Philippines) Julia Tichit

De la terre à la ville, de la ville à la terre : engagement de l’habitant dans les agricultures urbains interstitielles de Metro Manila (Philippines) Julia Tichit

To cite this version:

Julia Tichit. De la terre à la ville, de la ville à la terre : engagement de l’habitant dans les agricultures urbains interstitielles de Metro Manila (Philippines). Géographie. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017MON30090. tel-01875715

HAL Id: tel-01875715 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01875715 Submitted on 17 Sep 2018

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" " Scavenger 1! scavenging !E!5,(()70)#4*!+)!+ 76)0*1!"70'>'0 !+)!7,(()70)!)0!+)!>)-0)!+)*!+ 76)0*! Suki !E!M76)0)#4!4 A#(')4!+"-*!()!7"+4)!+R#-)!"70'>'0 !7,&&)47'"()! Taho !E!a",#40!+)!*,@"! Talipapa !E!30"(!=4'&)#4!'-0 A4 !!(R)*="7)!+,&)*0'.#)!)0!+,--"-0!*#4!("!4#)!,#!#-!(')#!+)!="**"A)D! Sari sari !E!8)0'0)! ='7)4')!7,&=0,'4!'-0 A4 )!!(R)*="7)!+,&)*0'.#)!)0!+,--"-0!*#4!("!4#)!,#!#-!(')#!+)! ="**"A)D! Tagalog !E!;"-A#)!+)!("!4 A',-!+)!L"-'("!)0!+)*!4 A',-*!"()-0,#4*!E!("!4 A',-!+)!5)-04"(!;#9,-!"#!-,4+! )0!("!4 A',-!5M;MJMNbcY!"#!*#+!+)!L)04,!L"-'("D!;)!0"A"(,A!+ *'A-)!"#**'!("!("-A#)!-"0',-"()! E! .#'>"()-0!F!"#! filipino. ! Taglish !E!Z"A"(,A!'&=4 A- !+R"-A("'*! Traffic Traffic !E!3&C,#0)'(("A)*D! Tricycle ! ,#! trisikel !E! Z4'7G7()! &,0,4'* ! ,#! -,-! S pedicab T1! + +' ! "#! 04"-*=,40! +)! ="**"A)4*! )0! +)! &"476"-+'*)*!)-!M*')!+#!^#+!3*0D! Ulingan !E!56"4C,-!+)!C,'*! % % %

" " Glossaire !des !plantes !cultivées !en !agriculture !urbaine !à!Metro !Manila ! et !sur !les !basses Vterres !philippines ! "

Ampalaya !E!&"4A,*)!,#!7,#4A)!"&)4!S mormodica charantia T! Alugbati !E! ='-"4+!+)!L"("C"4!,#!C"*)(()!S basella rubra, basella alba T! Aratilis !E!7)4'*')4!+)!@"&".#)!S Muntingia calabura T! Banana !E!C"-"-)! kalabasa !E!=,0'4,-!S5#7#4C'0"!&"$'&"!e#76)*-)T! Camote !,#! kamote !E!="0"0)!+,#7) Cassava !,#! Kamoteng kahoy !E!&"-',7! Chili !E!='&)-0!4,#A)! Gabi E!0"4,! Kamote E!>,'4! camote ! Kamatis !E!0,&"0)! Kangkong E!('*)4,-!+R)"#!S Ipomoea aquatica T! R'-0*"G!,#! kintchay E!7 ()4'! Malunggay E!&,4'-A"! Melon !E!&)(,-! Mustasa E!&,#0"4+)!C4#-)!,#!&,#0"4+)!+)!76'-)!!%)#'(()!+)!76,#!S Brassica juncea T! Okra !E!A,&C,! Palay !E!4'9! Patola E!7,#4A)!"-A#()#*)!,#!7,#4A)! =,-A)!S luffa acutangula T! Pakwan !E!="*0 .#)! Pechay E!="P`76,!,#!76,#$!76'-,'*!S Brassica rapa TD!e'*0'-70',-!)-04)! pechay !J"A#',!)0! pechay !Z"A"(,A! Saluyot E!7,4 0)!=,0"A 4)!S Corchorus olitorius T! Sibuyas !E!,'A-,-*! Sitaw E!+,('.#)!"*=)4A)!,#!6"4'7,0!P'(,& 04)!S Vigna unguiculata Sesquipedalis T! Talbos ng Kamote !E!%)#'(()*!+)!="0"0)!+,#7)! Talong !E!"#C)4A'-)! Tanglad !E!7'04,--)(()!S Cymbopogon T! Upo !E! =,-A)!> A 0"()!S(#%%"! Papaya !E!="="G)! Sugar can !E!7"--)!!*#74)! Jackfruit !E!@"7.#')4! ""

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" " ! !

" " Liste !des !sigles !et !acronymes !utilisés ! " XJ77S%X32-,-+-31%J#%'-,%-$%731*'+%7'," , -% XL\S%X1' ,%L#4#*-.+#,2%\ ,)% \XJS%\30# 3%-$%X%0'!3*230 *%J#1# 0!&%% \8GS%\30# 3%-$%8* ,2%G,"31207% AXOX\XJ]^_S% !0-,7+#%A 4'2#Q%O %3, Q%\ 2 ,% 1Q%J'8 *Q%b3#8-,% AG8S%G,2#0, 2'-, *%8-2 2-%A#,2#0% A4>HS%A 4'2#%>2 2#%H,'4#01'27% AO>HS%A#,20 *%O38-,%>2 2#%H,'4#01'27% LXVVXS%L#. 02+#,2%-$%X%0'!3*230#%J#%'-,%VX% LT_JS%L#. 02+#,2%-$%T,4'0-,+#,2% ,"%_ 230 *%J#1-30!#1%% NLH8S%N-3," 2'-,%$-0%2&#%L#4#*-.+#,2%-$%2&#%H0 ,%8--0% NX^S%N--"% ,"%X%0'!3*230#%^0% ,'1 2'-,%-$%2&#%H,'2#"%_ 2'-,1% A?GXJ%S%?0-3.#%A-,13*2 2'$%.-30%* %J#!�!&#%X%0'!-*#%G,2#0, 2'-, *#% GJJG%S%G,12'232%G,2#0, 2'-, *%"#%J#!�!&#%130%*#%J'8% d^>7XS%d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

" " ! !

" " Sommaire ! % % Introduction %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%S[% %

1ère !partie ! Positionnement !et !méthode !de !la !recherche !:!les !pratiques !d’habiter !et !les !parcours !de !vie !des ! agriculteurs !urbains !à!Metro !Manila %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%V[% A& .'20#%ST%>_#,% %#0%" ,1%*_ %0'!3*230#%',20 V30 ',#%9%7#20-%7 ,'* %S%3,#%.0- *M+ 2'/3#%"#% %M-%0 .&'#%1-!' *#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%WS% A& .'20#%TT%7M2&-"-*-%'#%"_3,#%0#!�!&#%#+.'0'/3#Q%/3 *'2 2'4#%#2%',"3!2'4#%#,%%2#00 ',% 1#,1' *#% %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%X[% A-,!*31'-,%"#%* %S L0# %. 02'#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SSW% !

