STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF PEMBROKE WATERFRONT PROPERTIES 100 AND 101 ALBERT ST., CITY OF PEMBROKE, RENFREW COUNTY, ONTARIO

STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF TWO CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF PEMBROKE WATERFRONT PROPERTIES, 100 AND 101 ALBERT ST., PEMBROKE, RENFREW COUNTY, ONTARIO

Prepared for: Ms. Heather McConnell Economic Development Officer City of Pembroke Phone: 613-735-6821 Ext. 1500 Email: [email protected]

Re: City of Pembroke due diligence

Prepared by: Peter Sattelberger M.A. (P111) Associate Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. 4534 Bolingbroke Road, R.R. #3 Maberly, Ontario K0H 2B0 Phone: 613-267-7028 Email: [email protected]

PRAS Project No.: PR17-24

Licensee: Peter Sattelberger, M.A. (P111) Associate Archaeologist Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

P.I.F. No.: P111-0058-2017

Date: 20 June, 2017 Original report

Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Thanks are necessary to two local individuals, Pembroke historian Bruce Pappin and Angela Siebarth, Curator of the Champlain Trail Museum, who generously shared their knowledge and resources during the production of this report.

Mapping and other details of the study areas were provided by Heather McConnell, Economic Development Officer, City of Pembroke.

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Manager Brenda Kennett, M.A. (P030)

Historical Research Peter Sattelberger, M.A. (P111)

Field Inspection Peter Sattelberger

Report Preparation Peter Sattelberger

Draughting Shyong En Pan

Report Review Jeff Earl, M.Soc.Sc. (P031)

ii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by the City of Pembroke to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of two parcels of City-owned property, both approximately 1.05 ha (2.6 acres) in size, situated on the Ottawa River waterfront within the City of Pembroke. These were adjoining parcels located at the foot of Albert Street, north of the former rail line in the City of Pembroke, and were bounded to the west by Centenary Park Road, to the north by Blackstein Boulevard and the Pembroke Marina, and to the east by the Muskrat River (see Maps 1 to 3). Parcel 1, the more westerly property, had the municipal address of 100 Albert St. and was comprised of open green space with some tree growth around the perimeter. Parcel 2, formally identified as 101 Albert St., was essentially a paved parking lot, again with some tree growth around the perimeter. The City of Pembroke is proposing that one of these properties be offered for private sector redevelopment. The assessment is being carried out as part of due diligence planning prior to a potential purchase.

The purpose of the Stage 1 assessment was to identify known heritage resources within the study area, to determine the archaeological potential for the property, and to present recommendations for the mitigation of any significant known or potential archaeological resources. The background environmental and archival research, in combination with the results of a property inspection, revealed that both parcels remained undeveloped water lots extending beyond the Pembroke waterfront until at least 1928 when Land Parcel 2 (101 Albert Street) was filled in to create part of Centenary Park. Further infill and development took place along the Pembroke waterfront over subsequent decades, resulting in the creation of the parking lot extending over Land Parcel 1 (100 Albert Street) adjacent to the Pembroke Marina.

This study has determined the subject properties exhibited potential for the presence of archeological resources associated with both pre-Contact First Nations and post-Contact

iii Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. land-uses and/or settlement given their proximity to identified waterways and transportation corridors, though prior to the mid-twentieth century any resources would have been below the water-level of the Ottawa River. These resources could include lost pre-twentieth century cargo, wrecks, ad hoc losses (i.e. items dropped or intentionally discarded from shore), pier footings, or First Nations artifacts that were present on the river bed prior to the addition of the twentieth century fill.

The results of the background research discussed above indicate that the study area exhibits potential for deeply buried archaeological resources. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) The study area should be the subject of Stage 2 archaeological monitoring undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist during any new construction expected to extend below the waterline, in compliance with Section 4.2.8 of Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). The proponent should include the requirement for an archaeologist to monitor the work in any request for proposal, and receive written confirmation from the contractor that an archaeologist will be retained. Prior to the initiation of work, a protocol should be arranged with the contractor containing provisions for the recording of any archaeological remains and/or the recovery of significant archaeological deposits revealed by the construction activity, a protocol which would both ensure that sufficient archaeological information is recovered and, as much as possible, ensure that there are not significant delays to the construction schedule. During both preliminary site work and the main excavation, the site should be inspected regularly to monitor the progress of the perimeter shoring, any initial removals/testing, and bulk fill removal. Site inspections should be of sufficient frequency and duration to ensure that any significant archaeological features, such as former piers, are documented through photography and scaled drawings. In the absence of an archaeological monitor on site, any potentially

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significant archaeological resources encountered during excavations should be preserved intact to allow the archaeologist to record and/or mitigate the resource. It should also be understood that the archaeologist would be empowered to stop construction to allow sufficient time for mitigation if there is a concern for impacts to an archaeological site.

2) The Stage 2 monitoring should include continued engagement with the Algonquins of Ontario.

The reader is also referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgments ii Project Personnel ii Executive Summary iii List of Maps viii List of Images ix List of Tables ix

1.0 Introduction 1

2.0 Project Context 2 2.1 Development Context 2 2.2 Access Permission 2

3.0 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment 3 3.1 Historical Context 3 3.1.1 Previous Historical Research 3 3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview 4 3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview 7 3.1.4 Property History 19 3.2 Archaeological Context 20 3.2.1 Previous Archaeological Research 20 3.2.2 Registered Archaeological Sites 21 3.2.3 Cultural Heritage Resources 22 3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments 23 3.2.5 Cemeteries 24 3.2.6 Local Environment 25 3.2.7 Property Inspection 27 3.3 Analysis and Conclusions 28 3.3.1 Predictive Model Development 29 3.3.2 Evaluation of Archaeological Potential 30 3.3.3 Stage 1 Recommendations 32

4.0 Advice on Compliance with Legislation 34

5.0 Limitations and Closure 35

6.0 References 36

7.0 Maps 44

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Page No.

8.0 Images 59

APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue 65 APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms 66

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LIST OF MAPS

Map No. Page No.

1 Location of the study area 44 2 Satellite image showing the two property parcels 45 3 Satellite image of the study area 46 4 Segment of McNaughton’s 1836 survey of Pembroke Township showing the approximate location of the study area 47 5 Segment of the 1863 H. F. Walling map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area 48 6 Segment of the 1881 Belden map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area 48 7 Segment of the 1908 fire insurance map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area 49 8 Segment of the 1936 one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map for the Pembroke area showing the study area 50 9 Portion of a 1937 survey of Pembroke showing the extent of the in-filling along the waterfront that had occurred by that time 51 10 Segment of a 1963 aerial photograph showing the study area 52 11 Segment of a 1974 aerial photograph showing the study area 53 12 Segment of the 1975 1:50,000 topographic map for the Pembroke area showing the study area 54 13 Segment of a 1987 aerial photograph showing the study area 55 14 Segment of a soil survey map for Renfrew County showing the study area 56 15 Satellite image of the study area showing the locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection and used in this report 57 16 Satellite image of the study area showing the results of the archaeological potential evaluation 58

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LIST OF IMAGES

Image No. Page No.

1 Segment of a 1905 panoramic view of Pembroke taken from the end of the Thistle Wharf 59 2 View of the Thistle Wharf in 1905 with the CPR line in the foreground 60 3 View of the Thistle Wharf leading from the foot of Alexander Street 60 4 Segment of an undated panoramic view of the Pembroke Lumber Co. sawmill and stock yard 61 5 View south along the Albert Street entrance to the waterfront separating Land Parcel 1 on the right, from Land Parcel 2 on the left 61 6 View of Land Parcel 2 looking east 62 7 View along the top of the embankment of the former CPR rail bed, looking east 62 8 View southwards along the breakwater extending from the northeast corner of Land Parcel 2 separating the Pembroke Marina on the right from the Muskrat River on the left 63 9 View south along the Centenary Road entrance toward the former CPR underpass leading to Alexander Street and the Pembroke downtown 63 10 View across Land Parcel 1 from the corner of Blackstein Boulevard and Centenary Road, looking southeast 64

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

1 Registered archaeological sites within five kilometres of the study area 22 2 Inventory of the stage 1 documentary record 28

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by the City of Pembroke to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of two parcels of City-owned property, both approximately 1.05 ha (2.6 acres) in size, situated on the Ottawa River waterfront within the City of Pembroke (Maps 1 to 3). These were adjoining parcels located at the foot of Albert Street, north of the former rail line in the City of Pembroke, and were bounded to the west by Centenary Park Road, to the north by Blackstein Boulevard and the Pembroke Marina, and to the east by the Muskrat River.

The objectives of a Stage 1 archaeological assessment are as follows:

• To provide information about the property’s geography, history, previous archaeological fieldwork, and current land condition; • To evaluate in detail the property’s archaeological potential; and, • To recommend appropriate strategies for Stage 2 survey, where required.

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2.0 PROJECT CONTEXT

This section of the report provides the context for the archaeological work undertaken, including a description of the study area, the related legislation or directives triggering the assessment, any additional development-related information, and the confirmation of permission to access the land.

2.1 Development Context

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. was retained by the City of Pembroke to undertake a Stage 1 archaeological assessment of two parcels of City-owned property, both approximately 1.05 ha (2.6 acres) in size, situated on the Ottawa River waterfront within the City of Pembroke (see Maps 1 to 3). These were adjoining parcels located at the foot of Albert Street, north of the former rail line in the City of Pembroke, and were bounded to the west by Centenary Park Road, to the north by Blackstein Boulevard and the Pembroke Marina, and to the east by the Muskrat River. Parcel 1, the more westerly property, had the municipal address of 100 Albert St. and was comprised of open green space with some tree growth around the perimeter. Parcel 2, formally identified as 101 Albert St., was essentially a paved parking lot, again with some tree growth around the perimeter.

The City of Pembroke is proposing that one of these properties be offered for private sector redevelopment. The assessment is being carried out as part of due diligence planning prior to a potential purchase. Mapping for this project was provided by the City, which featured the property boundaries and infrastucture overlaid on high resolution satellite imagery dating from between March and August 2016. This plan formed the basis for all mapping related to this assessment.

2.2 Access Permission

Though both parcels are currently public space, permission to access the study area and complete all aspects of the archaeological assessment activities, including photography, was granted by the City.

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3.0 STAGE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

3.1 Historical Context

This section of the report includes an overview of human settlement in the region with the intention of providing a context for the evaluation of known and potential archaeological sites, as well as a review of property-specific detailed archival research presenting a record of land use history.

3.1.1 Previous Historical Research

A historical overview of “Pembroke Town and Township” appears within the Historical Atlas of Lanark & Renfrew Counties (H. Belden & Co. 1881). A more recent and well researched history of Pembroke, Pembroke: A Glimpse into the Past, by Jackie Patterson was also consulted (2008). Aspects of Pembroke’s early history appear in the Official Program & Pictorial Souvenir of Pembroke Centenary and Old Home Week, 1828-1928, available through the Pembroke Library.

References to the archaeology and historical development of Pembroke and the surrounding area can also be found within a limited number of published works on Renfrew County that have appeared over recent decades. The Upper Ottawa Valley: A Glimpse of History by Clyde Kennedy (1970), a noted local avocational archaeologist and researcher, presents an overview of the history of Renfrew County ranging from the end of the last glacial period to the post-World War II era. Another notable work, Notes on the History of Renfrew County by Mrs. Carl Price and Clyde Kennedy (1961), provides an informative account of the historic development of the Upper Ottawa Valley. Settlement patterns along the Opeongo and other colonization roads of the 1850s within eastern Ontario are discussed in Straight Lines in a Curved Space (Miller 1978). Hessel’s Destination Ottawa Valley (1984) and Lee-Whiting’s Harvest of Stones (1985) present the history of nineteenth century German migration and settlement in Renfrew County. Smallfield (1881) offers early insights on settlement life in his Lands and Resources of Renfrew County, Province of Ontario: Handbook for the Information of Immigrant Farmers Desirous of Obtaining Cheap Farms in an Already Settled District. Similarly, The Story of Renfrew (Smallfield and Campbell 1919) provides information about the earliest settlers, as does Renfrew County: Peoples and Places (Bennett 1989). General historical information can also be gleaned from various publications related to the Ottawa Valley including Ottawa Waterway (Legget 1975), Exploring Our Heritage: The Ottawa Valley Experience (Ivanoffski and Campbell eds. 1980) and Pioneer Sketches in the District of Bathurst (Haydon 1925).

Further information concerning Pembroke’s history is also available on the City of Pembroke internet site (http://www.pembroke.ca/city-hall/history-of-pembroke/). Aspects of Pembroke’s industrial history are also made available on-line

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(http://pembrokesoundscapes.ca/map). Previous research specifically related to archaeological resources within the Pembroke area is discussed below in Section 3.2.1

3.1.2 Regional Pre-Contact Cultural Overview

It should be noted that our understanding of the pre-Contact sequence of human activity in the area is very incomplete, stemming from a lack of systematic archaeological surveys in the region, as well as from the destruction of archaeological sites caused by development prior to legislated requirements for archaeological assessments to be completed. It is possible, however, to provide a general outline of pre-Contact occupation in the region based on archaeological, historical and environmental research conducted in eastern Ontario.

