuracies, it is convincing enough for the general public to enjoy and get immersed. As the author states in the book: “At least fifty per cent of it is documented historical fact. The reader must decide for himself how much of the rest is a matter of speculation, or fiction…”3 And this is precisely what this thesis will attempt to distinguish. In the first chapter, this thesis will provide a basic historical context, and establish and explain the terms ‘alternate history’ and ‘secret history’, finished with information about the author. The next chapter will open with historical context of the war, as this is one of the cornerstones of the story and the date it takes place is important. And while the description of nature and landscape by the author is incredibly convincing and picturesque, this thesis cannot verify this is any way, therefore it will not be an examined subject. The following chapter will select key moments in the story and examine their historical plausibility based on various sources. With a significant portion of the chapter dedicated to the team of German paratroopers that serve as the main characters, focusing 1 John Crace, “A Life in Writing: Jack Higgins”, The Guardian, July 31, 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/jul/31/jack-higgins-life-harry-patterson. 2 “The Eagle Has Landed,“ GoodReads, accessed April 17, 2019, https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/295961.The_Eagle_Has_Landed. 3 Jack Higgins, The Eagle has Landed (London: Penguin Books Ltd, 2014), 12. 8 mainly on Kurt Steiner, the leader and a German paratrooper, Preston, a disgraced British soldier and a member of the British Free Corps and the only real ‘antagonist’ of the book, and Joanna Grey, a Boer born German spy. The thesis will finish with a summary and a conclusion based on previously stated facts on the plausibility of the novel. 9 1. Literary background This first chapter of the thesis will focus on establishing general information about the author, the book and the genre in which it is written and also providing a definition and description of several genres. 1.1. Historical context The Eagle has Landed was published in 1975 and it is considered by many as a remake of a British film from 1942. Both follow a similar story but the themes and characters are drastically different, while in the wartime movie, the Germans are portrayed very negatively, with passing time this depiction could be eventually altered. In 1942, a Brazilian filmmaker by the name of Alberto Cavalcanti made a movie about a group of German paratroopers infiltrating a British village as a prelude to a full-scale German invasion. The film tried to reflect the fear and paranoia of a possible German
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