DOCSLIB.ORG

Tea Tree Oil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tea Tree Oil SCCP/1155/08 Scientific Committee on Consumer Products SCCP OPINION ON Tea tree oil The SCCP adopted this opinion at its 18th plenary of 16 December 2008 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil About the Scientific Committees Three independent non-food Scientific Committees provide the Commission with the scientific advice it needs when preparing policy and proposals relating to consumer safety, public health and the environment. The Committees also draw the Commission's attention to the new or emerging problems which may pose an actual or potential threat. They are: the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP), the Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) and the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) and are made up of external experts. In addition, the Commission relies upon the work of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA), the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). SCCP Questions concerning the safety of consumer products (non-food products intended for the consumer). In particular, the Committee addresses questions related to the safety and allergenic properties of cosmetic products and ingredients with respect to their impact on consumer health, toys, textiles, clothing, personal care products, domestic products such as detergents and consumer services such as tattooing. Scientific Committee members Claire Chambers, Gisela Degen, Ruta Dubakiene, Bozena Jazwiec-Kanyion, Vassilios Kapoulas, Jean Krutmann, Carola Lidén, Jean-Paul Marty, Thomas Platzek, Suresh Chandra Rastogi, Jean Revuz, Vera Rogiers, Tore Sanner, Günter Speit, Jacqueline Van Engelen, Ian R. White Contact European Commission Health & Consumer Protection DG Directorate C: Public Health and Risk Assessment Unit C7 - Risk Assessment Office: B232 B-1049 Brussels [email protected] © European Commission 2008 (ISSN) The opinions of the Scientific Committees present the views of the independent scientists who are members of the committees. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission. The opinions are published by the European Commission in their original language only. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/risk_en.htm 2 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. C. Chambers Prof. G. Degen Dr. B. Jazwiec-Kanyion Prof. V. Kapoulas Prof. J.-P. Marty Prof. T. Platzek (rapporteur) Dr. S.C. Rastogi Prof. J. Revuz Prof. V. Rogiers Prof. T. Sanner (chairman) Dr. J. van Engelen Dr. I.R. White Keywords: SCCP, scientific opinion, tea tree oil, directive 76/768/ECC, CAS 68647-73-4, EINECS 285-377-1 Opinion to be cited as: SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), Opinion on tea tree oil, 16 December 2008 3 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………………………………………... 3 1. BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………. 5 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE …………………………………………………………………………………. 5 3. OPINION …………………………………………………………………………………. 6 4. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………………………………. 36 5. MINORITY OPINION …………………………………………………………………………………. 36 6. REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………. 36 4 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil 1. BACKGROUND The Scientific Committee on Consumer Product (SCCP) adopted a scientific opinion (SCCP/0834/04) on Tea Tree Oil (TTO) on its 2nd plenary meeting of 7 December 2004 with the following conclusion: "The sparse data available suggest that the use of undiluted Tea Tree Oil as a commercial product is not safe. The safety dossier of Tea Tree Oil is incomplete. The stability of Tea Tree Oil in cosmetic formulations is questionable. A standardized method for the specification of Tea Tree Oil is needed. Industry should develop an analytical testing method based on typical degradation products to ensure and control the stability of the material. Skin and eye irritation was not assessed by adequate methods. There are relevant data gaps with regard to subchronic toxicity, percutaneous absorption, genotoxicity/carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. The safe use of Tea Tree Oil as cosmetic ingredient cannot be assessed. A complete dossier of a representative standardized material to all relevant toxicological endpoints is required by the end of 2005; an opinion