The earliest human occupation of Ontario began approximately 11,000 years ago with the arrival of small groups of hunter-gatherers referred to by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (Ellis and Deller 1990:39). These groups gradually moved northward as the glacial ice of the last Ice Age retreated and the water levels of the meltwater-fed glacial lakes decreased. While very little is known about their lifestyle, it is likely that Palaeo-Indian groups travelled widely, relying on the seasonal migration of caribou as well as small animals and wild plants for subsistence in the sub-arctic environment. They produced a variety of distinctive stone tools including fluted projectile points, scrapers, burins and gravers. Most archaeological evidence for the Palaeo-Indian period has been found in southwestern and south central Ontario at sites located on the former shorelines of glacial Lake Algonquin.

First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario appears to have occurred somewhat late in comparison to other parts of the province as a result of high water levels of the St. Lawrence Marine Embayment of the post-glacial Champlain Sea which covered much of the region between c. 12,000 and c. 10,000 years ago (Hough 1958:204). In particular, the Ottawa Valley seems to have remained on the fringe of the portions of the province occupied by Palaeo-Indian colonizers, though the ridges and old shorelines of the Champlain Sea and the emerging Ottawa River channels would be the most likely areas to find evidence of early occupations. Traces of a Late Palaeo-Indian presence in the general region include two fluted points from the Rideau Lakes area, two lanceolate points from un-specified locations in Lanark County and, possibly, a chipped stone semi-lunar ulu from Bob’s Lake in adjacent Leeds County (Watson 1990, 1999). In recent years, possible Palaeo-Indian or Early Archaic material has been reported from several locations in the City of Ottawa, including near Greenbank Road, near the intersection of Albion Road and Rideau Road and along the Carp Ridge (Kinickinick 2003a, 2004; Swayze and McGhee 2011). The presence of beach deposits and relic shorelines associated with the Champlain Sea at locations in western Lanark, southeastern Renfrew and central Frontenac Counties,

4 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. as well as earlier channels of the Ottawa River up the Ottawa Valley, hint at the potential for more sites of this age to be found in this region (Watson 1999:35-38).

During the succeeding Archaic period (c. 9000 to 3000 B.P.), the environment of southern Ontario approached modern conditions and more land became available for occupation as water levels in the glacial lakes dropped (Ellis, Kenyon, and Spence 1990:69). Populations continued to follow a mobile hunter-gatherer subsistence strategy, although there appears to have been a greater reliance on fishing and gathered food (e.g. plants and nuts) and more diversity between regional groups. The tool kit also became increasingly diversified, reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions similar to those of today. This includes the presence of adzes, gouges and other ground stone tools believed to have been used for heavy woodworking activities such as the construction of dug-out canoes, grinding stones for processing nuts and seeds, specialized fishing gear including net sinkers and plummets, and a general reduction in the size of projectile points. The middle and late portions of the Archaic period saw the development of trading networks spanning the Great Lakes, and by 6,000 years ago copper was being mined in the Upper Great Lakes and traded into southern Ontario. There is increasing evidence of ceremonialism and elaborate burial practices, and a wide variety of non-utilitarian items such as gorgets, pipes and ‘birdstones’ were being manufactured.

More extensive First Nations settlement of eastern Ontario began during this period (Clermont 1999; Kennedy 1970:61; Ellis, Kenyon and Spence 1990:93). Artifacts from Archaic sites in eastern Ontario suggest a close relationship to the Laurentian Archaic stage peoples of New York State. Laurentian peoples occupied the Canadian biotic province transition zone between the deciduous forests to the south and the boreal forests to the north. The Laurentian Archaic artifact complex contains large, broad bladed, chipped stone and ground slate projectile points, and heavy ground stone tools. This stage is also known for the extensive use of cold-hammered copper tools including “bevelled spear points, bracelets, pendants, axes, fishhooks, and knives” (Kennedy 1970:59). The first widespread evidence for occupation of this region appears at this time. Significant Archaic sites have been located on Allumette and Morrison Islands on the Ottawa River near Pembroke (Clermont et al. 2003; Kennedy 1966, 1965, 1964, 1962), at Leamy Lake Park in Gatineau (Laliberté 2000; Laliberté et al. 1998) and within the present City of Ottawa (Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012; Jamieson 1989; Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004, 2003b). Archaic sites have also been identified in the Rideau Lakes, at Jessups Falls, and in the Pendleton area along the South Nation River (Watson 1990, 1982; Daechsel 1980).

Archaeologists use the introduction of ceramics to define the beginning of the Woodland period (2,900 to 400 B.P.) in Ontario. Ceramic styles and decorations provide evidence of the continued differentiation between regional populations, with large-scale shifts in vessel construction, form, and style commonly used to distinguish between three periods:

5 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. the Early Woodland (2,900 to 2,300 B.P.), Middle Woodland (2,300 to 1,200 B.P.), and Late Woodland (1,200 to 400 B.P.). The introduction of ceramics to southern Ontario does not appear to have been associated with significant changes to local lifeways, as hunting and gathering remained the primary subsistence strategy throughout the Early Woodland and well into the Middle Woodland. It does, however, appear that regional populations grew in size, and bands continued to participate in extensive trade networks that, at their zenith at c. 1,750 B.P., spanned much of North America and included the movement of conch shell, fossilized shark teeth, mica, copper and silver. Social structure appears to have become increasingly complex, with some status differentiation evident in burials. In south-central Ontario, the first peoples to adopt ceramics are identified as belonging to the Meadowood Complex, characterized by distinctive biface preforms, side-notched points, and Vinette 1 ceramics, which are typically crude, thick, cone-shaped vessels made with coils of clay shaped by cord-wrapped paddles. Meadowood material has been found on some sites in eastern Ontario and extending into southern Quebec and New York State. The Middlesex Complex appears to be slightly later, perhaps transitional to the Middle Woodland, and is known almost exclusively from burial components, primarily in New York and the adjacent New England States. A few Middlesex sites, however, have been recorded along the St. Lawrence River and up the Ottawa Valley, including the See Mound near Gananoque, the Long Sault Mound near Cornwall and the Morrison Island-2 Site near Pembroke (Spence et al. 1990).

In the Middle Woodland period, distinctive trends or ‘traditions’ continued to evolve in different parts of Ontario. In the southern and central portions of the province, the appearance of better-made (thinner-walled and containing finer grit temper) ceramic vessels decorated with dentate or pseudo-scallop impressions has been used to distinguish the Point Peninsula Complex (Spence et al. 1990). These ceramics are identified as ‘Vinette II’, and are typically found in association with evidence of distinct bone and stone tool industries. Sites exhibiting these traits are known from throughout south-central and eastern Ontario, northern New York, and northwestern Vermont, and are often found overlying earlier occupations. Some groups appear to have practiced elaborate burial ceremonialism that involved the construction of large earthen mortuary mounds and the inclusion of extravagant grave goods in burials, construed as evidence of influences from northern Ontario and the Hopewell area to the south (in the Ohio River valley). Investigations of sites with occupations dating to this time period have allowed archaeologists to develop a better picture of the seasonal round followed in order to exploit a variety of resources within a home territory. Through the late fall and winter, small groups would occupy an inland ‘family’ hunting area. In the spring, these dispersed families would congregate at specific lakeshore sites to fish, hunt in the surrounding forest and socialize. This gathering would last through to the late summer when large quantities of food would be stored up for the approaching winter.

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Towards the end of the Woodland period (c. 1,200 B.P.) domesticated plants were introduced in areas to the south of the Canadian Shield, although small pockets of horticulture occurred where soil conditions permitted within the more generalized Shield environment. Initially only a minor addition to the diet, the cultivation of corn, beans, squash, sunflowers and tobacco gained economic importance for Late Woodland peoples. Along with this shift in subsistence, settlements located adjacent to corn fields began to take on greater permanency as sites with easily tillable farmland became more important. Eventually, semi-permanent and permanent villages were built, many of which were surrounded by palisades, evidence of growing hostilities between neighbouring groups.

The proliferation of sites during this period suggests an increase in the population of eastern Ontario. Significant Middle Woodland components have been found at the Leamy Lake sites (Laliberté 2000) and at a site in Ottawa (which also contains Late Archaic material; Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012). Although the Renfrew County area has yet to yield as many sites as other parts of southeastern Ontario, fragments of an early ceramic vessel were recovered from the Deep River Site (CaGi-1) on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River across from Chalk River (Mitchell 1963). The Meath Sites (BkGg 1-10), located on Mud Lake in the Muskrat River Basin south of Pembroke, have yielded a range of occupations from the Archaic through to the Middle Woodland (Robertson and Croft 1975, 1974, 1973, 1971; Croft 1986). The Wilbur Lake sites on the Bonnechere River near Eganville are centered around the Kant Site (BjGg-1), which is primarily related to aspects of the Middle Woodland cultural period, although the cluster also contains elements spanning the Late Archaic to Late Woodland periods (Mitchell 1990, 1989, 1987; Pendergast 1957). Several sites on Calabogie Lake may also date to this period, as does a single pot indicative of the Point Peninsula ceramic tradition found on Black Bay near Petawawa (Past Recovery 2011, 2010). Middle Woodland sites have been noted in the South Nation Drainage Basin and along the Ottawa River including the northwest part of Ottawa at Marshall’s and Sawdust Bays (Daechsel 1981, 1980). Late Woodland sites have been recorded throughout the Ottawa Valley.

Three distinct tribal groups are known to have occupied eastern Ontario in the final decades prior to the arrival of Europeans. A number of Algonquin groups occupied the Ottawa Valley. Agricultural villages, dating to A.D. 1400, of an Iroquoian people referred to as ‘proto-Huron’ have been found in southern Hastings and Frontenac Counties; by A.D. 1500, however, the easternmost settlements of the Huron were located between Balsam Lake and Lake Simcoe (Pendergast 1972). Finally, St. Lawrence Iroquois occupied the upper St. Lawrence River Valley (Day and Trigger 1978:793).

3.1.3 Regional Post-Contact Cultural Overview

Samuel de Champlain was the first European to document his explorations of eastern Ontario, although he was preceded in the region by two of his emissaries, Étienne Brûlé

7 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. around 1610 and Nicholas de Vignau in 1611. While searching for the Northwest Passage in 1613, Champlain explored the Ottawa Valley as far north as Morrison and Allumette Islands (Trigger 1985). He utilised an inland route that included Muskrat Lake in avoiding the rapids in the upper Ottawa River; a route popularly known today as the Champlain trail. These and other French explorers encountered groups of people speaking different dialects of the Algonquin language throughout this region, including the Matouweskarini along the Madawaska River, the Kichespirini at Allumette and Morrison Islands the Ottaguotowuemin along the Ottawa River northwest of Morrison Island, the Onontchataronon (or Iroquet) in the Gananoque and South Nation River basins, and the Weskarini in the Petite Nation River basin, while Nipissing were also noted around Lake Nipissing (JHA 1993:2; Pendergast 1999; Trigger 1987). While taking an overland route from the Lac des Chats to Morrison Island, Champlain encountered a group of Algonquin at their summer camp at Muskrat Lake, whom subsequent French writers associated with a band variously identified as the Kinounchepirini, Keinouche (Pike), or Quenongebin (JHA 1993; Pendergast 1999). Based on descriptions of the location of this group, it appears their main centre of settlement was near present day Renfrew, suggesting they occupied significant parts of the Bonnechere River watershed (Junker-Andersen 1995:2).1

These loosely aligned Algonquin bands subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering, and undertook limited horticulture. At the time of Champlain’s travels, the Algonquin were already acting as middlemen in the fur trade and exacting tolls from those using the Ottawa River waterway which served as a significant trade route connecting the Upper Great Lakes via Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the west and the St. Maurice and Saguenay via Lake Timiskaming and the Rivières des Outaouais to the east. These northern routes avoided the St. Lawrence River and Lower Great Lakes route and its potential conflict with the Iroquois (JHA 1993:2-3).

Since at least 1570, hostilities had been recorded between the Algonquin and Iroquoian peoples, primarily over control of the St. Lawrence River trade, with the Algonquin generally allied with the French and the Iroquois with the British. The St. Lawrence trade route appears to have been largely closed until c. 1609-10 when it was re-opened with

1 Junker-Andersen (1995:2) has noted that attempts to associate specific archaeological sites in this region with these named groups have proved difficult, as many sites dating to the latter part of the Woodland Period contain ceramic material that seems to “…display attributes of both ancestral Iroquoian and Eastern Algonkian cultures and few sites have been conclusively identified as belonging to one group or the other. Ceramic styles are predominantly derived from southern Ontario Iroquoian forms, but many are clearly more closely associated with eastern Algonkian (Laurel – Blackduck) pottery-making traditions. Some vessels seem to demonstrate an almost perfect blending of both Iroquoian and Algonkian attributes. This situation has led to informal speculation that in late prehistoric times the Bonnechere-Madawaska region lay at the intersection of the southern limit of Algonkian territory and the northern limit of Iroquoian territories and represented an active zone of close cultural interaction between the two groups”.

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French assistance. Access to this route and the extent of settlement in the region fluctuated with the state of hostilities (JHA 1993:3). In the wake of Champlain’s travels, the Ottawa River also became the principal route to the interior for French explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. Since the fur trade in New France was Montreal-based, Ottawa River navigation routes were of strategic importance in the movement of trade goods inland and furs down to Montreal. The recovery of European trade goods (e.g. iron axes, copper kettle pieces, glass beads, etc.) from sites throughout the Ottawa River drainage basin provides some evidence of the extent of contact between Natives and the fur traders during this period.