2ème !partie ! Dualité !des !formes !d’agriculture !urbaine !interstitielle !à!Metro !Manila !:!plein !champ !et ! hors Vsol %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SSY% A& .'20#%UT%O_ %0'!3*230#%30 ',#%',2#012'2'#**#%S%3,%-32'*%"#%*#!230#%"#%* %$ 0'/3#%"#%* %4'**#% $0 %+#,2M#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SS[% A& .'20#%VT%O_X%0'!3*230#%H0 ',#%"#%.0-(#2%S%#,20#%43*% 0'1 2'-,%1!'#,2'$'/3#Q%1-!'M2M%!'4'*#%#2% & '2 ,21%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SXY% A-,!*31'-,%"#%* %T L+# %. 02'#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%TSV% !

3ème !partie ! Devenir !agriculteur !urbain !et !«!mieux !vivre !»!à!Metro !Manila TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%TSY% A& .'20#%WT%A3*2'4#0%#,%4'**#%S%! !2'/3#1%"_',12 ** 2'-,%#,%2#00#1% %0'!-*#1%+M20-.-*'2 ',#1%TTTTTTTTT%TS[% A& .'20#%XT%8-30%3,%%+'#36%4'40#% %" ,1%* %4'**#%S%2 !2'/3#1%#2%. 0!-301%"_#6'12#,!#%"#1% %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%9%7#20-%7 ,'* %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%TZU% A-,!*31'-,%"#%* %U L+# %. 02'#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%UXY% % Conclusion !générale. !Pour !un !Droit !à!la !ville !des !agriculteurs !urbains %TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%UYS% " "

" " % %

" " % ! ! ! ! ! !

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" " 3.2. ! Pluralités !des !systèmes !de !cultures !à!Taguig ! "

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cause !de !la !gestion !des !inondations !et !de ! l'impact !de !la !digue, !il !n'est !plus !possible !de !planter !du !riz !près !du !lac. !Il !est !juste !possible !de ! cultiver !des !melons !et !des !pastèques !pendant !l'été. !Le !niveau !d'eau !s'élève !à!chaque !fois !qu'il ! pleut, !à!cause !du !canal !de !dérivation. !Le !gouvernement !préfère !inonder !vers !le !lac !plutôt !que ! Metro !Manila. !Depuis !que !la !digue !a!été !construite, !c'est !mieux !pour !cultiver !ici !parce !que !le ! niveau ! d'eau ! est ! plus ! bas ! maintenant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3.1.2. ! Dans !un !quartier !de !slums !en !réhabilitation !! "

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" " O %!--0"', 20'!#%"3%1#!2#30%"#%\ 1#!-%.-30%*_^_?%H8X%"M!0'2%*#1%.0-(#21%S% «!Les !habitants ! plantent !des !arbres !autour !de !leur !maison !parce !qu’il !fait !trop !chaud. !Les !habitants !plantent ! aussi !des !arbres !pour !constituer !une !mangrove, !sur !le !littoral T% L’objectif !est !de !protéger !le ! quartier ! résidentiel ! des ! ondes ! de ! tempête %+ 0M#%"#%2#+.N2#% 11-!'M#% 36%!7!*-,#1 ,! il ! répond ! à! la ! volonté ! des ! habitants ! de ! nettoyer ! la ! baie ! de ! Manila % U% Certains ! habitants ! pratiquent !du !jardinage !urbain, !mais !ce !n’est !pas !encore !une !culture !de !masse. %U% C’est ! difficile ! pour ! eux ! de ! planter ! des ! légumes. ! Des ! habitants ! avaient ! commencé ! un ! projet ! de ! jardin !en !2011, !mais !tout !a!été !emporté !par !le !typhon !du !27 !septembre. % %T,20#2'#,%p#11 Q% TRSUT%

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3.1.3. ! Dans !les !sites !de !relogement !intra Vmétropolitains !et !extra Vmétropolitains !

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" " 3.2. ! La !participation !des !habitants !grâce !au !binôme !ONG VOBC !:! agriculture !urbaine !et !développement !communautaire !! !

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" " communauté ! concerne ! aussi ! les ! habitants ! sur ! des ! zones ! déclarées ! prioritaires ! pour ! le ! développement !X0# 1%$-0%80'-0'27%L#4#*-.+#,2Q%X8L1 ,!par !exemple !le !long !de !la !Road !10 ! dans !Tondo !qui !va !être !élargie, !cela !va !entraîner !la !démolition !concernant !environ !90 !800 ! familles. ! Il ! y! a! aussi ! les ! zones ! concernées ! par ! le ! développement ! d’infrastructure ! X0# 1% # 0+ 0)#"% $-0% %-4#0,+#,2% ',$0 1203!230# ,! comme ! à! Smokey ! Mountain, ! où ! le ! gouvernement ! veut ! construire ! 30 ! immeubles. % % T,20#2'#,% \T% X *'0Q% L'0#!2#30% "#% ]^!^Q% TRSTT% !

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" " 3.2.1. ! Les !ONG !:!plaidoyers, !coordination !des !OBC !et !ressources !pour !l’agriculture ! urbaine ! %

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" " "

Conclusion !de !la !2ème !partie ! "

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" " % " "

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X.0L1% *#% "M+ ,2L*#+#,2% "3% 1*3+% #,% S[[WQ% >+-)#7% 7-3,2 ',% #12% 3,#% 4 12#% $0'!&#% 9% *_#1. !#% "'1.-,' *#T% H,% %0'!3*2#30% 30 ',% /3'% % & '2M% * % "M!& 0%#% #,20#% S[XW% #2% *#1% "M+-*'2'-,1%"#%S[[W%.0M!'1#%S%% il !n'y !a!pas !eu !d’habitations !tout !de !suite !après !la !fermeture ! de ! Smokey ! Mountain. ! % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSVT% \'#,% /3#% *#% !-,20*#% "#1% *'#36% 1-'2% 1-31% * % 0#1.-,1 '*'2M%"#%* %_[XQ%0 .'"#+#,2%/3#*/3#1%$ +'**#1%1_',12 **#,2%130%* %"M!& 0%#%#,% $0'!&#%S%!#%1-,2%% les !vingt Vsept !familles % % 32-0'1M#1%9%0M1'"#0%130%*#%1'2#%. 0%*#1%% 0"#1% #+.*-7M1%"#%* %_[XQ%#,%M!& ,%#%*#301%+ 0/3#301%"_ ..0-.0' 2'-,%"#%*_#1. !#%!-,12'23#% 3,#%.0M4#,2'-,%!-,20#%*#1%',12 ** 2'-,1%'**M% *#1%T,20#2'#,% kagawad %X*4',%JT%> * + 2%"3% 0 ,% 7%STZ%9%7 ,'* %#,%TRSUQ%T,20#2'#,%"#1%$ +'**#1%"_ %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%"#%>+-)#7% 7-3,2 ',%#,%TRSU%#2%#,%TRSVT%8 0+'%*#1%$ +'**#1%"#%*_#,/3N2#%9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',Q%3,#% 1#3*#% M,M$'!'#% "#% !#% .0'4'*L%# TTS T%p#%.0M13+#%/3#Q%. 0+'%*#1% 320#1%$ +'**#1Q%!#02 ',#1% & '2#,2%2-3(-301%9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%1 ,1%!3*2'4#0%#2%/3#%"_ 320#1%-,2%*-3M%-3%4#,"3%*#30% 2#00#T%p#%,_ '%. 1%!-,"3'2%*_',4#12'% 2'-,% 3.0L1%"#%* %_[X%.-30%,#%. 1%!-+.0-+#220#%* % $ +'**#%/3'% %2M+-'%,M%"#%!#1% !!-0"1Q%*#1%% 0"#1%#+.*-7M1%"#%* %_[XQ% ',1'%/3#%*_#,1#+ *#% "#1%$ +'**#1%/3'%4'4#,2%9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%#2%/3'%1-,2Q% de !jure, %'**M% *#+#,2%',12 **M#1T%%

