School of Archaeology & Ancient History

AH1010 Introduction to Greek History

Academic Year: 2009-2010

Semester: 2

Time and location: Lectures: Thursday 14.00-15.00 AC LT Friday 12.00-13.00 GP LTA Seminars: Monday 14.00-15.00 BENL LG84 Monday 14.00-15.00 SAAH SEM Thursday 15.00-16.00 ATT 202 Friday 11.00-12.00 KE 215 Friday 11.00-12.00 BEN LT9 Friday 14.00-15.00 KE 215

Seminars begin Week 15 (Feb 2-6)

First meeting: 2-3 Thursday January 28, 2010; AC LT

Module coordinator: Dr Daniel Stewart

e-mail: [email protected]

Room: 005

Office hours: List on office door, sign up for a time-slot

Your individual appointments (e.g. tutorials, seminars): ……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

document prepared by: DRS, 01/12/09

AH1010 Introduction to Greek History

Weighting: 20 credits Coordinator: Dan Stewart Other tutors: Gillian Ramsey, Duncan Campbell, Mel Edgar, Mireya Gonzalez Rodriguez Module This module covers the history of Greece from the eighth century outline: BC to the time of Alexander the Great towards the end of the fourth century BC, with special emphasis on Athens and Sparta. Topics covered may include: archaic Sparta and Athens, Athenian democracy, the Peloponnesian League and Sparta’s rise to power, the Athenian Empire, Greek federations and states in the fourth century BC, Philip of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and the reorganisation of the Greek world after Alexander’s death. Source- based seminars will explore ancient texts (works by Herodotos, Thucydides, Homer, Aristophanes and others) and inscriptions. Aims: • To provide an introductory survey of the political, constitutional and military history of ancient Greece • To build a sound chronological, geographical, and conceptual framework for understanding the ancient Greek world • To introduce students to reading ancient primary sources in translation and evaluating their historical significance • To introduce students to a range of scholarly views on ancient Greek history • To teach fundamental research skills Intended At the end of the module, students will be able to: learning outcomes: • demonstrate basic skills in the evaluation of primary source material (class discussion, essay, exam) • research, select, and present relevant information and evidence from primary and secondary sources in the form of a structured argument (word-processed essay) • demonstrate basic understanding of the chronology and institutional structures of ancient Greece, the events of Greek history, and Greek geography (exam) Method(s) of 18 one hour lectures and 8 one hour seminars teaching: Method of One seminar-based essay, max. 1500 words; one essay, max. assessment: 2,000-word (50% of mark); one two-hour exam (50% of mark)

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Teaching schedule

Week 14 Th. 28 Jan. 1. Greece: climate, topography, and chronology [DS] 2. Sources from Homer onwards [GR] Fr. 29 Jan.

Week 15 Th. 4 Feb. 3. Solon, Peisistratos, and early Athens [DS] Fr. 5 Feb. 4. Early Sparta [DS] Seminar: Generic Study Skills 3 Week 16 Th. 11 Feb. 5. Kleisthenes and Athenian democracy [DS] Fr. 12 Feb. 6. The Persian wars [GR] Seminar: Ancient Epic 2: Homer Week 17 Th. 18 Feb. 7. Democracy [DS] Fr. 19 Feb. 8. The Peloponnesian league [GR] Seminar: Ancient Historians 2: Herodotus Week 18 Th. 25 Feb. 9. Athenian Empire [DS] Fr. 26 Feb. 10. The earlier Peloponnesian war: 431-412 BC [GR] Seminar: Ancient Historians 3: Thucydides Week 19 1-5 Mar. Reading Week in Archaeology and Ancient History Week 20 Th. 11 Mar. 11. The later Peloponnesian war: oligarchic revolts and the victory of Sparta [DS] Fr. 12 Mar. 12. The Corinthian war and after: Athens, Sparta, and Persia [GR] Seminar: Ancient Drama 2: Aristophanes Week 21 Th. 18 Mar. 13. Theban hegemony and the fourth century [DS] Fr. 19 Mar. 14. Philip and the rise of Macedonia [GR] Seminar: Generic Study Skills 4 ESSAY DUE Monday 15 March, 4.30 Week 22 Th. 25 Mar. 15. Athenian society in the fourth century [DS] Fr. 26 Mar. 16. Alexander 1 [GR] Seminar: Ancient Biography 2: Plutarch Week 23 Th. 6 May 17. Alexander 2 [GR] Fr. 7 May 18 The aftermath of Alexander [DS] Seminar: Visual Culture 2: The Acropolis