based on the information available at that time will be given." As a response to the above scientific opinion a complete new dossier was submitted by the end of March 2007. Tea tree oil is the essential oil obtained from Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia and Melaleuca dissitiflora as well as other species of Melaleuca provided that the oil conforms to the requirements given in ISO 4730-2004. The following types of application for cosmetic products are given in the dossier: Skin - care products incl. post-waxing treatments up to 1.25% Hair - care products up to 2.0% Nail - care products up to 20% Oral hygiene up to 0.2% Personal hygiene including shaving products up to 2% The undiluted might be used for other purposes as well i.e. aromatherapy. 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE 1. On the basis of the data provided, does the SCCP consider the use of Tea Tree Oil safe for the consumers when used in cosmetic products in concentrations as mentioned above? 2. Does the SCCP have any safety concerns for the use of Tea Tree Oil as an undiluted product? 5 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil 3. OPINION 3.1. Chemical and Physical Specifications 3.1.1. Chemical identity 3.1.1.1. Primary name and/or INCI name Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Leaf Oil (INCI) 3.1.1.2. Chemical names / 3.1.1.3. Trade names and abbreviations Australian Tea Tree Oil 3.1.1.4. CAS / EINECS number CAS: 68647-73-4 (Oils, tea-tree) EINECS: 285-377-1 3.1.1.5. Major constituents, contents and chemical structures The European Inventory of cosmetic ingredients contains 3 Melaleuca-type ingredients (INCI names): Melaleuca alternifolia oil (antimicrobial), Melaleuca cajuputi extract (tonic), Melaleuca leucadendron extract (tonic). Tea Tree Oil is the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the foliage and terminal branchlets of Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia and Melaleuca dissitiflora as well as other species of Melaleuca provided that the oil obtained conforms to the requirements given in the International Standard (ISO 4730- 2004). Tea Tree Oil from Melaleuca alternifolia contains various mono- and sesquiterpenes as well as aromatic compounds. The monoterpenes terpinen-4-ol, α-terpinene, α-terpinene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, α-terpineol, α-pinene, terpinolenes, limonene and sabinene account for 80 - 90% of the oil. The natural content of the individual terpenes in Tea Tree Oil may vary considerably depending on the Melaleuca alternifolia population used, the climate, the leaf maceration, the age of the leaves and the duration of distillation. Its major constituents are presented in Table 1. The chemical structures for these major constituents are shown in Figure 1. Table 1: Main constituents of Tea Tree Oil (From ISO 4730-2004) Constituent Minimum Maximum (%) (%) Terpinolene 1.5 5 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) Trace 15 α-Terpinene 5 13 γ-Terpinene 10 28 p-Cymene 0.5 8 Terpinen-4-ol 30 48 α-Terpineol 1.5 8 Limonene 0.5 1.5 Sabinene Trace 3.5 Aromadendrene Trace 3 δ-Cadinene Trace 3 6 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil Constituent Minimum Maximum (%) (%) Globulol Trace 1 Viridiflorol Trace 1 α-Pinene 1 6 Ledene (syn. viridiflorene) Trace 3 Ref.: 1 7 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil Figure 1: Chemical structures of the main constituents of Tea Tree Oil CH3 CH3 CH3 O H3C CH3 H C CH 3 3 H C CH 3 3 Terpinolene (C10H16) 1,8-Cineole (C10H18O) α-Terpinene (C10H16), MW=136 MW=160 MW=136 Log P = 4.52 ± 0.22 Log P = 2.82 ± 0.27 Log P = 4.52 ± 0.22 CH3 CH3 CH3 HCHO 3 H C CH H3C CH3 3 3 H C 3 γ-Terpinene (C10H16) p-Cymene (C10H14) (+)-Terpinen-4-ol (C10H18O) MW=136 MW=134 MW=154 Log P = 4.36 ± 0.24 Log P = 4.58 ± 0.24 Log P = 4.52 ± 0.22 CH3 CH3 H2C CH3 CH3 OH H CH H3C CH3 3 (+)-α-Terpineol (C10H18O) D-Limonene (C10H16) (+)-Sabinene (C10H16) MW=160 MW=136.24 MW=136.23 Log P = 2.73 ± 0.22 Log P = 4.23 Log P = 4.13 ± 0.24 CH3 OH H H H H H H H C H C 3 H 3 H H H CH3 H3C H C CH3 3 (+)-Aromadendrene (C15H24) δ-Cadinene (C15H24) (-)-Globulol (C15H26O) MW=204.35 MW=204 MW=222.37 Log P = 6.41± 0.25 Log P = 6.64 ± 0.24 Log P = 4.81 ± 0.26 HO H H C H 3 H H H H H H3C CH3 H C 3 (+)-Viridiflorol (C15H26O) (+)-ledene (syn. viridiflorene) α-Pinene (C10H16) MW=222.37 (C15H24) MW=136.23 Log P = 4.81 ± 0.26 MW=204 Log P = 4.37± 0.24 8 SCCP/1155/08 