X.0L1%*#1%#6.3*1'-,1%"#%S[[W%#2%(31/3_#,%TRRVQ%1#3*#1% !#1% %4',%2V1#.2% $ +'**#1% % 1-,2% 32-0'1M#1%9%0M1'"#0%9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',T%X',1'Q%.#," ,2%.0L1%"#%"'6% ,1Q%*#%1'2#%"#+#30#% .#3% ',4#12'T% b3#*/3#1% $ +'**#1% !3*2'4#,2Q% + '1% 1#3*#+#,2% .-30% 3,#% !-,1-++ 2'-,% $ +'*' *#T%%T"'*7,#Q%"-,2%*#%+ 0'% %#6.*-0M%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%#,%TRRX%#6.*'/3#%S%% Après !les ! démolitions, ! U ! Smokey ! Mountain ! est ! devenue ! verte ! et ! herbeuse. ! Quelques ! familles ! cultivaient !pour !leur !propre !consommation !mais !elles !n'avaient !pas !appris !à!mettre !toutes ! les !terres !en !culture. !»%T$$#!2'4#+#,2Q%9%2'20#%"_#6#+.*#Q%* %$ +'**#%',12 **M#%"#.3'1%S[[R%/3#% (_ '%0#,!-,20M#%.#," ,2%*_#,/3N2#Q%,#%!-++#,!#%9%!3*2'4#0%/3_9%. 02'0%"#%TRRZ%T,20#2'#,% $ +'**#%#,%TRSUT%

Des !«!familles !de !pionniers !», !puis !de !«!suiveurs !»!à!Smokey !Mountain !:!la !transition ! marchande !de !l’agriculture !urbaine !!

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" " 8c^%^! .!Panorama !sur !Paradise !Heights !depuis !Smokey !Mountain !(flan !est) ! >-30!#%S%pT%!'!&'2Q%TRSU%

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" " X4 ,2% "#% 1_',12 **#0% 130% *#% 1'2#% "#% >+-)#7% 7-3,2 ',Q% *#1% %$ +'**#1% "#%.'-,,'#01% % -,2% !-,"3'2% "#1% % explorations % %130%* % 322#%#2%% découvrent % % *#% .-2#,2'#*% %0'!-*#% "3% 1'2#% T,20#2'#,1%TRSTVTRSVT%A#1%M*M+#,21%* '11#,2%20 ,1. 0 ]20#%" ,1%.*31'#301%"'1!-301%* % 4-*-,2M%"_N20#%*_',12'% 2#30%"#%* %0#!-,4#01'-,%"#%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',T%>2##4#%1_#6!* +#%S% % J’ai !découvert !que !le ! sol !était !bon !pour !cultiver !des !légumes. ![…] !J'ai !prouvé !qu'il !était ! possible ! de ! cultiver ! ici. ! Et, ! depuis ! tous ! les ! nouveaux ! arrivants ! sur ! Smokey ! Mountain ! ont ! cultivé. % T%T,20#2'#,%TRSTT%%O %4-'1',#Q%p-!#*7,#Q%*-01/3_#**#%!-+.0#,"%/3#%(#%4'#,1%"#% +_#,20#2#,'0% 4#!%>2##4#Q%0M2-0/3#%S%% Nous !sommes !arrivés !ici !les !premiers, !avant !Steeve. ! […] !J'ai !découvert !qu'en !produisant !plus !de !récoltes, !nous !pourrions !soutenir !la !concurrence ! sur !le !marché. !Nous !avant !appris !à!gérer !la !propriété !à!des !fins !commerciales !et !à!traiter ! avec !des !acheteurs % T%T,20#2'#,%TRSTT%X** ,Q%3,%& '2 ,2%*# "#0%9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',Q%/3'% M,M$'!'#% "#% !-,,#6'-,1% .-*'2'/3#1% +3*2'.*#1Q% +_#6.*'/3#Q% 130% *#% +N+#% 0#%'120#Q% *#1% !-,"'2'-,1%"_#6.*-0 2'-,%"#%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%#2%* %+'1#%#,%4 *#30% %0'!-*#%S%% J’ai !escaladé ! la !butte !pour !la !1ère !fois !en !août !2005. %U% Je !suis !le !premier !à!avoir !escalader !la !butte. !U% J'ai !escaladé !en !face !de !l'immeuble !15, !mais !dans !l'après Vmidi !j'ai !trouvé !l'accès !par !Paradise ! Gate. !U% La !première !année, !j'ai !commencé !à!planter !des !camote !feuilles !pour !dégager !un ! revenu !supplémentaire !à!côté !du !scavenging. !Puis !ensuite, !j’ai !cultivé !la !citronnelle. %U% Je ! suis !le !premier !à!avoir !cultivé !la !citronnelle !et !à!en !faire !une !source !de !revenu. !J'ai !trouvé !un ! pied !de !citronnelle !dans !mon !terrain !et !j'ai !tenté !de !le !repiquer. % T%A'2 Q%"#%+ ,'L0#%.*31% &3+ *#Q%#6.*'/3#%1'+.*#+#,2%S%% On !est !venu !à!Smokey !Mountain, !avec !mon !mari, !en !2004 ! pour !du !«!scavenging !», !récolter !des !ferrailles, !des !boîtes !de !sardines. !C'est !en !creusant !qu’on ! a!découvert !que !la !terre !pouvait !être !cultivée. ! T%T"'*7,#%0M! .'23*#%*#%!-,2#62#%"_',12 ** 2'-,% 9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%#,%TRRX%S%% Quand !les !‘Lowlanders’ !%#,1%"#,% 1%-,2 !compris !que ! c'était !calme !et !qu'il !faisait !bon !vivre, !ils !sont !venus !sur !la !butte !et !ont !construit !juste !des ! ‘nipa !huts’ 226 % %T,20#2'#,%TRSUT%

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2.2. !Une !diversification !des !modes !de !squat !dans !le !temps ! %

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Légitimer !le !squat !à!Smokey !Mountain !:!défendre !le !droit !d’usage !des !terrains ! pour !l’existence !

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A'2 Q%. 0+'%*#1%.0#+'L0#1%$ +'**#1%"#%1/3 22#301Q%',12 **M#%#,%TRRW%#6.*'/3#%S%% Je !me !suis ! rendue ! à! la ! NHA ! Paradise ! Heights ! pour ! demander ! la ! permission ! de ! rester ! à! Smokey ! Mountain, !pour !creuser !(…) !Je !savais !que !les !terrains !appartiennent !à!la !NHA !depuis !que !le ! slum !a!été !démoli !en !1995 !et !que !les !habitants !ont !été !transférés !à!Permanent !Housing. !Après ! la !démolition, !les !gens !ont !été !autorisés !à!creuser !mais !les !constructions !ont !été !interdites. % U% J’ai !demandé !à!la !NHA !la !permission !que !l’on !s'installe !et !la !NHA !a!été !d'accord. !J’ai !aussi ! demandé !la !permission !au !barangay !et !le !barangay !a!répondu !d'accord !dans !la !mesure !où ! il !s'agit !d'une !activité, !d’un !mode !d’existence T% %