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Assignments and deadlines • You have to read set texts in advance of seminars. • You do background reading throughout the course. • You submit a word-processed essay to your seminar tutor near the start of the term. • You submit a word-processed essay later in the term, for 50% of the module mark. • You take an exam paper in May-June, for 50% of the module mark.

Essays You will write two word-processed essays for this module. The first of these will be a short essay, maximum 1500 words in length, assigned by your seminar tutor, to whom you will submit it at your seminar during the week of 15-19 February 2010 are encouraged to discuss it with your seminar tutor before you write and submit the second essay, which counts towards your module mark.

The second essay (maximum 2,000 words) counts 50% toward your mark for the module. Choose the title from those listed below. Submit this essay by the deadline of 15 March 2010 following the normal procedures for coursework submission as outlined in the Course Handbook. Important: You are also required to submit an electronic copy of your essay via the Turnitin facility of the AH1010 Blackboard site – please make sure that you have read the Turnitin – Personal Data and Intellectual Property section of your Undergraduate Handbook. The electronic copy is to be submitted by the same deadline as the paper copy. Please note that this electronic submission is COMPULSORY. Late submission will result in the appropriate lateness penalties being applied to the final mark. Students failing to submit both paper and electronic copies by the designated deadline will be deemed to have FAILED the assessment (i.e. a mark of zero will be recorded) Note that once marked, essays will be returned with comments on the coversheet and will be available from the Returns box in the foyer. Please read the section on essay-writing in your Course Handbook. If you have any questions or wish to discuss your essay plan before writing the essay, please see one of the tutors. All essays should be word-processed and properly referenced.

DEADLINES: Essay 1: Week of 15-19 February 2010 Give your essay to your seminar tutor in your seminar for this week.

Essay 2: Monday 15 March 2010, 4.30 pm. Submit your essay with a completed cover sheet in the essay box in the School foyer (see Course Handbook), and a digital copy via TURNITIN

In researching your essays, be sure to read the relevant sections in the recommended general textbooks (listed first). These are books you should be working your way through from the start of the module, whatever essay you choose. But essays that don’t go beyond the lecture material or general textbooks will earn low marks. Also read the primary sources (ancient writers) listed under each essay. Ancient sources are key readings, and essays that do not make direct use of them will not earn good marks. There are

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lots of copies of primary texts in the library and more in the Ancient History Book Collection in the Resource Room, off the Foyer. Finally, read some or all of the recommended further secondary reading (modern writers). The items listed under each question will help you begin your research. You are not limited to works listed here! They all refer to other books, articles, and useful ancient sources, which you can find in the Library, but try not to use very old books and articles (say, pre-1970), and works intended for a popular or ‘book club’ readership (like most of Michael Grant’s), unless they are specifically recommended. If in doubt, ask a tutor for guidance. Additional material can be found through the Internet (especially ancient sources: see the School’s home page or the Library’s Ancient History resources page), but use your judgement about its quality (see Chapter 7 of the Handbook). Sites with links from the School or Library web pages have been selected as reliable. Avoid using low-level and/or general knowledge websites such as Wikipedia or answers.com. Warning: the web is a resource that should be used with caution. Improper or careless use of web resources is not advised, and abuse of resources (such as plagiarism) is easy to trace and will be severely penalized. Finally, don’t forget to look on Blackboard – a number of useful readings plus all the materials for seminars and the PowerPoint presentations from our lectures are also available there. However, remember that although the PowerPoint presentations are useful for review they are no substitute for reading, class attendance and proper note-taking. They can be useful as a revision aid, but if you revise for the exam using only the PowerPoint presentations you are likely to earn low marks.