The first centuries of contact between First Nations and Europeans contributed to a period of significant change in the region. The endemic warfare of the age and severe smallpox epidemics in 1623-24 and again between 1634 and 1640 resulted in a drastic population decline among all First Nation peoples (Hessel 1993:63-65; JHA 1993:3). The expansion of hunting for trade with Europeans also accelerated decline in the beaver population in lands controlled by the Iroquois, such that by the middle of the seventeenth century, the centre of the fur trade shifted northward into present-day southern Ontario. The French, allied with the Huron, the Petun, and their Anishinaabeg2 trading partners, refused entreaties by the Iroquois to trade with them directly. Seeking to expand their territory and disrupt the French fur trade, the Iroquois launched raids into the region. Despite repeated requests by their trading partners and allies, the French were unwilling to provide direct military support, and between 1640 and 1650 the success of the Iroquois Confederacy in warfare led to the dispersal of the Algonquin and Huron groups who had been occupying southern Ontario. Survivors of the various groups often coalesced in settlements to the north and west of the Ottawa Valley,3 and at the French posts of Montreal, Quebec City, Sillery, and Trois Rivières (JHA 1993:3; Trigger 1976:610, 637-638).

In the following decades, members of the League of Five Nations from what would become New York State made tentative attempts to move northward, establishing a series of winter hunting bases and trading settlements near the mouths of the major rivers flowing into the north shore of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.4 Seeking to protect their economic and political interests, the Five Nations Iroquois did not permit French explorers and missionaries to travel directly into southern Ontario for much of the seventeenth century (Konrad 1981). The extent of settlement in the Ottawa River watershed through to the end of the seventeenth century is uncertain. The Odawa appear

2 The Anishinaabe peoples include the Algonquin, Nipissing, Ojibwe, Odawa, Potowatomi, Oji-Cree and Mississauga; groups belonging to the Algonguian language family. 3 Some Nipissing, for example, re-located to the Lake Nipigon region (JHA 1993:3). 4 These settlements included: Quinaouatoua near present day Hamilton, Teiaiagon on the Humber River, Ganatswekwyagon on the Rouge River, Ganaraske on the Ganaraska River, Kentsio on Rice Lake, Kente on the Bay of Quinte, and Ganneious, near the present site of Napanee.

9 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. to have been using the Ottawa River for trade from c. 1654 onward and some Algonquin remained within areas under French influence, possibly having withdrawn to the headwaters of various tributaries in the watershed (JHA 1993:3).

The fortunes of the Five Nations began to change in the 1690s as disease and casualties from battles with the French took their toll. On July 19, 1701, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy ceded lands in southern Ontario to King William III with the provision that they could still hunt freely in their former territory. The Algonquin and Nipissing were among the various groups present when the French signed the peace with the Iroquois at Montreal (JHA 1993:3).

The first half of the eighteenth century is another period for which there is limited settlement information for eastern Ontario. Iroquois occupation was largely restricted to south of the St. Lawrence River while Mississauga and Chippewa settlement was focussed in southern and central Ontario, beyond the Ottawa River watershed. There appear to have been some Algonquin residing along the Ottawa and its tributaries with a documented presence along the Gatineau River in the period between 1712 and 1716. There were also Algonquin residing on the Rivière du Lièvre and at Lake of Two Mountains, as well as outside the Ottawa River watershed at Trois-Rivières; Nipissing were located north of Lake Nipissing and at Lake Nipigon. Reports from c. 1752 suggest that Algonquin and Nipissing were trading at Lake of Two Mountains during the summer but returning to hunting grounds “far up the Ottawa River” for the winter, and there is some indication that they may have permitted those Iroquois who were also associated with the Lake of Two Mountains mission to hunt in their territory. The French had established a post at Fort Coulonge in 1675 and a second post at Fort Dumoine near the mouth of the Dumoine River c. 1730 indicating continued travel and trade along the Ottawa River, although French domination was limited to the north side of the river while the south side was disputed territory (JHA 1993:3; Heidenreich and Noël 1987:Plate 40).

In 1754, hostilities over trade and the territorial ambitions of the French and British led to the Seven Years’ War, in which many Anishinaabe bands fought on behalf of the French. Following the French surrender in 1760, Britain gained control over New France; however France’s former Native allies had not been conquered. In recognition of this situation, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, creating a boundary line between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and the ‘Indian Reserve’ west of the Appalachian Mountains. This line then extended from where the 45th parallel of latitude crossed the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall northwestward to the southeast shore of Lake Nipissing and then northeastward to Lac St. Jean. The proclamation specified that “Indians should not be molested on their hunting grounds” (JHA 1993:4) and outlawed the private purchase of Native land, instead requiring all future land purchases to be made by Crown officials “at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians” occupying the land in question (cited in Surtees 1982: 9).

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In 1764, the post at Carillon on the Ottawa River was identified as the point beyond which traders could only pass with a specific licence to trade in “Indian Territory”. This also marked the eastern edge of the lands claimed by the Algonquin and Nipissing. Petitions in 1772 and again in 1791 described Algonquin and Nipissing territory as the lands on both sides of the Ottawa River from Long Sault to Lake Nipissing (JHA 1993a:5).

Following the American Revolutionary War, the British sought additional lands on which to settle United Empire Loyalists fleeing the United States, Mohawk who had fought under Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) and Chief Deserontyon and were therefore displaced from their lands, and disbanded soldiers. To this end, the Crown negotiated the Crawford Purchase in 1783 and the St. Regis and Oswegatchie purchases in 1784. These purchases covered land along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, and were made with the Mississauga, Onondaga and Mohawk; the recording of these purchases – including of the boundaries – and their execution were problematic (JHA 1993:5). The Constitution Act of 1791, which created the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada using the Ottawa River as the dividing line, effectively split Algonquin and Nipissing territory. By 1798, the Algonquin and Nipissing were complaining of squatters encroaching on lands along the Ottawa River (JHA 1993:5).

The emergence of the lumber industry at the turn of the nineteenth century saw an intensification in the use of the Ottawa River and its tributaries by settlers. In 1800 Philemon Wright, a United Empire Loyalist, established a settlement at Hull on the north shore of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls. Wright was drawn to the area by the rich timber resources along the Ottawa and the immense water power provided by the falls. Wright was the first to profit from the growing timber market at Quebec, but others soon followed. For instance, in 1808 Joseph Papineau began to develop his hitherto uninhabited seigneury at the Petite-Nation River (Lee 2006:25). The success of these and other entrepreneurs proved that good profits could be made from the Valley’s timber, and soon others sent logging gangs up the Ottawa and its tributaries (Lee 2006:26). The edge of the forest frontier moved quickly, as the first logging campaigns tended to focus on only the choicest timber (red pine and oak, for example) and in areas where access was easiest. It was not long before some entrepreneurs discovered that, with considerable effort, the necessary supplies (men, oxen, and logging gear) could be taken up the Ottawa River, past the Chaudière Falls and the Chats Falls, and that squared timbers could be brought back through its roughest waters. By 1812, the McConnell brothers of Hull had begun seasonal lumbering activities along the lower Madawaska River, although there is no evidence of permanent settlement near the river by this date, perhaps because it was one of the roughest tributaries of the Ottawa River. As Belden notes, “the banks of the Madawaska were denuded of their choicest timber before the advent upon the scene of the pioneer settler” (H. Belden & Co. 1881:51). Within a few years, the logging frontier had moved as far as Lake Timiskaming, a full 250 miles above the Chaudière.

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In the early 1800s a few Algonquin and Nipissing settled on the shores of Golden Lake, known to them as “Peguakonagang” (Johnston 1928). They called themselves “Ininwezi”, which they translated as “we people here along”, a reference to them being the only group of Algonquin and Nipissing resident in the southern part of the Ottawa watershed (Johnson 1928; MacKay 2016).5 The Golden Lake band, as they came to be known, resided in this area for at least part of the year, with various band members maintaining traplines, hunting territories, and likely sugar bushes.

In 1815, the British government issued a proclamation in Edinburgh to further encourage settlement in British North America. The offer included free passage and 100 acres of land for each head of family with each male child to receive his own 100 acre parcel upon reaching the age of 21 (H. Belden & Co. 1881:16). At the same time, the government was seeking additional land on which to resettle disbanded soldiers from the War of 1812. Demobilized forces, it was theorized, would act as a force-in-being to oppose any possible future incursions from the United States. To this end veterans were encouraged to take up residence within a series of newly created ‘military settlements’ established, among other places, at Perth (1816) and Richmond (1818).

With the settlement of the region underway, somewhat after the fact, Lieutenant Governor Gore ordered Captain Ferguson, the Resident Agent of Indian Affairs at Kingston, to arrange the purchase additional lands from the chiefs of the Chippewa and Mississauga Nations. The resulting Rideau Purchase extended from rear of the earlier Crawford Purchase to the Ottawa and was signed by the Mississauga in 1819 and confirmed in 1822. The approximately 1 million hectares acquired corresponded to much of what would become Lanark County, the north-western townships in Carleton County, the southeastern part of Renfrew County as far north as Pembroke, and several townships to the north of the previously acquired lands in the counties of Frontenac, Addington and Hastings (Canada 1891:62; Surtees 1994:115). Thus, this purchase included lands within the Ottawa River watershed; the Algonquin and Nipissing protested the purchase in 1836 when they became aware of its terms (JHA 1993:6). While Algonquin and Nipissing continued to spend part of the summer at Lake of Two Mountains through this period, most of the year appears to have been spent on their traditional hunting grounds, and beginning in the 1830s there were specific claims to hunting grounds by individuals such as Mackwa on the Bonnechere River and Constant Pennecy on the Rideau waterway. Around 1836 some consideration was given to facilitating Algonquin and Nipissing settlement in the Grand Calumet Portage and Allumette Island area but this was not pursued. By 1840, visits to Lake of Two Mountains by Algonquin and Nipissing appear to have been decreasing and their petitions for lands within the Ottawa Valley were increasing. For example, Algonquin families were seeking lands in Bedford, Oso and

5 The Algonquin of River Desert identified the Golden Lake band using the name “Nozebi'wininiwag”, translated as “Pike-water people” (Speck in Johnson 1928:174).

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South Sherbrooke townships by 1842, stating that they had been using this territory since at least 1817. A licence of occupation for the “Bedford Algonquin” was granted in 1844, with Mississauga from Alnwick reportedly also living at Bedford (JHA 1993:7-8).

Initially, Euro-Canadian settlement in this region was driven by the demands of the lumber economy. Farmers, squatters in many cases, followed in the wake of the lumber camps that crept steadily up the valley and into the Madawaska Highlands (present day Algonquin Park) in their constant quest for big timber. These farmers cleared and worked small tracts of land to supply the lumber camps with hay and basic foodstuffs. Permanent settlement in the region quickly followed suite, often taking hold around early mill sites and transportation links. This period marked the founding of many of the present communities in Renfrew County, among them Renfrew (1820), Pembroke (1828), Arnprior (1831), and Cobden (1849).

As Euro-Canadian settlement spread, the Natives were increasingly pushed out of the region, generally moving further to the north and west, although some families remained in their traditional lands, at least seasonally. Some details on the Algonquin population occupying the area appear in collections of records relating to the Hudson’s Bay Company, the diaries of provincial land surveyors entering the area, the reports of geologists sent in by the Geological Survey of Canada, census returns, store account books and settler’s diaries.6 For instance, in the early 1820s an HBC trader, John McLean, posted at Lac des Chats7, mentioned an outpost he had been ordered to establish on the ‘Bonne Chere’ (Wallace 1932:79 in JHA 1993:49) and briefly describes the Algonquins who resided ‘in that quarter’.8 In 1829 and again in 1834, an Algonquin chief (identified in a subsequent letter as a ‘Nipissingue Chief’) complained of encroachments on his hunting grounds on the Bonnechere River by a white hunter (JHA 1993:75). Notes in correspondence between administrators in the Colonial Government refer to a division of

6 ‘R. de la Bonnechere’ appears on a 1688 map by Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin, a French cartographer who came to New France in 1672 and was appointed Hydrographer at Quebec in 1685 (Thomson 1966 in Kennedy 1970:181). 7 Possibly at the mouth of the Bonnechere River, near present day Castleford, established c. 1825. 8 McLean’s writings have been published in a publication of the Champlain Society, with a few mentions of his trading activities along the ‘Bonne Chère’ River (Wallace 1932:79-81). McLean provides few details the post, though it is likely that he had been ordered to establish the post in 1825. Additional details concerning the post can be found in records of the Hudson’s Bay Company held by the Archives of Manitoba (http://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/PAM_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SIS N216?sessionsearch). For instance, this post may also have been known as Golden Lake. Initially, the post appears to have been used as an outpost of the post on Lac des Chats, where, in 1831 John McDougall, the clerk in charge of the post on Lac des Chats, was also responsible for the ‘Bonne Chere’ outpost. Charles Thomas was sent from the Chats to the Golden Lake post in 1832. MacDougall apparently moved to the post in 1836. During the summer of 1839 Governor George Simpson inspected the post and recommended that it be closed. The posts and the associated residence were reportedly destroyed by fire in September of 1839 and abandoned in 1840.

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“indian hunting grounds” having taken place “many years past,” at which time this tract fell into the share of the ‘Macwa’ family.

