Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari
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IRAN April 2000
COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.6 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2 -
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’S Revolutionary Guard
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’s Revolutionary Guard SAEID GOLKAR AUGUST 2021 KASRA AARABI Contents Executive Summary 4 The Raisi Administration, the IRGC and the Creation of a New Islamic Government 6 The IRGC as the Foundation of Raisi’s Islamic Government The Clergy and the Guard: An Inseparable Bond 16 No Coup in Sight Upholding Clerical Superiority and Preserving Religious Legitimacy The Importance of Understanding the Guard 21 Shortcomings of Existing Approaches to the IRGC A New Model for Understanding the IRGC’s Intra-elite Factionalism 25 The Economic Vertex The Political Vertex The Security-Intelligence Vertex Charting IRGC Commanders’ Positions on the New Model Shades of Islamism: The Ideological Spectrum in the IRGC Conclusion 32 About the Authors 33 Saeid Golkar Kasra Aarabi Endnotes 34 4 The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi Executive Summary “The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] has excelled in every field it has entered both internationally and domestically, including security, defence, service provision and construction,” declared Ayatollah Ebrahim Raisi, then chief justice of Iran, in a speech to IRGC commanders on 17 March 2021.1 Four months on, Raisi, who assumes Iran’s presidency on 5 August after the country’s June 2021 election, has set his eyes on further empowering the IRGC with key ministerial and bureaucratic positions likely to be awarded to guardsmen under his new government. There is a clear reason for this ambition. Expanding the power of the IRGC serves the interests of both Raisi and his 82-year-old mentor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic. -
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran
IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year. -
Monde.20020317.Pdf
www.lemonde.fr 58 ANNÉE – Nº 17773 – 1,20 ¤ – FRANCE MÉTROPOLITAINE --- DIMANCHE 17 - LUNDI 18 MARS 2002 FONDATEUR : HUBERT BEUVE-MÉRY – DIRECTEUR : JEAN-MARIE COLOMBANI 0123 IMPÔTS Les candidats et votre argent Comment A CINQ SEMAINES du premier f Dix-huit candidats bien déclarer tour de l’élection présidentielle, Le Monde a demandé aux prétendants à l’Elysée vos revenus à la candidature quels sont leurs pro- jets sur l’épargne et le patrimoine. répondent BARCELONE Dix-huit d’entre eux ont répondu. Nous publions leurs propositions à nos questions Chirac et Jospin unis dans notre supplément « Le Monde sur l’épargne Argent ». Pour l’impôt de solidarité pour défendre les sur la fortune, Jacques Chirac et Lio- f services publics p. 2 et 3 nel Jospin – qui a confié à Domini- Quel avenir que Strauss-Kahn le soin de répon- BELGRADE dre à sa place – sont très prudents. pour l’impôt Ils souhaitent favoriser l’efficacité sur la fortune, Espionnage et luttes économique. Noël Mamère suggère p. 3 de supprimer l’ISF, et Jean-Pierre le Livret A, de pouvoir Chevènement d’intégrer les œuvres et notre éditorial p. 21 d’art dans ce prélèvement. Jacques les chèques payants ? L’élection et Chirac et Lionel Jospin disent leur attachement au Livret A et, contrai- f Le débat sur le patrimoine rement à Alain Madelin, leur hostili- té aux chèques payants. Ils diver- les retraites : COMPTES rémunérés, impôt gent sur l’épargne-retraite, même si sur la fortune, fonds de pension, la fracture entre la gauche et la droi- répartition, fiscalité de l’épargne : les préten- te est moins vive qu’avant. -
En En Motion for a Resolution
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 15.11.2011 B7-0598/2011 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION with request for inclusion in the agenda for the debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law pursuant to Rule 122 of the Rules of Procedure on Iran - recent cases of human rights violations Véronique De Keyser, María Muñiz De Urquiza, Kathleen Van Brempt, Pino Arlacchi, Corina Creţu, Kristian Vigenin on behalf of the S&D Group RE\P7_B(2011)0598_EN.doc PE472.810v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B7-0598/2011 European Parliament resolution on Iran - recent cases of human rights violations The European Parliament, - having regard to its previous resolutions on Iran, notably those concerning human rights and, in particular, those of February 2010 and January 2011, - having regard to the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to all of which Iran is a party, - having regard to Rule 122(5) of its Rules of Procedure, A. whereas the multi-faceted human rights crisis is gripping Iran, including the persecution and prosecution of civil society actors, political activists, journalists, students, artists, lawyers, and environmental activists; as well as the routine denial of freedom of assembly, women’s rights, the rights of religious and ethnic minorities, and the skyrocketing rates of executions; B. whereas recent deaths of two human rights defenders, Haleh Sahabi and Hoda Saber, for which the officials were responsible, illustrate the existential threats to jailed human rights defenders and dissidents in Iran; C. -