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General textbooks and background reading ‘General’ doesn’t mean optional! You will be expected to show knowledge of most of these by the end of the module. You should buy Sparkes, at least, and some of those underlined:

**Sparkes, B. (ed.) 1998. Greek Civilization: An Introduction. One of the best places to start! You should have read most of this book by an early stage in the term—but it is only a starting-point for the essay and exam. 938 GRE *Murray, O. 1993. Early Greece (2nd edition) London: Fontana. You should have read a good part of this book by an early stage in the term. 938.02 MUR *Osborne, R. 1996. Greece in the Making: 1200-479 BC. London: Routledge. A good book to read after Murray. 938 OSB *Davies, J. K. 1993. Democracy and Classical Greece. (2nd edition) London: Fontana. Covers the middle part of the course. 938 DAV *Hornblower, S. 1991. The Greek World: 479-323 BC. (2nd edition) London and New York: Routledge. A good book to read after Davies. 938 HOR * Osborne, R. (ed.) 2000. Classical Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press. A good introduction to many different aspects of Greek history. [Discusses important issues thematically]

Key reference works: atlases and an encyclopaedia **Morkot, R. 1995. The Penguin Atlas of Ancient Greece. London and New York: Routledge. **Talbert, R. J. A. 1985. Atlas of Classical History. London: Routledge. 930 ATL You should buy one of these atlases and refer to it constantly. You will be tested on geographical knowledge in the exam! The most authoritative atlas is Talbert, R. J. A. (ed.) 2000, The Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, a huge volume, which you can find in the Library. REF 911.3 BAR *Hornblower, S. and Spawforth, A. eds. 1996. The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Has a brief essay on most things—use it for general pointers, but follow up with prescribed reading under each essay. It’s extremely expensive, so use the Library copy. REF 880.03 Shipley, G., Vanderspoel, J, Mattingly, D. and L. Foxhall eds. 2006. The Cambridge Dictionary of Classical Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Speake, G. ed. 1994. The Penguin Dictionary of Ancient History. London: Penguin. Rather traditional; use as starting-point only. Has useful references to other books.—Same as G. Speake (ed. 1994), A Dictionary of Ancient History (Oxford: Blackwell; REF 930.03 DIC).

Also good for general reading Cartledge, P. 1997. The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 938 CAR Powell, A. (ed.) 1995. The Greek World. London: Routledge. 938 GRE

Ancient History and the web Translations of a large number of ancient works are available on the Perseus website: http://perseus.csad.ox.ac.uk or http://www.perseus.tufts.edu or http://perseus.uchicago.edu

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Bear in mind that many of the translations here are old (beginning of 20th century) and can sometimes be written in quite difficult English.

Essay titles and specific reading lists IMPORTANT • Further details of works cited in this section by author and date (such as ‘Osborne 1996’) can be found in the ‘General Bibliography’ above, or the ‘Further General Bibliography’ after the essay sections. You should use author-date references in your essay (see Handbook, chapter 7). • When a whole book is cited, you aren’t necessarily supposed to read it all! Use the table of contents at the front, and the indexes at the end, to find relevant sections. • See above for advice on preparing essays.

