Part 1: Materials-Conservation Efforts at Frank 's Masterpiece Author(s): Norman Weiss, Pamela Jerome and Stephen Gottlieb Source: APT Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 4 (2001), pp. 44-55 Published by: Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1504772 Accessed: 17-06-2015 02:44 UTC

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This content downloaded from 128.59.222.12 on Wed, 17 Jun 2015 02:44:41 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions FallingwaterPart 1: Materials-Conservation Efforts at 's Masterpiece

NORMAN WEISS, PAMELA JEROME, and STEPHEN GOTTLIEB

A 13-year-long investigation of Fallingwateris among the world's best- employees.By 1932 the Kaufmannshad deterioration mechanisms, along known privateresidences. Located in titleto the propertywhere they had built Mill Run, Pennsylvania,about 60 miles a weekendcabin 11 with prototype treatments, has prefabricated years southeastof Pittsburgh,the house was earlier.3The focus of the siteis a water- a better of the yielded understanding designedby FrankLloyd Wrightin 1935 fall in a streamknown as BearRun. nonstructural pathology of materials and constructedin 1936-39 as a week- Unlikethe family'scabin, Fallingwater deterioration at a twentieth-century end residencefor Edgarand Liliane did not overlookthe waterfallbut in- Kaufmann.Mr. Kaufmannwas a suc- steadsat on of it. architectural icon. directly top cessful departmentstore owner in Pitts- Fallingwateris significantas an burgh. His son, EdgarKaufmann jr. embodimentof Wright'sorganic style of [sic], apprenticedto Wrightat .In his autobiography, in the fall of 1934, and the parentssoon Wrightstates that "itis in the natureof came to visit.' Thus began the family's anyorganic building to growfrom its patronageof the architectwho designed site,come out of the groundinto the more than a dozen projectsfor them, of light... ,"4and Fallingwater typifies this which only three were executed.These philosophy.Built of stoneand reinforced include Fallingwater,its guest house, concrete,it risesfrom its denselyfoliated and Kaufmann'soffices on the tenth surroundingswith enormous drama floor of his store.2 (Fig.1). The Mill Run propertywas previ- Thehouse remained in the family's ously leased by Kaufmann'sSummer possessionuntil 1963. It was then Club and used for vacationingfemale deeded,along with 1,700 acresof sur- roundingland, to theWestern Pennsyl- vaniaConservancy. It currently operates as a housemuseum, accommodating morethan 140,000 visitors per year. WankAdams Slavin Associates, LLP (WASA),a 112-yearold New YorkCity- basedarchitecture and engineering firm witha preservationdepartment,s first II becameinvolved as architecturalconser- [ :.. .• vatorsin 1988,when two of the authors ??..•.-'~ (Weissand Gottlieb) were invited to reviewconcrete and stucco conditions at 10 Fallingwater.6Since then, WASA has documentedand evaluated deteriora- -AM tion,and it hasprovided recommenda- tionsfor interventionin the formof reportsand construction documents. As partof the research,a reviewwas undertakenof availabledrawings and specifications,shop drawings, corre- spondence,published materials covering the since and 1. andis period construction, previ- Fig. Fallingwater,which rises dramaticallyamong its denselyfoliated surroundings perched ous consultants' and construc- overa waterfall,is the embodimentof FrankLloyd Wright's organic architecture. This continuously reports dampenvironment is largelyresponsible for materialsdeterioration. Photograph by WASA. All tion documents.Numerous probes were photographscourtesy of the WesternPennsylvania Conservancy. made, selectedmaterials were character-

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Fig. 2. Aerialview of Fallingwater'smain house, with the guest house visible in the upper-right-handcorner. More than half of the approximately7,000 total square feet is terrace area. Photographby Paul Wiegman. izedin the laboratory,and prototype materials-restorationprogram currently Fallingwater'sstructure consists of treatmentswere installed and evaluated. in progress.The completedrestoration cantileveredreinforced-concrete floors Moisturemonitoring was performedin will be the subjectof a futurearticle. and cantileveredreinforced-concrete problematiclocations. Interviews were roofs with integralparapets, supported conductedwith naturalrock Fallingwater'sprevious Description of the Building by outcroppings,tapered andcurrent maintenance staff,7 includ- concretepiers ("bolsters"),and stone- ing EarlFriend (who worked on the Fallingwateris a largeweekend residen- bearingwalls. The stone (a calcareous originalconstruction crew), Bob Mosher tial complex with approximately7,000 sandstone9)is of very high qualityand andEdgar Tafel (Wright's apprentices total squarefeet, of which almost half is was quarriedon site. The main house who supervisedthe work),and William terracearea (Fig. 2). The main house, was completedin 1937, and the guest WesleyPeters (Wright's apprentice who articulatedby massiveterraces at each house in 1939. At $155,000, the total dealtwith structural engineering). level, stands three stories tall. Addition- cost of the complex, 'sfees Thisarticle describes many of the ally, there is a two-story guest house included,was well over the estimated conditionsfound at Fallingwater.Some with servants'quarters and budget.10 of the solutionshave not beenfinalized furtheruphill. In style, this modernist All concretewas originallycovered becausestudies are still in progress. buildingacknowledges its De Stijland with a white cement stucco to an aver- However,this paper is intendedto give Bauhauspredecessors, as well as age thicknessof 1/4inch. This stucco the backgroundinformation necessary RichardNeutra's Lovell Heath House was always painted.Initially, Wright for understandingthe designof the of 1929.8 proposed that the concretebe coveredin

