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Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis)
Salivary Gland Infections and Salivary Stones (Sialadentis and Sialithiasis) What is Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis? Sialdenitis is an infection of the salivary glands that causes painful swelling of the glands that produce saliva, or spit. Bacterial infections, diabetes, tumors or stones in the salivary glands, and tooth problems (poor oral hygiene) may cause a salivary gland infection. The symptoms include pain, swelling, pus in the mouth, neck skin infection. These infections and affect the submandibular gland (below the jaw) or the parotid glands (in front of the ears). The symptoms can be minor and just be a small swelling after meals (symptoms tend to be worse after times of high saliva flow). Rarely, the swelling in the mouth will progress and can cut off your airway and cause you to stop breathing. What Causes Sialadenitis and Sialithiasis When the flow of saliva is blocked by a small stone (salilithiasis) in a salivary gland or when a person is dehydrated, bacteria can build up and cause an infection. A viral infection, such as the mumps, also can cause a salivary gland to get infected and swell. These infections can also be caused by a spread from rotten or decaying teeth. Sometimes there can be a buildup of calcium in the saliva ducts that form into stones. These can easily stop the flow of saliva and cause problems How are these infections and stones treated? Treatment depends on what caused your salivary gland infection. If the infection is caused by bacteria, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. Home treatment such as drinking fluids, applying warm compresses, and sucking on lemon wedges or sour candy to increase saliva may help to clear the infection quicker. -
Abscesses Apicectomy
BChD, Dip Odont. (Mondchir.) MBChB, MChD (Chir. Max.-Fac.-Med.) Univ. of Pretoria Co Reg: 2012/043819/21 Practice.no: 062 000 012 3323 ABSCESSES WHAT IS A TOOTH ABSCESS? A dental/tooth abscess is a localised acute infection at the base of a tooth, which requires immediate attention from your dentist. They are usually associated with acute pain, swelling and sometimes an unpleasant smell or taste in the mouth. More severe infections cause facial swelling as the bacteria spread to the nearby tissues of the face. This is a very serious condition. Once the swelling begins, it can spread rapidly. The pain is often made worse by drinking hot or cold fluids or biting on hard foods and may spread from the tooth to the ear or jaw on the same side. WHAT CAUSES AN ABSCESS? Damage to the tooth, an untreated cavity, or a gum disease can cause an abscessed tooth. If the cavity isn’t treated, the inside of the tooth can become infected. The bacteria can spread from the tooth to the tissue around and beneath it, creating an abscess. Gum disease causes the gums to pull away from the teeth, leaving pockets. If food builds up in one of these pockets, bacteria can grow, and an abscess may form. An abscess can cause the bone around the tooth to dissolve. WHY CAN'T ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT ALONE BE USED? Antibiotics will usually help the pain and swelling associated with acute dental infections. However, they are not very good at reaching into abscesses and killing all the bacteria that are present. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Head and Neck
DEFINITION OF ANATOMIC SITES WITHIN THE HEAD AND NECK adapted from the Summary Staging Guide 1977 published by the SEER Program, and the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual Fifth Edition published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging. Note: Not all sites in the lip, oral cavity, pharynx and salivary glands are listed below. All sites to which a Summary Stage scheme applies are listed at the begining of the scheme. ORAL CAVITY AND ORAL PHARYNX (in ICD-O-3 sequence) The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillae below. The oral pharynx (oropharynx) is that portion of the continuity of the pharynx extending from the plane of the inferior surface of the soft palate to the plane of the superior surface of the hyoid bone (or floor of the vallecula) and includes the base of tongue, inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula, the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, the glossotonsillar sulci, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the lateral and posterior walls. The oral cavity and oral pharynx are divided into the following specific areas: LIPS (C00._; vermilion surface, mucosal lip, labial mucosa) upper and lower, form the upper and lower anterior wall of the oral cavity. They consist of an exposed surface of modified epider- mis beginning at the junction of the vermilion border with the skin and including only the vermilion surface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. -
Basic Histology (23 Questions): Oral Histology (16 Questions
