Mayan Prophecies and Calendar Crystalinks

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mayan Prophecies and Calendar Crystalinks MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 1 CRYSTALINKS from Crystalinks Website The Mayan Calendar speaks of the end of time on December 21, 2012 The Maya kept time with a combination of several cycles that meshed together to mark the movement of the sun, moon and Venus. Their ritual calendar, known as the Tzolkin, was composed of 260 days. It pairs the numbers from 1 through 13 with a sequence of the 20 day-names shown below. It works something like our days of the week pairing with the numbers of the month. Thus you might have 1-Imix (similar to Sunday the 1st) followed by 2-Ik (just as you would have Monday the 2nd). When you get to 13-Ben, the next day would start the numbers over again, thus 1-Ix, 2-Men etc. It will take 260 days before the cycle gets back to 1-Imix again (13 x 20). The symbols shown below represent the 20 day-names and are identified with their Yucatec names, pronunciation and approximate translation. The name, meaning and symbol can vary in different Maya languages. Also, each day can be represented with more elaborate glyphs known as "Head Variants" - a formal writing system which can be loosely compared to our script alphabet versus our print alphabet. IMIX AK'BAL IK' K'AN ee mesh ok bol eek' k' on waterlily, night- wind maize world house www.gftaognosticaespiritual.org GRAN BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL ESOTERICA ESPIRITUAL MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 2 CRYSTALINKS CHIKCHAN KIMI MANIK' LAMAT cheek kee me ma neek' la mot chon death hand Venus snake MULUK' OK CHUEN EB mul ok' ak chew in eb water dog monkey tooth BEN IX MEN KIB ben eesh men keeb reed jaguar eagle soul KABAN ETZ'NAB KAWAK AHAW kah bon ehts' nob kah wok ah how earth flint, knife storm Lord "The Maya - Riddle of the Glyphs" extracted from National Geographic Magazine The Classic Mayan civilization was unique and left us a way to incorporate higher dimensional knowledge of time and creation by leaving us the Tzolkin calendar. The Mayans invented the calendars we use today. The present calendars ends in the year 2012. By tracking the movements of the Moon, Venus, and other heavenly bodies, the www.gftaognosticaespiritual.org GRAN BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL ESOTERICA ESPIRITUAL MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 3 CRYSTALINKS Mayans realized that there were cycles in the Cosmos. From this came their reckoning of time, and a calendar that accurately measures the solar year to within minutes. The "Calendar Round" is like two gears that inter-mesh, one smaller than the other. One of the 'gears' is called the tzolkin, or Sacred Round. The other is thehaab, or Calendar Round. The Tzolkin consisted of 13 months each 20 days long, and the Haab of 18 months each 20 days long, and five rest days, thus making 365 days. The date was written using both rounds. For example, "6 lk 10 Camber" might be the same as if we wrote "20 June 30 Gemini." (Haab - Calendar round / 20 June, and Tzolkin - Sacred round / 30 Gemini.) As both these wheels turned so passed the Mayan years. Every 52 years the cycle began again. It was on one of these auspicious years that Cortez landed, thus giving credence to his god image. Archeologists - claim that the Maya began counting time as of August 31, 3114 B.C. This is called the zero year and is likened to January 1, AD. All dates in the Long Count begin there, so the date of the beginning of this time cycle is written 13-0-0-0-0. That means 13 cycles of 400 years will have passed before the next cycle begins, which is December 27, 2012. The new cycle will begin as 1-0-0-0-0. A day was called a "kin", and still is today. A 20 day month was a "uinal", one solar year was a "tun", 20 tuns a "katun", and 20 katuns were a "baktun", 13 of which take us back to the August 13, 3114 B.C. date. Another notable date is 9-9-2-4-8 or July 29, 615 AD when the great King of Palenque, Lord Pakal ascended to the throne. These dates are carved in stone throughout the Mayan territory, and the numbers can be seen by anyone. Using a vestigial system (they counted all the fingers and toes) and only three characters (we use ten) the Maya could string together very large numbers, these were read from the bottom up. So Pakal ascended on 9-9-2-4-8, that would read: 9 baktuns - 3600 years 9 katuns - 180 years 2 tuns - 730 days 4 uinals - 80 days 8 kin - 8 days These numbers, if we begin at August 13, 3114 BC, will give us a date in the 7th www.gftaognosticaespiritual.org GRAN BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL ESOTERICA ESPIRITUAL MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 4 CRYSTALINKS century that corresponds to the date Pakal took the throne in Palenque. The Maya also understood the concept of zero, and wrote it like a shell. With the new century almost upon us time takes on more meaning. January 1, 2000 would be written 12-19-6-1-0 in the Long Count. The Sacred Round would be 9 Ahau and the Haab designation would be 8 Kankin. Thus the Calendar Round would be 9 Ahau 8 Kankin. So for the Maya there was a time for everything and every thing had it's place in time. The priest used this to their advantage; due to their abilities to interpret the heavens and calendar, they could control the daily activities of the populace. Knowing when to plant, when to harvest, the rainy and dry seasons, etc. gave them total power and control. Their comprehension of time, seasons, and cycles was immense. If the reader is interested in further studies in this (admittedly, complex!) area, I recommend Linda Shele's fine books, A Forest of Kings and The Blood of Kings. The Wheels of Time ground exceeding fine for the Maya. To be able to predict the seasons for farmers and astronomical events for religious rites, they utilized a calendar of two meshing, repeating cycles. Maya mathematicians could project this calendar millions of years in the past and the future, time had no beginning, no end. The Mays recorded numbers with a system of bars and dots. a dot equals one, a bar stands for five. The smaller wheels together represent the 260-day Sacred Round; the inner wheel, with the numbers one to thirteen, meshes with the glyphs for the 20 day names on the outer wheel. A section of a large wheel represents part of the 365-day year - 18 months of 20 days each (numbered 0-19). The five days remaining at year's end were considered evil. In the diagram, the day shown is read 4 Ahua 8 Cumka. As the wheels turn in the direction of the arrows, in four days it will read 8 Kan 12 Cumku. Any day calculated on these cycles would not repeat for 18,980 days - 52 years. A steadily quickening flow of earth changes has become so apparent in 1995 that even traditional media are paying attention. Earth transformation was the cause of celebration of the Harmonic Convergence initiated by Jose and Lloydine Arguelles in August, 1987, and the Time Shifton July 26, 1992. www.gftaognosticaespiritual.org GRAN BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL ESOTERICA ESPIRITUAL MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 5 CRYSTALINKS The Time Shift marked the time in history when the planet entered a new sequencing of energy that after a magnetic pole shift in 2000, will be complete in December, 2012. With the energy sequencing complete in 2012, Timeship Earth will launch her voyage into fourth dimensional time in 2013. The map of planetary transformation into a new dimensional time stream was plotted in the Mayan calendar and interpreted by Jose and Lloydine in theDreamspell. In the 1950s, Euro-American astronomers ran headlong into the stunning reality that Native Americans were masters of a sophisticated astronomy previously unrecognized. Since the New World was conquered, the Europeans had believed that Native Americans were ignorant of astronomy. In fact, the Native American concept was completely different than the European and thus not recognized. Where European astronomers tracked large objects, such as the sun and moon, in direct courses, the Native Americans tracked small objects relative to large objects, a far more complex and accurate system. The two systems perceived the heavens from such radically different view points, that the Europeans did not recognize the Native American system as astronomy. THE MAYAN CALENDAR The Ancient Maya, and the remains of their cosmic culture, are still enshrouded in mystery and confusion. To this day, much of what archeologists base their findings upon is founded on guesses, not facts. Theories and speculations fill the history books. It looks like we may never understand what the Maya are saying to us. Like a giant cosmic joke, the riddles www.gftaognosticaespiritual.org GRAN BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL ESOTERICA ESPIRITUAL MAYAN PROPHECIES AND CALENDAR 6 CRYSTALINKS and puzzles left behind by the Maya are still as much of a mystery today, as they were when they were first discovered by the Spanish. Maybe understanding the Tzolk'in with only the mental body was not the approach the Mayas themselves intended. As we can see, the archeologists are stillguessing, with decades of research behind them. If the Maya intended us to understand their knowledge of the universe, they would have to leave remains behind that would bridge all cultures, languages, and all levels of education.
