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Life History Studies of Two Digenetic Trematodes, Bolbophorus Damnificus and an Unknown Clinostomoid Species, That Infect Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus

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Life History Studies of Two Digenetic Trematodes, Bolbophorus Damnificus and an Unknown Clinostomoid Species, That Infect Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2011 Life History Studies of Two Digenetic Trematodes, Bolbophorus Damnificus and an Unknown Clinostomoid Species, that Infect Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus Cynthia Michelle Doffitt Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Doffitt, Cynthia Michelle, "Life History Studies of Two Digenetic Trematodes, Bolbophorus Damnificus and an Unknown Clinostomoid Species, that Infect Channel Catfish Ictalurus Punctatus" (2011). Theses and Dissertations. 2947. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/2947 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Template Created By: James Nail 2010 LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF TWO DIGENETIC TREMATODES, BOLBOPHORUS DAMNIFICUS AND AN UNKNOWN CLINOSTOMOID SPECIES, THAT INFECT CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) By Cynthia Michelle Doffitt A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Medical Science in the Department of Basic Science Mississippi State, Mississippi December 2011 Template Created By: James Nail 2010 Copyright 2011 By Cynthia Michelle Doffitt Template Created By: James Nail 2010 LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF TWO DIGENETIC TREMATODES, BOLBOPHORUS DAMNIFICUS AND AN UNKNOWN CLINOSTOMOID SPECIES, THAT INFECT CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) By Cynthia Michelle Doffitt Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ Linda M. Pote D. Tommy King Professor Research Biologist Department of Basic Sciences USDA/NWRC (Director of Dissertation) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Lester M. Khoo Michael J. Mauel Professor/Director Associate Professor CVM MS Aquatic Diagnostics Lab Department of Pathobiology and (Committee Member) Population Medicine (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Stephen Demarais Larry A. Hanson Extension/Assistant Research Professor Graduate Coordinator & Professor Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Department of Basic Sciences (Committee Member) _________________________________ Kent H. Hoblet Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine Template Created By: James Nail 2010 Name: Cynthia Michelle Doffitt Date of Degree: December 9, 2011 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Veterinary Medical Science Major Professor: Linda M. Pote Title of Study: LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF TWO DIGENETIC TREMATODES, BOLBOPHORUS DAMNIFICUS AND AN UNKNOWN CLINOSTOMOID SPECIES, THAT INFECT CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) Pages in Study: 125 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The commercial production of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is major industry in Mississippi. Infections of channel catfish with the digenetic trematode Bolbophorus damnificus have often been associated with heavy economic losses in the industry. To efficiently control transmission of this trematode, the avian hosts need to be identified. In the first study, two American white pelicans, two double-crested cormorants, two great blue herons, and two great egrets were fed channel catfish infected with B. damnificus metacercariae. The presence of Bolbophorus damnificus ova in pelican feces at three days post infection (dpi) indicated the pelicans had patent infections. Mature B. damnificus were recovered from the intestines of both pelicans at 21 dpi. No B. damnificus infections were observed in the other bird species. In a second study, 33 American white pelicans, 34 double-crested cormorants, 35 great blue herons, and 32 great egrets were collected in the Mississippi Delta. The prevalence of B. damnificus in the American white pelican was 93.9%, with an average of 158 B. damnificus found per bird (range 0-681). Bolbophorus damnificus was not found in any Template Created By: James Nail 2010 of the other bird species. The results of these two studies confirm that the AWPE is the only proven natural host for B. damnificus. In a third study, two previously undescribed cercariae were found infecting rams-horn snails in commercial catfish ponds. In challenge studies, channel catfish were exposed to both cercariae types. Only one type of cercariae (type I) was infective to channel catfish. The first evidence of type I metacercariae was seen histologically at 14 dpi and grossly at 21 dpi. Development continued until 120 dpi, when both gross examination and histology suggested that the metacercariae were mature. The type I metacercariae appeared to cause little host damage. Molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene region indicated that the type I cercariae and metacercariae may be a species of Clinostomum. The data generated in these three studies provides additional information that can be used in the development of efficacious management schemes to control digenetic trematodes infecting commercial catfish. Key words: Ardea alba, Ardea herodias, Bolbophorus damnificus, Clinostomum, cercariae, Digenea, Ictalurus punctatus, metacercariae, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Phalacrocorax auritus, piscivorous birds, trematode DEDICATION To my wonderful husband, Chris Doffitt, who always encouraged and supported me, even, and especially, when I wanted to give up. This achievement would not have been possible without you. Thank you for giving me the encouragement and time that I needed. I love you. To my precious son, Kale Bryce Doffitt, who has been my inspiration. A large part of what has kept me going is imagining you at my graduation and hoping that you would be proud. I love you with all of my heart. To my mother, Dr. Wanda Goleman, who paved the way and encouraged me throughout. I followed your example in spite of knowing exactly what I was getting into (twice)! To my father, Harvey Goleman, for keeping me smiling. To my grandfather, Floyd Collins Carney, who taught me what it means to work hard and strive for excellence and precision. I love you! To my grandmother, Lois Carney, who has always loved me. To my mother-in-law, Judy Wilkes, who has always treated me as family. Thank you for everything. To my father-in-law, Gary Malcolm Doffitt, who left us too soon and whose conversations I will always treasure. To my sisters-in-law, Cindy Doffitt and Laura Doffitt, for your support and love. To my major professor, Dr. Linda M. Pote. Thank you for sticking with me. I am honored to have been your student. To all of my friends (you know who you are) who have listened to me laugh and cry. Thank you for keeping me sane. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people helped with this research, and without them none of this would have been possible. I am grateful to all. First, I thank my major professor, Dr. Linda M. Pote. She has been the best mentor I could have asked for, teaching and leading me throughout. I also thank my committee, both former and current members, for their guidance throughout this process: Dr. Stephen Demarais, Dr. Lester Khoo, Mr. D. Tommy King, Dr. Michael Mauel, Dr. Doug Minchew, and Dr. Carla Panuska. Next, I would like to thank everyone else who helped along the way. Fellow graduate students, Ms. Angela Brandon, Ms. Barbara George, Dr. Matthew Griffin, Ms. Mary O’Hear, and Dr. Marlena Yost. Research Associates, Ms. Michelle Banes, Ms. Lorelei Ford, and Ms. Ellen Thornton. Employees of the USDA-NWRC, Dr. Scott Barras, Mr. Paul Fioranelli, Ms. Katie Hanson, Mr. Scott Lemmons, Mr. Russell Singleton, and Mr. Scott Woodruff. Student workers, Dr. Jackie Burns, Ms. Megan Anderson Childers, Dr. Jesse Grady, Dr. Lynette Goodwin, Ms. Shelley Meadors Griffin, Mr. Matt Mott, Ms. Katie O’Bringer Rees, and many, many others. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................1 Larval Digeneans in Channel Catfish ................................................................3 Adult Digeneans in Piscivorous Birds ...............................................................4 Bolbophorus spp. .........................................................................................4 Bolbophorus damnificus ..............................................................................9 Clinostomum spp. .......................................................................................13 Clinostomum marginatum ..........................................................................15 Transmission and Control ................................................................................18 Bolbophorus damnificus ............................................................................18 Clinostomum marginatum ..........................................................................20
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