In addition to their interactions with the Algonquin who remained in the area, the nineteenth century settlers found evidence of the former extent of Native occupation, particularly as they began to clear the land. In 1819, Andrew Bell wrote from Perth:

All the country hereabouts has evidently been once inhabited by the Indians, and for a vast number of years too. The remains of fires, with the bones and horns of deers (sic) round them, have often been found under the black mound... A large pot made of burnt clay and highly ornamented was lately found near the banks of the Mississippi, under a large maple tree, probably two or three hundred years old. Stone axes have been found in different parts of the settlement. Skeletons of Indians have been several times found, where they had died suddenly or had been killed by accident in the woods. (cited in Brown 1984:8)

The rapid spread of the square timber industry up the Ottawa River began to present problems for the fur trade, which had been in operation in this region for 200 years. The Ottawa River, known initially by the name ‘Grand River’, served as a major corridor for traders into the interior, exploited in the quest for pelts. Logging began to damage the habitat of the animals on which the fur trade depended, and the rivers became clogged with floating timbers. Competition between the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) and the North West Company intensified. A post at the mouth of the Coulonge River, which had initially been established as a French post on the Ottawa River as early as 1680, served as a trading post under the management of the North West Company, known by the name Fort Coulonge, as early as 1760. By 1821 the fort became the property of the HBC and served as their head post on the Ottawa River until 1828. Competition from ‘petty traders’ included small start-ups, as well as lumber contractors and labourers. In the 1820s, the HBC post at Lac des Chats was having to compete with a number of small operators, including Bernard and Pillate, who sent “fourteen loaded canoes of 30 to 15 pieces”’ during the summer and autumn of 1826, and mainly operated “towards the Bonne Chere & Lac La Vielle” (HBC Archives 1999:4). The HBC eventually reconciled itself to a slow retreat up the Ottawa Valley, closing its fur trading posts at Fort Coulonge in 1844, at Fort William (opposite Allumette Island) in 1869, at Fort Timiskaming in 1902, and at Mattawa in 1909 (Lee 2006:28).

The issue of First Nations land claims in eastern Ontario continued to be unresolved through the late nineteenth and twentieth century. A licence of occupation for Algonquin and Nipissing in Lawrence Township near the headwaters of the York branch of the Madawaska River was issued in 1866 but then lapsed and repeated attempts to secure another location in the area were finally rejected in 1897. Land for the Golden Lake Reserve was purchased in 1873 (JHA 1993:9).

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Beginning in 1869, the Mississauga and Chippewa had begun petitioning for unceded land north of the 45th parallel, including lands within the Ottawa River watershed. These claims were reiterated in the early twentieth century and, ultimately, led to the signing of the Williams Treaties of 1923. As such, the Williams Treaties covered the reserve already established for the Algonquin at Golden Lake and failed to consider outstanding Algonquin claims for lands in the Ottawa River watershed. Through the early twentieth century, off-reserve Algonquin and Nipissing were told to move to established reserves at Golden Lake, Maniwaki (Desert River) and at Gibson on Georgian Bay which had been established for the re-settlement of both Algonquin and Mohawk from Lake of Two Mountains, but many remained in their traditional hunting territories (JHA 1993:10). There is also evidence to suggest that St. Regis Mohawk trapped and hunted north of their reserve as far as Smiths Falls and Rideau Ferry between c. 1924 and 1948 (JHA 1993:10-11).

The territory within Renfrew County was originally part of the Bathurst District (Belden 1881:48). The first settlement in the area began around 1820, and the first land cleared was by Joseph Brunette at the second chute of the Bonnechere River, which is now within the Town of Renfrew. Renfrew County achieved independent status over a period of 14 years: in 1850 Renfrew became a county in conjunction with Lanark, but in 1861 the United Counties of Lanark and Renfrew were separated and Renfrew became a provisional county. Renfrew was finally declared independent in 1864 (Price and Kennedy 1961). At its inception, Renfrew County had a total of 1,925,760 acres and was divided into 25 townships (Gillespie, Wicklund and Matthews 1964:8).

During the 1830s many Scottish settlers arrived in groups directly from Scotland, following the pattern of the “Lanark Society Settlers” who had emigrated to the Perth area around 1820. Others moved up from parts of Lanark County, and some moved in from McNab Township. Initially, Irish immigrants arrived from Pakenham or Fitzroy Townships to the south and occasionally from the United States. During the 1840s and 1850s, Irish settlers fleeing the potato famine arrived directly from Ireland. Other early settlers included French, primarily lumbermen from Quebec or the Mirimachi area of New Brunswick, and Americans, often late Loyalists arriving after a short stay in settlements along the St. Lawrence River (Bennett 1993:6).

Throughout much of the nineteenth century, transportation in the Upper Ottawa Valley remained dependent upon the Ottawa River and its tributaries. Local roads were few, crudely built and poorly maintained. Historically, travel along the Ottawa River often necessitated arduous portages to avoid the formidable rapids that once frequented its course. With the emergence of the lumber trade began the development during the 1830s and 1840s of a series of timber slides along the Ottawa, together with similar installations on many of its tributaries, to facilitate the downstream transportation of logs. Steamboat travel soon followed on the Ottawa during the second quarter of the nineteenth century, but remained, with the exception of a series of canals bypassing the Carillon Rapids,

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Chute à Blondeau and the Long Sault Rapids on the lower Ottawa constructed during the 1830s, limited to the river reaches extending between rapids (Haxton and Chubbuck 2002:6). The introduction of railways during the mid-nineteenth century did much to improve transportation generally throughout eastern Ontario and the Ottawa Valley in particular. The Canada Central Railway, later part of the Canadian Pacific Railway, reached Pembroke in 1876, then extended farther up the valley to connect with Mattawa by 1881 (Kennedy 1970:222). Construction of the Pembroke and Mattawa Road, a project intended as a shoreline supply road serving the lumber trade, began in 1853 but the road did not see year-round accessibility for at least another two decades. Plans for the Georgian Bay Ship Canal in the early twentieth century which would have seen the construction of locks on the upper Ottawa River as part of a shipping route linking Montreal and Lake Huron via the Ottawa and French rivers were not realized. The introduction of motor vehicles and improvements in road conditions with the development of the Trans-Canada Highway through the region in the mid-twentieth century did much to reduce the relative isolation of the past.

By the late nineteenth century, the hydraulic resources of the Ottawa River became increasingly important for the generation of electricity. As early as 1891, the Bronson Lumber Co. constructed a generating station opposite their mill site on Amelia Island at Ottawa, which continues in operation today. Over subsequent decades the construction of additional generating stations along the Ottawa River followed, among them: Chaudière Falls (1909), Chats Falls (1931), Chenaux (1948) and Carillon (1964). One of the largest of these projects was the generating station at Des Joachims, with construction beginning in 1946 and the station becoming operational in 1950.

Land usage within Renfrew County remained essentially agricultural with a scattering of light industrial activity. Non-arable lands bounding the various waterways in the region have, in recent decades, been under increasing demand for permanent and seasonal residential and recreational use.

Pembroke

Peter White, who arrived in the area in 1828, is commonly recognized as the first permanent settler in what eventually became the City of Pembroke. Recent research however, suggests squatters following the advance of the lumber trade up the Ottawa River likely preceded him (Patterson 2008; Bruce Pappin, pers. comm., 2017). White, nevertheless, is said to have erected a cabin along the shore of Allumette Lake to the east of the Muskrat River. Many of the original settlers who followed had relocated from elsewhere in North America and were thus familiar with the realities of homesteading in the Canadian climate.

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John McNaughton completed a survey of Pembroke Township in 1836 (Map 4). Location tickets were issued to grantees and advertisements for the sale of land along the Ottawa River were placed in local newspapers. A series of settlements arose in the vicinity of the confluence of the Muskrat and Ottawa Rivers during this period. A small hamlet developed around the construction of a grist mill on the west bank of the Muskrat River by Alexander Moffat in 1842, subsequently named Moffatville. A community of squatters from the Miramichi region of New Brunswick settled along the Ottawa River front east of the Muskrat River and eventually adopted the name Campbelltown in 1840 after David Campbell Dunlop had established a hotel there. Between these two communities arose the settlement of Fraserville, named for Daniel Fraser who may have constructed a residence there as early as 1824.9 The Moffat and Fraser settlements were eventually consolidated and incorporated as the Village of Pembroke in 1858, which grew throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and became an incorporated town in 1877 (Map 5). In 1866 it was named the County Seat for the County of Renfrew and a courthouse and municipal buildings were constructed (Patterson 2008).

Throughout much of the first half of the nineteenth century canoe travel and portages remained the essential means of access to the Pembroke region. Roads within the surrounding townships were built and maintained by the settlers themselves as part of their settlement duties and were typically poor, often little more than wagon trails. Greater efforts were placed on the development of routes along the Ottawa and Muskrat Rivers. Unavoidable swamps and marshes were crossed by layering logs, and creeks were simply forded at shallow points. An initial makeshift bridge, consisting of squared timbers with a rail along one side, was constructed to cross the Muskrat River, being replaced by a permanent bridge in 1848. Construction of the Pembroke and Mattawa Road, a project intended as a shoreline supply road serving the lumber trade, began in 1853, but did not see year-round accessibility until at least another two decades later (Patterson 2008).

By the middle of the nineteenth century, Pembroke was accessible by a series of steamboats from Bytown (Ottawa) operated by the Union Forwarding Company as far as Portage du Fort. From there a forwarding company, founded by Jason Gould of Cobden, and in operation from 1851 to 1876, carried passengers and freight overland to Muskrat Lake then by boat to Pembroke Landing on the Muskrat River just south of Pembroke (Belden 1880; Kennedy 1970; Patterson 2008). About the same time commercial steamboat service also began from Pembroke extending upstream on the Ottawa River as far as Des Joachims. Various steam-powered vessels appeared on the Ottawa serving as logging towboats, ferries and for carrying passengers and freight. A substantial wharf was built by John Supple during this period to the east of the Muskrat River; the shallowness of the water, however, required that the structure extend far out into Lake Allumette to

9 Peter White, who settled to the east of the Muskrat River, was a resident of Fraserville

17 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. accommodate the draught of larger vessels (Map 6). A second wharf, some 2,000 feet in length, was subsequently built from the foot of Alexander Street on the Pembroke waterfront (Images 1 to 3). Known as the Thistle Wharf, it remained a feature of Pembroke’s waterfront until the mid-twentieth century when it was destroyed by fire. Further along the shore to the east, Campbelltown or Lowertown as it was also known, became the principle shipyard during this period where several steamboats of the era were built (Patterson 2008).

Pembroke was an active mercantile centre during the mid-nineteenth century focused essentially on supplying and serving the various logging operations within the Upper Ottawa Valley. The major trades and occupations appearing in the 1851 Pembroke census – then recorded as a community with a population of 633 – reflected this aspect of the local economy, and included tanners, carpenters, blacksmiths, tinsmiths, shoemakers, painters, saddlers, coopers, mechanics, and sawyers. Major employers of the period were lumberers, farmers, innkeepers, merchants and millers. Saw and grist mill operations in Pembroke during the mid-nineteenth century were dependent upon, and limited to, the hydraulic resources of the Muskrat River. John Cockburn established a pointer boat yard at the foot of Alexander Street in 1859, which endured under two generations of his descendants until 1969. The pointer boat, an iconic vessel of the Ottawa River lumber era, was designed by Cockburn and is commemorated today with a monument on the Pembroke waterfront (Patterson 2008:53; Bruce Pappin, pers. comm., 2017).

The Canada Central Railway Company (CCR) arrived in Pembroke in 1876, with a western extension to Mackey and Mattawa commenced two years later. The CCR corridor passed along the Pembroke waterfront on an elevated timber pier structure set offshore in the water of the Ottawa River (see Map 6; see Image 1). The CCR was amalgamated with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) in 1885 (J. Patterson 2008:46-48).

Waterfront mill operations were necessary in order to process logs transported by way of the Ottawa River. Aided by steam power and with rail links to get their products to markets, larger mill operations soon established themselves in Pembroke and came to dominate the town’s waterfront. The Consolidated Paper Corporation Limited established a mill operation at Supple’s Landing, on the east of the Muskrat R iver, in 1928 from an amalgamation of the Colonial Lumber Co. and the Edwards Lumber Co. which had occupied the site from as early as the 1870s. Consolidated continued in operation until 1968 when it closed its Pembroke location. The Pembroke Lumber Co. operation extended all along the waterfront west of Alexander Street from the late nineteenth century until well into the twentieth century (Maps 7 to 9). Shoreline infilling and expansion within the sawmill properties was commonplace as space was increasingly needed for the storage of sawn lumber (Image 4).

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Pembroke’s population reached 2,836 by 1880, reflecting its expanding economy (Belden1881:51). Electricity was reportedly used to first light streetlights on Pembroke’s main street in 1885, generated from a dam on the Muskrat River. Pembroke’s industrial economy continued to expand and diversify into the next century as new industries moved into the area. In 1936, the Pembroke Observer reported on the town’s industrial progress over the previous 25 years noting the introduction of the following new industries: Pembroke Shook Mills, a box manufacturer, in 1913; the Steel Equipment Co., makers of office furniture, established in 1913; the Eddy Match Co. in 1921; the Canadian Splint Co. in 1923 which supplied wood match splints for the Eddy Match Co.; and Superior Electrics, a maker of small electrical appliances (Pembroke Observer 1936).

Pembroke achieved city status in 1971 with a population of 16,554. The parkland along the city waterfront was extensively redeveloped leading up to the millennium in 2000 with the addition of an amphitheatre, a boardwalk and the refurbishment of the marina (see Map 2). The CPR tracks, previously a transforming factor in the city’s economy during the late nineteenth century, were removed as late as 2010. Pembroke continues today as a service and retail centre serving the wider Upper Ottawa Valley, as well as a centre of tourism in the region.

