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In the Wake the Treaty of Windsor: a Tale of Two Ladies

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In the Wake the Treaty of Windsor: a Tale of Two Ladies II - In the Wake of the Treaty of Windsor: A Tale of Two Ladies Manuel Villas-Boas Director of the Espirito Santo Financial Group, London The river Lima, which crosses the upper Minho region, one of the great and beautiful landscapes in Portugal, had witnessed some of the most significant moments of her life. And yet, Inês had probably been born very far away in England, in the reign of Edward III. During her life in Portugal, she had reflected the spirit caught in her earlier days in England and, since her marriage to Gil Afonso de Magalhães, she became a conduit of that spirit into her country of adoption. As her death approached around 1420, her friend Philippa of Lancaster, Queen consort of Portugal had been dead for some five years, but the old King D. João I was still alive as indeed was her husband. Hers had been tumultuous and fecund times, as the XIVth century gave way to the XVth and the Hundred Years War was slowly pushing Europe into the renaissance. Change had been swift in Portugal since she and Philippa of Lancaster had first followed the route along the river Lima into their new country over thirty years ago. Inês, and the Queen, could look back with pride at the results of their long adventure far way from their original home. Everything had begun in early October 1386, barely five months after the establishment of the Treaty of Windsor between the English King Richard II and the Portuguese monarch D. João I, when a group of about 2000 troops led by the Portuguese King himself set up camp just south of the river Lima, near the crossing with the ancient road linking the Northern city of Braga to the Galician border. This was a convenient place to settle and wait for news from across the border in Galicia, where John of Gaunt was approaching to meet the Portuguese King. These were also the lands where the Magellan family had been established for more than a century. 2 The Magalhães were initially descended from a French nobleman who had immigrated to Portugal in the middle of the XIIIth century. His descendants had established residence in a mediaeval tower located in the ancient parish of Magalhães near the Lima river from which they had taken their name. Their importance grew gradually within the northern nobility and, at the time of Afonso Rodrigues de Magalhães they had been given the lordship of two villages near Braga. The revenues from these villages were intended to support two military units or lanças1 which King D. Fernando had required Afonso Rodrigues de Magalhães to raise in 1347. The establishment of the two lanças under the responsibility of the Magalhães was part of a much vaster military project carried out by D. Fernando in the expectation that Portugal would sooner or later become embroiled in the Castilian royal succession dispute which had followed the murder of the Castilian King Pedro I by his half-brother Henrique of Trastamara in 1369. Indeed, D. Fernando’s own ambitions over the Castilian throne further complicated things and would lead him into several disastrous campaigns in Castile. These effectively resulted in the unwelcome arrival of the Castilian troops in Portugal on various occasions. In turn, the marriage of King Juan I of Castile to the heiress of the Portuguese throne revitalised Castile’s interest in the Portuguese crown and led directly to Portugal’s own dynastic crises of 1383-1385. The possibility that the Castilian King might, more or less legitimately take the Portuguese crown through marriage, led to a revolution in Portugal which in turn, led to the hurried election of the Infante D. João, master of the order of Aviz, and illegitimate brother of D. Fernando, to the throne. The new King’s origin caused considerable trouble in Portugal, just as the illegitimacy of Henrique de Trastamara had caused in Castile in the previous generation. It would take years for some sort of normalcy to establish itself both in Portugal and in Castile on this matter. A major factor in the resolution of the problem was the huge and unexpected victory of the Portuguese against the Castilians at Aljubarrota in August 1385, which practically annihilated Castile’s ambitions over Portugal, regardless of any considerations of legality. The victory at Aljubarrota reverberated all over Europe and in particular at the English court of Richard II. There, Aljubarrota was seen as evidence that the Trastamara dynasty in Castile was not, after all, invincible as it had seemed before. 1 The lança was composed of six soldiers and four horses. 