Recommended publications
  • The Impact of Using Gregorian Calendar Dates in Systems That Adapt Localization: in the Case of Ethiopia
    IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 19, Issue 6, Ver. III (Nov - Dec 2017), PP 01-07 www.iosrjournals.org The impact of using Gregorian calendar dates in systems that adapt localization: In the case of Ethiopia Getnet Mossie Zeleke1, Metages Molla Gubena2 1,2Department of Information Technology, College of Technology, Debre Markos University, Ethiopia Abstract: Ethiopian calendar has 13 months in which 12 months have 30 days equal and the 13th month has 5 or 6 days length. Date is one of the inputs for web or desktop applications. Java Development Kit(JDK) and Joda- Time Date Time package have been used for date manipulation in java based applications developed for local use in Ethiopia. Besides, Gregorian calendar date time pickers have also been used in web applications. This leads the application developers not to fully adapt localization. To fill this gap we developed JavaScript Date Picker and date manipulator java package in Ethiopian calendar basis. The first product consists of Amharic week day and month names which enable users to pick Ethiopian date as an input in web applications. The second product is used to manipulate Ethiopian date in java desktop and web applications. In the package different methods are defined to perform date related activities such as date calculations, extraction of date element in a given date, presentation of date in different date formats like መስከረም 12, 2010 etc. Unlike other date time java packages, dealing with Ethiopian dates using our date package does not require date conversion.
    [Show full text]
  • ON the RECONSTRUCTED MACEDONIAN and EGYPTIAN LUNAR CALENDARS Aus: Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 119 (1997) 157-166
    ALEXANDER JONES ON THE RECONSTRUCTED MACEDONIAN AND EGYPTIAN LUNAR CALENDARS aus: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 119 (1997) 157-166 © Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2 Name 157 ON THE RECONSTRUCTED MACEDONIAN AND EGYPTIAN LUNAR CALENDARS Documentary sources from Hellenistic Egypt attest to the use of three calendrical systems: the Egyptian civil calendar, which employed years that invariably comprised 365 days (12 months of exactly 30 days plus 5 “epagomenal” days), an Egyptian cult calendar that employed some sort of lunar months, and a Macedonian calendar in which the months were again lunar.1 The regulation of the Egyptian civil calendar is thoroughly understood, to the extent that we can convert all complete dates in this calendar to their exact equivalents in the modern historian’s Julian calendar and vice versa. It has for some time been generally believed that we similarly know the principles of regulation of the two lunar calendars. First R. A. Parker reconstructed a calendrical scheme for the Egyptian lunar calendar that tied its months in a recurring 25-year cycle with the months of the civil calendar.2 Thereafter A. E. Samuel applied the same 25-year lunation cycle to the Macedonian calendar.3 Small modifications have subsequently been proposed to Samuel’s hypothesis concerning the time-lag between the beginnings of the Egyptian and Macedonian lunar months. The present article sets out to show that the documentary foundation for these reconstructed calendars is much less solid than is usually supposed. In the case of the Macedonian calendar, it turns out that the evidence adduced for the reconstructed scheme tells strongly against it.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopian Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Ethiopian calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Ethiopian calendar (Amharic: የኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር?; yä'Ityoṗṗya zämän aḳoṭaṭär) is the principal calendar used in Ethiopia and also serves as the liturgical year for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia belonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo Churches, Eastern Catholic Churches and Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It is a solar calendar which in turn derives from the Egyptian Calendar, but like the Julian Calendar, it adds a leap day every four years without exception, and begins the year on August 29th or August 30th in the Julian Calendar. A gap of 7–8 years between the Ethiopian and Gregorian Calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the Annunciation. Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has 12 months of 30 days plus 5 or 6 epagomenal days, which comprise a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar, but their names are in Ge'ez. The 6th epagomenal day is added every 4 years, without exception, on August 29 of the Julian calendar, 6 months before the corresponding Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, 1 Mäskäräm, for years between 1900 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year. In the Gregorian Calendar Year 2015; the Ethiopian Calendar Year 2008 began on the 12th September (rather than the 11th of September) on account of this additional epagomenal day occurring every 4 years. Contents 1 New Year's Day 2 Eras 2.1 Era of Martyrs 2.2 Anno Mundi according to Panodoros 2.3 Anno Mundi according to Anianos 3 Leap year cycle 4 Months 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links New Year's Day Enkutatash is the word for the Ethiopian New Year in Amharic, the official language of Ethiopia, while it is called Ri'se Awde Amet ("Head Anniversary") in Ge'ez, the term preferred by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 – Date
    Chapter 5 – Date Luckily, most of the problems involving time have mostly been solved and packed away in software and hardware where we, and our customers overseas, do not have to deal with it. Thanks to standardization, if a vender in Peking wants to call a customer in Rome, he checks the Internet for the local time. As far as international business goes, it’s generally 24/7 anyway. Calendars on the other hand, are another matter. You may know what time it is in Khövsgöl, Mongolia, but are you sure what day it is, if it is a holiday, or even what year it is? The purpose of this chapter is to make you aware of just how many active calendars there are out there in current use and of the short comings of our Gregorian system as we try to apply it to the rest of the world. There just isn’t room to review them all so think of this as a kind of around the world in 80 days. There are so many different living calendars, and since the Internet is becoming our greatest library yet, a great many ancient ones that must be accounted for as well. We must consider them all in our collations. As I write this in 2010 by the Gregorian calendar, it is 2960 in Northwest Africa, 1727 in Ethopia, and 4710 by the Chinese calendar. A calendar is a symbol of identity. They fix important festivals and dates and help us share a common pacing in our lives. They are the most common framework a civilization or group of people can have.
