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Moradi Het Islamitische 06-06-2014 Tilburg University Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als tegenbeweging Moradi Kakesh, B. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Moradi Kakesh, B. (2014). Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als tegenbeweging: Iran als case study. Tilburg University. 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Download date: 03. okt. 2021 Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als tegenbeweging Iran als case study Behrooz Moradi Kakesh Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als tegenbeweging Iran als case study PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de Universiteit op vrijdag 6 juni 2014 om 10.15 uur door Behrooz Moradi Kakesh geboren op 13 december 1965 te Masjid-I-Sulaiman, Iran Promotores: Prof. dr. H.L. Beck Prof. dr. W.E.A. van Beek Overige leden van de Promotiecommissie: Prof. dr. G. ter Haar Prof. dr. H.C. Stoffels Prof. dr. G.P.P. van Tillo Met dank aan Lena Bom en Karin Berkhout ISBN 978-94-6167-190-5 Omslag: PrismaPrint © Behrooz Moradi Kakesh, 2014 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enig vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen, of enig andere manier zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. Inhoudsopgave 1 Onderzoeksdesign; probleemstelling, theoretische benadering, methodologie en de opzet van het proefschrift 1 1.1 Inleiding 1 1.2 Probleemstelling 2 1.3 Theoretische benadering 4 1.3.1 Giddens en het fundamentalisme 4 1.4 Methodologie 7 1.5 De opzet van de studie 8 Deel 1 Het fundamentalisme, het islamitisch fundamentalisme en de modernisering 2 Het fundamentalisme als een algemeen verschijnsel 13 2.1 Theoretici over het fundamentalisme als algemeen begrip 13 2.2 Het fundamentalisme als religieus fenomeen 17 2.3 Het christelijk fundamentalisme 20 2.3.1 Het christelijk fundamentalisme in de Verenigde Staten 20 2.3.2 Theoretische opvattingen over het christelijk fundamentalisme 22 2.3.3 Het christelijk fundamentalisme, het evangelie en de orthodoxie 23 2.3.4 Politieke ambities 25 2.4 Het joods fundamentalisme 26 2.4.1 Algemene kenmerken 26 2.4.2 Verschillende stromingen en hun kenmerken 27 2.4.3 Politieke posities 31 2.4.4 Opkomst van de verschillende stromingen 32 2.5 Het islamitisch fundamentalisme 33 2.5.1 Algemene aspecten 33 2.5.2 Theoretici over het islamitisch fundamentalisme 34 2.5.3 Waarden, normen en fundamenten 35 2.5.4 Verschillende groepen, politieke doelstellingen en houding jegens de staat 37 2.5.5 Het islamisme, stromingen en ideologieën 40 2.5.6 Het islamitisch fundamentalisme en Israël 48 ii HET ISLAMITISCH FUNDA MENTALISME ALS TEGENBEWEGING 2.5.6.1 De PLO 49 2.5.6.2 De nieuwe vijand 52 2.5.6.3 De Israëlische invasie in Libanon en de islamitische bewegingen 53 - De sjiitische beweging 53 - De Hezbollah 55 2.5.7 De pro-Israëlische politiek van de VS in het Midden-Oosten 57 2.5.8 Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als een anti-Amerikaans verschijnsel 62 2.5.9 Verzet tegen de imperialistische politiek in de moslimwereld 66 2.5.10 Het islamitisch fundamentalisme als een actuele beweging 68 2.6 Samenvatting en conclusie 73 3 De ideologische visies van de grondleggers van het islamisme 77 3.1 Algemene inleiding 77 3.2 Sayyid Jamal al-Din Asadabadi al-Afghani (1838-1897) 79 3.3 Mohammad Abduh (1849-1905) 87 3.4 Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi (1849-1902) 90 3.5 Mohammad Rashid Rida (1865-1935) 91 3.6 Mohammad Iqbal (1877-1938) 93 3.7 Hassan al-Banna (1905-1949) 97 3.8 Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966) 103 3.9 Abul Ala Mawdudi (1903-1977) 108 3.10 Osama Bin Laden (1957-2011) 116 3.11 Conclusie 121 4 Modernisering, globalisering en de identiteitscrisis in de moslimwereld 125 4.1 Het moderniseringsproces 125 4.1.1 Algemene inleiding 125 4.1.2 Rationalisering 126 4.1.3 Individualisering en differentiëring 129 4.2 Globalisering: een poging tot definitie 130 4.2.1 Economische globalisering 131 4.2.2 Culturele globalisering 136 4.2.3 Politieke globalisering 139 4.2.4 De gevolgen van globalisering 140 4.3 Islamitisch fundamentalisme versus modernisering 144 4.4 Enkele noties betreffende toepassing van de sharia en islamisering van de samenleving versus secularisering 151 4.5 Globalisering, islamitische identiteitscrisis en reacties 156 4.6 Conclusie 160 INHOUDSOPGAVE iii Deel 2 Het islamisme in Iran: de islamitisch modernistische