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Eastern Zhou Dynasty \(770 – 221BC\)
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 – 221BC) The long period during which the Zhou nominally ruled China is divided into two parts: the Western Zhou, covering the years from the conquest in c. 1050BC to the move of the capital from Xi’an to Luoyang in 771BC, and the Eastern Zhou, during which China was subdivided into many small states fro 770BC to the ascendancy of the Qin kingdom in 221BC. The Eastern Zhou period is traditionally divided into two: the Spring and Autumn period (770 – 475BC) and the period of the Warring States (475 – 221BC). These names are taken from contemporary historical documents which describe the periods in question. After the conquest of Xi’an by the Quanrong, the Zhou established their capital at Luoyang. No longer did they control their territory as undisputed kings, but now ruled alongside a number of other equally or more powerful rulers. In the centre and the north, the state of Jin was dominant, while the states of Yan and Qi occupied the present-day provinces of Hebei and Shandong repectively. Jin disintegrated in the fifth century BC, and three states, Han, Wei and Zhao, assumed its territory. In the west the Qin succeeded to the mantle of the Zhou, and in the south the state of Chu dominated the Yanzi basin. During the sixth and fifth centuries BC, Chu threatened and then swallowed up the small eastern states of Wu and Yue, as well as states such as Zeng on its northern boundary. Although for much of the period Chu was a successful and dominant power, in due course it fell in 223BC before the might of Qin, its rulers fleeing eastwards to Anhui province. -
Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture and the Cultivation of Socialism Core
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 21 3rd Annual International Conference on Management, Economics and Social Development (ICMESD 2017) Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture and the Cultivation of Socialism Core Values Jin-Yu HU School of Humanity, Economy and Law of Northwestern Polytechnical University Deputy director of Postgraduate Administration Department at Chang’an University Keywords: Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture, Socialism core values, Cultivation. Abstract. Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture is the basis and core of Chinese Culture which represents the source and orientation of traditional Chinese Culture. Investigation of the relationship between Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture and socialism core values is not only an important theoretical but also a practical issue. Applying the conviction ethic and responsibility theory of Zhou and Qin Ethical Culture as reference, could have strong inspiration and practical value for the cultivation values with the modern socialism as its core. Introduction Core value is known as the country, society and individual dominated value proposition. It does not exit originally and will not remain the same. The formation of core value requires an “advocated”, “cultivation” and “practice” process. Whether core value can be accepted by populace and become a general consensus, depends on two aspects: 1) if it is compliant with the historical and cultural psychology of our nation, has a basis in the traditional culture, and reflects ethic characteristics; 2) if it is scientifically advanced, complied with the world trend, and reflects the orientation of advancement of our nation. Once these two aspects are met, core value will become a community consensus, and a force to unite the people and direct social progress. -
Archaeological Observation on the Exploration of Chu Capitals
Archaeological Observation on the Exploration of Chu Capitals Wang Hongxing Key words: Chu Capitals Danyang Ying Chenying Shouying According to accurate historical documents, the capi- In view of the recent research on the civilization pro- tals of Chu State include Danyang 丹阳 of the early stage, cess of the middle reach of Yangtze River, we may infer Ying 郢 of the middle stage and Chenying 陈郢 and that Danyang ought to be a central settlement among a Shouying 寿郢 of the late stage. Archaeologically group of settlements not far away from Jingshan 荆山 speaking, Chenying and Shouying are traceable while with rice as the main crop. No matter whether there are the locations of Danyang and Yingdu 郢都 are still any remains of fosses around the central settlement, its oblivious and scholars differ on this issue. Since Chu area must be larger than ordinary sites and be of higher capitals are the political, economical and cultural cen- scale and have public amenities such as large buildings ters of Chu State, the research on Chu capitals directly or altars. The site ought to have definite functional sec- affects further study of Chu culture. tions and the cemetery ought to be divided into that of Based on previous research, I intend to summarize the aristocracy and the plebeians. The relevant docu- the exploration of Danyang, Yingdu and Shouying in ments and the unearthed inscriptions on tortoise shells recent years, review the insufficiency of the former re- from Zhouyuan 周原 saying “the viscount of Chu search and current methods and advance some personal (actually the ruler of Chu) came to inform” indicate that opinion on the locations of Chu capitals and later explo- Zhou had frequent contact and exchange with Chu. -
Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei
2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei-Wei LI College of International Exchange, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China [email protected] Keywords: Beijing Mandarin Area, Early History, Ethnic Fusion, Language Contact. Abstract. Beijing Mandarin is more than a thousand year ago Yan Yan dialect, based on the integration of the Central Plains Han and northern ethnic minority language components gradually formed. Beijing Mandarin before the formal formation of a long period of gestation, revealing the Sui and Tang dynasties before the formation of the Beijing Mandarin area early human history, for the understanding of Beijing Mandarin language situation is very important. Introduction In this article, "Beijing Mandarin area" means including Beijing urban and suburban county, Hebei Chengde area, much of the northeast in addition to Liaodong peninsula, and parts of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the general area (Lin Tao, 1987; Zhang Shifang, 2010). "From the northeast to Beijing, in history, there are two common characteristics: one is the ethnic group for a long time, and second, the population flow, this kind of situation lasted nearly one thousand years, the development of northeast dialect and Beijing dialect is extremely far-reaching influence."[1] Beijing dialect and northeast dialect in one thousand to influence each other, eventually forming a Beijing mandarin, including large areas of the northeast and Beijing area. The formation of Beijing mandarin has experienced a long historical process, is more than one thousand years ago YouYan dialect, on the basis of constantly fusion of han nationality and composition of gradually formed in the northern minority languages. -
Inscriptional Records of the Western Zhou
INSCRIPTIONAL RECORDS OF THE WESTERN ZHOU Robert Eno Fall 2012 Note to Readers The translations in these pages cannot be considered scholarly. They were originally prepared in early 1988, under stringent time pressures, specifically for teaching use that term. Although I modified them sporadically between that time and 2012, my final year of teaching, their purpose as course materials, used in a week-long classroom exercise for undergraduate students in an early China history survey, did not warrant the type of robust academic apparatus that a scholarly edition would have required. Since no broad anthology of translations of bronze inscriptions was generally available, I have, since the late 1990s, made updated versions of this resource available online for use by teachers and students generally. As freely available materials, they may still be of use. However, as specialists have been aware all along, there are many imperfections in these translations, and I want to make sure that readers are aware that there is now a scholarly alternative, published last month: A Source Book of Ancient Chinese Bronze Inscriptions, edited by Constance Cook and Paul Goldin (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, 2016). The “Source Book” includes translations of over one hundred inscriptions, prepared by ten contributors. I have chosen not to revise the materials here in light of this new resource, even in the case of a few items in the “Source Book” that were contributed by me, because a piecemeal revision seemed unhelpful, and I am now too distant from research on Western Zhou bronzes to undertake a more extensive one. -
Title <Translated Article> Western Zhou History in the Collective
<Translated Article> Western Zhou History in the Collective Title Memory of the People of the Western Zhou: An Interpretation of the Inscription of the "Lai pan" Author(s) MATSUI, Yoshinori Citation 東洋史研究 (2008), 66(4): 712-664 Issue Date 2008-03 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/141873 Right Type Journal Article Textversion publisher Kyoto University 712 WESTERN ZHOU HISTORY IN THE COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE WESTERN ZHOU: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE INSCRIPTION OF THE "LAI PAN" MATSUI Y oshinori Introduction On January 19, 2003, twenty-seven bronze pieces were excavated from a hoard at Yangjiacun (Meixian county, Baoji city, Shaanxi province).l All the bronzes, which include twelve ding ~, nine Ii rn, two fanghu 11 if., one pan ~, one he :ii\'t, one yi [ffi, and one yu k, have inscriptions. Among them, the bronzes labeled "Forty-second-year Lai ding" ~ ~ (of which there are two pieces), "Forty-third-year Lai ding" (ten pieces), and "Lai pan" ~~ (one piece) have in scriptions that are particularly long for inscriptions from the Western Zhou period and run respectively to 281, 316 and 372 characters in length. The inscription of the "Lai pan," containing 372 characters, is divided into two parts, the first part is narrated from Lai's point of view but employs the third-person voice, opening with the phrase, "Lai said." The second part records an appointment (ceming :IlJt frJ) ceremony that opens, "The King said." The very exceptional first part records the service of generations of Lai's ancestors to successive Zhou Kings. The inscription mentions eleven former kings, King Wen X3:., King Wu TIk3:., King Cheng JIlG3:., King Kang *3:., King Zhao BR3:., King Mu ~~3:., King Gong *3:., King Yi i~3:., King Xiao ~(~)3:., King Yi 1J$(~)3:., King Li Jj1U (J~)3:. -
Chapter Three – the Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States
CHAPTER THREE – THE ZHOU DYNASTY AND THE WARRING STATES THE OVERTHROW OF THE SHANG As our archaeological record has proven, outside of Shang territory there existed a myriad of other kingdoms and peoples – some were allied to the Shang, others were hostile. Between the Shang capital at Anyang and the territory of the Qiang peoples, was a kingdom named Zhou. A nomadic peoples who spoke an early form of the Tibetan language, the Qiang tribes were often at war with the Shang kingdom. Serving as a buffer zone against the Qiang, this frontier kingdom of Zhou shared much of the Shang’s material culture, such as its bronze work. In 1045 BCE, however, the Zhou noble family of Ji rebelled against and overthrew the Shang rulers at Anyang. In doing so, they laid the foundations for the Zhou dynasty, China’s third. In classical Chinese history, three key figures are involved in the overthrow of the Shang. They are King Wen, who originally expanded the Zhou realm, his son King Wu, who conquered the Shang, and King Wu’s brother, known as the duke of Zhou, who secured Zhou authority while serving as regent for King Wu’s heir. The deeds of these three men are recorded in China’s earliest transmitted text, The Book of Documents.The text portrays the Shang kings as corrupt and decadent, with the Zhou victory recorded as a result of their justice and virtue. The Zhou kings shifted the Shang system of religious worship away from Di, who was a personified supreme first ancestor figure and towards Tian, which was Heaven itself. -