Opinion on tea tree oil 3.1.2. Physical properties Colourless to pale-yellow liquid 3.1.3. Molecular weight Tea Tree Oil is a mixture of several constituents. The main constituents have MW ranging from 134 to 222 g/mol. 3.1.4. Purity, composition and substance codes The purity, composition and physico-chemical properties of Tea Tree Oil are defined in several standards and monographs. The following pharmacopoeia and composition standards are available: - ISO 4730:2004 - Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (Tea Tree oil) - Technical Corrigendum 1:1997 to ISO 4730:2005 - Australian Standard AS 2782-1997: Oil of Melaleuca, terpinen-4-ol type (Tea Tree oil) - French Standard T75-358 - Deutscher Arzneimittel Codex (DAC 1986) 8th supplement, 1996 - European Pharmacopoeia - British Pharmacopoeia - Martindale Extra Pharmacopoeia − Aetheroleum Melaleucae Alternifoliae, in WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants Vol.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Regulation of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Relation to Fragrance
    Molecular Regulation of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Mazen K. El Tamer Promotor: Prof. Dr. A.G.J Voragen, hoogleraar in de Levensmiddelenchemie, Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren: Dr. ir. H.J Bouwmeester, senior onderzoeker, Business Unit Celcybernetica, Plant Research International Dr. ir. J.P Roozen, departement Agrotechnologie en Voedingswetenschappen, Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Dr. M.C.R Franssen, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. J.H.A Kroeze, Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. A.J van Tunen, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Universiteit van Amsterdam. Prof. Dr. R.G.F Visser, Wageningen Universiteit Mazen K. El Tamer Molecular Regulation Of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof. dr. ir. L. Speelman, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 27 november 2002 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula Mazen K. El Tamer Molecular Regulation Of Plant Monoterpene Biosynthesis In Relation To Fragrance Proefschrift Wageningen Universiteit ISBN 90-5808-752-2 Cover and Invitation Design: Zeina K. El Tamer This thesis is dedicated to my Family & Friends Contents Abbreviations Chapter 1 General introduction and scope of the thesis 1 Chapter 2 Monoterpene biosynthesis in lemon (Citrus limon) cDNA isolation 21 and functional analysis of four monoterpene synthases Chapter 3 Domain swapping of Citrus limon monoterpene synthases: Impact 57 on enzymatic activity and
    [Show full text]
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Following Carcinogenic Essential Oils Should Not Be Used In
    Aromatherapy Undiluted- Safety and Ethics Copyright © Tony Burfield and Sylla Sheppard-Hanger (2005) [modified from a previous article “A Brief Safety Guidance on Essential Oils” written for IFA, Sept 2004]. Intro In the last 20 years aromatherapy has spread its influence to the household, toiletries and personal care areas: consumer products claiming to relax or invigorate our psyche’s have invaded our bathrooms, kitchen and living room areas. The numbers of therapists using essential oils in Europe and the USA has grown from a handful in the early 1980’s to thousands now worldwide. We have had time to add to our bank of knowledge on essential oils from reflecting on many decades of aromatherapeutic development and history, the collection of anecdotal information from practicing therapists, as well as from clinical & scientific investigations. We have also had enough time to consider the risks in employing essential oils in therapy. In the last twenty years, many more people have had accidents, been ‘burnt’, developed rashes, become allergic, and become sensitized to our beloved tools. Why is this? In this paper, we hope to shed light on this issue, clarify current safety findings, and discuss how Aromatherapists and those in the aromatherapy trade (suppliers, spas, etc.) can interpret this data for continued safe practice. After a refresher on current safety issues including carcinogenic and toxic oils, irritant and photo-toxic oils, we will look at allergens, oils without formal testing, pregnancy issues and medication interactions. We will address the increasing numbers of cases of sensitization and the effect of diluting essential oils.