tendentie en de islamitisch fundamentalistische beweging vóór en na de Islamitische Revolutie 5 De uitdaging tussen de islamitisch fundamentalisten en de modernisten in de ´Constitutionele Revolutie´ in Iran 167 5.1 Algemene inleiding 167 5.2 De constitutionalisten 169 5.3 De Shariatisten 173 5.4 De shariatistische constitutionalisten 175 5.5 De intellectuele elite 177 5.5.1 Mirza Faath-Ali Akhondzadeh 178 5.5.2 Mirza Malkam Khan Nazemod-Dowleh 178 5.5.3 Mirza Abdor-Rahim Talbof Tabrizi 179 5.5.4 De standpunten van enkele andere gezaghebbende intellectuelen 180 5.6 Conclusie 181 6 Het islamisme in Iran tussen twee revoluties 185 6.1 De historische context 185 6.2 De islamitische oppositie 187 6.2.1 De geestelijke beweging 186 6.2.2 Ayatollah Khomeini (1902-1989) en andere geestelijk leiders 188 6.2.3 De islamitische groepen 195 6.2.3.1 Faada’iyan-e Eslam 195 6.2.3.2 Mo’talefeh Eslami 197 6.2.3.3 Andjomaan Hodjjatiyeh 198 6.2.4 De religieuze socialisten 200 6.2.5 De Vrijheidsbeweging 200 6.2.6 Ali Shariati (1933-1977) 202 6.2.7 De islamitische guerrillastrijd 206 6.2.8 Kleine islamitische groepen 207 6.3 Conclusie 207 7 De Islamitische Revolutie en de diverse krachten 209 7.1 Sociaal-economische crisis vóór de Revolutie in Iran 209 7.2 De rol van de bazaar 215 7.3 Na de revolutie 217 7.4 De overgangsregering 218 7.5 De Islamitische Republiek 219 7.6 De presidentsverkiezingen 221 7.7 De oorlog tegen Irak 222 iv HET ISLAMITISCH FUNDA MENTALISME ALS TEGENBEWEGING 7.8 De periode van wederopbouw 224 7.9 Conclusie 229 8 Het fenomeen van 2Khordad 231 8.1 Inleiding 231 8.2 De politieke ontwikkeling 233 8.2.1 Politieke legitimiteit en de verantwoordingsplicht 234 8.2.2 Het islamitisch-politieke systeem 235 8.2.3 Democratie en pluralisme 239 8.3 De sociaal-culturele ontwikkeling 242 8.3.1 Veiligheid en criminaliteit 242 8.3.2 De nationale identiteit, de mens en zijn rechten 243 8.3.3 De ratio 244 8.3.4 Religieuze discriminatie 246 8.3.5 De positie van vrouwen 247 8.3.6 Godsdienst en geloof 250 8.3.7 Geweld 251 8.3.8 Vrijheid en de jeugd 253 8.3.9 Imam Mahdi 256 8.3.10 De Civil Society 256 8.4 De economische ontwikkeling 259 8.5 Internationale betrekkingen 262 8.5.1 Het Westen en de dialoog tussen culturen 265 8.5.2 Het Israëlisch-Palestijnse conflict 267 8.5.3 De islamitische wereld 268 8.6 Het nucleaire programma 269 8.7 Discussie 271 8.8 Conclusie 273 9 Het discourse van Mesbah als tegen-ideologie 275 9.1 Inleiding 275 9.2 Ayatollah Mohammad-Taghi Mesbah Yaazdi 276 9.2.1 Mesbah en Shariati 276 9.2.2 Mesbah en 2Khordad 277 9.2.3 Mesbah en vrijheid 278 9.2.4 Mesbah en het burgerschap 279 9.2.5 Mesbah en de politieke legitimiteit 279 9.2.6 Mesbah en de democratie 280 9.2.7 Mesbah en de politieke moorden 282 9.2.8 Mesbah en tolerantie 283 9.2.9 Mesbah en de culturele domein 284 INHOUDSOPGAVE v 9.2.10 Mesbah en het religieus pluralisme 288 9.2.11 Mesbah en de leus ´Iran voor alle Iraniërs´ 290 9.2.12 Mesbah en het economische systeem 291 9.2.13 Mesbah en Khamenei 292 9.3 Conclusie 295 10 Het discourse van Ahmadinezhad als tegen-ideologie 297 10.1 Inleiding 297 10.2 Ayatollah Khamenei en de geschikte kandidaat 297 10.3 Mesbah en de presidentsverkiezingen 298 10.4 Mesbah en Ahmadinezhad 301 10.5 Het discours van Ahmadinezhad als tegen-ideologie 303 10.6 Het belang van het presidentschap voor fundamentalisten 307 10.7 Over de fundamentalistische steun aan Ahmadinezhad 308 10.8 De uitslag van de verkiezingen 309 10.9 De rol van de militaire krachten bij de verkiezing 310 10.10 Het discours van het bewind van Ahmadinezhad 312 10.10.1 Rechtvaardigheid 312 10.10.2 De islamitische regering 313 10.10.3 Armoede en fraude 315 10.10.4 De economie en het financiële beleid 316 10.10.5 De jongeren 317 10.10.6 De ontwikkeling 317 10.10.7 De Islamitische Revolutie 318 10.10.8 Ahmadinezhad en internationale betrekkingen 320 10.10.9 Israël 321 10.10.10 Het atoomenergieprogramma 322 10.10.11 Imam Mahdi 324 10.11 Het lot van Ahmadinezhad aan het einde van zijn termijn 326 10.12 De economische situatie in de tijd van Ahmadinezhad 328 10.13 Conclusie 332 11 Conclusies 335 Bibliografie 347 Summary 371 List of Dissertations in Culture Studies 377 HOOFDSTUK 1 Onderzoeksdesign Probleemstelling, theoretische benadering, methodologie en de opzet van het proefschrift 1.1 Inleiding Sinds het begin van de twintigste eeuw is er sprake van een groeiende invloed van de islam op sociaal en politiek gebied.
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