N !#%9%3,#%+#, !#%"_#6.3*1'-,%#,%TRR[Q%X** ,Q%*# "#0%!-++3, 32 '0# TTZ %#2%.0-.0'M2 '0#% !-323+'#0%. 0%*#%1/3 2Q% %!-,1203'2%3,%.* '"-7#0 TT[ %.-30%"M$#,"0#%*#1%& '2 ,21%"#%>+-)#7% 7-3,2 ',% 3.0L1%"#1%',12'232'-,1%S%% Je !suis !celui !qui !parle !avec !l'élu !de !quartier, !sans !guerre ! et !sans !émeute. !En !2009, !j'ai !reçu !une !lettre !de !démolition, !suite !à!la !visite !d'un !contrôleur ! [de !la !NHA], !venu !lister !les !27 !familles !originelles. !A!travers !mon !action, !j'ai !négocié !et !gagné ! la !compassion !de !l'élu !de !quartier % T%X** ,%.* '"#%* %*M%'2'+'2M%"#%*_',12 ** 2'-,%"_ %0'!3*2#301% #2%"#% scavengers %9%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',Q%9%20 4#01%3,%"'1!-301%/3'%$-,"#%*#%"0-'2%"#1%& '2 ,21% "#%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%9%"#1%+-7#,1%"#6'12#,!#%S%% Nous !ne !sommes !pas !ici !pour !squatter, ! nous ! sommes ! ici ! pour ! trouver ! un ! moyen ! d'existence, ! pour ! être ! agriculteurs, ! pour ! être ! scavengers !U% Nous !restons !ici !seulement !pour !les !moyens !d'existence !et !pas !pour !squatter. ! Je !violerai !la !promesse !que !j'ai !faite !à!l'ancien !élu !de !quartier !en !restant !ici !pour !squatter. !Le ! gouvernement ! autorise ! d'utiliser ! les ! terrains ! pour ! dégager ! des ! moyens ! d'existence % %

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O %*M%'2'+'2M%9%& '2#0%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%"#+#30#%.0M! '0#T%X** ,%.0M!'1#%S !«!Nous !avons ! demandé ! la ! faveur ! des ! officiels ! du ! barangay. ! La ! maison ! est ! seulement ! ouverte ! et ! en ! plastique. !Elle !ne !peut !pas !être !en !dur !parce !que !ce !n'est !pas !pour !un !usage !résidentiel % T%% p-!#*7,#% 2M+-'%,#% "#% 1-,% !!-0"% 4#!% *#% 0 ,% 7%S% % nous ! ne ! devons ! pas ! autoriser ! de ! nouveaux !habitants !à!construire !un !logement. !Le !barangay !fixe !et !contrôle !le !nombre !de ! familles ! qui ! vivent ! ici. % T%L#%+N+#Q%7#0!#*'8 %#6.*'/3#%S%% Le ! barangay ! n'autorise ! pas ! de ! construire !de !nouvelles !habitations !ou !des !structures !séparées. !Seulement !les !extensions !sont ! autorisées !». %L_ .0L1%>2##4#%*#%!-,20*#%"3% 0 ,% 7%#12%"'12 ,2%S%% le !barangay !128 !ne !se ! soucie !pas !de !ce !qui !se !passe !ici. !Les !élus !passent !parfois !ici !pour !demander !des !poulets, !que ! je !leur !offre !généreusement, !parce !qu'il !faut !être !généreux !et !bon !envers !les !autres. %U%p_ '% même !été !en !conflit !avec !un !ancien !kagawad. % %T,20#2'#,1%$ +'**#1%TRSTVTRSVT%

La !mise !en !marché !de !droits !à!cultiver !:!propriétaires !parallèles, !gardiens !agricoles ! et !métayers !

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" " Les !derniers !métayers !de !l’agriculture !urbaine !résiduelle !à!Santa !Ana !et !Palingon ! "

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3.1.2. ! Tactiques !de !maintien !sur !les !terres !côtières !de !Calzada !à!Napindan ! "

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Quelques !anciens !installés !en !squat !dans !les !petites !anses !du !lac !! "

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Des !familles !installées !plus !récemment !sur !le !bras !de !terre !:!gardiennage !agricole !et ! fermage ! %

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" " 3.2.1. ! Des !installations !très !instables ! "

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4.2.1. !Analyser !les !parcours !résidentiels !et !migratoires !des !agriculteurs !urbains ! "

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" " 4.2.2. !Familles !d’origine !provinciale !et !familles !natives !:!l’acquisition !de ! compétences !agricoles !

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La !multi Vlocalisation !des !lieux !de !culture !et !de !l’habitat !:!une !tactique !minoritaire !

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" " 2.2. ! La !localité !:!pôle !de !territorialité !familiale ! "

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" " 3.2. ! Des !localités !à!des !échelles !de !voisinage !variables !et !au ! fonctionnement !communautaire !différencié !! %

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3.2.1. ! Le !rôle !initiateur !des !réseaux !d’installation !et !des !affinités !linguistiques !

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" " 3.2.2. ! Une !localité !sans !base !politique !à!Smokey !Mountain !

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" " 4-'1', %#%S%% Le !centre !de !Smokey !Mountain !est !une !mauvaise !localisation !parce !que !les ! autres !résidents !autour !ferment !les !passages !et !il !faut !trouver !d'autres !routes. ! %T,20#2'#,Q% TRSUT%L3,%.-',2%"#%43#%. 71 %#0Q%*#%!-+.*#6#%"-+#12'/3#%& '2 2V2#00#1% %0'!-*#1%#12% +-',1%-34#02%/39%! %3'%%S%"#1% 0 312#1%#2%"#1% 00'! "#1%"M*'+'2#,2%1712M+ 2'/3#+#,2% !& /3#%.0-.0'M2MT%A#1%.0 2'/3#1%. 71 %L0#1%$-,2%M!&-% 36%0M!'21%& '2 ,21%/3'%/3 *'$'#,2% *#1. !#%"#%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%"#%% territorial ! %T,20#2'#,1%X** ,Q%>2##4#Q%TRSU%#2%TRSVT% \'#,%/3#%*#1%4-'1',1%"#%* %$ +'**#%"_T**#,#%1-'#,2%"#%,-34# 36% 00'4 ,21Q%T**#,#%0#!-,, ]2% *_'+.-02 ,!#% "#% *_#,20 '"#% #,20#% 4-'1',1T% T**#% ,-2#% !#.#," ,2% 3,% !-,$*'2% +',#30% "#% 2#00'2-'0#%S%% Parfois, !il !y!a!de !petits !conflits… !avec !les !délimitations… !les !barrières !bougent, ! petit !à!petit, !d'un !demi Vmètre. % %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSUT%

% 3.2.3. ! Une !localité !politiquement !représentée !à!Santa !Ana !

8#.'2-%0M13+#%*#%1#,1%"#%* %!-++3, 32M%"#1%$ +'**#1%"_ %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%9%> ,2 %X, %S% % J’aime !le !voisinage, !nous !allons !les !uns !chez !les !autres !pour !passer !du !temps !(…) !On !fait ! bayanihan, ! on ! invite ! certains ! des ! travailleurs ! des ! autres ! exploitations ! pour ! cultiver. % % T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT%O#%4-'1', %#%"#1% %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%"#%> ,2 %X, Q%. 0!#%/3#%*M!&#**#% "#1%#6.*-'2 2'-,1% %0'!-*#1%#12%'+.-02 ,2#Q%+#2%#,%340#%"#%+ ,'L0#%1712M+ 2'/3#%3,#% #,20 '"#%"#%27.#% bayanihan %.-30%20 ,1.-02#0%*#1%20 !2#301%#2%*#1%%0-1%-32'*1T%A2M%* !Q%*#1% %0'!3*2#301%/3'22#,2%*#%1'2#%/3'%#12%13 +#0%M%.#," ,2%* %1 '1-,%"#1%.*3'#1T%O#1%& '2 21% 2#+.-0 '0#1%1-,2%20 ,1.-02M1Q%+'1%9%* 0'%.#," ,2%* %+-311-,Q%.3'1%0M',12 **M1%9%* %1 '1-,% 13'4 ,2#Q%130%3,%+-"L*#%"#% bayanihan %#,20#%4-'1',1T%8 0%!-,20#Q%*#1%20 4 36%-0"', '0#1% 3% !& +.%1-,2%%M0M1% 3%1#',%"#1%0M1# 36%"#%. 0#,2M1%#2%. 0%*#+.*-'%"-340'#01% %0'!-*#1T%

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" " 3.2.4. ! !Une !localité !fragmentée !sur !les !terres !côtières !de !Calzada !à!Napindan !