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--...... Design-Based Pathology After 65 years, Fallingwateris undergo- SERVANTS' QUARTERS ing a majorrestoration campaign. TERRACE (Structuralfailures are significantand are being addressedby the -basedengineering firm, Robert SilmanAssociates, PC).14 The main materials-conservationissue facing Fallingwateris deteriorationcaused by ROOF moisturepenetration. Much of this is RMONTTOR inherentto Wright'sdesign. Moreover, the complex is located in a continuously damp environment;it is cantilevered over a stream,surrounded by trees and shrubs,and restingon a hillsidefrom which water seeps almost all year round. Fallingwateris shapedlike a pin- wheel in plan, with extensiveterrace arms projectingoutward (Fig. 3). Exposureof horizontalsurfaces to the weatheris much greaterthan for a more traditionalhouse of the 1930s. Penetra- tion of rain and meltingsnow, associ- ated with waterproofing/roofingsystems ROOF NEAR EK, SR's ROOF failuresand the lack of through-wall BRIDGE TO G. H. is a in VN flashing, continuingproblem Y OBROOFMOVER Hr B T R E many locations. i . .... Roofs/terraces/skylights. Terracesare HERBTERRACE ROOF surfacedwith large irregularlyshaped - -POTTERY stones quarriedon site, varyingin thick- WEST TERRACE ness from 1/2inch to 11/2inches. The UVING ROOM MASTER BELOW TERRACE BEDROOM cantileveredterraces are largelysup- LIVING ROOM ported by upturnedbeamsis that are MASTERBEDROOM concealedbeneath the flagstones.With a TERRACEROOF CONCRETETRELLIS I of concretejoists MASTERPLAN system placed perpen- dicularto the beams, the effect is that of coffers. The originalterrace substrate was redwood 3. Planof WASA.All as noted,used of the 3/4-inch tongue-and- Fig. Fallingwater.Drawing by drawings,except courtesy A WesternPennsylvania Conservancy. groove decking. three-plybuilt-up roof of hot asphaltand buildingfelts was laid over the wood, or on terraces that are not cantilevered,directly onto therewas no flash- gold leaf, an idea that KaufmannSr. Fixed and casementsteel windows the slab. Until 1986, the detail- thought was both "extravagant,and manufacturedby Hope's Windows of ing on the terraces.16Instead, inappropriatefor a mountain lodge"; by Jamestown,N.Y., fill in the horizontal ing involvedturning up, at the perimeter March 1937, paint was proposed.11 bands betweenconcrete and stone. edge, the waterproofingmembrane that There is little survivinghistoric exterior Originallypainted a Venetianred, the lay beneaththe 1-inch beddingmortar paint, although sufficientmaterial was windows were changedto Wright's and the flagstones.Wright was often discoveredin 1989, beneaththe living signatureCherokee red in 1976 by reluctantto give functionalelements room, to determinethe finish color.12 EdgarKaufmann jr, which is the current significantvisibility. A can of Cemelithpowder paint from finish color. Often there is no corner From a probe performedin the living the originalmanufacturer (Super Con- mullion, a techniquefirst used by Wright room floor in January1999, it appears crete Emulsions),although not datable in the early 1920s.13 that the originalwaterproofing of the to the 1930s, was also found; this sug- terracespassed continuously to the gests that the earliestfinish might have interior.This impliesthat there is no cap been casein based. or base flashingprotection at the exte-

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rior walls or stepped-upflashing under WOKM%lrwdK-r riulut.. L- ...SL+*qL /-~LY*~* C the door sills, as would be normalfor qur.P.4ILovCwl L.04 -- i -4- roof or terracewaterproofing. Terrace doors typicallyhave only a metal chan- l~rox. &-A&..'. nel mounted on top of the flagstones, 1_.!~ a n.. and there is no differencebetween the ....MI,, interior-and exterior-floorlevels, a ",Wit? deliberateWright detail. Roof edges (roof rolls) are rounded,a v / _ DEAI E I R R ?1 ULtl difficultdetail to waterproof.At all roof y locations that abut stonework,there was no design provisionfor the installation of flashing.An added complication EX-L S - 4= cy - comes from Wright'sinterest in inter- ' '-~~ ,/ ~'LL• ~ ~ penetrationof one constructionmaterial /o.....I: . . by another.In some places, the roof passes halfway throughthe stone wall. Originaldrawings show a lead gravel stop for the terminationof the roofing Fig.4. Theflashing, although not original,is similarto a detailshown on this FrankLloyd Wright membrane.It was to be seatedin a drawing,"Detail of ExistingRoofing" (undated drawing), referred to as drawing3602.117 by the Frank Foundation.That this uses the word seems to indicatethat horizontal and beddedin LloydWright drawing "existing" reglet mastic.1 the roofingtermination on the roofrolls was stillbeing considered even afterthe roofingwas in- Accordingto Wright,"the roof water is stalled. Thefirst detail shows the configurationof the typicalgravel stop describedby Wrightin 1938 caught by a lead strip built into the in TheArchitectural Forum. The drawings of FrankLloyd Wright are copyright@2001 The Frank Lloyd concreteabove near the beginningof the WrightFoundation, Scottsdale, Ariz. curve."'8It is unclear,however, from historicphotographs whether this detail was ever installed.The only physical flashingwas to createshallow gutters, diameter.The concreteis prone to crack- but there insufficient evidencefor a perimeterreglet exists on is slope for ing and spalling,as there is poor adhe- was not the roof over Kaufmannjr.'s sleeping drainage.Flashing installed sion of the paste to the roundedgravel.21 alcove. In addition, the narrow roof to where the trellis abuts the parapets, The parapetsappear to be contribut- the west of the master-bedroomterrace although it is indicatedon the drawing. ing structurallyto the cantileveredslabs, A seriesof small retainsits uprightmetal flashingat the skylights,each with but review of structuraldrawings reveals a perimeter(Fig. 4). light fixture,punctuates the roof of the that they do not fully performin this enclosed The of the Most of the roofs have inadequate bridge. tops sky- manner.22In fact, regardingthe para- are flush with the depressionsfor gutters (approximately lights flagstoneson the pets, Wrightwrote, "The cantilever terraceabove. There 3/4inch deep by 4 inches wide) built into is minimaldesign slabs here carryparapets and beams ... the concreteroof slabs at the edge of the for waterproofingaround the openings. But next time, I believe, parapetswill roof. Roof and terracedrains are simple carrythe floors-or betterstill we will Concrete and sheet-coppertubes that penetratethe stucco. The original know enough to make the two work concretemix consists slabs and soffits, not tied positivelyinto of cement, sand, togetheras one, as I originally and river the waterproofingmembranes. Origi- gravel,averaging 11/2 inches in intended."23 nally,the roofs were built up with as- The parapetwalls are characterized phalt-impregnatedfelts over 1-inch- by a roundedtop. The body of the wall thick brown felt insulationboard. was firstpoured to severalinches below Wrightwanted the roofs to blend with the intendedheight. After severaldays, the concrete,so beige-coloredgravel was the top was installedby piling a stiffer, broadcastover the final coat of darkermix of sand and cement on top asphalt.19 of the curedwall, creatinga cold joint. To the east of the living room there is Probesmade in September1988 revealed a concretetrellis. Half of it is glazed, that there is no reinforcingconnecting functioningas a skylightfor the library. the roundedtop to the parapet.24The An originalwaterproofing detail is lack of mechanicalattachment, coupled with the cold led to found in an undatedWright drawing. A 5. Thecold fromthe con- joint, irregular Fig. jointresulting horizontal and of double plate of glass is shown, with structionof the roundedparapet top was clearly cracking separating edges beddedin mastic. Lead stripslap visiblein the past.These cracksallowed water the top from the body of the wall. over the glazing edges and are soldered to flow betweenthe stucco andconcrete and Furthercomplicating the systemis exit in horizontallines lowerin the charac- to lead flashingthat rests on insulation wall, the stucco coating with which the con- terizedby calciumcarbonate deposits. Photo- crete is finished.The use of stucco over placed over the trellis beams.20The graphby WASA.