3.1.4 Property History

The following review of archival material was conducted in order to develop a general picture of the land use history for the study area through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Information on the historical development of the subject property was compiled from a variety of sources, including the 1863 Walling and 1881 H. Belden & Co. maps of Pembroke, relevant segments of a 1908 fire insurance map of Pembroke, topographic maps dating from 1936 and 1975, a 1937 survey plan, historical photographs, and aerial and satellite images.

The arrival of the Canada Central Railway in Pembroke in 1876 was a defining event in the development of the community’s waterfront. Constructed as it was on an elevated pier structure standing in open water off the shores of Allumette Lake, it served to fix the town’s shoreline beyond its pre-railroad location. A fire insurance map from 1908 clearly indicates that the former open water to the south of the then CPR line had been filled in by that time, with the downtown core evidently extending to the south edge of the railway right-of-way (see Map 7). This same plan also shows extensive infilling of the shoreline had occurred to the west of the study area, attributable to the expansion of the lumber yards of the Pembroke Lumber Co. at the time. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, however, the subject properties remained submerged water lots adjacent to the north side of the rail line to the east of Thistle’s Wharf.

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To commemorate Pembroke’s centennial in 1928, the town proposed the creation of a waterfront park by infilling and extending the shoreline beyond the CPR tracks into the river. The proposed parkland extension, when completed, would add a more or less square land mass approximately 200 m by 200 m in size extending eastward from the bottom of Alexander Street to Albert Street. Land Parcel 1, the more westerly of the subject properties, was essentially created as a result of this project.

Centennial Park, as it became known, appears on subsequent survey and topographical maps of 1936 and 1937 respectively along with an adjacent marina facility to the north (see Maps 8 and 9). Both maps indicate that a small inlet was deliberately left open adjacent to the west side of the park, to allow pointer boats to be launched from the Cockburn Boat Co. site at the foot of Alexander Street, a practice which continued up to the 1960s (Bruce Pappin, pers. Comm., 2017). When the alteration of the elevated CPR line from its original pier structure to its present berm or embankment might have occurred is unknown, although presumably this could have coincided with the development of the park. A baseball field is known to have occupied much of Centennial Park throughout the twentieth century, and is remembered by many local residents today (Map 10).

There appears to have been little change to either of the subject properties over the next few decades. By 1974, however, an aerial photograph indicates that Land Parcel 2, the more easterly of the subject properties, had been filled by that time extending northwards from the CPR right-of-way (Map 11). The new land area is also depicted on a topographical map of the Pembroke area published a year later (Map 12). By 1987 the marina to the north of Land Parcel 2 had been constructed, and Land Parcel 2 itself had become a paved parking lot, appearing much as it does at present (Map 13). Additional changes had occurred by 2000 with the large-scale redevelopment of Pembroke’s waterfront as part of a millennium celebration project. Since being reclaimed from the Ottawa River beginning at the end of the 1920s, Land Parcels 1 and 2 have remained publicly accessible and the property of the City of Pembroke.

3.2 Archaeological Context

This section describes the environmental and archaeological context of the study area and, combined with the historical context outlined above, provides the necessary information to assess the archaeological potential of the study area.

3.2.1 Previous Archaeological Research

Our current understanding of the pre-Contact history of the Upper Ottawa Valley is far from complete. A few individuals have undertaken formal archaeological research in Renfrew County over recent decades. These studies have provided information on sites along several waterways within the region including the Bonnechere River (Emerson 1955; Mitchell 1996, 1995; Ross 1975), the Petawawa River

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(Mitchell 1969), the Mud Lake/Muskrat River waterway (Robertson and Croft 1976; Croft 1986) and the Madawaska River (Jamieson 1981; Wright 1977). Most of this research, with the exception of Jamieson’s survey of the Madawaska, has focused on the identification and recording of pre-Contact sites. As noted previously in Section 3.1.2, Clyde Kennedy excavated some of the earliest known Laurentian Archaic sites in the Ottawa Valley on Allumette Island and Morrison’s Island, near Pembroke, during the early 1960s.

Beginning in the 1990s, archaeological assessments have been conducted more regularly as part of the requirements of provincial legislation related to land use planning (e.g. the Planning Act, the Environmental Assessment Act, the Aggregate Resources Act, etc.). In order to determine whether any previous archaeological fieldwork has been conducted within or in the immediate vicinity of the present study area, a search of the titles of reports in the Public Register of Archaeological Reports maintained by the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) was undertaken. In addition, a search of the Past Recovery corporate library was conducted. This search revealed that Stage 1, 2 and 3 archaeological assessments had previously been undertaken in advance of a proposed extension to the Pembroke Pollution Control Plant situated east of Pembroke within the heart of the historic Campbelltown settlement (Adams Heritage 2003). This work found evidence of a nineteenth century occupation (BkGg-22) and the remains of a wooden vessel (BkGg-23) believed to have been the C. O’Kelly lost to a fire in 1885.

More recently, Stage 1 and 2 assessments of adjacent Lots 29 and 30, Concession 1, Stafford Township, were undertaken in advance of a proposed 86-hectare subdivision development to be implemented in two phases (CAG 2014 and 2010b). A Stage 3 archaeological assessment was completed to address a recommendation in the Stage 2 archaeological assessment report (CAG 2014:58) that Concentration B (BkGg-32), identified to be of potential cultural heritage value or interest, be further evaluated prior to any planned construction. This involved a controlled surface pickup of a scatter of artifacts across this area of Concentration B, which together with further historical research indicated that the cultural heritage value or interest of the site had been sufficiently documented and that it could be removed (Past Recovery 2014). Other property development or proposed subdivision assessments have recently been completed within the City of Pembroke, including the Algonquin College campus c. 200 m to the west and the Pembroke Place Development c. 300 m to the east, though none of these found archaeological resources with cultural heritage value or interest (CAG 2016, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2010a; Past Recovery 2016, 2010a).

3.2.2 Registered Archaeological Sites

The primary source for information regarding known archaeological sites in Ontario is the Archaeological Sites Database maintained by MTCS. A search of the database for

21 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. all registered sites located within a five-kilometre radius was undertaken for the present assessment (Table 1). The resulting search revealed that no sites had previously been recorded within the limits of the subject property; all of the sites listed were more than one kilometre away. In addition, a search of the Past Recovery corporate library did not uncover any evidence of previously known archaeological sites in the immediate area.

Table 1. Registered Archaeological Sites within Five Kilometres of the Study Area.

Borden Number Site Name Time Period Site Type

BkGg-23 Pembroke PCP- Boat Post-Contact Unknown Structure

BkGg-25 Islet Archaic, Late Unknown

BkGg-26 Spit Archaic, Middle Unknown

BkGg-31 Concentration A Post-Contact Cabin, Farmstead

BkGg-32 Concentration B Post-Contact Farmstead

BkGg-33 Concentration C Post-Contact Agricultural, Processing

3.2.3 Cultural Heritage Resources

The recognition or designation of cultural heritage resources (here referring only to built heritage features and cultural heritage landscapes) may provide valuable insight into aspects of local heritage, whether identified at a local, provincial, national, or international level. Some of these cultural heritage resources may be associated with significant archaeological features or deposits. Accordingly, a list of cultural heritage resources that have previously been identified within or immediately adjacent to the current study area has been compiled. The following sources were consulted:

• Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office online Directory of Heritage Designations (http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/progs/beefp-fhbro/index.aspx); • Canada’s Historic Places website (http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/home- accueil.aspx); • Ontario Heritage Properties Database (http://www.hpd.mcl.gov.on.ca/scripts/ hpdsearch/english/default.asp); • Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport’s List of Heritage Conservation Districts (http://www.mtc.gov.on.ca/en/heritage/heritage_conserving_list.shtml); and, • City of Pembroke website (http://www.pembroke.ca).

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No designated cultural resources were found within or immediately adjacent to the study area.

3.2.4 Heritage Plaques/Monuments

The recognition of a place, person, or event through the erection of a plaque or monument may also provide valuable insight into aspects of local history, given that these markers typically indicate some level of heritage recognition. In order to generate a list of heritage plaques and/or markers in the vicinity of the study area, the following sources were consulted:

• The Ontario Heritage Trust Online Plaque Guide (http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque- Guide.aspx); • An extensive listing of Ontario’s Heritage Plaques maintained by Alan Brown (http://www.ontarioplaques.com/); and, • An extensive listing of historical plaques of Ontario maintained by Wayne Cook (http://www.waynecook.com/historiclist.html).

The Archaeological and Historic Sites Board of Ontario have been responsible for the placement of three plaques within the boundaries of the City of Pembroke. A plaque commemorating Peter White as the founder of Pembroke stands on the grounds of the Champlain Trail Museum, and reads as follows:

Founder of Pembroke

Peter White, born in Edinburgh, was a merchant seaman when he was pressed into the Royal Navy in 1813 and sent to Canada. Following service on the Great Lakes under Commodore Sir James Yeo, he left the Navy and entered the lumber trade in the Ottawa Valley. In May, 1828, he first visited the wilderness site of Pembroke and, attracted by its timber potential, made his headquarters here. One of the areas principal lumber merchants, he also operated a general store and combined blacksmith shop and leatherworking establishment. A local magistrate for some forty years, White held various municipal offices in the community which grew up around his enterprises. He died in 1878.

Another plaque commemorating the construction, beginning in 1853, of the road west from Pembroke to Mattawa, stands next to Pembroke Street West along the front of Riverside Park and reads:

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The Pembroke and Mattawan Road

Constructed primarily as a supply route to the lumber camps in the Upper Ottawa Valley, this Colonization Road was begun in 1853 and opened the following year as a winter road from Pembroke to the mouth of the Mattawa River. The relocating of a portion of the road between Petawawa and Point Alexander in 1863 and improvements on other sections resulted in the opening of some 64 km for year round traffic in 1867. Eight years later the entire 158 km were completed. Some sections of the road were later incorporated into the present Highway 17, but a long section of the original road remains between the Canadian Forces Base Petawawa and Deep River.

A plaque erected at the Centre Culturel Francophone de Pembroke, located at 303 James Street on the east side between Isabella and Mary streets, recognizes the life and achievements of Jeanne Lajoie in establishing independent French education in Pembroke:

Jeanne Lajoie 1899-1930

Jeanne Lajoie, a dedicated teacher and advocate for the establishment of French schools in Ontario, was born in Lefaivre, near Hawkesbury, in 1899. In 1923, Lajoie helped a group of francophone parents to establish the first independent French school in Pembroke. The school ensured that their children were educated in their own language. The creation of L'École Sainte- Jeanne d'Arc was one of the last major events in the Franco-Ontarian struggle against Regulation 17, which from 1912 to 1927 prohibited instruction in French after Grade 2. Lajoie taught at the school, initially located in the Dominion Street home of Moïse Lafrance and then in a Mary Street house purchased by the parents. Suffering from fragile health her entire life, Jeanne Lajoie died of tuberculosis at the age of 31. She was immortalized as the "Pucelle de Pembroke," the "Maid of Pembroke," in reference to Joan of Arc, for her commitment to providing education in French and preserving francophone culture within Ontario.

There are no heritage plaques or monuments within or immediately adjacent to the subject properties.

3.2.5 Cemeteries

The presence of historical cemeteries in proximity to a parcel undergoing archaeological assessment can pose archaeological concerns in two respects. First, cemeteries may be associated with related structures or activities that may have become part of the archaeological record, and thus may be considered features indicating archaeological potential. Second, the boundaries of historical cemeteries may have been altered over time, as all or portions may have fallen out of use and been forgotten, leaving potential for the presence of unmarked graves. For these reasons, a Stage 1 archaeological assessment

24 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. also includes a search of available sources of information regarding historical cemeteries. For this study, the following sources were consulted:

• A complete listing of all registered cemeteries in the province of Ontario maintained by the Consumer Protection Branch of the Ministry of Consumer Services; • Field of Stones website (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~clifford/); • Ontario Cemetery Locator website maintained by the Ontario Genealogical Society (http://ogs.andornot.com/CemLocat.aspx); • Ontario Headstones Photo Project website (http://canadianheadstones.com/on/ cemeteries.php); and, • Available historical mapping and aerial photography.

There are no registered cemeteries within or immediately adjacent to the subject properties.

3.2.6 Local Environment

The assessment of present and past environmental conditions in the study area is a necessary component in determining the potential for past occupation of the property. Factors such as nearness to water, soil types, forest cover and topography all contribute to the suitability of the site for the production of food sources for pre- Contact peoples. As well, an examination of the geophysical evolution of the study area provides an indication of the possible range in age of pre-Contact sites that could be found on the property.

The study area is located within Ontario’s second northernmost terrestrial ecozone, the Boreal Shield. This region is covered with a multitude of lakes and contains about 10% of all the freshwater in Canada. The land is well irrigated, the terrain a massive rolling plain of ancient bedrock covered with boreal forest intermixed with wetlands, and precipitation is abundant. Although this ecozone is quite young, only emerging with glacial recession, the Precambrian nature of the region speaks to much older origin. This is a rugged upland composed of ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is a region of shallow soils, glacial tills, extensive forests, sparse agricultural settlement, dispersed urban centres, and is characterized by high, rolling, and often flat-topped hills of Precambrian granite, marble, or gneiss bedrock. The bedrock of this region is composed of carbonate sedimentary formations dating primarily back to the Silurian Period but also to the Ordovician and Devonian Periods. However, it is important to note that throughout this period glacial retreat was neither uniform nor continuous, and isolated re- advances and recessions occurred on numerous occasions during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene Period. This region was shaped and reshaped through glacial

25 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. scouring of the surface and glacial recession created post glacial lakes, rivers and streams which eventually produced complex glaciofluvial complexes and also resulted in the deposit of till materials across the landscape.