Board Question Breakdown (Anatomic Sciences section) The Anatomic Sciences portion of part I of the Dental Board exams consists of 100 test items. They are broken up into the following distribution: Gross Anatomy (50 questions): Head - 28 questions broken down in this fashion: - Oral cavity - 6 questions - Extraoral structures - 12 questions - Osteology - 6 questions - TMJ and muscles of mastication - 4 questions Neck - 5 questions Upper Limb - 3 questions Thoracic cavity - 5 questions Abdominopelvic cavity - 2 questions Neuroanatomy (CNS, ANS +) - 7 questions Basic Histology (23 questions): Ultrastructure (cell organelles) - 4 questions Basic tissues - 4 questions Bone, cartilage & joints - 3 questions Lymphatic & circulatory systems - 3 questions Endocrine system - 2 questions Respiratory system - 1 question Gastrointestinal system - 3 questions Genitouirinary systems - (reproductive & urinary) 2 questions Integument - 1 question Oral Histology (16 questions): Tooth & supporting structures - 9 questions Soft oral tissues (including dentin) - 5 questions Temporomandibular joint - 2 questions Developmental Biology (11 questions): Osteogenesis (bone formation) - 2 questions Tooth development, eruption & movement - 4 questions General embryology - 2 questions 2 National Board Part 1: Review questions for histology/oral histology (Answers follow at the end) 1. Normally most of the circulating white blood cells are a. basophilic leukocytes b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. eosinophilic leukocytes e. neutrophilic leukocytes 2. Blood platelets are products of a. osteoclasts b. basophils c. red blood cells d. plasma cells e. megakaryocytes 3. Bacteria are frequently ingested by a. neutrophilic leukocytes b. basophilic leukocytes c. mast cells d. small lymphocytes e. fibrocytes 4. It is believed that worn out red cells are normally destroyed in the spleen by a. neutrophils b. -
Salivary Glands
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM [Anatomy and functions of salivary gland] 1 INTRODUCTION Digestive system is made up of gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) or alimentary canal and accessory organs, which help in the process of digestion and absorption. GI tract is a tubular structure extending from the mouth up to anus, with a length of about 30 feet. GI tract is formed by two types of organs: • Primary digestive organs. • Accessory digestive organs 2 Primary Digestive Organs: Primary digestive organs are the organs where actual digestion takes place. Primary digestive organs are: Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach 3 Anatomy and functions of mouth: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF MOUTH: Mouth is otherwise known as oral cavity or buccal cavity. It is formed by cheeks, lips and palate. It encloses the teeth, tongue and salivary glands. Mouth opens anteriorly to the exterior through lips and posteriorly through fauces into the pharynx. Digestive juice present in the mouth is saliva, which is secreted by the salivary glands. 4 ANATOMY OF MOUTH 5 FUNCTIONS OF MOUTH: Primary function of mouth is eating and it has few other important functions also. Functions of mouth include: Ingestion of food materials. Chewing the food and mixing it with saliva. Appreciation of taste of the food. Transfer of food (bolus) to the esophagus by swallowing . Role in speech . Social functions such as smiling and other expressions. 6 SALIVARY GLANDS: The saliva is secreted by three pairs of major (larger) salivary glands and some minor (small) salivary glands. Major glands are: 1. Parotid glands 2. Submaxillary or submandibular glands 3. Sublingual glands. 7 Parotid Glands: Parotid glands are the largest of all salivary glands, situated at the side of the face just below and in front of the ear. -
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND REMOVAL Post Operative Instructions
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND REMOVAL Post Operative Instructions Nurse Line (8:30am to 5pm) 937-496-0261 Emergency After Hours Line 937-496-2600 The Surgery Itself Surgery to remove the submandibular gland involves general anesthesia, typically for about two hours. Patients may be quite sedated for several hours after surgery and may remain sleepy for much of the day. Nausea and vomiting are occasionally seen, and usually resolve by the evening of surgery - even without additional medications. Some patients stay overnight in the hospital; other patients can go home the evening of surgery. Some patients will have a drain in place after surgery; this is removed the following day before you go home from the hospital or in the office 1-2 days after surgery. Your Incision Your incision is closed with absorbable sutures and is covered with a small strip of tape or skin glue. You can shower and wash your hair as usual starting 24 hours after your drain is removed. If you did not have a drain in place after surgery, you may shower 24 hours after surgery. You may wash in a bathtub prior to that time if you are careful not to get your neck wet. Use a dab of Bacitracin ointment on your drain site (on one side of your incision, not covered by the tape or glue) before and after showering. Do not soak or scrub the incision. You might notice bruising around your incision or jaw line and slight swelling above the scar when you are upright. In addition, the scar may become pink and hard. -
Salivary Glands; the Parotid Submandibular and Sublingual Functions of Saliva
Lecture series Gastrointestinal tract Professor Shraddha Singh, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow Various secretions from GIT First secretion from GIT that encounter the food is SALIVARY SECRETIONS What is saliva • Saliva is the mixed glandular secretion which constantly bathes the teeth and the oral mucosa • First secretion encounter the food • It is vital for oral health • It is constituted by the secretions of the three paired major salivary glands; The Parotid Submandibular and Sublingual Functions of saliva 1. Defense: a. Antibacterial b. Antifungal c.Immunological 2. Digestive function: a. Digestive enzymes – ptyalin, lipase b. Formation of bolus c. Taste 3. Protective function: a. Protective coating for hard tissues-teeth b. Protective coating for soft tissues 4. Lubricative function: a.Keeps the oral cavity moist b.Facilitates speech c.Helps in mastication and swallowing 5. Buffering function Salivary glands Structure of Salivary Gland Parotid gland • Parotid is large accounts for 50% secretion of saliva • Situated in front of ear behind the ramus of mandible • Gland drain in to oral cavity opposite to second molar tooth • Secretions are basically serous Submandibular and Sub lingual gland • The submandibular gland is about half the size of the parotid gland • It lies above the mylohyoid in the floor of the mouth. It opens into the floor of the mouth underneath the anterior part of the tongue • The sublingual is the smallest of the paired major salivary glands, being about one fifth the size of the submandibular. • It -