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of the waterproofingdetails of a stan- dard frame (Fig. 6). In the main house, only the operable l4" units have a metal drip built into the head;this oversightwas remediedat the guest house. The roundededge of the roof rolls leads water into the window heads. This is compoundedby the differ- !ci ential movementof the concrete,which i has createda gap betweenthe head of the frameand the undersideof the slab There is no -4-t: at some locations. flashing ..t betweenroof slabs and window frames or between sills and walls.

:? Paints and coatings. The earliestpaints '•';< " soiled easily and continuously,despite -Lilbe • " ' ., belief that this would be elimi- .'l.., Wright's nated by the lead strip at the top edge of ";":'•: " "• the roof rolls.28A 1937 photographby EzraStoller shows that the soiling of Fig.6. Fixedpanes of glass sometimesterminate directly into stone walls.These lackwaterproofing paint occurredalmost immediately.29 detailsof a standardframe. In addition, corrosion occurs at windowheads as a resultof the rounded Distinct lines of water movement edge of the concretesoffits and the lackof metaldrips at the mainhouse's fixed windows. Photo- along the curve of the roof rolls were WASA. graphby observedand photographedby WASA duringrainstorms. They appearwith dropletsat the bottom and become concretesolved some problems for Stone. Stone walls are laid up so as to soiling lines. Smallstalactites sometimes Wrightand created others. At the para- projectirregularly beyond the plane of form at the droplets.Organic debris pet coldjoint, surface cracks allowed the mortarjoints by as much as 4 from overhangingtrees collects on waterto flowdown behind the stucco inches, creatinghorizontal ledges with horizontalsurfaces. The constant damp- andexit in fine,irregular horizontal numerousdepressions. These depres- ness of the environment,along with the lines(with deposits of calciumcarbon- sions come from the naturallyirregular decompositionof this debris,creates ate)lower in the wall (Fig.5). surfaceof the local stone, which was prime conditions for biologicalgrowth Parapetcorners are often cracked, split and/or roughlycut. The small on painted surfaces.Until 1994 peeling largelydue to the absenceof expansion ledges encouragethe ponding of rainwa- of multiplelayers of paint was also a joints.Wright stated that he was aware ter and the accumulationof snow, which problem. of the needfor expansionjoints in con- melts slowly. Waterenters the hairline cretebut felt that they would be inap- separationsthat have developedover the Interiors. One of the wonderfuleffects propriateto the aestheticsof thisbuild- years betweenthe stones and the mortar of FrankLloyd Wright'sdesign at ing.2sThe lower corners of the joints. Head joints are not always fully Fallingwateris the mergingof the inte- cantilevershave fractured and been filled with mortar,permitting more rior and exteriorspaces. This is best patchednumerous times. Probes per- water penetration.The irregularityof articulatedby the flooringmaterial, formedin 1990 alsorevealed the stoneworkmakes remedialinstalla- which providesa continuouswalking freeze/thawdamage of somecorners to tion of flashingsproblematic and re- surfacefrom rooms to terraces.The be a resultof defectivedrains.26 pointing difficult. relationshipof the house to the water- A uniquearea of concretefailure is fall, the sound the waterfallgenerates, the set of stairsto the stream,suspended Windows and doors. Hope's Windows the introductionof the naturalbedrock beneaththe livingroom hatch on thin manufacturedthe steel windows and into certainspaces, and the expansive- steelstraps. Their failure is in partdue doors for Fallingwater.Wright wrote, ness of the terracesall contributeto the to the corrosionof the steelstraps em- "Steelsash came within reach also for "organic"nature of this building. beddedin the concrete,resulting in the firsttime."27 Windows are con- With a few exceptions,Wright lim- spalls.Because of the seepageof water structedof rolled steel sections, usually ited the interiorfinishes to the basic fromthe hillside,the drivewaybeams of Z or T shape. Operablesash are componentsof the structure.Concrete (anotherunusual feature) are similarly hinged at the sides. Fixed panes of glass walls and ceilingsare plasteredwith proneto materialsfailure (concrete and sometimesterminate directly in the what appearsto be the same stucco steelreinforcing bars). Over time, most stoneworkat the jambswithout benefit materialas the exterior.Where stone havebeen replaced.

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Fig. 7. Photographand detail of drawing from the Existing Conditions Survey, showing the condition of the guest bathroom in the main house. Drawing by WASA.

walls exist, they are exposed and incor- Roofs. A 1981 reroofingcampaign by a flashing.34A probe near the north edge poratedinto the interior.The built-in previousconsultant consisted of four of the guest house roof exposed 3 inches furnishingsand interiordoors are wood, plies of fiberglass-reinforcedfelts with of wet insulation(with a vapor barrier with their originalshellac finish largely hot asphaltin between, over 1/2-inch- intact.30Bathroom walls and floors are thick insulationboard. These roofs were finishedwith cork tile. replacedin 1987-88 with a single-ply 60-mil EPDM rubberizedmembrane, loose laid from 10-foot-widerolls. Seams Maintenance History and Condition Assessment werespliced with an adhesive.33 Overall,the roofs are in fair-to-poor Since 1988 WASAstaff membershave condition. Many exhibit patchesand reviewedindividual conditions, designed pinholes. Along roof edges, the mem- ?IA and supervisedprobes and repairs,and braneis securedwith "hit"-fastened evaluatedthe results.In 1998 WASA terminationbars (Fig. 8). The fasteners was given the opportunityto assess the are spaced 12 inches on center,instead entire complex holistically,resulting in a of the recommended6 inches. Because preservationmaster plan.31 The field of the unevennessof the concrete,the surveywas performedfrom May connectionis not tight. All bars exhibit through September.The buildingswere failed sealant along their edges and measured,sketched, and photographed, failed gasketsat the "hit"anchors (im- with the CAD drawingsserving as the pact-expansionanchors); either failure is basic graphicsfor the condition assess- a potentialsource of moistureentry. ment. The two-volume masterplan Drains are often located at the high includes 170 sheets of drawings,each point, causingponding. Pea gravelis with a photographof the area drawn sparseat most roofs, permittingexpo- sure of (Fig. 7). Particularemphasis was given the membranein certainareas to Fig. 8. The existing EPDMmembrane is to the stone-by-stonedocumentation of full ultravioletradiation. secured with "hit"-fastenedtermination bars. the living room floor (becauseof the Roof probes performedin November Both the sealant along their perimeter and the at the "hit"anchors have upcomingstructural-reinforcing pro- 1999 indicatedthat moisturepenetra- gaskets failed. The tion could not be attributedto complicated nature of waterproofing diverse ject), and of the terraces.32 simply construction materials- stone and concrete - defective seams and roofing perimeters, where they abut is self-evident. Photographby as well as to the absenceof through-wall WASA.