Discrimination and Violence Based on Gender, Religion Or Belief, Ethnicity and Language, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Written contribution to the Human Rights Committee From All Human Rights for All in Iran Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan – Geneva (KMMK-G) Association for the Human Rights Of The Azerbaijani People In Iran (AHRAZ) Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (IHRDC) OutRight International Siamak Pourzand Foundation Small Media Impact Iran In preparation for the List of Issues prior to Reporting (LOIPR) for the ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN Discrimination and violence based on gender, religion or belief, ethnicity and language, sexual orientation and gender identity Human Rights Committee, 129th session (Geneva) 29 June – 24 July 2020 All Human Rights for All in Iran is a non-governmental organization established in 2017, and based in Austria. All Human Rights for All in Iran is working with Iranian partners, to try to draw the international attention to the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran, at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The organization has contributed to the section on women’s rights. It is a member of Impact Iran. The Association for Human Rights in Kurdistan - Geneva (KMMK-G) aims to promote democracy, respect for human rights and social development in and beyond Kurdistan of Iran. It was established in 2006 in Geneva, and it is committed to struggle against any form of discrimination towards ethnic and religious minorities within the region, defend political prisoners, fight for the abolition of death penalty, and promote women’s and children’s rights. The organization has contributed to the section on the rights of ethnic minorities. It is a member of Impact Iran. -
Mehrangiz Kar Tavaana Interview Transcript
Mehrangiz Kar Tavaana Interview Transcript Vision and Motivation Becoming a social activist is never disconnected from one’s natural inclinations. As a child, I grew up in a social context of naked violence and I became extremely sensitive to brutality. I was born in the southern port-city of Ahwaz. There, we lived on the edge between the Arab ethnic communities, with their given culture, and the non-Arab Iranians. I am 65 now and I used to go to high school there. Back then, the two communities lived next to each other in a peaceful coexistence, without major problems, although totally separate from each other. Every now and then though, we witnessed Honor Killings among Arabs. Quite openly, they used to kill girls and sometimes put their severed heads at their door steps. Their families, although perhaps guilty of murdering their own daughter or sister, would, after the killing and because of that Honor thing, see their respectability increase, say as shopkeepers, in their neighborhood! This was part of the emotional surrounding I grew up in. At the same time, there was an entirely new world that was developing in parallel to this: various Clubs would be established for the employees of the Oil Industry, the Rail- Road company or those of the Gubernatorial or other Public Offices. We used to go to Abadan quite often, which looked like a little London. Later, when I went for the first time to real London, I thought that I had already been in “London”, that is in oil-rich Abadan and its surrounding cities. -
IRAN COUNTRY of ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service
IRAN COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT COI Service Date 28 June 2011 IRAN JUNE 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN IRAN FROM 14 MAY TO 21 JUNE Useful news sources for further information REPORTS ON IRAN PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED BETWEEN 14 MAY AND 21 JUNE Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Maps ...................................................................................................................... 1.04 Iran ..................................................................................................................... 1.04 Tehran ................................................................................................................ 1.05 Calendar ................................................................................................................ 1.06 Public holidays ................................................................................................... 1.07 2. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 2.01 3. HISTORY .................................................................................................................. 3.01 Pre 1979: Rule of the Shah .................................................................................. 3.01 From 1979 to 1999: Islamic Revolution to first local government elections ... 3.04 From 2000 to 2008: Parliamentary elections -
Study Power of Supreme Leader in Iran Judicial System
Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 10, No. 4; 2017 ISSN 1913-9047 E-ISSN 1913-9055 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Study Power of Supreme Leader in Iran Judicial System Abdollah Habibi1, Dr. Seyed Hossein Al Taha2 & Dr. Rahim Sayah3 1 Ph.D. student of jurisprudence and Islamic law, non-profit University of Imam Ali (A), Ahvaz, Iran 2 Assistant Professor in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Faculty of Theology, Ahvaz, Iran 3 Assistant Professor in Petroleum University of Technology, Ahvaz Faculty of Petroleum, Iran Correspondence: Abdollah Habibi, Ph.D. student of jurisprudence and Islamic law, non-profit University of Imam Ali (A), Ahvaz, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received: June 17, 2017 Accepted: July 18, 2017 Online Published: August 30, 2017 doi:10.5539/jpl.v10n4p180 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n4p180 Abstract After the Islamic Revolution, the issue of the powers of the supreme leader was only considered in terms of scientific attention. However, the importance of this issue was more obvious, when was brought from the scientific scope to the practice scope. Should adopt religious support of these principles in the Constitution of the Islamic sources, especially traditions, with the Islamic Revolution and the rule of the supreme leader at the helm of the Islamic Republic of Iran and his authority in the Constitution. In addition, investigate the opinions of jurists, especially those who opposed or believed to limitations in supreme leader’s authority to come closer to what is right. In this study, two titles of supreme leader authority and judgment included, that both have high importance In Shi'a jurisprudence. -
