DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix: List of Codes Used to Create the Study Cohort and Characterize Surgery ICD-9 Codes Used to Identify Infectious Endocar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix: List of Codes Used to Create the Study Cohort and Characterize Surgery ICD-9 Codes Used to Identify Infectious Endocar Appendix: List of codes used to create the study cohort and characterize surgery ICD-9 codes used to identify infectious endocarditis 4210 Acute/subacute bacterial endocarditis 4211 Acute endocarditis 4219 Acute/subacute endocarditis not otherwise specified 4249 Endocarditis not otherwise specified ICD-10 codes used to identify infectious endocarditis I330 Acute and subacute infective endocarditis I339 Acute endocarditis, unspecified I38 Endocarditis, valve unspecified ICD-9 codes used to identify substance use disorder 2920 Drug withdrawal syndrome 2921 Drug paranoid state 2922 Pathologic drug intoxication 2928 Drug-induced delirium 2929 Drug mental disorder not otherwise specified 3040 Opioid dependence unspecified 3041 Barbiturate dependence unspecified 3042 Cocaine dependence unspecified 3045 Hallucinogen dependence unspecified 3049 Drug dependence not otherwise specified unspecified 3053 Hallucinogen abuse 3054 Barbiturate abuse unspecified 3055 Opioid abuse unspecified 3056 Cocaine abuse unspecified 3059 Drug abuse NEC unspecified 3044 Amphetamine dependence unspecified 3046 Drug dependence NEC unspecified 3047 Opioid/other dependence unspecified 3048 Combined drug dependence NEC unspecified 3057 Amphetamine abuse unspecified 3058 Antidepressant abuse unspecified ICD-10 codes used to identify substance use disorder F110 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, acute intoxication F111 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, harmful use F112 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, dependence syndrome F113 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, withdrawal state F114 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, withdrawal state with delirium F115 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, psychotic disorder F116 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, amnesic syndrome F117 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, residual and late-onset psychotic disorder F118 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, other mental and behavioural disorders F119 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids, unspecified mental and behavioural disorder F130 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, acute intoxication F131 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, harmful use F132 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, dependence syndrome F133 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, withdrawal state F134 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, withdrawal state with delirium F135 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, psychotic disorder F136 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, amnesic syndrome F137 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, residual and late-onset psychotic disorder F138 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, other mental and behavioural disorders F139 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics, unspecified mental and behavioural disorder F140 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, acute intoxication F141 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, harmful use F142 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, dependence syndrome F143 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, withdrawal state F144 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, withdrawal state with delirium F145 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, psychotic disorder F146 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, amnesic syndrome F147 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, residual and late-onset psychotic disorder F148 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, other mental and behavioural disorders F149 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine, unspecified mental and behavioural disorder F160 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, acute intoxication F161 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, harmful use F162 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, dependence syndrome F163 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, withdrawal state F164 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, withdrawal state with delirium F165 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, psychotic disorder F166 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, amnesic syndrome F167 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, residual and late-onset psychotic disorder F168 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, other mental and behavioural disorders F169 Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogens, unspecified mental and behavioural disorder F190 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, acute intoxication F191 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, harmful use F192 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, dependence syndrome F193 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, withdrawal state F194 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, withdrawal state with delirium F195 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, psychotic disorder F196 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, amnesic syndrome F197 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, residual and late-onset psychotic disorder F198 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, other mental and behavioural disorders F199 Mental and behavioural disorders due to multiple drug use and use of psychoactive substances, unspecified mental and behavioural disorder OHIP codes used to identify substance use disorder 304 Drug dependence, drug addiction CCI codes used to determine if surgery was performed 1.HS.80.