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stancesof sealantfailure at the reglet,as Holes were drilledlaterally through well as locationswhere the flashing the upturnedconcrete beams to permit withinthe regletexhibited negative air circulationbetween coffers. The new pitch,directing water under the water- deckingwas a 1/2-inchmarine-grade ply- proofingmembrane. wood over CCA pressure-treatedlumber Theeast and west living-room and used as uprightblocking and discontinu- master-bedroomterraces were lifted and ous sleepersplaced on the beams.In- reassembledin 1987.This was also done stalled over the plywood was the new to KaufmannSr.'s terrace in 1988.The terraceunderlayment, 1/4-inch Hardi- waterproofingunder the flagstonesis a backer(a cement-basedrecovery board single-plyEPDM membrane. There is no by JamesHardie Building Products). protectionboard or drainagemat, and The new waterproofingsystem uses Fig.9. Moistureinfiltration in the mainhouse's the tubedrains bathroomcontinues to copper do not permitthe Bituthene4000, a rubberized-asphalt guest damageboth the collection plasterand cork-tile finish. Photograph by of subsurfacewater. Freezing waterproofingmembrane (W. R. Grace). WASA. withinthe tubes has split the soldered Deck Prep (a low-viscosity,asphalt- seams.Since the Kaufmannperiod, heat modifiedurethane coating) was applied tapeshave been used in an attemptto over the Hardibacker.Two plies of below)beneath the EPDMmembrane. alleviatethis problem. Bituthene4000 were then installed,the Theconcrete roof slab was alsowet. A Theservants' quarters terrace, rebuilt edges sealed with BitutheneMastic, a in the late has probeof the roof of the servants'quar- 1950s, coppercap flash- rubberizedasphalt-based mastic. Copper tersrevealed condensation under the inginstalled in the remedialreglet. flashingwas seated in a regletin the membrane.Probes of the herb-terrace Thereare active leaks in the servants' concreteparapet. A Hydroductdrainage roofexposed 2 inchesof wet insulation quartersmembers' lounge ceiling (for- mat (W.R. Grace)was installedto act on the westside and a wet slabon the mercarport) that seem to originatefrom both as a protectionboard for the mem- this at the exteriorface (uninsulated)east side, directly below terrace, of the braneand as a means to directmoisture northwall of the director's thewaterproofing membrane. office.The toward the two drains.The tube drains mortar on the terrace Mechanical-engineeringcalculations flagstone joints are were trimmed;J. R. Smithdrains, their coveredin the confirmeda relationshipbetween mois- moss,indicating presence bronze strainersflush with the flag- turebeneath some roof membranes and of considerablemoisture. stones, were installed.These have perfo- the lackof a thermalbarrier between the Severaldifferent mortar mixes have rated collars to collect subsurfacewater. been exposedconcrete roof rolls and interior usedto pointthe flagstonejoints. The flagstoneswere laid in pea gravel On all terracesrebuilt in the ceilings.3sCeiling leaks in the bathroom 1987-88 and regrouted.40 of the servants'quarters and in the campaign,flagstones are bedded in pea The herb terrace'smonitor/planter is forease of The curator'soffice, which appear only when gravel lifting.37 original a problematicfeature in terms of water- mortarwas cementand the sunheats up the roof,are examples joint sand,1:3 proofing.The badlydeteriorated steel of this.Without insulation on the warm (byvolume). WASA initially recom- plant liner was replacedwith stainless sideof the slab(the finished mendedthat this mix be lime-modified steel in 1998. At that time, there was ceiling because surface),water vapor condenses at the of the potentialfor the mix to extensive sealantfailure along termina- be too to mechanical undersideof the waterproofingmem- rigid,leading tion bars and "hit" anchorgaskets of of the There braneon the top (cold)side of the slab. damage flagstones.38 was the EPDM membraneconcealed beneath also an intentto some Installationof a vaporbarrier, in the permit subsurface the liner.Sealant at the window-frame 39But lime-modified mortar formof an impermeablecoating applied evaporation. perimeterand cap flashinghad also mixeshave shown andsome to theceiling, has beenproposed. cracking failed. In 1998 the waterproofingof the erosion.Joints of the eastliving room light monitor,under the herb tray,was where Terraces.Where terraces (and roofs) terrace, regroutingwas donewith changed.A new EPDM membranewas the 1:3 are meetparapets, the EPDMmembrane mix, performingwell. installedand the flashingresealed. Re- extendsup the parapetwall approxi- In 1998 WASAdesigned new water- pairs were made to the concreteof the mately6 inches.Lead counterflashing proofingfor the potteryterrace, the only southwestcorner, where a corroding coversit andterminates in a reglet terracethat had neverbeen rebuilt (pre- "hit" anchor had caused the concreteto remediallycut intothe concrete.36This sumablybecause there is no enclosed spall. Despite these efforts, moisture flashingwas installedwherever water- spacebeneath it and it is fully shelteredby continuesto affect the guest bathroom proofingor roofingrepairs were per- the herb-terraceroof above).The original below (Fig. 9). A WASA-designedrepair formedwithin the last 15 years.One redwooddeck had rotted.(During the is currentlybeing implementedusing a problemis thatthe lead,because it is Kaufmannperiod of occupancy,small modified-bitumenroofing systemmanu- malleable,is easilyknocked out of ventswere remediallyinstalled above and facturedby Siplast. positionby the feetof the thousandsof below all of the othercantilevered terraces A monitor also covers part of the touristswho visitFallingwater every of the main house.At that timeweep guest-housebathroom, where similar holes were also addedat the year.WASA staff observedmany in- soffits.) problemsare occurring.Damage to the

This content downloaded from 128.59.222.12 on Wed, 17 Jun 2015 02:44:41 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions MATERIALS-CONSERVATIONEFFORTS AT FALLINGWATER 51 plasterand paint is extensive,as is the detachingof the cork-tilefinish. Mois- ture measurementstrongly suggests that water is enteringwhere the monitor intersectsthe roof and the parapet,the latter a particularlyawkward detail (Fig. 10). The familiarproblem of the terminationbars and "hit" anchorsis pronouncedhere.