The Ottawa River flows through a section of rock formations that have been down- faulted in such a way as to produce a triangular-shaped valley. Fault zones occur at or near the margin of the Precambrian shield and within the Palaeozoic deposits which occupy the basin. The Precambrian rock deposits consist of crystalline limestones, gneisses, and quartzites that have been intruded and metamorphized by bodies of granite, syenite and other igneous rocks. This rock complex forms the boundary of and underlies the Palaeozoic sediments which form the rock strata within the basin, outcroping along the border of the former. The Palaeozoic formation consists mainly of limestone beds of considerable thickness (Gillespie, Wicklund and Matthews 1964:9).

The study area lies directly at the cusp between two large physiographic regions: the Ottawa Valley Clay Flats and the Petawawa Sand Plains. The Ottawa Valley Clay Flats are comprised of clay plains interrupted by ridges of rock or sand. Above Ottawa there is a broad valley with rocky Laurentian uplands rising on either side of the Ottawa River. On the Quebec side, the rocks rise sharply 190 meters or more along a fault scarp, while on the Ontario side the slope is much more gradual. Within the valley, the bedrock is further faulted so that some of the uplifted blocks appear above clay beds (Chapman and Putnam 1984:205). The Petawawa Sand Plains are sand plains interrupted by several outcrops of Precambrian rocks. This area extends south of Pembroke and covers approximately 337 square kilometres. Its origin was as a delta formed in the Champlain Sea by the Petawawa, Barron, Indian and Ottawa Rivers during the Fossmill stage of Lake Algonquin (Chapman and Putnam 1984:210).

This area supports a general agricultural society, of which most follow an extensive cropping system of oats, barley and mixed grain. Farmers also raise beef throughout the region (Chapman and Putnam 1984:208). The capability for ungulate production is documented as Class 3, meaning that the lands have only a slight limitation to the production of ungulates (Canada Land Inventory 1970).

The immediate study area consists of reclaimed land; however soil mapping for the surrounding vicinity shows that soils consist of a mixture of Renfrew clay, Uplands fine sandy loam, Manotick fine sandy loam, Mountain fine sandy loam and Allendale fine sandy loam, together known as the Renfrew Sand Complex (Rec-S; Map 14). This consists of Renfrew clay soils (the best agricultural soils in Renfrew County) with various sand deposits above them forming irregular topography with slight to moderate slopes. Where the sand is thin this soil complex can provide good

26 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. cultivation, although at present the vicinity of the study area has been developed as the Pembroke urban core (Gillespie, Wicklund and Matthews 1964:31-34).

This area belongs to the Middle Ottawa Section of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Forest Region of Canada, characterized by hardwood forests. The predominant tree species include sugar maple, red maple, beech, yellow birch, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine and white pine, and to a lesser extent white spruce, balsam fir, trembling aspen, white birch, red oak and basswood. In wetter depressions species include eastern white cedar, tamarack, black spruce, black ash, white elm, black alder, willow, button bush, and red osier. Occasionally butternut, blue beech, bitternut hickory, shag bark hickory, black cherry, white oak and rock elm intrude from the hardwood forests surrounding the Precambrian Shield (Rowe 1977:100). The area would have been cleared of its original forest cover with the intensification of Euro-Canadian settlement and extensive logging in the early nineteenth century. Forest fires have also been a significant factor in determining the vegetation cover.

The Pembroke area is drained via a number of meandering waterways which were formed during the recession of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, meltwater flow and ice dams. There are a variety of water sources in the area, including lakes (i.e. Allumette Lake), rivers (i.e. Ottawa River, Indian River, Muskrat River), streams and creeks (i.e., O’Mearas Creek, Hales Creek), and low-lying and wet areas. The subject properties lie immediately to the west of the Muskrat River where it enters the Ottawa River along the Pembroke waterfront.

3.2.7 Property Inspection

In order to gain first-hand knowledge of the geography, topography, and current conditions of the study area to inform an evaluation of archaeological potential, a property inspection was undertaken on June 5, 2017. The inspection was conducted according to the archaeological fieldwork standards outlined in Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2011). Weather conditions were ideal, with moderate temperatures and cloudy skies, providing excellent visibility of land features and permitting the identification and documentation of features influencing archaeological potential.

The inspection began with a walk-over of Land Parcel 2, situated between the Albert Street entrance to the waterfront area and the Muskrat River (Image 5). It is bounded by the former CPR track to the south and the Pembroke Marina to the north. The property is essentially flat, open space that has been paved as a parking area for use of the waterfront (Image 6). Historically, the former CPR track was once supported on an elevated pier structure (see image *), though today the railway right-of-way consists of a much overgrown and treed embankment separating the waterfront from Lake Street and the

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Pembroke downtown (Image 7). A breakwater extends from the northeast corner of the property, separating the marina from the mouth of the Muskrat River (Image 8). A thin strip if manicured lawn with planted trees surrounds the fringes of the parking lot; a small public washroom building is situated in the northwest corner of the fringe, and a small tourist structure in the southwest.

Land Parcel 1 lies to the west of the Albert Street entrance and extends as far west as the Centenary Park Road waterfront entrance. It is bounded by Blackstein Boulevard to the north and the former CPR embankment to the south (Image 9). The property is currently parkland comprised entirely of an open, level and manicured lawn with planted trees around the fringes (Image 10). A small public washroom building is located in the southwest corner of the park.

The complete photographic catalogue compiled during the site inspection is included as Appendix 1 and the locations and orientations of all photographs used in this report are shown in Map 15. As per the Terms and Conditions for Archaeological Licences in Ontario, curation of all field notes, photographs, and maps generated during the Stage 1 archaeological assessment is being provided by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. pending the identification of a suitable repository. An inventory of the records generated by the assessment is provided below in Table 2.

Table 2. Inventory of the Stage 1 Documentary Record.

Type of Document Description Number of Records Location

Field Notes Notes on the property 1 page PRAS office – file PR17-24 inspection Photographs Digital photographs 12 photographs On PRAS computer documenting the network – file PR17-24 property inspection Maps Printed map with 1 map PRAS office – file PR17-24 notations added

3.3 Analysis and Conclusions

This section of the report includes an evaluation of the archaeological potential within the study area, in which the results of the background research and property inspection described above are synthesized to determine the likelihood of the property to contain significant archaeological resources.

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3.3.1 Predictive Model Development

The evaluation of the potential of a particular parcel of land to contain significant archaeological resources is based on the identification of local features that have demonstrated associations with known archaeological sites. For instance, archaeological sites associated with pre-Contact settlements and land uses are typically found in close physical association with environmental features such as sources of potable water, transportation routes (navigable waterways and trails), accessible shorelines, areas of elevated topography (i.e. knolls, ridges, eskers, escarpments, and drumlins), areas of sandy and well-drained soils, distinctive land formations (i.e. waterfalls, rock outcrops, caverns, mounds, and promontories and their bases), as well as resource-rich areas (e.g. migratory routes, spawning areas, scarce raw materials, etc.). Similarly, post-Contact archaeological sites are often found in association with many of these same environmental features, though they are also commonly connected with known areas of early Euro- Canadian settlement, early historical transportation routes (e.g. roads, trails, railways, etc.), and areas of early Euro-Canadian industry (i.e. the fur trade, logging and mining). For this reason, assessments of the potential of a particular parcel of land to contain post- Contact archaeological sites rely heavily on historical and archival research, including reviews of available land registry records, census returns and assessment rolls, historical maps and aerial photographs.

Archaeological assessment standards established in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) specify the factors that must be considered when evaluating archaeological potential, termed “features indicating archaeological potential”. Licensed consultant archaeologists are required to incorporate these factors into potential determinations and account for all features on the property that can indicate the potential for significant archaeological sites. If this evaluation indicates that any part of the subject property exhibits potential for archaeological resources, the completion of a Stage 2 archaeological assessment is commonly required prior to the issuance of approvals for activities that would involve soil disturbances or other alterations.

The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) also establish minimum distances from features of archaeological potential that must be identified as exhibiting site potential. For instance, this includes all lands within 300 metres of primary and secondary water sources, past water sources (i.e. glacial lake shorelines), registered archaeological sites, areas of early Euro-Canadian settlement, or locations identified as potentially containing significant archaeological resources by local histories or informants. It also includes all lands within 100 metres of early historic transportation routes. Further, any portion of a property containing elevated topography, pockets of well-drained sandy soils, distinctive land formations, resource-rich/harvesting areas, and/or previously identified cultural heritage resources must also be identified as exhibiting archaeological potential.

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The evaluation of archaeological potential also includes a review of available sources of information to determine if any part of the subject property exhibiting archaeological potential can be excluded on the basis of having low or no archaeological potential. The Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011) set criteria that can be used to establish areas of low or no potential, including disturbance, steep slope, or areas of permanently saturated soils. Disturbance, as it is used in this context, refers to recent, deep, and intensive soil alterations including, but not limited to, quarrying, major landscaping involving grading below topsoil, the footprints of former buildings associated with significant below-grade excavations, and/or utilities servicing or associated works. These types of excavations are considered to have been sufficient to severely damage the integrity of, if not fully remove, any archaeological resources that might have been present. Areas of sloping land that can be excluded from having archaeological potential on the basis of steepness must be over 20°, though this exemption would not apply in areas likely to contain associated archaeological resources (e.g. pictographs, petroglyphs, slope middens, eroding archaeological features from known archaeological sites, industrial structures requiring slopes such as lime kilns, etc.). As the most widely-available topographical datasets within the province were created using aerial photographs and using a five metre contour interval, typically a property inspection is required in order to identify areas of steep slope. Finally, low-lying and wet areas can also be excluded from exhibiting archaeological potential if it can be demonstrated that the associated soils are permanently saturated.

The standards relating to archaeological potential evaluations for areas lying south of the Canadian Shield are applicable for the study area. Thus areas that are considered to have pre-Contact site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include lands within 300 metres of water sources, wetlands or elevated features in the landscape including former shorelines. Areas of post Euro-Canadian settlement archaeological site potential requiring Stage 2 testing include locations within 300 metres of sites of early Euro-Canadian settlement and within 100 metres of historic transportation corridors. Further, areas within 300 metres of registered archaeological sites, designated heritage buildings or structures/locations of local historical significance are considered to have archaeological potential. Conversely, areas within any of these zones shown to have steep slope, to be permanently wet, or to have deep and intensive ground disturbance in the recent past can be excluded from Stage 2 testing on the basis that either there would be a low potential for archaeological resources in these areas or that any possible archaeological resources would have been removed as a result of this activity.

3.3.2 Evaluation of Archaeological Potential

For the purposes of the present study, archaeological potential criteria were evaluated separately for pre- and post-Contact settlement and/or land uses. For each category, features of archaeological potential were identified and appropriate potential buffers

30 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. determined, from which the archaeological potential mapping was generated. Descriptions of the archaeological potential features are provided in the discussion of the potential model for each time period below.

In accordance with the criteria described above, the study area exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with pre-Contact occupations and/or land uses. Specifically:

• Portions of the subject property lie within 300 metres of the confluence of the Muskrat and Ottawa Rivers, both primary water sources; • While no archaeological sites have previously been recorded as having been found within the subject property, the discovery of numerous of archaeological sites in this portion of the Ottawa River and the Muskrat River corridor suggests occupation by First Nations peoples from Late Archaic times through to the Contact period and beyond.

The study area also exhibits several characteristics that indicate potential for the presence of archaeological resources associated with post-Contact period occupations and/or land- uses. Specifically:

• The background research indicates that permanent Euro-Canadian settlement/land use adjacent to the study area began during the first half of the nineteenth century; • The Canada Central Railway right-of-way (constructed in 1876 and later amalgamated into the Canadian Pacific Railway) adjacent to the south side of the subject properties, and the nearby docks associated with steamship and ferry services during the nineteenth century as revealed through the historical mapping and photographs consulted during the preparation of this report, should be considered to be historical transportation routes.

Unique with respect to the subject properties, however, is the fact they remained entirely submerged within the waters of the Ottawa River until at least the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century. Beginning at that time, coinciding with the 1928 centenary year, the property was filled and the land base extended at least 80 metres north of the railway embankment to form parkland. Additional infilling has occurred in more recent years to further expand and refine the waterfront lands beyond the subject properties. The source of these fill materials is unknown, and thus, potentially at least, they may have included secondary archaeological materials redeposited within the fill, though given their displacement these would be of reduced significance. More importantly, it is quite conceivable that the present fill overburden may seal potential pre- and/or post-Contact submerged archaeological resources lying stratigraphically below on the historic river bed, in the form of lost pre-twentieth century cargo, wrecks, ad hoc losses (i.e. items dropped or intentionally discarded from shore), pier footings, or First Nations artifacts

31 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. that were present on the river bed prior to the addition of the twentieth century fill, or that wrecks were deliberately included as part of the fill. The Thistle Wharf in particular lay along the west side of Land Parcel 1; there may also have been other, less prominent piers earlier in the nineteenth century.