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3.2.5. ! De !petites !localités !isolées !le !long !des !routes !et !du !canal !!

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O_ 11-!' 2'-,%"#1% %0'!3*2#301%"#%> ,2 %X, %,#%(-3#% 3(-30"_&3'% 3!3,%0*#%.-30%"M$#,"0#% 3,%"0-'2%9%* %2#00#%!%*#1% %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%"#%> ,2 %X, T% 4'#0%#6.*'/3#%S%% La !mairie ! donne !la !licence. !Les !gens !du !bureau !nous !rendent !visite !pour !donner !des !conseils !:!les !besoins ! en ! engrais, ! la ! santé ! des ! plantes, ! etc. ! Maintenant, ! Il ! y! a! très ! peu ! de ! fermiers ! parce ! qu'ils ! commencent !à!vendre !les !lots !et !à!construire !des !maisons. % %T,20#2'#,% 4'#0Q%TRSUT%O#% .L0#%"#%J- *#"-%!-,$'0+#%S%% L’organisation !fournit !gratuitement !les !graines, !mais !elle !les ! demande !au !maire. !Le !rôle !de !l'association !est !de !demander !au !maire T% %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSUT%

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" " la !FARMC !dirige !seul !et !ne !tient !pas !compte !des !idées !lancées !par !les !autres !membres. !Il !est ! aussi !corrompu %U% C'est !un !conflit !personnel !contre !le !groupe !religieux, !avec !des !enjeux !plus ! politiques. !Le !problème !est !que !notre !groupe !n'a !pas !pu !inscrire !ces !membres !cette !année. !Le ! renouvellement !d'inscription !se !fait !tous !les !deux !ans, !mais !quand !nous !avons !déposé !notre ! demande, !le !leader !n'a !pas !accepté !notre !formulaire !de !renouvellement. !Le !leader !envisage ! de !se !présenter !aux !élections %"3% 30# 3% et !il !pense !que !notre !groupe !religieux !ne !va !pas ! voter !pour !lui. !Nous !aurons !des !restrictions !pour !pêcher !dans !Laguna !de !Bay. !Il !y!a!un !garde V côte, !donc !nous !avons !besoin !d'être !membre !de !FARMC !pour !ne !pas !être !illégaux. !Nous !avons ! besoin !de !l'intermédiaire !du !barangay !captain, !de !la !LLDA !et !de !la !mairie. !Si !cette !rencontre ! .0M43#%*#%*#,"#+ ',%"#%*_#,20#2'#,% ne !règle !pas !le !problème, !nous !irons !plus !haut, !devant ! le !maire. % %T,20#2'#,%TRSVT%

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" " 4.1. ! Des !pauvres, !citadins !invisibles !comme !les !autres ! "

4.1.1. ! Des !freins !classiques !d’accès !aux !aides !sociales !à!la !pauvreté !et… ! %

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" " 4.1.2. ! …Des !relations !institutionnelles !détournées !par !le !clientélisme !et !le ! patronage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e ! nouvel ! élu ! de ! quartier % A& '0+ ,% >'%$0'#"% [#0, ,#Q% M*3% #,% TRSR ! ne ! prioritise !plus !les !gens !qui !vivent !ici. !La !gestion !du !barangay !est !différente !U !C'est !le !même ! parti !politique !mais !les !équipes !politiques !sont !différentes. !L'une !rattachée !au !vice Vmaire ! Visko !Moreno !et !l'autre !au !Maire !Lim. !Avant !le !terme !de !l'élu %A& '0+ ,%A 0*-%8 *+ Q% l'aide ! provenait !de !différents !pays. !Maintenant, !avec !le !nouvel !élu !il !n'y !a!plus !aucune !aide !qui ! arrive !jusqu'ici. !Avant, !des !visites !étaient !planifiées !et !les !visiteurs !venaient !pour !aider !et ! apporter !de !la !nourriture. !Maintenant, !on !est !négligé T% %T,20#2'#,%X** ,Q%TRSU%#2%TRSVT%

4.1.3. ! Un !statut !de !sans Vvoix !! %

O#%12 232%"#%. 340#%!-," +,#%*#1%$ +'**#1%9%,#%. 1%N20#% 3"' *#1%" ,1%* %!3*230#%.-*'2'/3#% .&'*'..',#%\* ,!-Q%TRSUT%O_-,-+ 2-.M# !wang Vwang %"M1'%,#%" ,1%*#%* ,% %#%!-30 ,2%*#1% 1'0L,#1%"#1%4M&'!3*#1%%-34#0,#+#,2 36%.0'-0'2 '0#1%" ,1%*#1% -3!&-,1%',2#0+', *#1%"#%

" " 7#20-%7 ,'* %S%%O#1%1'0L,#1%1-,2%"#4#,3#1%*#%17+ -*#%"#%* %!* +#30%"#1%.0'4'*L%#1%"#1% .3'11 ,21%#2%"#1%0'!%/3'%0#!-30#,2%9%*#301%0#* 2'-,1%.-30%131.#,"0#%*#1%*-'1%-3%*#1%$ '0#% 1#%!-30 #0%9%*#30%$ 4#30% %J##1#Q%20 "3!2'-,%*' 0#Q%TRSUQ%.T%USVT%_')* 1%J##1#%M4-/3#%3,#% 1-!'M2M%/3'%$-,!2'-,,#%130%3,%1712L+#%9%"#36%!* 11#1%S%*#1%.3'11 ,21% malakas %#2%*#1%$ ' *#1% mahina T%O#1%$ ' *#1%1-,2%%+M2&-"'/3#+#,2%$-0!M1% 3%1'*#,!#%. 0%3,%1712L+#%(3"'!' '0#% % /3'%*#30%#12%', !!#11' *#%#2%!-00-+.3%J##1#%_TQ%20 "3!2'-,%*' 0#Q%TRSUQ%.TUSVT%