Skylights. Flashingwas installedin conjunctionwith new glazingof the living-room-libraryarea skylightsin 1994, althoughthe work was not de- signedby WASA.Because of the use of terminationbars, the entirelead sheet guttersystem appears to be compro- mised.At the enclosedbridge to the guest house, four of the five skylightsleak. The southernmostskylight, in particular, exhibitsmajor leaks with snow buildup. Fig. 10. The monitors are particularlydifficult features to waterproof. This one is located over the In 1991 WASAhose-tested the roof, and guest-house bathroom and is responsible for substantial damage to the interiorfinishes. Photograph water penetratedthe interiorwalls. Open by WASA. joints in nearbystonework were also judgedto be at fault.41

Concrete and stucco. The concreteand epoxy and primed.The curvededge of Both trowel-appliedand poured stucco have sufferednumerous cracks the cornerwas recreatedusing a thin patcheswere tried on the stairs to the over the years. Stalactitesand carbonate sheet-metalform; plywood at the soffit stream.Although the affectedvertical lines have appearedin soffits below completedthe formwork.The pour was steel strapswere blast-cleanedand terraces,most especiallynear drains. recessed1/4 inch to allow for the subse- primedand the patchesreinforced,46 Priorto WASA'sinvolvement, most quent applicationof stucco.43This work both techniquesfailed to preventfurther concretesurface patching had been has performedwell. corrosionand concretedeterioration. It performedusing WaterPlug (a fast- MasonryPreservation Services appearsthat these stairswill need to be setting,cement-based repair mortar by worked on some of the concretebeams rebuilt.The suspendedstairs to the Thoro) with poor results. Conventional spanningthe drivewayin 1990-92. Loose pottery terracehave similarproblems, portlandcement mixes were also used. concretewas removedand chipped althoughless severe;monitoring rather Roundedroof rolls recast duringthe aroundthe reinforcingbars, which were than interventionis planned. mid-1980s42have held up well, but they blast-cleanedand coatedwith Armatec The majorityof repairshave worked exhibit verticalhairline cracks at the 110 (an anticorrosioncoating by Sika well. Materialsand methods for filling positions of the new reinforcingbars (18 Corporation).Beam ends anchoredinto hairlinecracks and losses in the stucco inches on center). the rock ledge were wrappedwith were developedin 1993 by one of the From 1989 to 1993 WASAdirected Bituthenemembrane. Patches were either authors (Weiss)and Paul Cappelli,a and evaluatedvarious patchingtech- trowel appliedor pouredin place." sculpturerestorer. Parapet cold joints niques for the concreteand stucco. Some Currently,some otherdriveway beams were cut in a dovetail shape, and they of these projectswere executed by out- exhibit hairlinecracks and stalactites. were pointed (about 1/2inch in depth) side contractorsand others by Falling- Some of the concrete-repairtech- with a fine-grained,low-shrinkage mor- water'smaintenance staff. The south- niques were experimentalin nature.In tar. Exit crackson the lower half of the west cornersof the master-bedroom 1990 an attemptwas made on the herb parapetswere left open (beneaththe terraceand of KaufmannSr.'s terrace terrace'ssouth parapetto reattacha paint coating) to permitwater to were rebuilt.After removalof deterio- loose section of roundedparapet top to escape.47Minor work is currentlyper- rated concrete,corroded reinforcing the body of the wall using stainlesssteel formed by Fallingwater'smaintenance bars were blast-cleanedwith Black anchors.45This method would have staff. Most concreterepairs, including Beauty(coal-derived slag) and painted preservedoriginal concrete, but it the 1998 patchingof three beams that with a Nitoprime Zincrich(Thoroc, proved difficultto implementand was a anchor KaufmannSr.'s terrace to the formerlyFosroc). A cage was far greaterintervention than neededin north rock, utilize RenderocHB (a constructedby insertingadditional steel most cases. Trowel-appliedpatches, on polymer-modifiedcementitious patching reinforcinginto drilledholes, securedin the other hand, performedwell. compound by Thoroc, formerlyFosroc).

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Stone. With the exceptionof the walls effectivein divertingwater from the east WASAhas designeda drip for installa- along the northand east edgesof the wall. The problemis exacerbatedby the tion on the soffit of the concreteroof servants'quarters terrace, there is little daylightings2of two drainpipes in this roll to mitigatethis problem. deteriorationof the stonework,other area, originatingfrom the guest-house Deflectionof the slabs has rendered than soilingfrom chimneysoot and complex. Pondingoften occurs on the some windows inoperable,and others organicgrowth.48 The mortarjoints, bottom steps, near the door to the en- no longer tight in their openings.Mois- however,often show hairlineseparations closed bridge;the bottom rail of this ture has caused many of the windows from the stone. Those on the main house door is badly corroded.Related to this and doors to corrodeand expand, in chimneymass were repointedin 1992. are leaks that occur throughthe exposed some cases preventingoperation. At- Severalmixes were formulatedand tested bedrockand stoneworkof the north tempts have been made to seal the en- in 1990.49 The selectedmix is a TypeS wall of the enclosed bridge.A proposed largedgap betweenwindow-frame mortarof 2:1:8 (TypeIA grayportland diversionof the two drainagelines heads and roof rolls. In the past, terrace cement,hydrated lime, and an ASTM C should help alleviateboth situations.53 deflectionshave caused glass in some 144 sand closelymatching the original) Anotherlocation where leaks through windows to crack.This problemhas conformingto ASTM C 270. Pointingof stone walls are manifestedon the interior mostly ceased since the replacementof the stoneworkis made difficultby the is KaufmannSr.'s dressing room, where the single-paneglazing with ultraviolet- unevencoursing and projectingledges. the leak occursthrough the west wall protectiveglazing in 1989.ss In 1988-89, the uppermoststones below the platformat the top of the were removedon stone walls above the exteriorstairs. There may be no water- Paints and coatings. Between1937 potteryterrace, mainhouse chimney proofingat the door threshold,as earlier and 1950, Cemelithwas used at least mass, and KaufmannSr.'s terrace. This noted for the livingroom terracedoors. twice to paint the concreteat Fallingwa- work was ongoing when WASAfirst Withinthe servants'quarters former ter. (Latexpaint was used experimen- visitedthe site. Leadthrough-wall flash- carport,the stone walls of the north and tally in the late 1940s.) Accordingto ing was insertedby a local contractor, east elevations-which are retaining maintenancerecords, a PittsburghPaints and the stones were reinstalledin their walls-are often wet. This is probably oil-basedpaint was appliedin 1951, originallocations. This has assistedin relatedto defectivebelow-grade water- followed by an alkyd latex throughthe reducingmoisture penetration into the proofing,worsened somewhat by the 1950s. An acryliclatex was used in stone walls but has createdan aesthetic fact that scuppersfrom the terrace 1969, and a Tnemecmodified epoxy in problem.Melting snow continuesto above dischargeinto the soil. 1972; neitherof these productsadhered cause mortarleaching, and the buildup well.s6From 1976 until WASA'sinvolve- of white carbonatecrusts is unsightly. Windows and doors. Corrosionhas ment, an acrylicpainting system by Severalcampaigns were made to been the main issue with the steel win- Thoro was in use. (Concretesurfaces clean the main-housechimney mass of dows and doors, along with problems were sandblastedat the start of this carbon deposits. In 1989 WASAand relatingto the deflectionof the slabs. At campaign.)The acrylicpaint was re- FrancesGale (of ProSoCo)cleaned a WASA'srecommendation, John newed on a more-or-lessyearly basis small test area with good resultsusing Seekircherand Co. was broughtin to becauseof the continuingappearance of ProSoCo'sSure Klean 766 Limestone work on specificunits. In 1992 the calciumcarbonate (as surfacedrips and and MasonryPrewash (an alkaline- living-roomhatch over the stairsto the stalactites)and of organicsoiling. One based cleaner),followed by SureKlean streamwas successfullyrestored and result of the numerousapplications was RestorationCleaner (an acid-based returnedto functioningorder, as were the loss of vapor permeability.s7 cleaner).To permitlonger dwell times, the cornerwindows of the living room In 1990 WASAbegan a test program SureKlean Heavy Duty Paint Stripper near the hatch.54Seekircher's work for paint stripping,water-repellent (an alkaline-basedpaint remover)was involvedstripping the units down to treatment,and finish paintingfor the later substitutedfor the 766 Prewash.so bare metal, cutting out and replacing exterior.WASA's concept was to design The entirechimney mass was cleanedin deterioratedsections, priming and paint- a primer/coatingsystem that would 1992 with less success;this may have ing, and replacingnonfunctioning hard- inhibit liquid water from enteringthe been due to insufficientrinsing between ware in kind. Refurbishmentof all stucco by repellingit at or near the applicationof the chemicals.s1 remainingwindows and doors has been surface,while still permittingvapor The stone cheek walls of the steps incorporatedinto the ongoing restora- transmission.Ideally, the systemwould beneaththe steppedcanopy that connect tion campaign. requireless frequentpainting (by reduc- the main house to the guest house are in The lack of a drip at the undersideof ing leaching),would protectsurface fair-to-poorcondition. Here the pointing the roof rolls continuesto be the chief repairs,and would be durableenough mortarhas failed at coping stone trans- sourceof moisturepenetration into the for periodiccleaning. verse joints and on the verticalsurfaces. window heads. Wheremetal dripsexist Selectionof an appropriatepaint- The east wall is in worse condition than in the frames,they are inadequate. strippingmethod demandedconsidera- the west; this is relatedto the movement Waterfalling from them tends to pond tion of severalissues, includingthe fact of water from the hillside.An adjacent on the stone sills, then penetratesthe that BearRun is an environmentally gutterat gradehas not been particularly window frameunder the bottom rail. protectedstream. Other considerations