    [Show full text]
  • Juniperus Communis L.) Essential Oil
    Antioxidants 2014, 3, 81-98; doi:10.3390/antiox3010081 OPEN ACCESS antioxidants ISSN 2076-3921 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Article Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Juniper Berry (Juniperus communis L.) Essential Oil. Action of the Essential Oil on the Antioxidant Protection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model Organism Martina Höferl 1,*, Ivanka Stoilova 2, Erich Schmidt 1, Jürgen Wanner 3, Leopold Jirovetz 1, Dora Trifonova 2, Lutsian Krastev 4 and Albert Krastanov 2 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria; E-Mails: [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (L.J.) 2 Department Biotechnology, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria; E-Mails: [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (D.T.); [email protected] (A.K.) 3 Kurt Kitzing Co., Wallerstein 86757, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 University Laboratory for Food Analyses, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-1-4277-55555; Fax: +43-1-4277-855555. Received: 11 December 2013; in revised form: 26 January 2014 / Accepted: 28 January 2014 / Published: 24 February 2014 Abstract: The essential oil of juniper berries (Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae) is traditionally used for medicinal and flavoring purposes. As elucidated by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS methods), the juniper berry oil from Bulgaria is largely comprised of monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α-pinene (51.4%), myrcene (8.3%), sabinene (5.8%), limonene (5.1%) and β-pinene (5.0%).
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Sources and Endocrine Active Components of Trace Organic Contaminant Mixtures in Minnesota Lakes
    INTERPRETING SOURCES AND ENDOCRINE ACTIVE COMPONENTS OF TRACE ORGANIC CONTAMINANT MIXTURES IN MINNESOTA LAKES by Meaghan E. Guyader © Copyright by Meaghan E. Guyader, 2018 All Rights Reserved A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Civil and Environmental Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date _____________________________ Signed: _____________________________ Meaghan E. Guyader Signed: _____________________________ Dr. Christopher P. Higgins Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date _____________________________ Signed: _____________________________ Dr. Terri S. Hogue Professor and Department Head Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ii ABSTRACT On-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) are a suspected source of widespread trace organic contaminant (TOrC) occurrence in Minnesota lakes. TOrCs are a diverse set of synthetic and natural chemicals regularly used as cleaning agents, personal care products, medicinal substances, herbicides and pesticides, and foods or flavorings. Wastewater streams are known to concentrate TOrC discharges to the environment, particularly accumulating these chemicals at outfalls from centralized wastewater treatment plants. Fish inhabiting these effluent dominated environments are also known to display intersex qualities. Concurrent evidence of this phenomenon, known as endocrine disruption, in Minnesota lake fish drives hypotheses that OWTSs, the primary form of wastewater treatment in shoreline residences, may contribute to TOrC occurrence and the endocrine activity in these water bodies. The causative agents specific to fish in this region remain poorly understood. The objective of this dissertation was to investigate OWTSs as sources of TOrCs in Minnesota lakes, and TOrCs as potential causative agents for endocrine disruption in resident fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Their Botany, Essential Oils and Uses 6.86 MB
    MELALEUCAS THEIR BOTANY, ESSENTIAL OILS AND USES Joseph J. Brophy, Lyndley A. Craven and John C. Doran MELALEUCAS THEIR BOTANY, ESSENTIAL OILS AND USES Joseph J. Brophy School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales Lyndley A. Craven Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO Plant Industry John C. Doran Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry 2013 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia's international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing-country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia's contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by ACIAR. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research and development objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2013 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected] Brophy J.J., Craven L.A. and Doran J.C. 2013. Melaleucas: their botany, essential oils and uses. ACIAR Monograph No. 156. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra.
    [Show full text]
  • Tar and Turpentine
    ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine.