    [Show full text]
  • Algol As Horus in the Cairo Calendar 233 Radius Than Algol A
    Open Astron. 2018; 27: 232–264 Research Article Sebastian Porceddu*, Lauri Jetsu, Tapio Markkanen, Joonas Lyytinen, Perttu Kajatkari, Jyri Lehtinen, and Jaana Toivari-Viitala Algol as Horus in the Cairo Calendar: the possible means and the motives of the observations https://doi.org/10.1515/astro-2018-0033 Received Feb 15, 2018; accepted May 04, 2018 Abstract: An ancient Egyptian Calendar of Lucky and Unlucky Days, the Cairo Calendar (CC), assigns luck with the period of 2.850 days. Previous astronomical, astrophysical and statistical analyses of CC support the idea that this was the period of the eclipsing binary Algol three millennia ago. However, next to nothing is known about who recorded Algol’s period into CC and especially how. Here, we show that the ancient Egyptian scribes had the possible means and the motives for such astronomical observations. Their principles of describing celestial phenomena as activity of gods reveal why Algol received the title of Horus Keywords: Algol, Horus, ancient Egyptian Astronomy, variable stars, the Cairo Calendar, hemerologies 1 Introduction dated to 1271-1163 B.C. (Bakir 1966, p2-5), (Van Walsem 1982, p233) and (Helck et al. 1975–1992, p156), and pub- lished by Abd el-Mohsen Bakir. As in all our three pre- The ancient Egyptian texts known as the Calendars of vious studies (Porceddu et al. 2008; Jetsu et al. 2013; Lucky and Unlucky Days, or hemerologies, are literary Jetsu and Porceddu 2015), we use only the best preserved works that assign prognoses to each day of the Egyptian continuous calendar which is found on pages recto III- year (Wells 2001a, p117-118), (Leitz 1994, p1-2) (Bacs XXX and verso I-IX of papyrus Cairo 86637.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendars from Around the World
    Calendars from around the world Written by Alan Longstaff © National Maritime Museum 2005 - Contents - Introduction The astronomical basis of calendars Day Months Years Types of calendar Solar Lunar Luni-solar Sidereal Calendars in history Egypt Megalith culture Mesopotamia Ancient China Republican Rome Julian calendar Medieval Christian calendar Gregorian calendar Calendars today Gregorian Hebrew Islamic Indian Chinese Appendices Appendix 1 - Mean solar day Appendix 2 - Why the sidereal year is not the same length as the tropical year Appendix 3 - Factors affecting the visibility of the new crescent Moon Appendix 4 - Standstills Appendix 5 - Mean solar year - Introduction - All human societies have developed ways to determine the length of the year, when the year should begin, and how to divide the year into manageable units of time, such as months, weeks and days. Many systems for doing this – calendars – have been adopted throughout history. About 40 remain in use today. We cannot know when our ancestors first noted the cyclical events in the heavens that govern our sense of passing time. We have proof that Palaeolithic people thought about and recorded the astronomical cycles that give us our modern calendars. For example, a 30,000 year-old animal bone with gouged symbols resembling the phases of the Moon was discovered in France. It is difficult for many of us to imagine how much more important the cycles of the days, months and seasons must have been for people in the past than today. Most of us never experience the true darkness of night, notice the phases of the Moon or feel the full impact of the seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coptic Calendar
    The Coptic Calendar Origin The Coptic calendar, also called the Alexandrian Calendar, is used by the Coptic Orthodox Church. It is based on the Ancient Egyptian calendar. It is the oldest in history, originated three millennia before Christ. The exact date of its origin is unknown. It is believed that Imhotep, the supreme official of King Djoser C.2670 BC, influenced the construction of the calendar. The Egyptian calendar is simple; it is neither a lunar nor a solar calendar. Months do not correspond to lunar months and years do not correspond to solar years. The Egyptians calculated their years by the stars. They used the star Sirius (which the Egyptians called Sothis). Sothis returns to the same point in the calendar every 1460 years (a period called the