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were ease of handling (strippingwas to antimicrobialtreatment before the finish the guest house.62A test pit was dug by be done in-house by maintenancestaff), is reapplied.The antimicrobialproduct the maintenancestaff in April 2000 to dwell time, coverage,cost, and product may requirereapplication as often as verifythe existenceof the footing drain, effectiveness.Testing determined that every six months to maintainthe coating but none was found where indicatedon the paints could only be removeddown on horizontalsurfaces.61 the drawings.The waterproofingap- to the yellow resurfacinglayer appliedin The guest-housepool was stripped pearedbrittle and compromised. the late becauseremoval of this and paintedin 1996 with Amsterdam Recentgeotechnical studies have yellow layer damagedthe white stucco Pool Paint, a water-basedlatex paint, revealedthat a farmedfield at the crest beneath.s8Peel Away 2 and 3 (methy- appliedover SL 40. This pairingof of the hill significantlycontributes to the lene chloride-basedpaint strippers,by productsproved to be unsuccessfuland amount of runoff headingdownhill. It is Dumond Chemicals)were used, fol- was removed.A numberof pool paints highly unlikelythat the slab itself is lowed by pressurewashing. This ap- were considered.Epoxies are more waterproofed,and the presumedgravel proachwas unsuccessfulon the guest durablebut are problematicin terms of bed beneathhas probablysilted in over house pool; there, Peel Away 1 (an reversibility.Some syntheticrubbers the years. The problemsof the north alkaline-basedpaint stripper),followed requireyearly renewal. Olympic, a and east walls of the formercarport by ProSoCo'sLimestone and Masonry chlorinatedrubber paint by Kelley (noted earlier)are related.63 Afterwash,was used. Coatings,was selectedand installedin Most ceilingsand walls in both the For repainting,WASA specified the fall of 1999. This applicationhas main house and guest house have a ProSoCo'sBMC 90, a silicone emulsion been successfulto date. cement-plasterfinish. Where chronic water-basedpaint, appliedover Sure leaks have occurred,there is evidenceof KleanWeather Seal SL 40, a penetrating Interiors. Deteriorationof interior staining,blistering, paint and plaster silane water repellentacting as the finishesis mainlyrelated to moisture failures,cracking, and loss of cork-tile primer.s9Full exteriorpainting by the infiltrationfrom the exterior.Mainte- adhesion.Much of the patchingof maintenancestaff using this system nance of interiorshas consistedof peri- cracksand superficialspalls has failed. began in 1994. It has worked well for odic patchingof plasterand repainting. In preparationfor repainting,interior the verticalsurfaces (they have not since Minor repointingof interiorstonework surfaceswere studiedand sampled been repainted),but it is experiencing has also been performed.Flagstone duringthe springof 2001. The original failureson the horizontalsurfaces, floors are waxed once a week (and substrateappears to be a white cement includingthe parapetroll tops. strippedonce a year)and are in good plaster.The last majorinterior repaint- In the springof 2001, two of the condition.Wood doors tend to be in ing campaignoccurred in 1987-88 and authors(Weiss and Jerome)began investi- good condition;their thin frames,being used Thorosheen(a water-basedacrylic gatingthese failures. Several areas were more fragile,are only in fair condition. paint). The currentappearance of the examinedand sampled.Delaminated Some water stainingand warpingis seen. paint is quite dark and highly textured. paint,in some areasless than two years Thom Gentle,a furnitureconservator, Earlierpaints were lighterin color and old, appearedbrittle. Small, irregular has been involvedsince 1986 with the relativelysmooth; physical evidence of tearswere observed(at 10x magnifica- care of the furnishingsand woodwork. this is found within built-incabinets in tion) on the parapetroll tops. Biological The guest house, with its north wall severallocations. The currentfinish was contaminationwas noted in conjunction partiallybermed into the hillside,has not introduceduntil the Thorosheen with adhesionfailure. The undersideof exhibitedhigh levelsof moisture;at times, campaignsbegan in the mid-1970s. the filmexhibited distinct relief (texture of it smellsstrongly of mildew.Some reduc- Sampleswere mounted in resin by the underlyingsubstrate), implying that tion of interiormoisture was achieved IntegratedConservation Resources and mechanicalbonding was not the issue.60 when a trenchdrain was installedby examinedin their laboratory.From the Sampleswere sent to ProSoCo's Fallingwater'smaintenance staff along the photomicrographs,it is apparentthat laboratoriesfor furtherevaluation. The north elevationin 1990-91. A fan was some delaminationis occurring.Fourier selectedpaint, a silicone emulsion, also installedin the chimney. transforminfrared spectroscopy re- achievesmaximum vapor transmission Review of originaldrawings for the vealed that the originalorange-hued by forminga microporousfilm. On guest house indicatethat its construction paint containscalcium carbonate and horizontalsurfaces, the pores collect the is differentfrom that of the main house. quartzas its principalconstituents. The fine organicdebris and microorganisms The framingsystem is steel columns, plasteritself was not floated smooth and that are particularlyplentiful at Falling- and the exteriorwalls are stucco on gave a slight textureto the paint. One water.These compromisethe paint's metal lath. The floor slab was poured on repaintingcampaign, still quite early in ability to repel water.Ponding in the grade. Originalplumbing drawings the history of Fallingwater,used a much pores eventuallywets the substrate, show that the north wall was water- lighterpeach-colored oil-based paint. favoringfungal growth. Colonization proofed with a three-plymembrane. Severallater campaigns,returning to the breaksdown the pore structure,promot- They also indicatea continuous4-inch darkercolor, appliedalkyd and ing furthercolonization. It appearsthat footing drain (for collection of subsur- polystyrenepaints.64 in the affectedareas, the paint will have face water), connectedcentrally to a 10- Today,the successfulrepainting of to be removedand the surfacegiven an inch clay sewer pipe that passed beneath the interiorwill requirepaint stripping;