^^ Repair, triscuspid valve 1.HS.90.^^ Excision total with reconstruction, tricuspid valve 1.HT.89.^^ Excision total, pulmonary valve 1.HT.90.^^ Excision total with reconstruction, pulmonary valve 1.HU.80.GP-FF Repair, mitral valve, percutaneous transluminal approach using edge to edge leaflet closure device 1.HU.80.LA Repair, mitral valve, open approach using suture [e.g. annular plication, semicircular annuloplasty] 1.HU.80.LA-FE Repair, mitral valve, open approach using prosthetic device [e.g. ring, Future band annuloplasty] 1.HU.80.LA-XX- Repair, mitral valve, open approach using autograft [e.g. patching leaflet with A pericardial tissue] 1.HU.80.PN Repair, mitral valve, robotic assisted (minimally invasive) approach with telemanipulation of tools using suture [e.g. annular plication, semicircular annuloplasty] 1.HU.80.PN-BD Repair, mitral valve, robotic assisted (minimally invasive) approach with telemanipulation of tools using balloon [e.g. balloon valvuloplasty] 1.HU.80.PN-BP Repair, mitral valve, robotic assisted (minimally invasive) approach with telemanipulation of tools using dilation device [e.g. expanding dilator] 1.HU.80.PN-FE Repair, mitral valve, robotic assisted (minimally invasive) approach with telemanipulation of tools using prosthetic device [e.g. ring, Future band annuloplasty] 1.HU.80.PN-XX- Repair, mitral valve, robotic assisted (minimally invasive) approach with A telemanipulation of tools using autograft [e.g. patching leaflet with pericardial tissue] 1.HU.90.^^ Excision total with reconsutrction, mitral valve 1.HV.80.LA Repair, aortic valve open approach using suture (e.g. annular plication, semicircular annuloplasty) 1.HV.80.LA-FE Repair, aortic valve open approach using prosthetic device (e.g. ring annuloplasty) 1.HV.80.LA-XX- Repair, aortic valve open approach using autograft (e.g. patching of leaflet with A pericardial tissue) 1.HV.90.^^ Excision total with reconstruction, aortic valve CCP codes used to determine if surgery was performed 47.97 Percutaneous valvuloplasty 47.14 Open heart valvuloplasty of tricuspid valve without replacement 47.04 Closed heart valvotomy, tricuspid valve 47.27 Other replacement of tricuspid valve 47.26 Replacement of tricuspid valve with tissue graft 47.05 Closed heart valvotomy, pulmonary valve 47.29 Other replacement of pulmonary valve 47.28 Replacement of pulmonary valve with tissue graft 47.12 Open heart valvuloplasty of mitral valve without replacement 47.02 Closed heart valvotomy, mitral valve 47.23 Other replacement of mitral valve 47.22 Replacement of mitral valve with tissue graft 47.13 Open heart valvuloplasty of aortic valve without replacement 47.03 Closed heart valvotomy, aortic valve 47.25 Other replacement of aortic valve 47.24 Replacement of aortic valve with tissue graft .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Substance Abuse
    MODULE \ Substance Abuse For the Ethiopian Health Center Team Yigzaw Kebede, Tefera Abula, Belete Ayele, Amsalu Feleke, Getu Degu, Abera Kifle, Zeleke Alebachew, Endris Mekonnen, and Belay Tessema University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education April 2005 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2005 by Yigzaw Kebede, Tefera Abula, Belete Ayele, Amsalu Feleke, Getu Degu, Abera Kifle, Zeleke Alebachew, Endris Mekonnen, and Belay Tessema All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation and development of this module on Substance Abuse has the contribution of many teaching staffs of the Gondar University College.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundations Week 2.Pdf
    Foundations of Addictions Week 2 Glenn Maynard LPC Overview of Addictions • Debate in US continues on whether addiction is a disease, poor behavioral decision making or a moral failing • Prior to Prohibition, Temperance Movement placed the cause in the substance and then in the user • AA- moved the cause to the user and formed the basis of the disease model and behavioral model Addictions Counseling • Full cycle from mental health orientation to separate field and back to mental health under the name behavioral health • Long history of people in recovery working as lay counselors • Standards for addictions counselors began to evolve in the 1970’s Addictions Certification • 1972 JCAH developed accreditation standards that brought addictions into the mainstream • NIDA and NIAAA developed standards for training including 2 years recovery; one year counseling experience and written examination • Current certifications- CADC, NCADC, MAC Reuniting Addictions and Mental Health • Increased Federal and State interest in dual dx • Behavioral health includes addictions as a focus of interest • Administrative for AOD acknowledge licensed professionals as providers Brickman Schema Is the person responsible for changing the Addictive Behavior? Is the person responsible for the development of the Addictive Behavior? Yes No Yes Moral Model (War on Spiritual Model (AA and Drugs) 12-Step) Lack of willpower Loss of contact with higher power No Compensatory Model Disease Model (Heredity (Cognitive) and Physiology) Errors in judgement Activation of disease
    [Show full text]
  • Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders
    Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders 14 th March, 2011 Introduction: • In most societies, use of substances to alter mood, behaviours, perceptions etc is accepted. • In our culture, use of alcohol, caffeine and nicotine is widely accepted as normal. • Nevertheless, these substances can lead to all sorts of problems for the user. What are psychoactive substances? • Psychoactive substances (chemicals which affect the central nervous system) become a problem when their consumption becomes habitual, when a craving develops, leading to and/or exacerbating persistent social, occupational, psychological and physical problems. Complexity of substance use disorders: • Substance use disorders know no social class boundaries: people at all levels of society may fall victim. • Understanding and dealing with substance use is very difficult and complex because – Recreational drug use is widespread – Complex interactions of physical, chemical, psychological, socio-cultural variables are involved in drug use – Certain drugs (alcohol, tobacco), although culturally accepted, pose serious dangers to users Dependence and Abuse: • Dependence: cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms that indicate the person has impaired control over the psychoactive substance and continues to use the substance despite adverse consequences. • Symptoms: physiological tolerance to the drug and withdrawal reactions when the drug is not available. • Key component: impaired control Distinction: • Physical dependence: when certain drugs are ingested for an extended period of time, the body habituates to the particular substance (tolerance). Thus, larger amounts are needed to achieve the same effects. If the amount of the drug is reduced the body (now habituated to the higher dosage) reacts with withdrawal: cramps, panic, restlessness, sweating, vomiting. Distinction: • Psychological dependence: other types of drugs, although frequently taken, do not alter the body’s tolerance for the drug.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research
    GUIDELINES FOR THE CARE AND USE OF MAMMALS IN NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH Committee on Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Division on Earth and Lifes Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti­ tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. N01-OD-4-2139 Task Order 90 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institutes of Health. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guidelines for the care and use of mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research / Committee on Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research. p. cm. ISBN 0-309-08903-4 (pbk.) — ISBN 0-309-50587-9 (PDF) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Adolescent Alcohol and Substance Abuse
    PERFORMING PREVENTIVE SERVICES: A BRIGHT FUTURES HA NDBOOK JOHN KNIGHT, MD TIMOTHY ROBERTS, MD, MPH JOY GABRIELLI, MD SHARI VAN HOOK, MPH ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE Why Is It Important to Screen for Early age of "rst use of alcohol and drugs can increase Adolescent Alcohol and Substance Use? the risk of developing a substance use disorder during later life. Alcohol and substance use is associated with deaths, Recurrent drunkenness, recurrent cannabis use, or any use injuries, and health problems among US teenagers. of drugs other than cannabis are not normative behaviors, Use is associated with leading causes of death, including and health care practitioners should always consider unintentional injuries (eg, motor vehicle crashes), them serious risks. However, experimentation with homicides, and suicides. More than 30% of all deaths alcohol or cannabis or getting drunk once can arguably from injuries can be directly linked to alcohol. Substance be considered developmentally normative behaviors. use also is associated with a wide range of non-lethal but serious health problems, including school failure, respiratory diseases, and high-risk sexual behaviors. When Should You Evaluate an Adolescent’s Alcohol or Substance Use? Alcohol and substance use is common among adolescents. Studies show that 46% of adolescents Substance use should be evaluated as part of an age- have tried alcohol by eighth grade, and by senior year appropriate comprehensive history. Reviewing the in high school 77% of adolescents have begun to drink. adolescent’s environment can identify risk and protective SCREENING Moreover, 20% of eighth graders and 58% of seniors have factors for the development of alcohol or drug abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDE LINES for MANAGEMENT of BARBITURATES and BENZODIAZEPINE DEPENDENCE Dr
    CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDE LINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF BARBITURATES AND BENZODIAZEPINE DEPENDENCE Dr. Shiv Gautam1, Dr. Sanjaya Jain2, Dr. Lalit Batra3, Dr. Preeti Lodha4 INTRODUCTION : Over the time (Benzodiazepines introduced in 1960) it was recognised that Benzodiazepines could produce severe physiological dependence (American psychiatric Association task force on Benzodiazepines dependence 1990) and could be a drug of abuse. Nonetheless, their medical utility in treatment of disabling anxiety, episodic sleep disturbances and seizure has made them indispensable to medical practice. The sedative-hypnotics include a chemically diverse group of medications include prescribing sleeping medications, and most medications used for treatment of anxiety and insomnia. 1. Pharmacologically alcohol is appropriately included among sedative hypnotics however it is generally considered separately as it is in DSM- IV- TR (American Psychiatric Association - 2000). 2. Although Buspirone is marketed for the treatment of anxiety its pharmacological profile is sufficiently different that it is not included among sedative- hypnotics. 3. Antidepressants may also have anti-anxiety properties and their sedative properties are often of clinical utility in sleep induction. They too are usually excluded form sedative- hypnotics classification. Benzodiazepines abuse and dependence Benzodiazepines are not common primary drugs of abuse; most people do not find the effects of Benzodiazepines reinforcing or pleasurable (Chutuape and de wit 1994; de wit et al 1984) sedative- hypnotics' abusers prefer pentobarbital to diazepam, even at high doses (Griffiths et al 1980). Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and abused among patients receiving methadone maintenance (Barnas et al 1992; Iguchietal 1993). 1-Sr. Professor, 2-Assoclate Professor, 3-Asstt. Professor, 4-Resident Doctor Psychiatric Centre, SMS Medical College, Jaipur (66) Table 1: Medications usually included In the category of Sedative hypnotics Dose equal to 30 mg.