Sothic Cycle). A reform of the Ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of Ptolemy III (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC). However, the reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the Roman Emperor Augustus formally reformed the calendar of Egypt, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced Julian calendar. This reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. The Coptic Year The Coptic year is an extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining subdivisions of three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic Liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers keeping track of the agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 are 30 days each, and an extra month, similar to a leap year, at the end of every year of 5 or 6 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Powell's Books Wholesale Backlist Catalogue: May, 2012
    POWELL'S BOOKS WHOLESALE BACKLIST CATALOGUE: MAY, 2012 POWELL'S BOOKS WHOLESALE Date: 3429 West 47th Street Cust #: Chicago, IL 60632 Phone: (773) 247-1111 Phone #: Fax: (773) 247-1114 [email protected] Cust P.O.: Email: Bill To: Ship To: Authorized By: Ship Instruct: Terms: First order pro forma; net 30 days for established accounts. For UPS, please specify ____ residential ____ commercial (Additional charges Minimum Order: $100.00 list filled order to qualify for 50% discount. for rerouting or residential delivery will be billed to customer). All Books Non-Returnable Shipping Methods: Powell’s will ship prepaid and invoice freight charges at cost via the cheapest method (UPS, FedEx, common carrier, etc.) unless otherwise instructed. We do not ship USPS. Canadian and overseas booksellers: contact us to arrange shipping. Some titles we are unable to export. Jacketless hardbound books are noted under "format" as NDJ. M = Marked (H) = HURT (10000-63553) Africa Book # Qty Title ISBN Cond/Format Author Publisher Year Pub $ List $ 19706 Women of Fire and Spirit: History, Faith, 0195097904 NDJ Cynthia Fatton Oxford University 1996 50.00 7.98 and Gender in Roho Religion in Western Press. Kenya (NoDJ). 45991 Transition 95: Lights! Jungle! Action! 1932360212 (H) PB Soft Skull. 2003 9.95 3.98 46579 Place in the Sun: Africa in Italian Colonial 0520232348 PB ed. Patrizia Palumbo California. 2003 25.95 4.98 Culture from Post-Unification to the Present. 47338 Hausaland Tales from the Nigerian 0208025235 HB Gavin McIntosh Linnet. 2002 22.50 4.98 Marketplace. 48119 Honour in African History. 0521546850 (M) PB John Iliffe Cambridge.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Gregorian Revision of the Julian Calendar Jacques Dutka
    On the Gregorian Revision of the Julian Calendar Jacques Dutka 1. Introduction Despite sporadic attempts to reform it that are still periodically advanced, the Gregorian calendar is now After a history of centuries of attempts within the accepted, at least for civil matters, in virtually every Roman Catholic Church to reform the yearly calendar . country. established by Julius Caesar, the decisive step was Many attempts since 1582 have been made to ex­ taken when Pope Gregory XIII replaced the Julian cal­ plain the curious 365 97/400 days for the mean Grego­ endar by a revision. The first part of the revision con­ rian year. Eminent writers have offered explanations sisted of omitting 10 days from the year 1582 so that of varying degrees of ingenuity that are simply wrong. Thursday, October 4, was followed by Friday, October The primary purpose of this article is to present the 15. The second part of the revision, of far more lasting available evidence for this number and to permit the significance, was to modify the Julian scheme by reader to judge its adequacy. which every numbered year, not divisible by four, Since the Gregorian calendar is based on the Julian consisted of 365 days, while every year divisible by calendar, which, in turn, depends on the Egyptian cal­ four was a leap year, consisting of 366 days, so that endar adapted to the Roman system of time measure­ the mean Julian year is 365% days. The modification ment, it is necessary first to develop the history of the retained the Julian scheme except for centurial years­ calendar and some of the associated problems that fi­ those ending with two zeros.
