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Reforms of the State During the Times of Stanisław II Augustus

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Reforms of the State During the Times of Stanisław II Augustus Reforms of the State During the Times of Stanisław II Augustus Reforms of the State During the Times of Stanisław II Augustus Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) Reforms of the State During the Times of Stanisław II Augustus Adopon of the Constuon of 3 May 1791 Source: Kazimierz Wojniakowski, Uchwalenie Konstytucji 3 maja 1791 roku, 1806, oil on canvas, Wikimedia Commons, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn what was the political situation of Poland in the late seventeenth and the eighteenth century; what kind of king was Stanisław II Augustus; what were the characteristicts of the Polish culture during the Enlightenment; what reforms did Stanisław II Augustus attempt to introduce; what was the history of adopting the Constitution of 3 May 1791, and what were its consequences; what was the significance of the May Constitution. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu A copy of the Constuon kept in the Senator Chamber in Warsaw Source: fot. Adrian Grycuk, Kopia Konstytucji 3 maja eksponowana w Sali Senatorskiej w Warszawie, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0. In the eighteenth century, Poland’s political system was anachronic. The Polish‐Lithuanian state was growing weaker. It did not pursue an active foreign policy; it was more of an object than a subject on the international stage. The nobility kept blocking the reform project by abusing the liberum veto. All it took to dissolve a Sejm session was one deputy voicing his opposition to a single proposed law. Representatives of the nobility often accepted bribes from foreign powers that wished to render Poland weak. Russia had ever more say in the Polish matters. When Staniław August Poniatowski was elected King, some of the patriotic nobility revolted and formed the Bar Confederation. The portions of the Polish army loyal to the King quelled the uprising. Using the opportunity, Russia, Austria, and Prussia took parts of the Polish territory (the First Partition of Poland). The reign of Stanisław II Augustus saw a number of reforms aiming to reinforce the state. The ideas of Enlightenment, popular in the West, gained ever more traction. On 3 May 1791, Poland adopted its Constitution, that is a law of the Sejm that regulated the state’s political system. Free election and the liberum veto have been abolished. The burgesses received political rights. This led to a war with Russia in defence of the Constitution – a war Poland lost. The Constitution was abolished, and Russia, together with Prussia, conducted the Second Partition of Poland in 1793. Exercise 1 Provide answers to the quesons based on the table. The height of the taxes and the military numbers of Poland and her neighbors in the eighteenth century Military Yearly income of the Taxes paid by one COUNTRY Populaon numbers country in tons of silver cizen per year 12 Poland 12 million 60 tons 1 zł thousand 250 Russia 24 million 900 tons 6 zł thousand 290 Austria 16 million 960 tons 21 zł thousand 150 Prussia 4 million 420 tons 6 zł thousand Order the countries by populaon, starng from the largest. Poland Prussia Austria Russia Order the countries by the size of their armies, from largest to smallest. Russia Austria Prussia Poland List the countries by amount of taxes paid by the cizens, starng at the highest. Austria Russia Poland Prussia Order the yearly incomes of the listed countries. Start with the highest. Poland Austria Russia Prussia Task 1 Take a close look at the painng by Jan Matejko and examine the characters portrayed. How did the painter present the characters? Analyze their gestures and facial expressions. Which proves that the picture is dynamic? Constuon of 3 May 1791 Source: Jan Matejko, Constuon of May 3, 1791, 1891, domena publiczna. Exercise 2 Based on the picture by Jan Piotr Norblin tled Oath of confirmaon of Constuon of the 3rd May 1791 portraying the Sejm session room, complete the exercise. Oath of confirmaon of the Constuon of 3 May 1791 Source: Jean-Pierre Norblin de la Gourdaine, Zaprzysiężenie Konstytucji 3 Maja, rysunek tuszem, Biblioteka Narodowa, domena publiczna. Mark the truthful sentences. The sessions of the Sejm were met with enormous interest. The balconies for the observers were full. The Royal throne is empty, as the King did not participate in the sessions. Exercise 3 Wrocław Opera Source: fot. visitWroclaw.eu, Opera Wrocławska. Exercise 4 The drawing below shows the building of the Naonal Theatre in Warsaw and its vicinity. Take a close look and complete the exercise. Naonal Theatre at the Krasiński Square in Warsaw Source: Zygmunt Vogel, Teatr Narodowy na Placu Krasińskich w Warszawie, c. 1791, akwarela, Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, domena