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Heating and Cooling Robie House Author(S): Justin Estoque Source: APT Bulletin, Vol

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Heating and Cooling Robie House Author(S): Justin Estoque Source: APT Bulletin, Vol Heating and Cooling Robie House Author(s): Justin Estoque Source: APT Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 2 (1987), pp. 38-51 Published by: Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1494160 Accessed: 14/10/2008 02:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aptech. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) and Association for Preservation Technology International (APT) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to APT Bulletin. http://www.jstor.org HEATING AND COOLING ROBIE HOUSE Frank Lloyd Wright (DeLonge Studio, Madison WI, courtesy of State Historical Society of Wisconsin) Justin Estoque Adapting modern heating and cooling ical systems to the needs of the current To better understand how the house systems to Frank Lloyd Wright's Robie occupants - all without destroying the was originally supposed to function, we House required a respect for Wright's integrity of the structure. compared Robie House thermal comfort original heating and cooling systems. In The owner of the building, the Uni- to historical ventilation standards and designing the Robie House, Wright con- versity of Chicago, and the occupant, modern comfort standards. We found sciously sought to enhance human com- the Office of University Alumni Affairs, that the Robie House was superior to fort. In that sense, the architecture itself requested recommendationsfor adapting comparable Chicago houses for summer was an expression of the architect's con- the Robie House ventilation and cooling comfort. When the Robie House was cern for the comfort of the occupants. systems to accommodate present-day of- built, ventilation was not considered a Eighty years ago, when the house fice functions without compromising the comfort issue as much as it was a win- was designed, most architects and en- building's historic integrity. The Univer- tertime health issue. Wright, however, gineers had only a rudimentary under- sity recognized that the existing window had recognized the thermal and psycho- standing of natural ventilation as a cool- air conditioners detracted from the logical advantages that natural ventila- ing mechanism.Although Wright's design building's appearance. Natural ventila- tion could provide, and he incorporated surpassed contemporary standards, the tion was preferred, as long as it could many design features to improve venti- house does not meet the needs of the meet the needs of a modern office. This lation: increased window area; open, current occupants of the building: the option seemed especially attractive,given flowing spaces permitting better air house is no longer a residence, and the the natural-coolingdesign features men- movement; and properly sized over- availability of air conditioning has raised tioned by Frank Lloyd Wright scholars hangs. Ceiling plenum ventilation and modern comfort standards. and confirmed by our study. But if cen- building orientation also helped in this It was our task to understand how tral cooling was necessary for the hottest regard. the building worked when it was origi- summer months, we did not know what Even with these ameneties, the Robie nally designed, to examine its perfor- modificationswould be required for fans, House fell short of modern comfort stan- mance today, and to adapt the mechan- ductwork, and equipment. dards. Computer simulations show some Associationfor PreservationTechnology 38 4-' . The south facade of Robie house is shaded by overhangingeaves in summer.Cooling breezesare drawn throughwindows. The house was designedfor the occupants'com- fort. (RichardNickel, courtesyof RichardNickel Committee) room temperatures higher than 78? F To understand how natural ventila- Sensitivity to the building for more than 800 occupied hours per tion, modern cooling, and heating could and a year and higher than 90? F for more be adapted to the site, we began with a fabric careful pre-de- than 600 occupied hours per year. This thorough analysis of the original system. sign study made it possible was due in part to conferences and We then developed a comprehensive to design a cooling system dinners which would generate heat. monitoring program to analyze present with Frank Based on these results, natural ven- use. Based on this information,we found compatible tilation,although consistentwith Wright's that it was possible to adapt the heating Lloyd Wright'sRobie design philosophy, was insufficient to system to provide cooling as well. The House. meet the comfort requirements of its adaptation required very slight changes currentoccupants. We recommendedthat in the building fabric. both natural ventilation and refrigerated cooling be used. Natural ventilation would be achieved by repairing the his- toric windows and doors, many of which are fragile and permanently shut to fore- Justin Estoque is with Burt Hill Kosar stall further deterioration. Though esti- Rittelmann Associates, Washington DC. mated to cost $35,000, the repair of the The author wishes to acknowledge Syed windows would address both historic Faruq Ahmed, Margaret Maliszewski, preservationand comfort needs for much and David Linamen as contributing au- of the year. Refrigerated cooling could thors. Funding was provided by the U.S. then be installed to handle peak cooling Department of Energy and the National loads and provide more stable climate Endowment for the Arts through IDEA, control. Inc. 39 APTBulletin Vol.XIX No. 2 1987 Robie House History An Architectural Landmark. Built in The most famous rooms are the living room, bath, and dressing room, with a 1909, the Robie House is the culmination and dining rooms located on the second small sunning balcony to the west. The of those unique architecturalqualities in level. Both rooms have prow-shapedends two children's bedrooms with adjoining Wright's design which had been growing and are separated by a large, brick fire- bath are also located on this floor.There and maturing since the 1890's: the build- place, pierced in the center to enhance is no attic or basement. form based on masses the long, dramatic perspective from one ing interlocking Present Use of rectangular blocks; low, horizontal end of the house to the other. Patterned rooflines with long, cantilevered over- oak screens in the ceiling filter light from The house has been adapted today to hangs; the low, broad chimney and cen- recessed electric fixtures supplemented serve as office space. The offices are open tral outdoors seen through bands of win- with light globes held aloft by wooden during regular business hours; but, re- dows. The house is a bold structure of spacers. A sweeping rhythm of French cognizing the building's place in Amer- brick masonryand concrete whose strong doors on the south and half-windows on ican architecture, the Office allows tours planes, hovering roofs, and projecting in the foyer, living room, dining room, to ten balconies seem to float, with nothing in To help preserve the house and adjacent outdoor areas. Eight between to hold them apart but one thousand people per year tour the house, strong vertical element - the chimney in spite of heavy use and and receptions or dinners are held up mass. Its form has been described as a limited funding, planning to 20 times a month. Use of the house as more great ship complete with prow, funnel, and establishing work will probably intensify groups and decks, whose crisp brickwork and learn about its availability. geometric outlines have been softened priorities was essential. To help preserve the house in spite with "hanging gardens" emerging from of its heavy use and limited renovation earth pockets in terrace walls. The house the north admit light and air, while the funding, the University Office of Phys- was designated the first United States stained glass set in zinc channels provides ical Planning and Construction estab- Registered National Historic Landmark enough privacy to dispense with heavy, lished priorities for restoration funding in the City of Chicago. dark drapes. Radiatorsand fan-coil units in upcoming years. Funds raised in the The Robie House floor plan is sig- are recessed beneath wooden grilles or immediate future will be directed toward nificantly different from other residences under the floor so that warm air rises repair of windows, doors and metal roof of its time. Rather than opening directly along the cold windows and walls. components. Air conditioning, heating onto the street, the entry is tucked away In a setback to the north, a guest and roof insulation have been designated on the ground level behind the dominant bedroom and bath open off a short hall a third priority by the University's con- south facade of the building. On this adjoining the kitchen. To the east of the sulting architect, John Vinci. However, level, beside the north foyer, are a billiard kitchen over the three-car garage are planning for the eventual overhaul of room to the west, a children's playroom the servants'quarters.
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