    [Show full text]
  • SCREENING Moreover, 20% of Eighth Graders and 58% of Seniors Have Factors for the Development of Alcohol Or Drug Abuse
    PERFORMING PREVENTIVE SERVICES: A BRIGHT FUTURES HANDBOOK JOHN KNIGHT, MD TIMOTHY ROBERTS, MD, MPH JOY GABRIELLI, md Shari van hook, mph ADOLESCENT ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE Why Is It Important to Screen for Early age of first use of alcohol and drugs can increase Adolescent Alcohol and Substance Use? the risk of developing a substance use disorder during later life. Alcohol and substance use is associated with deaths, Recurrent drunkenness, recurrent cannabis use, or any use injuries, and health problems among US teenagers. of drugs other than cannabis are not normative behaviors, Use is associated with leading causes of death, including and health care practitioners should always consider unintentional injuries (eg, motor vehicle crashes), them serious risks. However, experimentation with homicides, and suicides. More than 30% of all deaths alcohol or cannabis or getting drunk once can arguably from injuries can be directly linked to alcohol. Substance be considered developmentally normative behaviors. use also is associated with a wide range of non-lethal but serious health problems, including school failure, respiratory diseases, and high-risk sexual behaviors. When Should You Evaluate an Adolescent’s Alcohol or Substance Use? Alcohol and substance use is common among adolescents. Studies show that 46% of adolescents Substance use should be evaluated as part of an age- have tried alcohol by eighth grade, and by senior year appropriate comprehensive history. Reviewing the in high school 77% of adolescents have begun to drink. adolescent’s environment can identify risk and protective SCREENING Moreover, 20% of eighth graders and 58% of seniors have factors for the development of alcohol or drug abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Substance-Related Disorders
    CHAPTER :12 Substance-Related Disorders TOPIC OVERVIEW Depressants Alcohol Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Opioids Stimulants Cocaine Amphetamines Caffeine Hallucinogens Cannabis Combinations of Substances What Causes Substance-Related Disorders? The Sociocultural View The Psychodynamic View Cognitive-Behavioral Views The Biological View How Are Substance-Related Disorders Treated? Psychodynamic Therapies Behavioral Therapies Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Biological Treatments Sociocultural Therapies Putting It Together: New Wrinkles to a Familiar Story 157 158 CHAPTER 12 LECTURE OUTLINE I. SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS A. What is a drug? 1. Any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds a. Need not be a medicine or be illegal B. Current language uses the term substance rather than drug to overtly include alcohol, to- bacco, and caffeine C. Substances may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought 1. May result in substance intoxication (literally, “poisoning”), a temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination 2. Some substances such as LSD may produce a particular form of intoxication, some- times call hallucinosis, which consists of perceptual distortion and hallucinations D. Some substances also can produce long-term problems: 1. Substance abuse: A pattern of behavior where a person relies on a drug excessively and chronically, damaging relationships, affecting work functioning, and/or putting self or others in danger 2. Substance dependence: A more advanced pattern of use where a person abuses a drug and centers his or her life around it a. Also called addiction b. May include tolerance (need increasing doses to get an effect) and withdrawal (unpleasant and dangerous symptoms when substance use is stopped or cut down) E.