3 This led people to think that perhaps the old aspirations of Richard II’s uncle, John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster over the Castilian crown could be reactivated. These aspirations arose from Gaunt’s second marriage to Constanza, daughter and heiress of the murdered Pedro I of Castile. In the pursuit of these ambitions, Gaunt had been inclined to seek the support of the King of Aragon whom however, had however shown little interest in the matter. After Aljubarrota, an alliance with victorious Portugal appeared to the English to be a good substitute for the Aragonese support, particularly if, as a result of such an alliance the Portuguese could offer some military help against the French in the Hundred Years War. On Portugal’s side, the political situation was still fragile in spite of the victory at Aljubarrota. The problem of the King’s illegitimate birth had not been completely resolved by his election by the Cortes or assembly of the three states of the nation at Coimbra in 1385. Many amongst the nobility still felt bound by their commitment to D. Fernando’s heiress, whilst others felt that, if a new monarch had to be considered, there were other candidates with better credentials than D. João. This was important, as many of these unconvinced nobles still maintained positions of importance in towns and fortresses all over Portugal. The Castilian’s themselves, though defeated in open battle, had not completely abandoned some Portuguese cities where they had entrenched themselves since the earlier days of the conflict. In the mind of King D. João I an alliance with England, which was then hostile to Castile, could be useful as a means of mitigating the Castilian threat to Portugal. The Treaty of Windsor, the world’s oldest treaty still in force today, was thus established in May 1386. Portuguese ships were immediately dispatched to Plymouth to bring John of Gaunt and the troops that the English parliament had agreed to finance, to the Peninsula where he would be pursuing his wife’s claim to the Castilian throne. They left England on 9th July and the fleet arrived at the Galician port of La Coruña nearly three weeks later2. The city surrendered as did Santiago and Orense, where Gaunt established himself in the Autumn and Winter of 1386. Meanwhile, D. João I was enjoying a peaceful period in northern Portugal waiting for him. The attitude of most of the important cities in the region towards the new Portuguese King had improved a great deal since the campaigns of the previous 2 Goodman, Anthony – John of Gaunt, the exercise of princely power in fourteenth century Europe, Longman, Harlow, 1992, p. 120. 4 year which had liberated cities like Braga and Guimarães and villages like Ponte de Lima, from sympathisers of the Castilian cause. Only Melgaço on the northern border with Galicia remained stubbornly hostile but, for the moment, the King’s top priority was his meeting with Gaunt. The region of the upper Lima where his camp had been established was no doubt offering him a warm hospitality and he would have had the chance to visit his childhood friend Teresa Freire de Andrade, widow of Afonso Rodrigues de Magalhães, who lived at Magalhães with her children. As a child, D. João’ had been entrusted by his father the King D. Pedro I of Portugal to the care of Nuno Freire de Andrade, father of Teresa and master of the order of Christ, one of the wealthiest an more influential military orders in Portugal. He had therefore been raised together with Teresa and her two brothers who would later become his pages. The re-establishment of contact between D. João I and Teresa at Magalhães, although not documented, looks likely and would explain the long and well documented closeness that subsequently developed between the monarch and the eldest of Teresa’s sons, Gil Afonso de Magalhães, who would have been approximately fifteen years of age at the time. Indeed, the young Gil Afonso had just the profile needed by the King who was still haunted by the disapproval of some from the older nobility who remained shackled by their loyalty to the previous King’s heiress. His family’s nobility, though over a hundred years old in Portugal at the time, did not fit within the parameters of the older nobility, much of which had very strong doses of Castilian blood and was thus uncomfortably vulnerable to its call at some crucial times. In addition, the lands held by Gil Afonso and his family were of some importance as were his military responsibilities as leader of the two lanças he had inherited from his father. However, there was no comparison between his status and that of the great noble families of the previous reign. These families had accumulated titles and lands well beyond anything that the Magalhães enjoyed, due to their proximity to the crown which, in the previous reign, entailed an acquiescent attitude to Castilian ambitions over Portugal.
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