1. Athens and Sparta are the poleis we know best. In what ways are they typical or atypical of Greek poleis more generally? This essay would be particularly interesting if you took A level Ancient History or Classical Civilization, but is open to any student. You should have already read Sparkes 1998, chapters 6-9 and 12, but this is only a very short introduction to some of the issues you will be covering in this essay. Start by looking at the source material collected in: Rhodes, P. J. 1986. The Greek City States: A Source Book. London/Sydney: Croom Helm, especially chapters 4, 5 & 6. 938 GRE . Hansen, M.H. & Nielsen, T.H. (eds). 2005. An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Take a look at the following entries: no. 237: Corinth (Korinthos), no. 347: Argos, no. 281: Mantinea, no. 221: Thebes (Thebai), no. 228: Sikyon, no. 251: Elis, and of course, no. 361: Athens (Athenai) and no. 345: Sparta/Lakedaimon. 938 HAN Here poleis are arranged by geographical area, so Athens is in the Attica section, Corinth in the region Megaris, Korinthia, Sikyonia, etc. Use your map to identify which regions the different poleis fall under.

Then read: Murray and Price 1990, ch. 7, 8. Owens, E. J. 1991. The City in the Greek and Roman World. London & New York: Routledge. 711.40938 OWE Wycherley, R. E. 1962. How the Greeks Built Cities. 2nd (unchanged) edition. New York: Norton. (Reprinted 1976.) 703.938

Also read some of the following: Morgan, C. & Coulton, J. 1997. The polis as a physical entity. In CPC Acts 4, 87-145. [i.e. M.H. Hansen (ed.), The Polis as an Urban Centre and as a Political Community. Acts of the Copenhagen Polis Centre 4, Copenhagen: Munksgaard.] Hansen, M. H. 2003. 95 theses about the Greek polis in the archaic and classical periods: a report on the results obtained by the Copenhagen Polis Centre in the period 1993- 2003. Historia, 52.3: 257-82. Snodgrass, A. M. 1991. Archaeology and the study of the Greek city. In J. Rich and A. Wallace-Hadrill (eds), City and Country in the Ancient World (Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society, 2; London/New York: Routledge), 1-23. 938 CIT

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Use Morkot 1995, Talbert 1985, or Talbert 2000 for maps. Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

DO NOT USE: Jones, A. H. M. 1940. The Greek City: From Alexander to Justinian. Oxford: Clarendon Press, as it refers to a later period.

2. Can Athenian democracy be said to originate in the sixth century BC? Start with these primary sources: *Herodotos book 1, chapters 29-33; 5. 62-78, 6. 125-131. *Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 5-12 (Solon); 13-19 (Peisistratos); 20-22 (Kleisthenes). You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6, and 9 (as a minimum), also chapter 7 on the democracy after Kleisthenes. Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Next read: Murray 1993, chapter 15 (pp. 275-87). Powell, A. 1988 Athens and Sparta, chapter 7 (pp. 263-336) good introductory chapter on institutions. Osborne 1996, pp. 215-225, 283-285, 292-318. Also read some or all of: Blok, J. and A. Lardinois (eds) 2005. Solon of Athens. Leiden: Brill. Foxhall, L. 1997. A view from the top: evaluating the Solonian property classes. In L. G. Mitchell and P. J. Rhodes (eds), The Development of the Polis in Archaic Greece (London: Routledge), 113-136 (see also the paper by E. Harris in this volume). 938 DEV Ober, J. 1993. The Athenian revolution of 508/7: violence, authority and the origins of democracy. In C. Dougherty and L. Kurke (eds), Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece: Cult, Performance, Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 938 CUL. [Also in J. Ober (ed.) 1996. The Athenian Revolution: essays of Greek Democracy and Political Theory. (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 32-52. 938.5 GRE]. Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

3. Why was Sparta so powerful in the sixth and fifth centuries BC? Start with Herodotos, book 1, chapters 65-70, 82-3, 153; 3. 44-47; 5. 62-65, 72-76, 90-93 (and use Penguin index under ‘Sparta and the Spartans’); Thucydides, 1. 66-88, 118- 125, and Plutarch, Lykourgos. You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6, and 9 (as a minimum). Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Then read one or both of: Powell 1988, chapter 4 (pp. 96-135). Cartledge 1979, chapters 9, 11, 12 (use index under ‘leagues’). Use Morkot 1995, Talbert 1985, or Talbert 2000 for maps. Also read: de Ste. Croix 1972, chapter 4 (pp. 89-166, especially 96-124) with appendixes 17-20 for technical detail.