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becauseof the built-infurnishings and Notes 15. The bottoms of the beams align with the the difficultiesof ventilation,chemical slab instead of the tops. methods are not being considered.In- 1. Edgar Kaufmann jr., Fallingwater: A Frank 16. Kaufmann jr. (1986), 112. LloydWright Country House (New York: stead, severalmechanical methods have 17. Frank Cross River Press, 1986), 36-39. Lloyd Wright Architect, "Roofing been tested. A flat-beltsander with and Flashing Details Kaufmann House Bear 2. Richard L. Merchant Prince and power vacuumattached was tried ini- Cleary, Run PA" (undated drawing), referredto as MasterBuilder: Edgar J. Kaufmannand Frank drawing 3602.086 by the Frank Lloyd Wright tially,with mixed results.A braided-wire Lloyd Wright (Pittsburgh: Heinz Architectural Foundation. wheel was also rejectedas inappropri- Center, Carnegie Museum of Art, 1999), 14 18. Frank Lloyd Wright, "Fallingwater,"The ate. Hand chippingusing a chisel and (the office interior is currentlythe property of London's Victoria and Albert ArchitecturalForum (January1938): 36. hammerworked well where the paint Museum); FranklinToker, Pittsburgh: An UrbanPortrait 19. Hoffman (1993), 54. was alreadydelaminating, but it was too (Pittsburgh: Pennsylvania State University labor-intensive.The maintenancestaff Press, 1986; University of PittsburghPress, 20. Frank Lloyd Wright Architect, "Trellis the best a small needle 1994), 43. Flashing Kaufmann House Bear Run PA" suggested device, (undated drawing), Frank Lloyd Wright Foun- scaler,which can be modifiedwith a 3. Donald Hoffman, Frank Lloyd Wright's dation. vacuumattachment. Several paint sys- Fallingwater:The House and Its History(New York: Dover Publications, 1978, 1993), 8-9. 21. Wank Adams Slavin Associates, "Volume 1: tems are currentlybeing reviewed,as is Fallingwater. Conservation Analysis for Con- 4. An the applicationof a vapor barriercoat- Frank Lloyd Wright, Autobiography crete and Stone Masonry" (unpublished report (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1943), issued January 18, 1989), II/5. ing on ceiling areas underroofs. 338. 22. Robert Silman Associates, PC, "Analysis of 5. WASA'spredecessor firms were Reed and the Master Terraceat Fallingwater"(unpub- Conclusion Stem (designers of Grand Central Terminalin lished report issued May 17, 1996), 31-32. New York City), Stem and Fellheimer,and The pathology of deteriorationat Fellheimer and Wagner. 23. Wright (1938), 36. Fallingwaterhas provento be extraordi- 6. Besides Weiss and Gottlieb, WASA staff 24. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1989), 1/5. involved with the and evaluation narilyinteresting and complex. Yearsof early testing 25. Hoffman (1993), 36. researchand with phases included Bruce Popkin, Karin Reed, and investigation,along 26. Wank Adams "Volume 3: trial-and-error of Elaine Unger. Slavin Associates, implementation many Fallingwater. Concrete Repairs and Coating 7. staff have been treatments,have given WASAa fuller Fallingwater's particularly Tests. Conservation Tests 1991" (unpublished of the rela- helpful, including LyndaWaggoner (director); report issued 1991), 9. understanding synergistic Michele Risdal-Barnes(curator); Jeff Gaul tionshipsamong the many individual (director of maintenance);Dan Johnson, Cecil 27. Wright (1938), 36. Albert Ohler and constructionelements. Design and im- Kifer, (maintenancestaff); 28. Ibid. plementationof the materialsaspect of Blaney Sproul (former site superintendent). 29. Hoffman (1993), 32. Fallingwater'srestoration, in progress, 8. Vincent Scully,Jr., Frank Lloyd Wright (New has been a challengingbut rewarding York: George Braziller,1960, 1996), 23; 30. The exception is Kaufmann jr.'sstudy. At endeavorand will be the of a Robert C. Twombly, Frank Lloyd Wright: His this location, a later polyurethane finish was subject Lifeand His Architecture(New York: John removed and the furnishingswere refinished futurearticle. Wiley & Sons, 1979), 277. Neutra worked for with shellac. Refer to Thom Gentle and Victo- Wright for a short period in 1924; Cleary ria Jefferies, "Conservationof Furnitureat (1999), 48. Frank Lloyd Wright'sFallingwater," APT Bulletin 21 (1989): 55-61. 9. diffraction in NORMAN WEISS is an analytical chemist X-ray analysis performed ProSoCo's revealed that the stone 31. Wank Adams Slavin Associates, "Volume I: with over thirty years' experience in masonry laboratory consists of (47.1%) and calcite Conditions Volume II: Evalua- conservation. He is an associate professor at largely quartz Existing Survey. (51.5%) with a minor amount of microcline tion and Recommendations" 'sGraduate School of (unpublished (1.3%). Inc. issued 30, 1999). Architecture,Planning and Preservation.He was ProSoCo, Laboratory Report, reports September "Petrographicand X-Ray Diffraction Analyses an associate with Wank Adams Slavin Associates 32. WASA master plan team members included for Fallingwater" (unpublishedreport issued (WASA)in 1990-99; he is currentlyvice presi- Gottlieb and Weiss, with Jerome as project May 5, 2000). dent, MCC Materials, Inc., and senior scientist, manager. WASA staff members surveying on IntegratedConservation Resources, Inc. 10. Hoffman (1993), 61. site included Jerome, Keith Gianakopoulos, Vasiliki 11. Ibid. Reynaldo Liz, Simpson-Wong,Rodrigo PAMELA JEROME is a registered architect Torres, and Daniel Piselli. Drawings were and architecturalconservator. She is a senior 12. The finish color is Munsell 8.2 YR 7.2/3.7. produced in WASA'sNew York City office by associate in the preservation department of This researchwas performed by Frank Welsh Felix Fernandez, Gianakopoulos, Luis Herrera, WASA and an associate professor at Columbia with Ilene Tyler of Quinn Evans, , and Simpson-Wong,and on-site by two Falling- University'sGraduate School of Architecture, who also identified the original "Venetian"red water interns, Piselli and Ian MacDonald. Planning and Preservation.Her expertise is in color used on all steel as Munsell 8.3 R 3/5. Subsequent construction documents have been masonry conservation and waterproofing. Quinn Evans/Architectswith Frank S. Welsh, generated by WASA staff membersJerome, "Fallingwater:Historic Finishes and Colors" Gianakopoulos, Fernandez, and Rend Fan, with STEPHEN GOTTLIEB is an associate (unpublished report issued February28, 1990). Hazel Ephron as partner-in-charge. partner with the preservation department of WASA. He has taught historic preservation at 13. This technique was first used at the Holly- 33. L. D. Astorino and Associates, "Specifica- Columbia University,University of Southern hock House (1920) and the FreemanHouse tions. Fallingwater: Reroofing, Waterproofing, California, and the Campbell Center.He is (1924), both in Los Angeles. Concrete Repair" (unpublishedproject manual issued 1985), 07530/3-07530/4. currently supervisingthe restoration of the 14. For structuralproblems, refer to Robert in Condict Building (, 1897-99) Silman, "The Plan to Save Fallingwater," 34. The importance of through-wall flashing to New York City. Scientific American (September2000): 88-95. the integrity of a waterproofing/roofingsystem

