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Download Article The Narrative of the Czech-Israeli Strategic Relations in the European Context Marek Čejka This article is a particular case study that analyzes the causes and as- sumptions of how the Czech political elite looks towards Israel and how this view affects the fact that current Czech-Israeli relations have such a high standard in the European context and that the state of Israel has one of its staunchest allies in the Czech Republic. Keywords: Czech-Israeli Relations, The Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Israel, Václav Havel, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Strategic partnership, Czechoslovak Jews, Zionism On 29 November 2012 at the un General Assembly, a high-profile vote was held. It was about the advancement of the status of Palestine in the un to that of a non-member observer state. The Palestinian request was eventually supported by 138 countries, 41 countries abstained from the vote, and 91 were against the request. Not only in the European Un- ion, of which the Czech Republic is a member, but also in Europe as a whole and in the neighboring continents of Asia and Africa, you could not find a state that fully supported the position of Israel in this matter – except for the Czech Republic. What is the context of this unprece- dented behavior of the Czech Republic towards the state of Israel? In terms of its quality, the year 2012 was not an anomaly in Czech-Is- raeli diplomacy. Practically from the very beginning of the independ- ent existence of the Czech Republic it clearly made it known that it is a Marek Čejka, The Narrative of the Czech-Israeli Strategic Relations In the Eu- ropean Context, Central European Journal of International and Security Studies 11, no. 4: 24-43. © 2017 cejiss. Article is distributed under Open Access licence: Attribution - NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (cc by-nc 3.0). very strong ally of Israel. This is certainly a continuation of the tradi- tion of Czechoslovakia, which had a friendly approach to Zionism and Israel. The fact that between 1950 and 1989 there was a long ideological rift between the two countries, and that for a long time the relation- ship was even completely interrupted changed little about Czechoslo- Marek Čejka vakia’s support for Israel. During the rule of President Václav Havel (1989–2003), Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic became one of the most prominent supporters of Israel. But even Havel’s departure from politics did not mean that this tendency would just freely contin- ue. During some of the following rightist-liberal Czech governments the position of the Czech Republic towards Israel even became one of uncritical support in some ways. In turn, sometimes the eu policy towards Israel, regardless of the Czech membership in the eu, was crit- icized by the Czech politicians. What are the factors connected to such a strong bond between the two countries in the European and world context? Is it actually a deep historical bond, stemming from the very beginning of the Czech and Israeli statehood? Or is it mainly related to the current political establishment in the Czech Republic and to the position of a group of influential politicians who have – at least for a certain period of time – considered the emphasis on the Czech trans- atlantic relations more important than the Czech Republic’s relations with other members of the eu in some aspects? The following text aims to identify and define the key points of the narrative which justifies or justified the pro-Israeli positions of the Czech political elites – regardless of whether we are dealing with the narrative in the context of a democratic Czechoslovakia (1918–1938, 1989– 1992), the Czech Republic (since 1993) or the dissident counter- elites in communist Czechoslovakia (1948–1989). To conclude, the text specifies why the Czech relations with Israel are so unusual and specific and makes some generalizations in this regard. The article continues the discussion on Czech-Israeli relations that is currently taking place in the Czech Republic. In most cases, this dis- cussion is not a scientific discussion, but rather a popular discussion set in Czech newspapers, the Czech media and various public discus- sions in the media, especially those on public television.2 Publications and monographs on this topic which are more academic are devoted especially to more historical aspects of the Czech-Israeli, or Czech-Jew- ish and Czech-Zionist, relations – e.g. Dagan, A.; Hirschler, G.; Weiner, L. (1984); Dufek, J., Kaplan, K., Šlosar, V. (1993); Pěkný, T. (1993); Yegar, 25 M. (1997); Čapková, K. (2005); Zídek, J., Sieber, K. (2009); Kieval, H. L. (2011), and partially also Rucker, L. (2001) and Tureček, B. (2011). In the introduction let us define the nodal points of history which strongly affected the quality of Czech (Czechoslovak)-Israeli relations cejiss and which were so crucial in the shaping of the narrative of the 4/2017 attitudes of Czechoslovak and Czech political elites towards Israel. Based on an analysis of the mentioned works, these points may be divided into six groups: 1. The historically positive relations of the First Republic of Czecho- slovakia (1918–1938) to Zionist movement, and the key role of T. G. Masaryk in this respect. 