Microscopic Study of Chinese Bronze Casting Moulds from the Eastern Zhou Period
Journal of Archaeological Science 40 (2013) 2402e2414 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period Siran Liu a,b,*, Kai Wang a, Quanfa Cai c, Jianli Chen a,** a School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China b UCL, Institute of Archaeology, United Kingdom c Henan Provincial Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics, China article info abstract Article history: Piece mould casting technology, as a hall mark of the central plains of China during the Bronze Age, has Received 13 February 2012 attracted scholars’ interest globally. Bronze ritual vessels found in this area were produced in large Received in revised form quantities and generally cast with the moulds composed of three or more sections. This enormous 16 November 2012 industry certainly required workers to have had professional knowledge to ensure the success of every Accepted 17 November 2012 single cast. Mould making technology was one of its most important parts. This research looks into the microstructure of bronze casting moulds of the Eastern Zhou period, which was a rarely studied topic in Keywords: previous research. Through comparison with local pottery, it is shown that casting moulds in this period Mould Bronze casting were produced with quite specialized sand-rich material, and clay was only a minor component. It is fi Microstructure then discussed how this unique material can be bene cial to the bronze casting process and how this SEM technology was integrated as a crucial part of the Chinese bronze casting system. -
Proof of Investors' Binding Borrowing Constraint Appendix 2: System Of
Appendix 1: Proof of Investors’ Binding Borrowing Constraint PROOF: Use the Kuhn-Tucker condition to check whether the collateral constraint is binding. We have h I RI I mt[mt pt ht + ht − bt ] = 0 If (11) is not binding, then mt = 0: We can write the investor’s FOC Equation (18) as: I I I I h I I I I i Ut;cI ct ;ht ;nt = bIEt (1 + it)Ut+1;cI ct+1;ht+1;nt+1 (42) At steady state, we have bI (1 + i) = 1 However from (6); we know bR (1 + i) = 1 at steady state. With parameter restrictions that bR > bI; therefore bI (1 + i) < 1; contradiction. Therefore we cannot have mt = 0: Therefore, mt > 0; and I h I RI thus we have bt = mt pt ht + ht : Q.E.D. Appendix 2: System of Steady-State Conditions This appendix lays out the system of equilibrium conditions in steady state. Y cR + prhR = + idR (43) N R R R r R R R UhR c ;h = pt UcR c ;h (44) R R R R R R UnR c ;h = −WUcR c ;h (45) 1 = bR(1 + i) (46) Y cI + phd hI + hRI + ibI = + I + prhRI (47) t N I I I h I I I h [1 − bI (1 − d)]UcI c ;h p = UhI c ;h + mmp (48) I I I h I I I r h [1 − bI (1 − d)]UcI c ;h p = UcI c ;h p + mmp (49) I I I [1 − bI (1 + i)]UcI c ;h = m (50) bI = mphhI (51) 26 ©International Monetary Fund. -
The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history. -
1 Abi Barnes* and Wei Cao** INTRODUCTION
MUDDY WATERS: THE PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF BOTTLED WATER IN CHINA Abi Barnes* and Wei Cao** INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1. The Bottled Water Industry ................................................................................... 6 A. The Global Bottled Water Market ............................................................ 6 B. China’s Bottled Water Market ................................................................ 11 1. Origins of the Industry ................................................................. 12 2. The Market Landscape and Projected Growth ............................. 13 3. The Market’s Chinese Characteristics ......................................... 16 4. Forces and Trends Driving Growth ............................................. 18 5. Environmental and Energy Issues ................................................ 24 2. Quality Control, Contamination Scares, and Sustainability ................................ 30 3. The Legal Landscape of Bottled Water in China ................................................. 41 A. Extraction and Compensation ................................................................. 43 1. Mineral Water .............................................................................. 43 2. Non-Mineral Water ...................................................................... 46 3. Purified Tap Water ...................................................................... -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 171 International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2017) Discussion on Western Region Music in Northern Zhou Dynasty Xing Tang School of Literature Northwest Minzu University Lanzhou, China Abstract—The Northern Zhou Dynasty (including Western Western and Eastern Han Dynasty, which include folk witch Wei Dynasty), as a dynasty that serve as a link between past and music dance, welcome God music, send God music, Xiangge future, should have its place in the cultural history. In the and other songs; Later music is the Western music after the Northern Zhou Dynasty, various cultures in Western Regions Han Dynasty and before Western Wei Dynasty, which include were closely interwoven. As one of the important representatives, game music, ritual music, custom music and so on; Current the music presented a wide range of sources with a large number music is the Western music in Northern Zhou Dynasty, due to of complicated compositions. These Western music has unique the large number of countries in the Western Regions and the style but also coexistence which has very close relationship with constant attacking and frequent destruction of the Western Northern Zhou’s music, so it has great influence to the music of Northern Zhou Dynasty and even the music of future Regions, so current music in fact refers to the remnants and integration of the music of different countries in different generations. historical periods in the Western Regions, which include Keywords—Northern Zhou Dynasty; Western Regions; music Shengming music, Tuozhi music and so on.