publiczna. Which of the sentences below would be a fing descripon of the illustraon? The National Theatre has been built in the Classicist style. The streets of Warsaw were well-taken care of, and the city’s center was clean and orderly. By that time, all of the buildings in Warsaw were made of bricks already. Keywords Stanisław II Augustus, reforms, Constitution of 3rd May 1791 Glossary free elecon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: free election Wolna elekcja – w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów był to wybór monarchy przez szlachtę, nieprzestrzegający zasad sukcesji dynastycznej. Pierwsza wolna elekcja miała miejsce w 1573 roku i wybrano na króla Polski Henryka Walezego. Nobles’ Democracy Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Nobles’ Democracy Demokracja szlachecka – panujący na ziemiach polskich system polityczny, gwarantujący stanowi szlacheckiemu prawo głosowania i decydowania o sprawach państwa. Był przykładem równości praw w stanie szlacheckim bez względu na pochodzenie, majątek czy zasługi szlachcica. Elector Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Elector Elektor – tytuł książęcy przysługujący władcom posiadającym prawo wyboru cesarza. Tytuł taki nosili władcy Saksonii, w tym polscy królowie elekcyjni z dynastii Wettinów. Absolusm Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Absolutism Absolutyzm – forma rządów, w której monarcha sprawuje pełną władzę nad wszystkimi dziedzinami administracji państwowej. Monarcha ogłaszając się „pierwszym sługą państwa” dąży do umocnienia swoich rządów. personal union Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: personal union Unia personalna – związek dwóch lub węcej państw posiadających wspólnego władcę przy zachowaniu odrębności państwowej. Liberum veto Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Liberum veto Liberum veto – zasada panujące na sejmach w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej dająca prawo zrywania i unieważniania podjętych na nich uchwał każdemu posłowi – przedstawicielowi szlachty. Enlightenment Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Enlightenment Oświecenie – epoka w kulturze i sztuce, przypadająca na koniec XVII wieku do początku XIX wieku, ceniąca rozum i głosząca, że ma być on drogą do poznania prawdy o świecie i człowieku. Constuon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Constitution Konstytucja – inaczej zwana ustawą zasadniczą Jest to akt prawny, który najczęściej jest najważniejszym i najwyższym dokumentem stanowiącym prawo w państwie. Polska Konstytucja 3‐go Maja z 1791 roku była pierwszą w Europie i drugą, po amerykańskiej, na świecie. Classicism Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Classicism Klasycyzm – styl w architekturze wzorujący się na formach antycznej Grecji i Rzymu. Rozwinął się w przede wszystkim w XVIII wieku. Manufacture Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Manufacture Manufaktura – zakład produkcyjny, w którym produkcja opiera się na pracy ręcznej wyspecjalizowanych w etapie (elemencie) wytwórstwa specjalistów. W Polsce pojawiły się na początku XVII wieku, a rozwinęły za panowania Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego, jako próba ożywienia gospodarczego kraju. Confederaon Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Confederation Konfederacja – zawiązywany przez szlachtę, duchowieństwo lub miasta czasowy związek zbrojny (do osiągnięcia swoich celów), którego celem była realizacja własnych postulatów. Virtu Militari Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie słówka: Virtuti Militari Virtuti Militari – order wojenny ustanowiony po zwycięskiej bitwie pod Zieleńcami w 1792 roku przez króla Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego. Jego dewizą były słowa – Rex et Patria (Król i O jczyzna). Jest najwyższym polskim odznaczeniem wojskowym i najstarszym na świecie orderem nadawanym do chwili obecnej. Lesson plan (Polish) Temat: Reformy państwa w czasach Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego Adresat Uczniowie klasy VII szkoły podstawowej Podstawa programowa: XIII. Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów w I połowie XVIII wieku. Uczeń: 1. omawia przyczyny i charakteryzuje przejawy kryzysu państwa w epoce saskiej; 2. omawia zjawiska świadczące o postępie gospodarczym, rozwoju kultury i oświaty; 3. ocenia pozycję międzynarodową Rzeczypospolitej w czasach saskich. XVI. Rzeczpospolita w dobie stanisławowskiej. Uczeń: 1. podaje przykłady naprawy państwa za panowania Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego, w tym osiągnięcia Komisji Edukacji Narodowej; 2. charakteryzuje cele i konsekwencje konfederacji barskiej; 3. sytuuje w czasie obrady Sejmu Wielkiego oraz uchwalenie Konstytucji 3 maja; wymienia reformy Sejmu Wielkiego oraz najważniejsze postanowienia Konstytucji 3 maja; 4. wyjaśnia okoliczności zawiązania konfederacji targowickiej
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