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cannot be underestimated. At Fallingwater,any 46. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1991), 1-4. 58. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1994), 2. moisture entering the exterior masonry can 47. Several mixes were tested and evaluated 59. this would seem an simply bypass regletted cap flashing and con- Although unlikely paint over the and two were selected for use. the in BMC 90 reduce tinue into the interior or migrate under the years, system, wetting agents Mix G is used for crack and consists of surface tension between the silicone emulsion waterproofing/roofingmembrane. filling 3:5:2, white portland cement:white plasterer's coating and the weakly hydophilic silane primer. 35. This work was performed by WASA staff sand:G-3500 Zeeospheres (ceramic micro- In addition to the mechanical bond between the member Walter Bishop, a senior mechanical spheres, manufactured by Zeelan Industries, coating and the primer, a weak chemical bond is engineer. Inc.). Mix H was found to have superior also formed. working characteristicsfor filling hairline cracks 36. P. Fisette, "Tech Talk," Custom Builder 60. Wank Adams Slavin Associates, "Exterior and shallow depressions. It is composed of 2:5, (February1998): 25. and Interior Paint draft white portland cement:G-3500 Zeeospheres. Report" (unpublished report issued on March 29, 2001), 1-2. 37. The exception was the master bedroom Wank Adams Slavin Associates, "Volume 5: terrace, which was bedded in sand. Because Fallingwater. Crack Repairs and Coatings. 61. August 3, 2001 correspondence from sand tended to clog the drain, in 1989 WASA Conservation Tests 1993" (unpublishedreport ProSoCo's David Boyer. recommended that the flagstones be lifted and issued April 1, 1994), 6-7. 62. Frank re-bedded in pea gravel. At that time, patches Lloyd Wright Architect, "Sheet 48. Some of the stone on the servants' quarters 4 were made to the two-year-old membrane. Numbers and 6" (unpublisheddrawings terrace walls shows evidence of delamination at issued January 28, 1939 and March 14, 1939), 38. Because of the pea gravel setting bed, the the bedding planes. Since these walls were some referredto as drawings VIII-21 and VIII-23 by flagstones rock when walked upon. This makes of the last to be built, perhaps the better quality Avery LibraryArchives. the flagstones vulnerable to damage and sub- stone had already been removed from the 63. Pillori PA jects the edges to higher stresses. Wank Adams quarry and used in other parts of the complex. Associates, (September2001). Slavin Associates (1989), II/9. 49. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1992), 17- 64. Integrated Conservation Resources, Inc., "Paint Services: Bear 39. The EPDM terrace waterproofing system 18. Analysis Fallingwater does not include so moisture Run, Pennsylvania" (unpublished report issued drainage mat, 50. Wank Adams Slavin Associates 16- on (1992), May 2001), 7-10. penetrating the joints is nondirected and sits 17. the membrane until evaporation occurs. 51. Wank Adams Slavin "Volume 4: 40. This has worked well with the Associates, system Concrete and Stone of the which Fallingwater. Masonry. exception pea gravel bedding, Conservation Tests 1992" causes the to rock. The (unpublished report flagstones flagstones issued 1993), 14. were relifted in 2000, and a rounded sand setting bed on filter fabric was installed. The 52. "Daylighting" is a term that refers to an filter fabric was also wrapped around the underground pipe that appears above grade. In perforated drain collar to prevent clogging. The this case, the two pipes also terminate and terraces currently under restoration will receive discharge their contents where they daylight. similar treatment. 53. Pillori Associates, PA, "Report. Geotechni- 41. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1991), 14. cal and Civil Engineering. Fallingwater" issued 3- 42 . L. D. Astorino and Associates (unpublished report September2001), (1985), 4. 03310/1-03310/12. 54. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1993), 2-3. 43. When the formwork was removed, the sheet metal proved to be insufficiently rigid to 55. This work was performed under the super- maintain the curved form. Power grinding was vision of L. D. Astorino and Associates and used to achieve the desired surface profile. The included both the main and guest houses, but concrete mix used was 1:2:3, portland not the servants' quarters. The product used cement:fine aggregate:coarseaggregate plus a was Saflex (a laminated glass), manufacturedby plasticizer (Eucon 37 High Range Water Reduc- Monsanto. ing Agent, Euclid Chemical Company). This 56. Wank Adams Slavin Associates worked was performed by Masonry Preserva- (1989), tion Services. Wank Adams Slavin Associates VI/4-8. (1991), 10-11. 57. The products used were Thorite (a cementi- tious 60 44. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1991), 5-8. patching mortar), Acryl (an acrylic admixture), Thoroseal (a cementitious water- 45. Wank Adams Slavin Associates, "Volume 2: proof coating), and Thorosheen (a water-based Fallingwater. Conservation Analysis for Con- acrylic paint). When applied in a single coat, crete and Stone Masonry. Conservation Tests Thorosheen is relatively vapor permeable. After 1990" (unpublished report issued April 8, multiple applications, however, its vapor perme- 1992), 10-11. ability is drastically reduced. Wank Adams Slavin Associates (1989), II/6.

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