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shabu %-3%+M2& +.&M2 +',#Q% #2%*#1%!-,1-++ 2#301T%L ,1%*_&'12-'0#%.-*'2'/3#%0M!#,2#Q%*#1%#6M!32'-,1%#620 (3"'!' '0#1% "#+#30#,2% %M,M0 *#+#,2% "#1% $$ '0#1% '00M1-*3#1T% O#% "-32#% .* ,#% 2-3(-301% 130% *#1% !'0!-,12 ,!#1% "#1% 11 11', 21Q% #,20#% 430#1% .-*'!'L0#1Q% 0L%*#+#,21% "#% !-+.2#% "#% /3 02'#0Q% "M* 2'-,% 3% "M20'+#,2% "_',,-!#,21Q% !-++ ,"'2 '0#1% .-*'2'/3#1% -3% !-+.*-21% .-*'2'/3#1%.-30%"M12 '*'1#0%*#%.-34-'0T%L ,1%*#%"'120'!2%"#%!-,"-Q%#,%TRSTQ%7 0'*-3%o **#Q% .0M1'"#,2#% "#% *_ 11-!' 2'-,% "#% /3 02'#0% > + & ,% 1 % >'2'-% L + 7 ,%% _ , + ) ,Q% #12% 11 11',M#%"#4 ,2%!%#**#Q% *-01%/3#%1-,% !2'-,%#,%2 ,2%/3#%*# "#0%!-++3, 32 '0#%9%>'2'-% L + 7 ,%.0#,"%"#%*_ +.*#30%9%*_#,!-,20#%"3%.0-(#2%"#%"M+-*'2'-,%#2%"_#6.3*1'-,%.-02M%. 0% *#%%-34#0,#+#,2T%L#1%!-,1#'**#01%"#%/3 02'#0%1-,2%1-3.I-,,M1%" ,1%*_ $$ '0#T%

4.1.4. ! Désaffection !et !défiance !vis VàVvis !du !politique ! "

X% .0-.-1% "3% .-*'2'/3#Q% *#1% 0#%'120#1% "#% * ,% %#% "#% * % %0 ,"#% + (-0'2M% "#1% #,/3N2M1% #,20#2'#,1% TRSTVTRSV% M4-/3#,2% *#% $ 2 *'1+#Q% * % "M1 $$#!2'-,% -3% * % "M$' ,!#T% T*#-*', %"M,-,!#%* %!-003.2'-,%#2%*#%.-.3*'1+#%S%%Je !trouve !que !les !hommes !politiques !sont ! corrompus. !Ils !viennent !ici !pour !faire !des !promesses !pendant !les !campagnes !électorales T% T% ]#,'%M4-/3#%1 %"M1 $$#!2'-,%4'1V9V4'1%"3%.-*'2'/3#%S%% Je !ne !sais !pas, !ça !m'est !égal. !Je !vais ! juste !voter. !Je !n'attends !rien !du !gouvernement !parce !que !le !gouvernement !ne !nous !accorde ! aucune !attention. % T%L#%+N+#Q%N#*'6%M4-/3#%3,%!#02 ',%$ 2 *'1+#%S%%Je !ne !peux !rien !dire, !je ! n'espère !rien. !Si !les !élus !nous !donnent !quelque !chose !on !l'accepte. !Si !ce !n’est !pas !le !cas, !ça !va ! U !Bien !sûr, !je !veux !que !le !gouvernement !donne !des !terres !aux !agriculteurs. !Mais !c'est !tout ! à!fait !impossible, !parce !que !le !gouvernement !est !inefficace % T%N0#"Q%"M1',2M0#11MQ%1_#6.0'+#% 130% *#% 13(#2%S% % La ! politique ! ça ! va… ! Je ! crois ! que ! la ! responsabilité ! individuelle ! est ! plus ! importante. ! L'important ! est ! de ! progresser ! dans ! la ! vie ! et ! d'avoir ! un ! retour ! d'investissement. % T%L#%+N+#Q%\#0,#%#6.*'/3#%1 %.-1'2'-,%S%% Je !ne !suis !pas !intéressé !par !la ! mairie !ou !d'autres !organisations !parce !que !je !suis !capable !de !vivre !ici !et !de !subvenir !à!mes ! besoins. %U% Je !ne !me !soucie !pas !du !tout !de !politique. !Ce !que !je !sais, !je !le !dois !à!moi Vmême. !

" " Quand ! tu ! travailles ! dur, ! tu ! gagnes ! de ! l'argent. ! Je ! n’attends ! pas ! les ! actions ! du ! gouvernement. % T%%

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

% ! !

" " 4.2. ! Une !cause !perdue !:!fatalisme, !acceptation !ou !attentisme !?! % O#1%+-34#+#,21%"#%!'2 "',1%" ,1%*#1%*-! *'2M1%.0M! 0'1M#1%"#%7#20-%7 ,'* Q%1_ +-0!#,2Q% *9%-&%*_M. '11#30%"#1%*'#,1%1-!' 36%2'11#,2%3,#%!-++3, 32M%"#%4-'1', %#Q%*9%-&%1#%!-,12'23#% 3,% %1#,1% . 02 %M% Q% %3,#% ! 31#% !-++3,#% % >& 2)',Q% TRRV%R% \#0,#0Q% S[[YT% ^0Q% 1'% *_ %0'!3*230#%30 ',#%!-,12'23#%"3%%!-++3,% %" ,1%*#1%*-! *'2M1%M23"'M#1%9%7#20-%7 ,'* Q% #**#%,#%!-,12'23#%. 1%3,#%! 31#T%

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est !impossible !à! défendre !ces !terres !agricoles, !parce !qu'au !final, !c'est !la !décision !du !gouvernement !ou !de !la ! mairie. % %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSUT%L#%+N+#Q%X*#6%!-,$'#%S%% Des !techniciens !sont !venus !mesurer !le ! terrain !donc !je !pense !que !la !zone !va !être !récupérée !à!cause !d'un !projet. !S'il !n'y !a!pas !de ! développement, !cette !terre !peut !rester. !Si !ce !n'est !pas !le !cas, !je !ne !peux !rien !faire !à!propos !de ! ça. ! %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT%8#.'2-%#6.0'+#%! *+#+#,2%S%% Nous !ne !pouvons !rien !faire !parce !que ! c'est ! une ! propriété ! du ! gouvernement % *#% .0-.0'M2 '0#% #12% 1 ,1% 2'20#% "#% .0-.0'M2M .! Mais, ! j’aimerais !suggérer !que !cette !zone !ne !soit !pas !touchée. !Mais !on !ne !sait !pas. % %T,20#2'#,Q% TRSVT% !

" " 7#, !M#1% "#% .#0"0#% *#301% 2#00#1Q% *#1% $ +'**#1% "_ %0'!3*2#301% 30 ',1% #,4'1 %#,2% *#30% !-,"'2'-,% "#% "M.-11M"M1% 4'1V9V4'1% "3% .-34-'0% " ,1% 3,#% !!#.2 2'-,% 20 ,/3'**#% #2% 1'*#,!'#31#T% O % .0M! 0'2M% "_-!!3. 2'-,% "#1% 2#00#1% #12% !!#.2M#% " ,1% 2-32#1% *#1% !-,$'%30 2'-,1T%X%>+-)#7%7-3,2 ',Q%X0,#*%,',4#12'2%.*31%" ,1%1 %+ '1-,%! 0%'*%,#%1 '2%. 1% /3 ,"%'*1%4-,2%N20#%"M+-*'1%T,20#2'#,Q%TRSUT%> +3#*%#6.*'/3#%S%% Dans !cinq !ans, !on !sera ! déplacé !et !Smokey !Mountain !sera !retirée, !d'après !les !gardes !du !port. !Il !n'y !a!pas !encore !de ! projet ! de ! site ! de ! relocalisation, ! peut Vêtre ! qu'ils ! vont ! juste ! nous ! payer ! pour ! la ! maison T% % T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT%X%! %3'%Q%8#.'2-%$-0+3*#%S%% on !aimerait !suggérer !que !cette !terre !ne !soit ! pas !touchée. !Mais, !on !ne !peut !pas. ! %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT%p-%. 0*#% 3%,-+%"#%1 %$ +'**#%S%% Si ! nous !n’avons !pas !à!quitter !cet !endroit, !nous !serons !reconnaissants. !Mais, !sinon, !on !ne !sait ! pas ! ce ! qu'on ! fera. ! Nous ! n'avons ! aucune ! autre ! maison ! en ! province. % % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSVT% T**#,#% #6.0'+#% 1-,%$ 2 *'1+#%S%% Nous ! attendons ! notre ! heure, ! parce ! nous ! sommes ! vieux, ! donc !il !n'y !a!rien !à!attendre. !Des !personnes !disent !que !Smokey !Mountain !a!déjà !était !vendu ! à! des ! gens ! riches. % % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSUT% N0#"% 0M.-,"% 1#0#',% + *%0M% *_',!#02'23"#%S% % Si ! le ! gouvernement !nous !prend !la !terre, !tant !pis, !on !retournera !à!Pateros. % %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT% >2##4#%#6.0'+#%1 %!-,$' ,!#%S%% Il !n'y !a!aucune !menace !pour !être !démolis !»!»T%T,20#2'#,% >2##4#Q%TRSUT%%