    [Show full text]
  • TIP 40: Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40
    TIP 40: Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40 Laura McNicholas, M.D., Ph.D., Consensus Panel Chair A72248 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment 1 Choke Cherry Road Rockville, MD 20857 This Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP), Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction, provides consensus‐ and evidence‐based treatment guidance for the use of buprenorphine, a new option for the treatment of opioid addiction. The goal of this TIP is to provide physicians with information they can use to make practical and informed decisions about the use of buprenorphine to treat opioid addiction. These guidelines address the pharmacology and physiology of opioids, opioid addiction, and treatment with buprenorphine; describe patient assessment and the choice of opioid addiction treatment options; provide detailed treatment protocols for opioid withdrawal and maintenance therapy with buprenorphine; and include information on the treatment of special populations, e.g., pregnant women, adolescents, and polysubstance users. This TIP represents another step by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) toward its goal of bringing national leaders together to improve substance use disorder treatment in the United States. DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 04‐3939 Printed 2004 Acknowledgments Numerous people contributed to the development of this TIP (see pp. ix, xi, and appendix J). This publication was produced by the American Institutes for Research® (AIR) under the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) contract, task order number 277‐00‐6401 under the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) contract, Number 277‐99‐6400, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Polypharmacologic Drug Abuse: Presentation and Discussion of a Case
    Polypharmacologic drug abuse: Presentation and Drug abuse discussion of a case ROBERT BLAIK, 0.0., MPH Washington, D.C. The sharp rise in drug abuse in the latter part of This article focuses on an epidemiologic the 1960s, with its attendant costs to society, has led appraisal of the current trends of drug to a flurry of investigations. The problem has been abuse in the United States, presents and approached from several directions: epidemiolog- discusses a case of polypharmacologic ic," clinical with regard to specific types of neurophysiologic and pharmacol- drug abuse, and offers a stress hypothesis abuse, 8- 24 of drug dependence. Although some ogic,25- 34 psychodynamic and analytic, 35- 4 ° phe- childhood experiences seem to play a nomenologic, 4 " 3 and criminologic. 44.45 Even part in determining which subjects will the studies cited here are not all-inclusive, but offer become multiple drug users, the roles of only a cross section of research activity. Despite the investment of fink and energy by the the broken home and of childhood isolation appear to have been scientific community, the deceptive question "How overemphasized. The multiple drug user many addicts are there?" remains unanswered. In an attempt to answer this question, Greene, Night- is not likely to be hedonistic. Instead, he 46 recently coordinated efforts of appears to have found no better means ingale, and DuPont than drugs for reacting to stress, and the the Center for Disease Control, National Institute of physician can be most helpful if he Drug Abuse, and Special Action Office for Drug assumes that a person does not choose to Abuse Prevention in a nationwide epidemiologic as- sessment of evolving patterns of drug abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Package Insert
    DISCLAIMER All labeling reflected on this website is for informational and promotional purposes only. It is not intended to be used by healthcare professionals or patients for the purpose of prescribing or administering these products. Questions regarding the current content of product labeling should be directed to Akorn's Customer Service department at 800.932.5676. Nembutal® Sodium Solution Duration of action, which is related to the rate at which the barbiturates are redistributed throughout the body, varies among persons and in the same person from time to time. (pentobarbital sodium injection, USP) No studies have demonstrated that the different routes of administration are equivalent with respect to bioavailability. Barbiturates are weak acids that are absorbed and rapidly distributed to all tissues and Vials fluids with high concentrations in the brain, liver, and kidneys. Lipid solubility of the DO NOT USE IF MATERIAL HAS PRECIPITATED barbiturates is the dominant factor in their distribution within the body. The more lipid DESCRIPTION soluble the barbiturate, the more rapidly it penetrates all tissues of the body. Barbiturates The barbiturates are nonselective central nervous system depressants which are are bound to plasma and tissue proteins to a varying degree with the degree of binding primarily used as sedative hypnotics and also anticonvulsants in subhypnotic doses. The increasing directly as a function of lipid solubility. barbiturates and their sodium salts are subject to control under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (See “Drug Abuse and Dependence” section). Phenobarbital has the lowest lipid solubility, lowest plasma binding, lowest brain protein binding, the longest delay in onset of activity, and the longest duration of action.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of Drug Dependence, 1993: Proceedings of the 55Th Annual Scientific Meeting the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc
    National Institute on Drug Abuse RESEARCH MONOGRAPH SERIES Problems of Drug Dependence, 1993: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Scientific Meeting The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Volume I 140 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • Public Health Service • NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH Problems of Drug Dependence, 1993: Proceedings of the 55th Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Volume I: Plenary Session Symposia and Annual Reports Editor: Louis S. Harris, Ph.D. NIDA Research Monograph 140 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc., an independent, nonprofit organization, conducts drug testing and evaluations for academic institutions, government, and industry. This monograph is based on papers or presentations from the 55th Annual Scientific Meeting of the CPDD, held in Toronto, Canada, in June 1993. In the interest of rapid dissemination, it is published by the National Institute on Drug Abuse in its Research Monograph series as reviewed and submitted by the CPDD. Dr. Louis S. Harris, editor of this monograph, is Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia. COPYRIGHT STATUS The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder’s permission is required.
    [Show full text]