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Forrest 1968/1980 (use index). Andrewes, A. (1966). ‘The government of classical Sparta.’ In E. Badian (ed.) Ancient Society and Institutions. Studies Presented to Victor Ehrenburg on his 75th Birthday. (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 1-20. Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

4. How effective was Athenian democracy in the fifth and fourth centuries BC as a system of government? What were its strengths and weaknesses?

Do NOT focus your answer on Solon and Kleisthenes – they are too early!

Start with *Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians, chapters 42-69 (e.g. in Penguin translation). You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6-7, and 9 (as a minimum). Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Then read Davies 1993, chapter 4 (pp. 51-63, ‘The Athenian revolution’) Then read two or three of: Hansen 1991/1999, chapters 1-3 (pp. 1-54), chapter 4 (pp. 64-85), chapter 13 (pp. 296-320. Stockton 1990, chapters 2 and 3 (pp. 19-56 and 57-116) Hansen, M. H. 1983. The Athenian Ecclesia. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, especially chapter 2 (pp. 5-48), chapter 3 (pp. 49-88 and pp. 107-24). 938.5 HAN Rihll, T. E. 1995. Democracy denied: why Ephialtes attacked the Areiopagus. Journal of Hellenic Studies 115: 87-98. PER 880 J 5464 Hall, L. 1990. Ephialtes, the Areopagus and the Thirty. Classical Quarterly, new series 40: 319-328. PER 880 C 5138 Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

5. How effectively did Athens maintain control over its ‘allies’? Start with *Thucydides 1. 89-117 (on 479-439 BC), 2. 34-46 (funeral oration by Perikles); 3. 8- 15, 36-50 (Mytilene); 5. 84-16 (Melos). You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6-7, and 9 (as a minimum). Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Next read Davies 1993, chapter 5 (pp 66-86), and/or Hornblower 1991, chapters 3, 8, and 12 Also read these documents: *Fornara 1983, nos 68 (Phaselis), 71 (Erythrai), 85 (tribute), 92 (Miletos), 97 (coinage), 98 (tribute), 103 (Chalkis) or look at Osborne, R. 2000, The Athenian Empire (LACTOR 1) pp. 1-6. and look at references to translated documents in the book (or use Hornblower’s earlier edition at 938.5 ATH) Then read one or, if possible, Powell 1988, chapters 2 (pp. 35-58) and 3 (pp. 59-95). Use Morkot 1995, Talbert 1985, or Talbert 2000 for maps. Further material in: Finley, M. I. The fifth-century Athenian empire: a balance sheet. In P. Garnsey and C. R. Whittaker (eds), Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Perss), pp. 103-126; also reprinted in Finley’s Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (various editions). 930 IMP

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Ste. Croix de, G.E.M. (1953). ‘The character of the Athenian Empire’ Historia 3: 1-41. [NB: because this is written before 1980 it is shelved in the library stacks] Osborne, R. (1994). ‘Democracy and imperialism in the Panathenaic procession: the Parthenon Frieze and its context,’ in W.D.E. Coulson et al (eds). The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy, (Oxford: Oxbow), pp. 143-150. Rhodes 1985, chapter 4 (pp. 20-29) and chapter 6 (pp. 36-45). Ste. Croix de 1972. Meiggs 1972, chapters 11-14 (pp. 205-272) for more detail. Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