    [Show full text]
  • New Year Greetings: for All Ethiopians Happy N.Y.2003
    New Year Greetings: For all Ethiopians Happy N.Y. 2003 May God inspires this year for devilment and peace of Ethiopians and Ethiopia! Another day, another month, another year, another smile, new plan of development, new peace and love of one another, new solidarity and subsidiary, new forgiveness and happiness!! Ethiopia has its own ancient calendar. The Ethiopian Calendar has more in common with the Coptic Egyptian Calendar. The Ethiopic and Coptic calendars have 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The Ethiopian calendar is much more similar to the Egyptian Coptic calendar having a year of 13 months, 365 days and 366 days in a leap year (every fourth year) and it is much influenced by the Ethiopian Church and state, which follows its ancient calendar rules and beliefs. The year starts on 11 September in the Gregorian Calendar or on the 12th in (Gregorian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Gregorian so that the extra month always has 6 days in a Gregorian Leap Year. This is because of Gregorio Magno o Gregorio il Grande (Roma, 540 about – Roma, 12 March 604), Being the 64° pope of the Roman Catholic Church since 3 September 590 up to his death, modified the calendar by the difference of 7 years. But the Ethiopic calendar also differs from both the Coptic and the Julian calendars. The difference between the Ethiopic and Coptic is 276 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar Basics
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05762-3 — Calendrical Calculations 4th Edition Excerpt More Information 1 Calendar Basics A learned man once asked me regarding the eras used by different nations, and regarding the difference of their roots, that is, the epochs where they begin, and of their branches, that is, the months and years, on which they are based; further regarding the causes which led to such difference, and the famous festivals and commemoration-days for certain times and events, and regarding whatever else one nation practices differently from another. He urged me to give an explanation, the clearest possible, of all this, so as to be easily intelligible to the mind of the reader, and to free him from the necessity of wading through widely scattered books, and of consulting their authors. Now I was quite aware that this was a task difficult to handle, an object not easily to be attained or managed by anyone, who wants to treat it as a matter of logical sequence, regarding which the mind of the student is not agitated by doubt. Abu-Raih¯ .an¯ Muh.ammad ibn ’Ah.mad al-B¯ırun¯ ¯ı: Al-Ath¯ ar¯ al-Baqiyah¯ ‘an al-Qurun¯ al-Khaliyah¯ (1000) Calendrical calculations are ubiquitous. Banks need to calculate interest on a daily basis. Corporations issue paychecks on weekly, biweekly, or monthly schedules. Bills and statements must be generated periodically. Computer operating systems need to switch to and from daylight saving time. Dates of secular and religious holidays must be computed for consideration in planning events. Most of these calculations are not difficult because the rules of our civil calendar (the Gregorian calendar) are straightforward.
    [Show full text]
  • The Calendars of Ancient Egypt
    oi.uchicago.edu THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT.ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION" NO. 26 THOMAS GEORGE ALLEN, EDITOR" ELIZABETH B. HAUSER, ASSOCIATE EDITOR oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE CALENDARS OF ANCIENT EGYPT BY RICHARD A. PARKER Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION NO. 26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 37 Cambridge University Press, London, N.W. 1, England W. J. Gage & Co., Limited, Toronto 2B, Canada Copyright 1950 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved Published 1950. Composed and printed by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE Early in the course of my work on the text volume to Medinet Habu III: The Calendar, a project upon which Dr. Harold H. Nelson and I intend to collaborate, it became evident to me that I could not successfully grapple with the problems of Ramses III's temple calendar without a thorough investigation into all the calendarial phenomena of ancient Egypt. Once started, my own predilection for the subject led me farther and farther, so that what was originally intended as a page or two of footnotes has grown to the proportions of the present volume. Not all of what I shall present in these pages is new. My obligations to those chronological giants, Brugsch, Meyer, and Borchardt, are manifold; and I have ransacked the literature in order to avoid claiming as my own what had long ago been proposed.
    [Show full text]