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Our Jews, Our Israel!

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Our Jews, Our Israel! The London School of Economics and Political Science Our Jews, Our Israel! Origins of the Foreign Policy of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary Towards Israel Irena Kalhousová A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy, London, May 2019 Table of Contents Declaration ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Tables and Figures ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 An Overview of the Argument............................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Brief Definitions of the Jewish Question and anti-Semitism ................................................................................................................. 13 The Contribution of the Thesis ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 The Structure of the Thesis .................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 CHAPTER 1: THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY – THE ROLE OF THE PAST AND THE AGENCY OF DECISION- MAKERS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.1. IR Theory & State Behaviour ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21 1.2. Constructivist Definition of National Identity ............................................................................................................................................ 26 1.3. History and IR ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 1.4. History and Memory ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 1.5. Sources of Identity ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Identity and Memory .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Collective Memory ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Narratives .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 The Other & Identity Formation ........................................................................................................................................................................ 38 The Past, Decision-Makers & Identity Formation ...................................................................................................................................... 41 Politics of Memory – The Institutionalization of Narratives ................................................................................................................... 46 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48 CHAPTER 2: THE ROLE OF THE JEWISH QUESTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN POLAND, THE CZECH LANDS, AND HUNGARY.................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.1. The Meaning of a Jew in the Pre-Modern Era .......................................................................................................................................... 51 2.2. Early Nationalism and the Meaning of a Jew: ‘Ours or Alien’? .......................................................................................................... 54 Poland: The Jews Must Be Civilized .................................................................................................................................................................. 54 The Czech Lands: The Jews Are Foreign ......................................................................................................................................................... 56 Hungary: The Jews are Magyars of the Jewish Faith ................................................................................................................................. 57 2.3. Nationalism and the Jewish Question in the late 19th Century ........................................................................................................ 59 2 Poland: From an ‘Alien’ to an ‘Enemy’ - The Rise of Polish Ethno-Nationalism ............................................................................ 59 The Czech Lands: Are the Jews German, or can they be Czech? In Search of an Idea of the Nation .................................. 61 Hungary: The Jews are Ours, But… - The Golden Era ............................................................................................................................... 65 2.4. World War I and the Interwar Era ................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Poland: Jews Must Leave ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Czechoslovakia: A Country Where the “Jewish Question Did Not Exist” .......................................................................................... 70 Hungary: From Inclusion to Exclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 73 2.5. World War II and the Meaning of a Jew ...................................................................................................................................................... 76 Poland: Who Is the Victim Here? ....................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Czechoslovakia: Jews are not Czechs .............................................................................................................................................................. 79 Hungary - From Exclusion to Annihilation .................................................................................................................................................... 84 2.6. The Aftermath of World War II and the Cold War .................................................................................................................................. 86 Poland ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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