PATTERNS of DISCONTENT: WILL HISTORY REPEAT in IRAN? by Michael Rubin and Patrick Clawson *
PATTERNS OF DISCONTENT: WILL HISTORY REPEAT IN IRAN? By Michael Rubin and Patrick Clawson * While international attention is focused on Iran’s nuclear program and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad’s bombast, Iranian society itself is facing turbulent times. Increasingly, patterns are re-emerging that mirror events in the years before the Islamic revolution. These include political disillusionment, domestic protest, government failure to match public expectations of economic success, and labor unrest. Nevertheless, the Islamic regime has learned the lessons of the past and is determined not to repeat them, even as political discord crescendos. This essay is derived from the authors’ recent book, Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos (Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005). Mahmud Ahmadinejad’s victory in Iran’s Ahmadinejad’s 2003 election as mayor of 2005 Presidential elections shocked both Tehran. Iranians and the West. “Winner in Iran calls The election of Ahmadinejad was only the for Unity; Reformists Reel,” headlined The latest in a series of surprises that Iran has New York Times.1 Most Western produced in recent decades. Indeed, a review governments assumed that former President of Iran's history over the last thirty years and Expediency Council chairman Ali Akbar suggests that Iran excels at surprising its own Hashemi Rafsanjani would win. 2 Many people and the world. This does not mean academics also were surprised. Few paid any that history will be repeated. But it is worth heed to the former blacksmith’s son who rose bearing in mind that nearly three decades to become mayor of Tehran. Brown after the shah's grip on power began to falter, University anthropologist William O. -
Ideology and the Iranian Revolution1
Ideology and the Iranian Revolution1 Mehdi Shadmehr2 First Draft: May 2008. This Draft: Summer 2011 Comments are welcomed. 1I wish to thank Bing Powell, Charles Ragin, Mehran Kamrava, Bonnie Meguid, Gretchen Helmeke, and participants in the Comparative Politics Workshop at the University of Rochester for helpful suggestions and comments. 2Department of Economics, University of Miami, Jenkins Bldg., Coral Gables, FL 33146. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Some theories of revolution deny an independent role for ideology in the making of rev- olutions, whereas others grant it an indispensable role. I investigate the role of ideology in the Iranian Revolution by focusing on two periods of Iranian history that witnessed popular uprising: the early 1960's and the late 1970's. While the former uprising was aborted, the latter led to the Iranian Revolution. Contrasting these periods, I argue that the structural and non-agency process factors underwent the same dynamic in both periods, and hence are not sufficient to explain the variation in outcome. I propose that the change in the oppo- sition's ideology accounts for this variation. To establish the causal link, I investigate this ideological change, tracing its role in the actors' decision-making processes. I argue that: (1) Khomeini's theory of Islamic state expanded the set of alternatives to the status quo theory of state, and changed the Islamic opposition's \calculus of protest"; (2) an ideological change is an intellectual innovation/shock, the timing of which is intrinsically uncertain. Therefore, integrating ideology to the theory enhances its explanatory power; (3) an ideological change can serve as an observable intermediate variable that mediates the effect of unobservable cumulative and/or threshold processes. -
The Econo-Political Banckruptcy of the Supreme-Leader-Installed
Tudeh News International Bulletin of the Tudeh Party of Iran– June 2011 - No. 272 International Dept. Address: BM Box 1686 London WC1N 3XX Fax: (Berlin: 324-1627) (London: 208 -392 2653) e-mail:[email protected] - URL: http://www.tudehpartyiran.org and magnificent popular movement that Two years after the election coup came to the scene to protest against this anti- The Econo-Political national and violent coup not only wrecked the plots and plans of the perpetrators of the Bankruptcy of the coup to “calm down the situation” and Supreme-Leader-Installed “political stabilization” of the regime, but also proved that despite a four-year Government repression by the Ahmadinejad government, (Abridged from "Nameh Mardom", Central Organ of the anti-despotism and powerful social the Tudeh Party of Iran, No. 870, 6th June, 11) movement is still alive in the society. une 12th of 2011 marks the second The bloody and harsh suppression of the anniversary of the election coup popular protests against the infringement of J perpetrated by the Supreme [Religious] the votes of millions of citizens, which led Leader and the security and Guard forces to killing and injuring a large number of against the will of millions of Iranians who cast people and the arrest of thousands of their votes in the hopes of changing the anti- freedom campaigners, although could people and reactionary government of impede the widespread protests and street Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. During the past two demonstrations against the regime, but could years, tons of witness documents and data have not subdue the freedom movement and drive been released and made public about the extent it into isolation as the regime leader would of the election rigging orchestrated by the have imagined.