    [Show full text]
  • Varnishing Than with Any Other Stage of the Painting Process
    INFO SHEET 301 UPDATED JULY 2016 VA R NISHING We get more questions about varnishing than with any other stage of the painting process. Varnishing should be an almost mechanical process undertaken to give your painting a protective coating with the surface quality you prefer (gloss, satin, etc.) and possibly an enhancement of colour contrast. But, if you leave it till the last moment and use a varnish you are not used to, you can ruin the work you are trying to protect. Anxiety and disappointment can be avoided easily if you do sample pieces using the same materials as the painting and varnish them, not the painting, until you get the effect you wanted. Water-based varnishes are tricky to apply and not removable if you dislike the effect, so we suggest they should only be used by artists who have already tried the above experiment. CHROMA SOLVENT FINISHING VARNISHES We recommend and prefer our Chroma Solvent Finishing Varnishes, because they can be used on all our Chroma paint brands, Atelier Interactive, Jo Sonja’s or Archival Oils. Application of all these varnishes is by brush (a broad house paint brush), and clean up is with mineral spirits. If applying multiple coats, allow 24 hours drying time between applications. Choose from these finishes: Gloss Solvent Finishing Varnish • Apply as is for a full gloss, usually one coat. To reduce gloss add Invisible Varnish to your taste. Try 2 parts varnish to 1 part Invisible Varnish, up to 1:1 for less sheen. NOTE: The new varnishes have an anti-mould additive which is diluted if you add turpentine, so to maintain the mould protection for tropical conditions dilute with Invisible Varnish instead.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article a Review on Anti-Oxidative Herbs PL
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005 Review Article A Review on Anti-oxidative Herbs PL. Rajagopal1*, VB. Narayana Swamy2, SS. Kiron3 and KR. Sreejith4 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram Medical College, Kannur, Kerala, South India. 2Professor and Principal, Department of Pharmacognosy, Karaveli College of Pharmacy, Mangalore, Karnataka, South India. 3Department of Pharmacy Practice, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram Medical College, Kannur, Kerala, South India. 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram Medical College, Kannur, Kerala, South India. ABSTRACT Plants are valuable source of the therapeutic agents in the armory of modern medicine. The method of drug development from plant sources is based on a sequence of operation leading mainly toward the isolation of pure natural products. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants have been investigated for the prevention of diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and even altitude sickness. The major sources of anti-oxidants are reported to be from the natural source, especially from plant source. Key words: Anti oxidant, Free radical, Medicinal Plants INTRODUCTION pharmacological studies to ascertain their Till date as such no set definition of the term therapeutic properties. (Bakru H.K. 1992). antioxidant exists. Scientists are still striving In this review an attempt has been made o hard to find out the role of particular dietary compile most of the Natural Herbs which supplements in body that have potent health possess ant oxidative property. Following are benefits. Since, different antioxidant the list of such medicinal herbs which are compounds found in diet considerably vary reported to be an antioxidant.
    [Show full text]
  • An Artifact in a Synthetic Pine Oil
    RESEARCH NOTE J. Ess. Oil Res., 3, 41-42 (Jan/Feb 1991) An Artifact in a Synthetic Pine Oil Duane F. Zinkel USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory* One Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, WI 53705-2398 ABSTRACT: The isopropyl ether of a-terpineol was identified as an artifact in the synthetic pine oil produced when isopropyl alcohol was used as the emulsifier. KEY WORD INDEX: Synthetic pine oil, a-terpineol isopropyl ether, terpinen-4-ol isopropyl ether, turpentine. INTRODUCTION: The manufacture of synthetic pine oil is the primary use for turpentine. The synthesis involves the acid-catalyzed hydration of a-pinene at the in­ terface ofan emulsion of pinene/mineral acid (1). Various emulsifiers have been used, one of which is isopropyl alcohol. Our gas chromatographic examination of a commercial distilled pine oil, produced using the isopropyl alcohol emulsifier, revealed the presence of 4-5% of a higher boiling component product not present originally in the turpentine. EXPERIMENTAL: NMR spectra were obtained at 310 K with a Bruker WM250 (250 MHz proton and 62.9 MHz carbon) FT spectrometer controlled by an Aspect 2000A minicomputer; DEPT spectra were obtained with a standard Bruker program. Gas chromatography was done with a Hewlett Packard 5880 gas chromatograph (FID) and fused-silica columns: a DB-1 (a methyl silicone) column from J & W Scientific (Folsom, CA), 15m x 0.25mmi.d. witha 0.1-µmfilmoperatedat60°Cand a Carbowaxcolumn,30m x 0.25mm with a 0.25-µm film temperature programmed from 60°C to 225°C at 8°C/min. isopropyl etherwas isolated by liquid chromatography.