Submandibular Gland Transfer for Prevention of Xerostomia After Radiation Therapy Swallowing Outcomes
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Submandibular Gland Transfer for Prevention of Xerostomia After Radiation Therapy Swallowing Outcomes Jana Rieger, PhD; Hadi Seikaly, MD; Naresh Jha, MBBS; Jeffrey Harris, MD; David Williams, MD; Richard Liu, MD; Tim McGaw, DDS; John Wolfaardt, PhD Objective: To assess swallowing outcomes in patients had preservation of 1 submandibular gland (SJP group) with oropharyngeal carcinoma in relation to the Seikaly- and 11 who did not (control group). Jha procedure for submandibular gland transfer (SJP). The SJP has recently been described as beneficial in the Main Outcome Measures: Quantitative and qualita- prevention of xerostomia induced by radiation therapy tive aspects of swallowing were obtained to determine in patients with head and neck cancer. whether patients in the SJP group performed more op- timally than those in the control group. Design: Inception cohort. Results: Baseline and stimulated salivary flow rates were Setting: University-affiliated primary care center. significantly different between groups. Patients in the SJP group were able to move the bolus through the oral cavity Patients: A phase 2 clinical trial was conducted from and into the pharynx faster than those in the control group. February 1, 1999, through February 28, 2002, to evalu- In addition, patients in the SJP group swallowed less often ate SJP in patients with head and neck cancer. During per bolus than patients in the control group. The com- that period, a consecutive sample of 51 patients who un- plete swallowing sequence was twice as long in controls. derwent surgical resection and reconstruction with a ra- dial forearm free flap for oropharyngeal carcinoma were Conclusions: The SJP for submandibular gland trans- referred for functional assessment of swallowing after fer appears to be beneficial in promoting more time- completion of adjuvant radiation therapy. -
Salivary Glands Massage
Patient Education Sheet How to Massage Salivary Glands The Foundation thanks Ava J. Wu, DDS for authoring this Patient Education Sheet. Dr. Wu is a Clinical Professor and Co-Director of the Salivary Gland Dysfunction Clinic, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Fr anci sc o. If a sharp and stabbing pain occurs in one of your salivary glands right before or while eating or drinking, the cause might be an obstruction (a stone or mucous plug). In rare cases, associated gland swelling can accompany the discomfort. Here are some tips for massaging or “milking” the gland that might help: Figure 1A: The parotid glands are 2A located bilaterally in the cheek area in front of your ear and have a “tail” area that can extend over the lower jaw. 1A Figure 2A: The submandibular and sublingual glands are located bilaterally under your jaw and 2B tongue with the sublingual gland closer to the chin. Figures 1B and 2B: Place two fingers on the body or 1B tail area of the parotid, Or under the jaw for the submandibular/sublingual glands. 2C Figures 1C and 2C: Sweep fingers forward with gentle pressure as indicated by the black arrows. This will 1C encourage movement of saliva past a possible obstruction or constriction and into the oral cavity. Additional Tips: • Stay well hydrated to encourage the flow of saliva through the gland. • Temporarily avoid foods and beverages that cause the pain and possible swelling. • Apply warm compresses to the area to increase comfort. • Ibuprofen may be taken temporarily to decrease pain and inflammation. -
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Removal of Parotid Salivary Gland
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Removal of parotid salivary gland Information for patients This leaflet will help you understand your treatment and should answer many of the questions patients commonly ask before surgery for the removal of a parotid gland. A member of staff will be available if you would like further explanation and to answer any other questions that the leaflet does not cover. What is the parotid gland? The parotid gland lies in front of and below the earlobe. It produces saliva. Saliva drains from the parotid gland through a tube that opens on the inside of the cheek, opposite the upper back teeth. Why do I need my gland removed? The most common reason for removing a parotid gland (or part of the gland) is because a lump has been found inside it. There are also other reasons which your surgeon will discuss with you. What happens before the operation? Pre-assessment clinic – You will be asked to attend an appointment at this clinic. Nursing and/or medical staff will go through some important checks and make certain all relevant investigations have been completed well in advance of the operation date. Admission – You will normally be asked to come to Theatre Direct Admissions or Litchfield Day Surgery Unit on the morning of your operation. The anaesthetist will see you to explain the anaesthetic and answer any questions you may have. They will also be able to advise you about pain relief available after the operation. The surgeon will explain the details of the operation and discuss the possible risks, before asking you to sign a consent form (this may be done at the pre-assessment appointment). -
Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.