6. What was the impact of the Sicilian expedition on Athens between 416 and 404 BC? Consider, among other things, the reasons for and outcomes of the Sicilian expedition; the role of Alcibiades; the interruption to the democracy in 411; the course of the subsequent naval warfare; and Persia’s aid to Sparta. Don’t just give a narrative! Start with *Thucydides, books 6-7 (Sicily, Alcibiades), or 8 (to 411 BC); or *Xenophon, History of My Times (Hellenica), books 1-2 (readable account of the last years). You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6-7, and 9 (as a minimum). Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Next read Osborne (ed.) 2000, chapter 4 (van Wees), Hornblower 1991, chapter 12, and Davies 1993, chapter 7 (pp. 117-33). Use Morkot 1995, Talbert 1985, or Talbert 2000 for maps. Further material: Powell 1988, chapter 5 (pp. 136-214, including 176-199). Meiggs 1972, chapters 19-20. Mitchell 1997, early part of chapter 6 (Persian money). Ostwald M. 1986. From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law: Law, Society and Politics in Fifth-century Athens (Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press), pp. 337-411 (on oligarchs). 938.5 OST Ellis, W. M. 1989. Alcibiades. London: Routledge. 938.05 ALC/ELL Murray, O. 1990. The affairs of the Mysteries: democracy and drinking, in Murray (ed.), Sympotica. Oxford: Clarendon. 938 SYM Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

7. How and why did Persia interfere in Greek affairs between 412 and 378 BC? Start with Thucydides 8. 5-59, Xenophon, Hellenika, 3. 2.19-20, 3. 4.1-5.2, 4. 1.1-2.9, 4. 8.1- 24. Read also Xenophon, Anabasis Book 1 and 4 (this is available in Penguin translation as The Persian Expedition). Look at: Rhodes, P.J. & Osborne, R. (2004). Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-323 BC (Oxford: OUP), no. 22. [This is also translated in P. Harding, From the end of the Peloponnesian War to the battle of Ipsus (1985): no. 35, but without the commentary found in Rhodes & Osborne]. Next read Hornblower in Cambridge Ancient History VI2 (1994), pp.45-96, Hornblower 1991, chapters 15 & 16, Osborne (ed.) 2000, chapter 8 Then read: Lewis, D. (1977). Sparta and Persia. Lectures Delivered at the University of Cincinnati, Autumn 1976 in Memory of Donald W. Bradeen. (Leiden: Brill), chapters 1 and 6

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Anderson, J.K. (1974). Xenophon. (London: Duckworth), chapters 6-11. Hirsch, S.W. (1985). The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. (London: University Press of New England for Tufts University), chapter 2. Ryder, T.T.B. (1965). Koine Eirene. (Oxford: OUP).

8. What was the impact of Philip II on Macedon on the relationships between Greek cities? Start with *Demosthenes, First Olynthiac and Third Philippic (speeches), both in A. N. W. Saunders (ed. and trans.), Greek Political Oratory (Penguin), with translator’s introduction, pp. 169-72 (885 GRE); or in Loeb Classical Library edition of Demosthenes. You should already have read Sparkes 1998, chapters 1-4, 6-7, and 9 (as a minimum). Consult the ‘timeline’ on pp. 326-31. Use Morkot 1995, Talbert 1985, or Talbert 2000 for maps. Then read two or three of: Cawkwell 1978. Mitchell 1997, chapters 8 and 10. Ellis J. R. 1976. Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism. London: Thames & Hudson. 938.07 PHI/ELL Borza E. 1990. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 938.1 BOR Markle, M. M. 1974. The strategy of Philip in 346. In Classical Quarterly, new series, 24: 253- 268. PER 880 C 5138 Also refer to the Further Bibliography (at end of this booklet) for any items of interest.

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Further general bibliography Ancient sources (all available in translation as Penguin Classics, and all accessible on the Perseus website) Aeschylus, The Oresteia. (Consists of three plays: Agamemnon, Choephoroi, Eumenides.) Aristophanes, Acharnians, Peace, Wasps, Clouds. Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution. Herodotus (Herodotos), The Histories. Homer, Iliad, Odyssey. Demosthenes, Philippic I; Olynthiac III, Penguin translation in Greek Political Oratory, pp. 188- 98; 212-19. Plutarch, Lives. Use the three Penguin selections: The Rise and Fall of Athens, Plutarch on Sparta (also containing Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lakedaimonians under the title ‘Spartan society’), and The Age of Alexander. Sophocles, Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War. Xenophon, History of My Times (also called Hellenica by other translators). Xenophon, The Persian Expedition (also called Anabasis).