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Intra-Mediterranean Variation and Insecticidal Activity of Crithmum Maritimum
    Chemical Intra-Mediterranean Variation and Insecticidal Activity of Crithmum maritimum Maria Tsoukatou3, Christina Tsitsimpikoub, Constantinos Vagias 3 and Vassilios Roussis3’* a School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece. Fax: ++3017274592. E-mail: [email protected] b Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Centre of Athens “Spiros Louis”, Kifissias 37, 15123, Maroussi, Greece * Author of correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 56c, 211-215 (2001); received October 27/December 7, 2000 Crithmum maritimum, Terpenes, Dillapiole, Ant Repellency The chemical composition of the volatile metabolites of Crithmum maritimum harvested from several geographic localities along the Mediterranean coasts was studied by GC and GC-MSD. The major oil constituents were found to be dillapiole, y-terpinene, sabinene, limo- nene and ß-phellandrene. The Western populations were richer in dillapiole, whereas the Southern collections were characterized by increased amounts of thymol methyl ether and y-terpinene. The Italian chemical profiles differentiated by the significant contributions of carvacrol methyl ether and isoterpinolene. The essential oils were also investigated for their insecticidal activity and their repellency against Pheidole pallidula (Nylander) ants and found to possess significant activity. Introduction Among a large set of the initially investigated Crithmum maritimum is a halophyte and chas- plants, C. maritimum, exhibited one of the highest mophyte apiaceous plant, which grows on all the antifeedant and insecticidal activities against the world’s coastlines but is particularly abundant in Pheidole pallidula ants. Other members of the the Mediterranean countries (Coiffard et al., family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) have been re­ 1993). It is also referred to as rock sapphire and cently shown to exhibit antifeedant and neuro- ac­ was well known to sailors since ancient years for tivity against the field slug D.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,927.241 B2 Ajikumar Et Al
    USOO8927241B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,927.241 B2 Ajikumar et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Jan. 6, 2015 (54) MICROBIAL ENGINEERING FOR THE 2010/0297722 A1 11/2010 Anterola et al. PRODUCTION OF CHEMICAL AND 38: i h S. A. s3. Fi Sharks et al. PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS FROM THE Jikumar et al. ISOPRENOID PATHWAY FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Parayil K. Ajikumar, Cambridge, MA WO WO97,385.71 A1 10, 1997 (US); Gregory Stephanopoulos, Int (US); Too Heng Phon, OTHER PUBLICATIONS 73) Assi : M h Insti fTechnol Broun et al., Catalytic plasticity of fatty acid modification enzymes (73) SS1gnees: C s t it's R nology, underlying chemical diversity of plant lipids. Science, 1998, vol. 282: ambridge, ; Nationa 1315-1317. liversity of Singapore, Singapore Chica et al., Semi-rational approaches to engineering enzyme activ (SG) ity: combining the benefits of directed evolution and rational design. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Curr. Opi. Biotechnol.-- 200 5, vol. 16. 378RSRRSRA 384. sk atent is extended or adjusted under 35 Devos et al., Practical limits of function prediction. Proteins: Struc p S.C. 154(b) by 354 days ture, Function, and Genetics. 2000, vol. 41: 98-107. M YW- y yS. Kisselev L., Polypeptide release factors in prokaryotes and This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- eukaryotes: same function, different structure. Structure, 2002, vol. claimer. 10:8-9. Seffernicket al., Melamine deaminase and Atrazine chlorohydrolase: (21) Appl. No.: 13/249,388 98 percent identical but functionally different. J. Bacteriol., 2001, vol. 183 (8): 2405-2410.* (22) Filed: Sep.
    [Show full text]