Given that any excavations within the study area will encounter deep and unstable fills, as well as a shallow water table, a modified approach to any Stage 2 archaeological assessment is warranted. As these excavations would require both engineered shoring and active dewatering, on-site archaeological monitoring is the only practical means of addressing the potential for archaeological resources in the study area, as per MTCS requirements in deeply buried conditions (MTCS 2011:2.1.7). In support of this approach, a contingency plan should be prepared to outline procedures, documentation, and time requirements in the event that significant archaeological resources are exposed in the excavations. In the unlikely event that archaeological resources requiring additional assessment are identified, construction activities would have to be delayed until the required archaeological investigations and documentation could be completed.

The archaeological potential of the study area described above, as well as the recommendations of this report, have been illustrated on a recent satellite image (Map 16).

3.3.3 Stage 1 Recommendations

The results of the background research discussed above indicate that the study area exhibits potential for deeply buried archaeological resources. Accordingly, it is recommended that:

1) The study area should be the subject of Stage 2 archaeological monitoring undertaken by a licensed consultant archaeologist during any new construction expected to extend below the waterline, in compliance with Section 4.2.8 of Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTCS 2011). The proponent should include the requirement for an archaeologist to monitor the work in any request for proposal, and receive written confirmation from the contractor that an archaeologist will be retained. Prior to the initiation of work, a protocol should be arranged with the contractor containing provisions for the recording of any archaeological remains and/or the recovery of significant archaeological deposits revealed by the construction activity, a protocol which would both ensure that sufficient archaeological information is recovered and, as much as possible, ensure that there are not significant delays to the construction schedule. During both preliminary site work and the main excavation, the site should be inspected regularly to monitor the progress of the perimeter shoring, any initial removals/testing, and bulk fill removal. Site inspections should be of sufficient frequency and duration to ensure that any significant archaeological features, such as former piers, are documented through photography and scaled drawings. In the

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absence of an archaeological monitor on site, any potentially significant archaeological resources encountered during excavations should be preserved intact to allow the archaeologist to record and/or mitigate the resource. It should also be understood that the archaeologist would be empowered to stop construction to allow sufficient time for mitigation if there is a concern for impacts to an archaeological site.

2) The Stage 2 monitoring should include continued engagement with the Algonquins of Ontario.

The reader is also referred to Section 4.0 below to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act as it may relate to this project.

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4.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION

In order to ensure compliance with the Ontario Heritage Act, the reader is advised of the following:

1) This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development.

2) It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act.

3) Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act.

4) The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services.

5) Archaeological sites recommended for further archaeological fieldwork or protection remain subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act and may not be altered, or have artifacts removed from them, except by a person holding an archaeological licence.

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5.0 LIMITATIONS AND CLOSURE

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. has prepared this report in a manner consistent with that level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members of the archaeological profession currently practicing under similar conditions in the jurisdiction in which the services are provided, subject to the time limits and physical constraints applicable to this report. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made.

This report has been prepared for the specific site, design objective, developments and purpose prescribed in the client proposal and subsequent agreed upon changes to the contract. The factual data, interpretations and recommendations pertain to a specific project as described in this report and are not applicable to any other project or site location.

Unless otherwise stated, the suggestions, recommendations and opinions given in this report are intended only for the guidance of the client in the design of the specific project.

Special risks occur whenever archaeological investigations are applied to identify subsurface conditions and even a comprehensive investigation, sample and testing program may fail to detect all or certain archaeological resources. The sampling strategies in this study comply with those identified in the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport’s Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (2011).

The documentation related to this archaeological assessment will be curated by Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. until such a time that arrangements for their ultimate transfer to an approved and suitable repository can be made to the satisfaction of the project owner(s), the Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport and any other legitimate interest group.

We trust that this report meets your current needs. If you have any questions of if we may be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact the undersigned.

Jeff Earl Principal Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

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6.0 REFERENCES

Adams Heritage 2003 An Archaeological Assessment (Stage 3) of the proposed Pembroke Pollution Control Plant Upgrades, City of Pembroke. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Belden, H. & Co. 1881 Historical Atlas of Lanark and Renfrew Counties. Reprint Edition, 1972. Owen Sound: Richardson, Bond & Wright Limited.

Bennett, C. 1989 Renfrew County: Peoples and Places. Juniper Books, Renfrew.

Brown, Howard Morton 1984 Lanark Legacy: Nineteenth Century Glimpses of an Ontario County. Perth: The Corporation of the County of Lanark.

Canada 1891 Indian Treaties and Surrenders from 1690 to 1890 - in Two Volumes. Volume 1. Ottawa: Brown Chamberlain.

Canada Land Inventory 1970 Land Capability Classification for Wildlife. The Canada Land Inventory. Report No. 7. Environment Canada.

Central Archaeology Group Inc. (CAG) 2016 Stage 1 and Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment at 127 Drive In Road in the City of Pembroke, Part of Lot 18, Concession 2, Geographic Township of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2014 Final Stage 2 Archaeological Background Study, Proposed Development, Part of Lot 29 and Lot 30, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Stafford, now City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2013a Stage 1 Background Study Proposed Wheaton Subdivision Lot 32, Concession 2 City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2013b Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment, Pembroke Place development, Lot 33, Concession 2, Northwest Corner of Joseph Street and Maple Avenue, City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

36 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Central Archaeology Group Inc. (continued) 2013c Stage 2 Property Survey Proposed Subdivision - Burcom Development Part of Lots 35 and 36, Concession 1 Geographic Township of Stafford, City of Pembroke Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2010a St. 1 & St. 2 A.A., Algonquin college in the Ottawa Valley, Lots 58-63 and Lots 95- 100, Plan No. 9, Miller Sect., Water Lot XM in front of Moffat and Miller Sect., Pt Water Lot in front of Lot 17, Con. 1, Geo. Twp. of Pembroke, City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2010b Stage 1 Archaeological Background Study, Proposed Development, Part of Lot 29 and Lot 30, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Stafford, now City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Chapman, L.J. & D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third Edition. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 2. Toronto: Ministry of Natural Resources.

Clermont, Norman 1999 “The Archaic Occupation of the Ottawa Valley.” Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Hull: Outaouais Historical Society, pp. 43-53.

Clermont, Norman, C. Chapdelain and J. Cinq-Mars, eds. 2003 Ile aux Allumettes. Collection Paleo-Quebec 2003. Gatineau: Musée Canadien des civilizations.

Croft, David J.A. 1986 Untitled Field Notes on the McLaren Site. On file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Daechsel, Hugh 1981 Sawdust Bay 2: The Identification of a Middle Woodland Site in the Ottawa Valley. Unpublished MA Thesis, McMaster University. 1980 An Archaeological Evaluation of the South Nation River Drainage Basin. Report on file, South Nation River Conservation Authority.

Day, G.M. and Bruce G. Trigger 1978 “Algonquin.” Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15, Northeast. Ed. B.G. Trigger. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp 792-797.

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Ellis, Christopher J. and Brian Deller 1990 “Paleo-Indians.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 37-74.

Ellis, Christopher J., Ian Kenyon and Michael Spence 1990 “The Archaic.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 65-124.

Emerson, J. Norman 1955 The Kant Site: A Point Peninsula Manifestation in Renfrew County, Ontario. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute 31 (1): 24 - 54.

Fisher Archaeological Consulting 2012 O-Train Vincent Massey Park Project, Ottawa, Limited Stage 4: Excavation of Site BiFw-101 (Areas 25 & 26), 2009 & 2010, Final Report. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Gillespie, J.E., R.E. Wicklund and B.C. Matthews 1964 Soil Survey of Renfrew County. Report No. 37 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Research Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, and the Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food, Toronto.

Haxton, Tim and Don Chubbuck 2002 Review of the Historical and Existing Natural Environment and Resource Uses on the Ottawa River. Southcentral Science and Information Section Technical Report #119. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Science and Information Branch.

Haydon, Andrew 1925 Pioneer Sketches in the District of Bathurst (Ontario, Canada). Toronto: Ryerson Press.

Heidenreich, Conrad E., and Françoise Noël 1993 “France Secures the Interior, 1740-1755.” Historical Atlas of Canada: From the Beginning to 1800. Ed. R. Cole Harris. Volume 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Hessel, P. 1993 The Algonkin Nation: The Algonkins of the Ottawa Valley, A Historical Outline. Arnprior: Kichesippi Books.

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Hessel, P. (continued) 1984 Destination Ottawa Valley. Ottawa: Runge Press.

Hough, J.L. 1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) Archives 1999 Posts: Fort Coulonge (QC). Compiled research materials held at the Hudson Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Accessed online at: http://hwtproject.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Hudsons-Bay-Company- Archives-1821-1855.pd

Ivanoffski, V. and S. Campbell, editors 1980 Exploring Our Heritage: The Ottawa Valley Experience. Arnprior: Arnprior and District Historical Society.

Jamieson, James Bruce 1989 An Inventory of the Prehistoric Archaeological Sites of Ottawa-Carleton. Paper submitted to the Ontario Archaeological Society, Ottawa Chapter.

Joan Holmes & Associates Inc. (JHA) 1993 Algonquins of Golden Lake Claim. Eight volumes. Unpublished report prepared for the Ontario Native Affairs Secretariat.

Junker-Andersen, Chris 1995 The Cultural Heritage Resources of Bonnechère Provincial Park and Environs: An Initial Appraisal. Unpublished manuscript on file, Davenport Centre, Bonnechere Provincial Park.

Kennedy, Clyde 1970 The Upper Ottawa Valley. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council. 1967 Preliminary Report on the Morrison’s Island-6 Site. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 206, pp.100-124. 1966 “Preliminary Report on the MN6 Site.” Contributions to Anthropology, 1963- 1964. Part I. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 206. Ottawa. 1965 Summary of 1965 Field Work in the Ottawa and Related Areas. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1964 Activities in Renfrew and Pontiac Counties, 1964. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau. 1962 “Archaic Hunters in the Ottawa Valley.” Ontario History 54(2), pp.122-128.

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Kinickinick Heritage Consultants 2004 Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of Proposed Central Canada Exhibition, Albion Road Site, Part Lots 24 and 25, Concession 3, Gloucester Township (Geo.), City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture, and Sport, Toronto. 2003a Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Bradley Lands, Lot 24, Concession 12, Goulbourn Township, City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2003b A Stage 1 & 2 Archaeological Assessment of a Proposed Subdivision in Honeygables Lot 18 Broken Front Concession Gloucester Twp. (Geo.) City of Ottawa. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Konrad, V. 1981 “An Iroquois Frontier: The North Shore of Lake Ontario During the Late 17th Century.” Journal of Historical Geography. Vol. VII, pp. 129-144.

Laliberté, Marcel 2000 Synthèse des recherches archéologiques dans le Parc du Lac Leamy 1993-1999. Gatineau: Écomusée de Hull.

Laliberté, Marcel et. al. 1998 Archaeological Resource Potential, Federal Lands in the National Capital Region, Volumes 1 and 2. Report prepared for the National Capital Commission, Ottawa.

Lee, David 2006 Lumber Kings and Shantymen: Logging and Lumbering in the Ottawa Valley. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd.

Lee-Whiting, Brenda 1985 Harvest of Stones: The German Settlement in Renfrew County. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Leggett, R. 1975 Ottawa Waterway. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Miller, Marilyn G. 1978 Straight Lines in a Curved Space: Colonization Roads in Eastern Ontario. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch.

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Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto: Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport.

Mitchell, Barry M. 1990 “Vinette-1: A Review of Origin and Development.” The Ottawa Archaeologist. Vol. 17(2), pp.9-13. 1989 Report on the Historical and Archaeological Resources of Sand Point, Westmeath Provincial Park. Report on file, Ministry of Natural Resources, Pembroke District. 1987 “Archaeology of the Petawawa River: The Second Site at Montgomery Lake.” Michigan Archaeologist. Vol. 15(1-2), pp 1-53. 1963 “The Occurrence of Overall Corded Pottery in the Upper Ottawa Valley.” American Antiquity. Vol. 29(1), pp.114-115.

Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc. (Past Recovery) 2016 Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessments of Part of Transcan Corporate Park, Part Lots 28 and 29, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Stafford, Now City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2014 Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of Concentration B (BkGg-32) in the Proposed Golfview Development, Part Lots 29 & 30, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Stafford, Now City of Pembroke, Renfrew County. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2010a Stage 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Dobbs Subdivision, Part of Lots 22 and 23, Concession 1, Geographic Township of Pembroke, Renfrew County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. 2010b Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Old Rapids Site (Bhge-8) & Field Site #2, Proposed Madawaska River Subdivision, Part Lots 16 & 17, Concessions VII & VIII, Geographic Township of Bagot, Renfrew County, Ontario. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Patterson, J.R. 2008 Pembroke – A Glimpse into the Past. Pembroke: Self published, available from the author.

Pendergast, J.F. 1999 “The Ottawa River Algonquin Bands in a St. Lawrence Iroquoian Context.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 23:63-136. 1972 “The Lite Site: An Early Southern Division Huron Site near Belleville, Ontario.” Ontario Archaeology. No. 17, pp.24-61. 1957 Report on the Kant Site, BjGh-1. Report on file, Archives of the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau.

41 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Two City of Pembroke Waterfront Properties Past Recovery Archaeological Services Inc.

Price, C. and C.C. Kennedy 1961 Notes on the History of Renfrew County. Pembroke: Renfrew County Council.