8-30% *#1% & '2 ,21Q% * % +#, !#% 0#.0M1#,2#% /3#*/3#% !&-1#% "_'++',#,2T% ! ,2% /3#% !#22#% +#, !#%,#%1#%!-,!0M2'1#%. 1%. 0%3,%.0-!#1131%"_#6.3*1'-,%#,%*3'V+N+#Q%!_#12V9V"'0#%. 0%*#% 0#!#,1#+#,2% "#1% & '2 ,21% . 0% "#1% #+.*-7M1% .-30% *'12#0% *#1% #6.3*1M1% #2% -0% ,'1#0% *#1% 0#*-%#+#,21Q%2 ,2%/3#%!#%.0-!#1131%,_#12%. 1% +-0!MQ% # 3!-3.%"#%$ +'**#1%"#+#30#,2% !-,$' ,2#1T%p'*%#6.*'/3#%S%% je !ne !me !sens !pas !très !stable !ici !parce !qu'on !peut !être !"démolis" !à! n'importe ! quel ! moment % T% 7 '1Q% 1 % $#++#% /3 ,2% 9% #**#% 1#% "'2% % confiante, ! parce ! que ! le ! gouvernement !n'a !pas !encore !envoyé !un !représentant !ici T% %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSUT%%%

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n !ne !reste !pas !ici !pour !squatter !et !demander !un !relogement. % %T,20#2'#,% X** ,Q%TRSUT%>#3*#%* %$ +'**#%"#%J-"0'!&Q%. 02'#% 3% -32%"_3,% ,Q% %$-0+3*M%1_N20#%',12 **M#% 9% >+-)#7% 7-3,2 ',% " ,1% *#% ! "0#% "_3,#% 2 !2'/3#% *'M#% 9% *_ 22#,2'1+#% #2% !#Q% " ,1% 3,#% 1'23 2'-,% $ +'*' *#% "#% $-02#% 43*,M0 '*'2M% $ !#% 9% * % . 340#2M% S% % On ! espère ! que ! le ! gouvernement ! fournisse ! un ! logement ! temporaire ! ou ! permanent ! pour ! notre ! famille T% % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSUT% 8*322% /3#% "#% 4-'0% "#% *_ 22#,2'1+#% " ,1% *#1% 2 !2'/3#1% "#1% $ +'**#1% "_ %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1Q%(#%!-,1'"L0#%*#30%+ ',2'#,%. 11'$%!-++#%3,#%+ ,'L0#%"_-.2'+'1#0Q%

" " (31/3_ 3V -32'12#Q% *_-..-023,'2M% "#% .-34-'0% M,M$'!'#0% "#% *_ %0'!3*230#% 30 ',#% !-++#% +-7#,% "_#6'12#,!#% #2% !-++#% !-+.-1 ,2#% !-,12'232'4#% "#% *#30% +-"#% "_& '2#0T% T*#-*', %',12 **M#%"#.3'1%S[[Z%130%*#1%2#00#1%!2'L0#1%"#%! %3'%Q%#6.*'/3#%S%% J'attends !juste ! de ! voir ! les ! plans ! du ! gouvernement ! concernant ! la ! poldérisation % % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSVT% J- *#"-%$-0+3*#%S%% On ! est ! chanceux ! au ! final. ! Ça ! fait ! 3! ans ! que ! l'on ! peut ! rester ! ici. ! On ! s'attend !à!pouvoir !rester !encore !5!ans !seulement. !Après !il !se !peut !qu'on !soit !démoli !parce ! qu'il ! y! a! déjà ! beaucoup ! d'acheteurs % ',2M0#11M1% . 0% *#% $-,!'#0T% % T,20#2'#,Q% TRSVT% >2##4#%#6.*'/3#%1-,%.0-(#2%$ !#%9%*_',!#02'23"#%S%% La !famille !prie !Dieu !pour !rester !ici !encore ! une !fois !5!ans !pour !épargner !et !s'installer !à!Bocaue %\3* ! ,T% Je !souhaite !donner !la !terre !à! mon !fils. !J’aurais !voulu !qu’il !étudie !mais !son !rêve !est !de !gérer !l'exploitation !ici !à!Smokey ! Mountain. % %T,20#2'#,Q%TRSVT%

N', *#+#,2Q%*_#,(#3%.-30%*#1%$ +'**#1%"_ %0'!3*2#301%30 ',1%,_#12%. 1%"#%20-34#0%3,%+-7#,% .-30%0#4#,"'/3#0%3,#%1M!30'2M%"#%2#,30#%.-30%* %2#00#Q%+ '1%.*322%"#%+ ',2#,'0%*#301% +-7#,1%"_#6'12#,!#Q%*_ %0'!3*230#%-3% 320#%!&-1#Q%#,%!-,1'"M0 ,2%/3#%*#1%-..-023,'2M1%1-,2% .*31%,-+ 0#31#1Q%'!'Q%" ,1%* %4'**#Q%.*322%/3_ '**#301T%% % ! !

" " 4.3. ! Quelles !tactiques !d’ajustement !face !la !précarité !de ! l’agriculture !urbaine !?! %

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% 4.3.1. ! Des !degrés !de !précarité ! %

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% 4.3.2. ! Des !tactiques !transitionnelles !par !la !territorialité ! %

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" !

" " " !

" " Annexes ! "

Annexe !1. !! L17 V!RV7!`X$1QJ7!V !]`Q01JHV7!RV7!8.1C1]]1JV7!

Annexe !2. !! ":`:H X`17: 1QJ!RV7!`Q`IV7!%`G:1JV7!RV!C;.:G1 : !1J`Q`IVC!:%6!8.1C1]]1JV7!

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Annexe !6. ! =7J .W7V!RV!C;VJ_%Y V!:%]`W7!RV7!:H V%`7!Q`$:J17: 1QJJVC7 ! Annexe !7. ! &6VI]CV7!RV!$%1RV7!RVJ `V 1VJ!HQJR%1 7!:0VH!RV7!:H V%`7!Q`$:J17: 1QJJVC7!

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" " " " Annexe !1. !! L17 V!RV7!`X$1QJ7!V !]`Q01JHV7!RV7!8.1C1]]1JV7!