Sourcebooks (these include inscriptions and obscure/hard-to-find sources) Fornara, C. 1983. Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The most useful for this module. 938 ARC Osborne, R. (ed. 2000) The Athenian Empire (LACTOR 1), revised edition; or S. Hornblower’s earlier edition. 938.5 ATH Crawford, M. and Whitehead, D. 1983. Archaic and Classical Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Contains a lot of Herodotos and Thucydides which you can find elsewhere. 938 ARC Gagarin, M. and Woodruff, P. eds 1995. Early Greek Political Thought from Homer to the Sophists. 883 EAR Harding, P. 1985. From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsos (covers 403-301 BC). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 938 HAR Rhodes, P.J. & Osborne, R. (eds). 2004. Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404-323 BC. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 880.17 GRE

More specialized modern works Andrewes, A. 1956. The Greek Tyrants. London: Hutchinson (and reprints). 938.02 AND Bosworth, A. B. 1988. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 938.07 ALE/BOS This is about the best book on Alexander Burn, A. R. 1962. Persia and the Greeks. London: Arnold. 938.03 BUR Camp, J. M. 1986. The Athenian Agora. London: Thames & Hudson. 938.5 CAM Cartledge, P. 1979 (2002 2nd ed). Sparta and Lakonia: A Regional History 1300-362 BC. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 938.9 CAR Cawkwell, G. 1978. Philip of Macedon. London: Faber. 938.07 PHI/CAW Fitzhardinge, L. F. 1980. The Spartans. London: Thames & Hudson. 938.9 FIT

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Forrest, W. G. 1968/1980. A History of Sparta 950-192 BC. London: Hutchinson/ Duckworth. 938.9 FOR Hamilton, J. R. 1973. Alexander the Great. London: Hutchinson. 938.07 ALE/HAM Hansen, M. H. 11991/21999. The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles, and Ideology. Oxford: 1Blackwell/2Bristol Classical Press (2nd edition has new summary, chapter 14, but either will do). 938.5 HAN Hooker, J. T. 1980. The Spartans. London: Dent. 938.9 HOO Meiggs, R. 1972. The Athenian Empire. Oxford: Clarendon. 938.5 MEI Mitchell, L. G. 1997. Greeks Bearing Gifts: The Public Use of Private Relationships in the Greek World. 435-323 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 938 MIT Murray, O. & Price, S. (eds). 1990. The Greek city: from Homer to Alexander. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). 938 GRE. Ober, J. 1989. Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens: Rhetoric, Ideology and the Power of the People. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. 938.5 OBE Osborne, R. 1987. Classical Landscape with Figures: The Ancient Greek City and its Countryside. London: George Philip. 938 OSB Powell, A. 1988. Athens and Sparta: Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 487 BC. London: Routledge. 938 POW Powell, A. (ed.) 1989. Classical Sparta: Techniques behind her Success. London: Routledge. 938.9 CLA Rhodes, P. J. 1985. The Athenian Empire (Greece & Rome New Surveys in the Classics, 17; Oxford: Clarendon Press. 938.5 RHO Rice, E. E. 1997. Alexander the Great. Stroud: Sutton. (Very short but a good introduction.) 938.07 ALE/RIC Ste. Croix, de G. E. M. 1972. The Origins of the Peloponnesian War. London: Duckworth. 938.04 DES Snodgrass, A. 1980. Archaic Greece: The Age of Experiment. London: Dent. 938 SNO Stockton, D. 1990. The Classical Athenian Democracy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 938.5 STO Stoneman, R. 1997. Alexander the Great. London: Routledge. (Short but good.) 938.07 ALE/STO

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