2. The Czechoslovak support of Israel and the arms supplies Czech- oslovakia sent to Israel in the years 1948–1951. 3. The reactions of dissident counter-elites to the strong anti-Zion- ism and sometimes even anti-Semitism of the Czechoslovak com- munist regime in the years 1950–1989. 4. The strong rise of the Czech-Israeli relations since 1989 and the role of Václav Havel in this respect. 5. The Czech Republic’s alliance with Israel as an expression of Czech Atlanticism3, or, in some cases, Czech Atlanticism in connection with Islamophobia. 6. A romanticized or biased view of the Middle East, Israel and Pal- estine on the part of Czechs. The historically positive relations of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) to Zionist movement and the key role of T. G. Masaryk in this respect The current quality of the Czech-Israeli relationship has its roots, sur- prisingly, in times long before the emergence of Czechoslovakia and the state of Israel. One of the most frequently remembered facts in this respect is the positive relationships of some Czech intellectuals and politicians to the Jews or to the Zionist movement in the times before the First World War. The anti-Semitic wave in Europe at the turn of the 19th century gave rise to numerous publicized scandals. The most known of these was the Dreyfus affair in France in 1896. Also in Austria-Hungary between the years 1867 and 1914 twelve lawsuits concerning alleged ritual mur- ders by Jews were filed.4 However, the case of this sort that received the 26 most media attention was a case in which there was also a conviction of the accused – the so-called Hilsner Affair (1899). The well-known Czech professor and politician (and later the first Czechoslovak president) Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) marked the Hilsner trial as unjust and anti-Semitic. Masaryk then started to Czech-Israeli be attacked by Czech nationalists and there was even a failed assassi- Strategic nation attempt on him in 1907.5 This engagement brought popularity Relations to Masaryk among Jews throughout the world and also helped him in his later political activities with the establishment of Czechoslovakia, securing the admiration and support of the Czechoslovak Jews.6 Dur- ing his presidential term Masaryk was a supporter of Zionism, and his first foreign journey led to Palestine and Egypt in 1927. It was also not a coincidence that the First Czechoslovak Republic held several confer- ences of the World Zionist Organization.7 The former dissident and later president of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic Václav Havel was strongly inspired by Masaryk’s ap- proach. Havel wrote the following: As president I appreciate the justice, humanity and impartiality of my great predecessor, T. G. Masaryk, who boldly addressed the Hilsner Affair ... He risked his popularity, his movement and also the publishing of his magazine just for the sake of the truth. In his view, every nation, and especially a small nation, must have a moral idea for which the nation lives and which contributes to a better harmony of mankind. Masaryk wrote: “Anti-Semitism is, in my opinion, our pain, and only our pain. It harms us, disgraces us, makes us coarse ...” As the president of a nation that had just gotten rid of its totalitarian regime, I would like to remind us of Masaryk’s words: “A nation which itself is not morally strong cannot be saved just by politics.”8 The situation of the Jews in Czechoslovakia in the late 1920s and 1930s was actually quite favourable even though there was a deterio- ration of the situation of Jews in European countries at this time. It was not just about the free and rich cultural and political life that was available to them in Czechoslovakia (which started already during the last decades of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), but the Czechoslovak Jews were even allowed to officially register under an ‘Israelite religion’ and a ‘Jewish nationality’. This stemmed not only from a personal ini- tiative of President Masaryk, but also from the attitudes of the Czech intelligentsia, which – based on its experience of fighting for national 27 recognition – also sympathised with the efforts of Jews to realize their ideals. The Czechoslovak recognition of the Jewish nationality was un- precedented, and the country also acknowledged the Jewish national unity and the right to national self-expression of Jews.
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