Robertson, Donald and David Croft 1971- Untitled field notes relating to the Mud Lake Sites. Report on file, Ontario 1975 Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Rowe, J.S. 1977 Forest Regions of Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Forestry Service and the Department of Fisheries and the Environment.

Smallfield, A. 1881 Lands and Resources of Renfrew County, Province of Ontario: A Hand-book for the Information of Immigrant Farmers Desirous of Obtaining Cheap Farms in an Already Settled District. Renfrew: The Renfrew Mercury.

Smallfield W.E. and R. Campbell 1919 The Story of Renfrew. Renfew: Smallfield and Son.

Spence, M.W., R.H. Pihl and C. Murphy 1990 “Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods.” The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650. Ed. C. Ellis and N. Ferris. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter of the Ontario Archaeological Society, No. 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society, pp. 125-170.

Surtees, Robert J. 1994 “Land Cessions, 1763-1830.” Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations. Ed. Edward S. Rogers and Donald B. Smith. Ontario Historical Studies Series. Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 92-121. 1982 Indian Land Cessions in Ontario, 1763-1862: The Evolution of a System. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Carleton University.

Swayze, Ken and Robert McGhee 2011 “The Heritage Hills Site and Early Postglacial Occupation of the Ottawa Valley.” Archaeology of Eastern North America. No. 39 (2011), pp. 131-152.

Trigger, Bruce G. 1985 Natives and Newcomers: Canada’s “Heroic Age” Reconsidered. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. 1976 The Children of Aataensic: A History of the Huron People to 1660. 2 Volumes. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

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Wallace, W. S. 1932 John McLean’s Notes of a Twenty-Five Years’ Service in the Hudson’s Bay Territory. Publications of the Champlain Society XIX. Toronto: The Champlain Society.

Watson, Gordon 1999 “The Paleo-Indian Period in the Ottawa Valley.” Ottawa Valley Prehistory. Hull: Outaouais Historical Society, pp. 27-42. 1990 “Palaeo-Indian and Archaic Occupations of the Rideau Lakes.” Ontario Archaeology. Vol. 50, pp. 5-26. 1982 Rideau Lakes Archaeology 1982. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

Wright, Phillip J. 1977 A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Madawaska River from Combermere to Griffith. Report on file, Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto.

PRIMARY DOCUMENTS

Library and Archives Canada (LAC):

Census Records: 1851 Renfrew County, Pembroke Township, microfilm reel C-111571

National Map Collection (NMC): NMC 21920 H.F. Walling map of Lanark and Renfrew Counties (1863) NMC 150029-1 1908 fire insurance plan of Pembroke

National Air Photo Library (NAPL): A18149-191 1963 A30950-177 1974 A27186-006 1987

Queens University Maps and Geospatial Data Centre, Stauffer Library:

National Topographic Series (NTS): Pembroke, sheet 31F14 - One-Mile-to-One-Inch (1936) Pembroke, sheet 31F14 – 1:50,000 (1975)

NEWSPAPERS

Pembroke Observer 1936

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7.0 MAPS

Map 1. Location of the study area.

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Map 2. Satellite image showing the two property parcels. (City of Pembroke)

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Map 3. Satellite image of the study area.

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Map 4. Segment of McNaughton’s 1836 survey of Pembroke Township showing the approximate location of the study area. (Champlain Trail Museum collection)

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Map 5. Segment of the 1863 H. F. Walling map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area. (LAC NMC 21920) This plan also provides a sense of the size of the recently incorporated village.

Map 6. Segment of the 1881 Belden map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area. (H. Belden & Co. 1881:58) Note the CCR/CPR track is shown extending off-shore from the edge of Allumette Lake and across the mouth of the Muskrat River, as well as the Thistle and Supple wharves extending out into the river.

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Map 7. Segment of the 1908 fire insurance map of Pembroke showing the approximate location of the study area. (LAC NMC 150029-1) Note that the waterfront to the south of the railway line has been filled in by this date.

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Map 8. Segment of the 1936 one-inch-to-one-mile topographic map for the Pembroke area showing the study area.

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Map 9. Portion of a 1937 survey of Pembroke showing the extent of the in-filling along the waterfront that had occurred by that time. Land Parcel 2 contains Centenary Park created in 1928.

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Map 10. Segment of a 1963 aerial photograph showing the study area. The baseball field is evident within Centenary Park, and the adjacent parcel to the east has begun to be filled in. The piers from the removed Thistle Wharf can still be seen in the water.

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Map 11. Segment of a 1974 aerial photograph showing the study area. Note that Land Parcel 2 had been completed by this date and was being used for parking.

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Map 12. Segment of the 1975 1:50,000 topographic map for the Pembroke area showing the study area. Again, note Land Parcel 2 on the right had been infilled by this date.

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Map 13. Segment of a 1987 aerial photograph showing the study area.

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Map 14. Segment of a soil survey map for Renfrew County showing the study area. (Gillespie et al. 1964: Sheet 2)

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Map 15. Satellite image of the study area showing the locations and directions of photographs taken during the property inspection and used in this report.

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Map 16. Satellite image of the study area showing the results of the archaeological potential evaluation.

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8.0 IMAGES

Image 1. Segment of a 1905 panoramic view of Pembroke taken from the end of the Thistle Wharf. (Image courtesy of Bruce Pappin) Note the elevated CPR track structure just off the shoreline; the blue arrow indicates the mouth of the Muskrat River. The Pembroke Lumber Co. mill appears on the right side of the photograph.

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Image 2. View of the Thistle Wharf in 1905 with the CPR line in the foreground. (Champlain Trail Museum: Pembroke, Renfrew, Arnprior, Eganville, and Cobden: Industrial edition, Principle Towns of Renfrew County, Ont. 1900-1905)

Image 3. View of the Thistle Wharf leading from the foot of Alexander Street. (Image courtesy of Bruce Pappin) This photograph was taken prior to 1928, as much of the waterfront to the right of the wharf was filled in to create parkland as part of the 1928 centennial project.

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Image 4. Segment of an undated panoramic view of the Pembroke Lumber Co. sawmill and stock yard. (Champlain Trail Museum) This photograph was likely taken in the 1920s. Note the Thistle Wharf in the centre background with the Supple Wharf beyond it. The CPR track is visible to the left in front of the mill.

Image 5. View south along the Albert Street entrance to the waterfront separating Land Parcel 1 on the right, from Land Parcel 2 on the left. (PR17- 24D008) The small tourist structure can be seen beyond the entrance to the parking lot on the left.

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Image 6. View of Land Parcel 2 looking east. (PR17-24D001) The Pembroke Marina appears on the left and the former CPR embankment to the right. In the distance lies the tree-lined bank of the Muskrat River.

Image 7. View along the top of the embankment of the former CPR rail bed, looking east. (PR17-24D007)

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Image 8. View southwards along the breakwater extending from the northeast corner of Land Parcel 2 separating the Pembroke Marina on the right from the Muskrat River on the left. (PR17-24D004) Note the extant CPR bridge across the mouth of the river in the distance to the right.

Image 9. View south along the Centenary Road entrance toward the former CPR underpass leading to Alexander Street and the Pembroke downtown. (PR17-24D002) Land Parcel 2 lies to the left. The building on the left is the public washroom.

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Image 10. View across Land Parcel 1 from the corner of Blackstein Boulevard and Centenary Road, looking southeast. (PR17-24D006)

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APPENDIX 1: Photographic Catalogue

Photo No. Description Dir. PR17-24D001 View of Land Parcel 2 looking east. The Pembroke Marina appears on E the left and the former CPR embankment to the right. In the distance lies the tree lined bank of the Muskrat River PR17-24D002 Looking south along the Centenary Rd entrance toward the former S CPR underpass leading to Alexander Street and the Pembroke downtown. Land Parcel 2 lies to the left. PR17-24D003 Looking west from Land Parcel 1 to the waterfront amphitheatre, the W former Pembroke Lumber Co stock yard PR17-24D004 View along the breakwater extending from the northeast corner of S Land Parcel 2 separating the Pembroke Marina on the right from the Muskrat River on the left. Note the extant CPR bridge across the mouth of the river in the distance to the right PR17-24D005 View across Marina parking lot, Land Parcel 2 SW PR17-24D006 View across Land Parcel 1 from the corner of Blackstein Boulevard and SE Centenary Road PR17-24D007 View along top of the embankment of the former CPR rail bed looking E east PR17-24D008 Looking south along the Albert Street entrance to the waterfront which S separates Land Parcel 1 on the right, from Land Parcel 2 on the left. PR17-24D009 Pembroke waterfront shoreline west of the marina W PR17-24D010 View across former Pembroke Lumber Co. stock yard from entrance to E Algonquin College PR17-24D011 Algonquin College, former site of Pembroke Lumber Co. NW PR17-24D012 Pembroke Marina with Land Parcel 2 in the background SE

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APPENDIX 2: Glossary of Archaeological Terms

Archaeology: The study of human past by excavation of cultural material.

Archaeological Sites: The physical remains of any building, structure, cultural feature, object, human event or activity which, because of the passage of time, are on or below the surface of the land or water.

Archaic: A term used by archaeologists to designate a distinctive cultural period dating between 8000 and 1000 B.C. in eastern North America. The period is divided into Early (8000 to 6000 B.C.), Middle (6000 to 2500 B.C.) and Late (2500 to 1000 B.C.). It is characterized by hunting, gathering and fishing.

Artifact: An object manufactured, modified or used by humans.

B.P.: Before Present. Often used for archaeological dates instead of B.C. or A.D. Present is taken to be 1951, the date from which radiocarbon assays are calculated.

Backdirt: The soil excavated from an archaeological site. It is usually removed by shovel or trowel and then screened to ensure maximum recovery of artifacts.

Chert: A type of silica rich stone often used for making chipped stone tools. A number of chert sources are known from southern Ontario. These sources include outcrops and nodules.

Contact Period: The period of initial contact between Native and European populations. In Ontario, this generally corresponds to the seventeenth and eighteen centuries depending on the specific area.

Cultural Resource / Heritage Resource: Any resource (archaeological, historical, architectural, artifactual, archival) that pertains to the development of our cultural past.

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Cultural Heritage Landscapes: Cultural heritage landscapes are groups of features made by people. The arrangement of features illustrate noteworthy relationships between people and their surrounding environment. They can provide information necessary to preserve, interpret or reinforce the understanding of important historical settings and changes to past patterns of land use. Cultural landscapes include neighbourhoods, townscapes and farmscapes.

Diagnostic: An artifact, decorative technique or feature that is distinctive of a particular culture or time period.

Disturbed: In an archaeological context, this term is used when the cultural deposit of a certain time period has been intruded upon by a later occupation.

Excavation: The uncovering or extraction of cultural remains by digging.

Feature: This term is used to designate modifications to the physical environment by human activity. Archaeological features include the remains of buildings or walls, storage pits, hearths, post moulds and artifact concentrations.

Flake: A thin piece of stone (usually chert, chalcedony, etc.) detached during the manufacture of a chipped stone tool. A flake can also be modified into another artifact form such as a scraper.

Fluted: A lanceolate shaped projectile point with a central channel extending from the base approximately one third of the way up the blade. One of the most diagnostic Palaeo- Indian artifacts.

Lithic: Stone. Lithic artifacts would include projectile points, scrapers, ground stone adzes, gun flints, etc.

Lot: The smallest provenience designation used to locate an artifact or feature.

Midden: An archaeological term for a garbage dump.

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Mitigation: To reduce the severity of development impact on an archaeological or other heritage resource through preservation or excavation. The process for minimizing the adverse impacts of an undertaking on identified cultural heritage resources within an affected area of a development project.

Multicomponent: An archaeological site which has seen repeated occupation over a period of time. Ideally, each occupation layer is separated by a sterile soil deposit that accumulated during a period when the site was not occupied. In other cases, later occupations will be directly on top of earlier ones or will even intrude upon them.

Operation: The primary division of an archaeological site serving as part of the provenience system. The operation usually represents a culturally or geographically significant unit within the site area.

Palaeo-Indian: The earliest human occupation of Ontario designated by archaeologists. The period dates between 9000 and 8000 B.C. and is characterized by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers.

Profile: The profile is the soil stratigraphy that shows up in the cross-section of an archaeological excavation. Profiles are important in understanding the relationship between different occupations of a site.

Projectile Point: A point used to tip a projectile such as an arrow, spear or harpoon. Projectile points may be made of stone (either chipped or ground), bone, ivory, antler or metal.

Provenience: Place of origin. In archaeology this refers to the location where an artifact or feature was found. This may be a general location or a very specific horizontal and vertical point.

Salvage: To rescue an archaeological site or heritage resource from development impact through excavation or recording.

Stratigraphy: The sequence of layers in an archaeological site. The stratigraphy usually includes natural soil deposits and cultural deposits.

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Sub-operation: A division of an operation unit in the provenience system.

Survey: To examine the extent and nature of a potential site area. Survey may include surface examination of ploughed or eroded areas and sub-surface testing.

Test Pit: A small pit, usually excavated by hand, used to determine the stratigraphy and presence of cultural material. Test pits are often used to survey a property and are usually spaced on a grid system.

Woodland: The most recent major division in the pre-Contact cultural sequence of Ontario. The Woodland period dates from 1000 B.C. to A.D. 1550. The period is characterized by the introduction of ceramics and the beginning of agriculture in southern Ontario. The period is further divided into Early (1000 B.C. to A.D. 0), Middle (A.D. 0 to A.D. 900) and Late (A.D. 900 to A.D.1550).

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