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 " " Tables !des !illustrations ! "

Table !des !cartes ! @:` V"8"+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%"#.3'1%!-,"-% #2%*#%13"%"#%_ 4-2 1 "888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " @:` V" 8"\`Q01JHV/"R;Q`1$1JV"RV/"`:I1CCV/"R;:$`1H%C V%`/"%`G:1J/";"]:` 1`"RV"C;1JR1H: V%`"H"Q`1$1JV"R;%J" IVIG`V"]10Q "RV"C:"`:I1CCV"I"88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " @:` V"8"KV"]`1JH1]V"RV"/%G/1R1:`1 X"VJ `V"CV/"`X/V:%6"RV"C:"CQH:C1 X"``:$IVJ XV"VJ" V``V/"HT 1W`V/"RV" @:C<:R:";"^:]1JR:J"88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888"" "

Table !des !figures ! J1$%`V"8"K:"I%C 1`QJH 1QJJ:C1 X"RV"C;U$`1H%C %`V"`G:1JV"HQJ/ `%1 "RV/"]QJ /"]Q%`"]C%/1V%`/"RQI:1JV/" RV"`VH.V`H.V"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V"8"\VJ/V`"C;:$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"]:`"C;.:G1 V`"7"V/]:HV/"0XH%/5"V/]:HV/"/QH1:%65"V/]:HV/"RV"01V" " J1$%`V"8"RVHQJ`1$%`: 1QJ"RV/"IQ7VJ/"R;V61/ VJHV"V "RV/"IQRV/"R;.:G1 V`"R:J/"CV" VI]/"V "R:J/" C;V/]:HV"]:`"CV/" :H 1_%V/".:G1 :J V/"V "CV/"/ `: X$1V/"RV/":H V%`/"1J/ 1 % 1QJJVC/"888888888888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V"8"KV/" :H 1_%V/"R;VJ$:$VIVJ "RV"C;.:G1 :J "R:J/"C;:$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"CV"CQJ$"RV"/QJ"]:`HQ%`/" RV"01V"88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V" 8"UIQ`HV`"CV" V``:1J"7"%JV"I1/V"VJ"`X/V:%"V``1H1VJ V":IQ`HXV"RV]%1/"CV"IQJRV"RV"C:"`VH.V`H.V" ^=:J01V`R=%1J"_"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V" 8"K;:HHW/"HQI]CV6V":%6".:G1 :J /"]`: 1_%:J /"RV"C;:$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"7"@.VI1JVIVJ /"RV]%1/" RV/":H V%`/"HCV`/"RV"C:"/QH1X X"H101CV"^JQ0VIG`V""T"/V] VIG`V"_"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" "

" " J1$%`V" 8"VJ_%Y V`"CV/"H"JQ"I:J;/"C:JR"I":$`1HQCV/"RV"X:$%1$"^I:`/R/V] VIG`V"_"88888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V" 8"G 1JX`:1`V/"R;:HHW/"VJ" V``:1J"/VJ/1GCV"8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888"" J1$%`V" 8"RV]`X/VJ : 1QJ"R7J:I1_%V"RV"C;VJ `V 1VJ":0VH"CV/"`:I1CCV/"R;:$`1H%C V%`/"%`G:1J/"888888888888"" J1$%`V"8"GJ `QR%1`V"C:"R1IVJ/1QJ" VI]Q`VCCV"V "HQJHV0Q1`"C:"I%C 1]C1H1 X"RV/":$`1H%C %`V/"%`G:1JV/ "8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " J1$%`V"8""KV/"``QJ 1W`V/"I%C 1R1IVJ/1QJJVCCV/"RV"C:"RXH.:`$V"VJ"``1H.V"RV"C;1J V`/ 1HV"RV"NIQ@V7"

" " X:GCV:%" 8"KV/"]:C1V`/"RV"]:%0`V X"RV/"`:I1CCV/"R;:$`1H%C V%`/"%`G:1J/"VJ"`QJH 1QJ"RV"C;X0:C%: 1QJ" _%:C1 : 10V"RV"C:"/: 1/`:H 1QJ"RV"CV%`/"GV/Q1J/"V//VJ 1VC/"^:C1IVJ : 1QJ5"CQ$VIVJ 5"/:J X5"XR%H: 1QJ5" RX]C:HVIVJ /_"8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " X:GCV:%" 8"<: `1HV"R;1J V`]`X : 1QJ"RV/"/7/ WIV/"R;:H 101 X/"RV/"`:I1CCV/"R;:$`1H%C V%`/"%`G:1J/"RV" NIQ@V7"+-)#7% 7-3,2 ', "88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " \.Q Q" 8"K:"`:I1CCV"/;1J/ :CCV"/%`"CV/" V``V/":$`1HQCV/"V "/V"HQJ/ `%1 "%J"CQ$VIVJ 5":]`W/"CV%`"V6]%C/1QJ" V "C:"RXIQC1 1QJ"RV"CV%`"CQ$VIVJ "R:J/"%J":% `V"_%:` 1V`";"X:$%1$"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " \.Q Q" 8"U`I:JRQ"R:J/"/:"`V/ .Q%/V5"%J":J":0:J "_%;1C"JV"/Q1 "V6]%C/X"RV"/QJ"CQ$VIVJ "R:J/"CV" _%:` 1V`"R;/%/:J";"X:$%1$"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " \.Q Q" 8"XVH.J1_%V/".Q`/R/QC/"I16 V/"R:J/"CV/"=:`R1J/"RV"RXIQJ/ `: 1QJ"RV"]QC7"N]1`1 ";"O%V+-)#7%7-3,2 ',%$* ,%#12 "888888888888888888888888888"" \.Q Q"8"K;:$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"7"%J"IQRV"R;.:G1 V`" `W/"]`XH:1`V"VJ `V"C:"`Q% V"V "CV"H:J:C"888888888888""

" " \.Q Q" 8"KV" :C1]:]:"RV"JCQ`V5"CV"CQJ$"RV"C:"`Q% V"@ "888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888"" \.Q Q" 8"U%"]1VR"RV"NIQ@V7"M!30'2M% *'+#,2 '0#%#2%+-"#1% *'+#,2 '0#1%S%3,#% %0'!3*230#%30 ',#%.-1'2'-,,M#%" ,1% *#1%M!-*#1 "888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " VJH:R`X" 8"):`R1J/" Q1 %`V/"7"RV/"]`Q=V /"1/QCX/"888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " VJH:R`X" 8"\Q%`_%Q1"N:I:`"V/ RVCCV"H"/Q%/RRX0VCQ]]XV"I"R:J/"C;:`H.1]VC"-"8888888888888888888888888888888888888" " VJH:R`X" 8"[V/"`:I1CCV/"I1$`:J V/"_%1":HHWRVJ ";"C;:$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"/:J/"H"RXH`QH.:$V":$`1HQCV"I "8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " VJH:R`X" 8"U$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"`X/%`$VJ V"V " `:]]V/"RV"]:%0`V X"8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888" " VJH:R`X" 8""JV":$`1H%C %`V"%`G:1JV"/%`"CV"H:I]%/"RV"\"[1C1I:J"]Q%`"CV/"`V `:1 X/"8888888888888888888888" "

" " VJH:R`X"8"K;:H_%1/1 1QJ"RV/"HQI]X VJHV/":$`1HQCV/"H.V<"CV/"`:I1CCV/"J: 10V/"RV"

" " Tables !des !matières ! " JM13+M%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%Y% J#+#0!'#+#,21%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%Z% ?*-11 '0#%"#%*-!32'-,1%$'*'.',-1%#2%2 %*'1&%32'*'1M1%" ,1%*#%2#62#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SS% ?*-11 '0#%"#1%.* ,2#1%!3*2'4M#1%#,% %0'!3*230#%30 ',#%9%7#20-%7 ,'* %#2%130%*#1% 11#1V2#00#1% .&'*'..',#1%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SU% O'12#%"#1%1'%*#1%#2% !0-,7+#1%32'*'1M1%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SW% >-++ '0#%TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT%SY%

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