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1 Demographic Change and Conflict in Northern Ireland
Demographic Change and Conflict in Northern Ireland: Reconciling Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence Eric Kaufmann James Fearon and David Laitin (2003) famously argued that there is no connection between the ethnic fractionalisation of a state’s population and its likelihood of experiencing ethnic conflict. This has contributed towards a general view that ethnic demography is not integral to explaining ethnic violence. Furthermore, sophisticated attempts to probe the connection between ethnic shifts and conflict using large-N datasets have failed to reveal a convincing link. Thus Toft (2007), using Ellingsen's dataset for 1945-94, finds that in world-historical perspective, since 1945, ethno-demographic change does not predict civil war. Toft developed hypotheses from realist theories to explain why a growing minority and/or shrinking majority might set the conditions for conflict. But in tests, the results proved inconclusive. These cross-national data-driven studies tell a story that is out of phase with qualitative evidence from case study and small-N comparative research. Donald Horowitz cites the ‘fear of extinction’ voiced by numerous ethnic group members in relation to the spectre of becoming minorities in ‘their’ own homelands due to differences of fertility and migration. (Horowitz 1985: 175-208) Slack and Doyon (2001) show how districts in Bosnia where Serb populations declined most against their Muslim counterparts during 1961-91 were associated with the highest levels of anti-Muslim ethnic violence. Likewise, a growing field of interest in African studies concerns the problem of ‘autochthony’, whereby ‘native’ groups wreak havoc on new settlers in response to the perception that migrants from more advanced or dense population regions are ‘swamping’ them. -
Legacies of the Troubles and the Holy Cross Girls Primary School Dispute
Glencree Journal 2021 “IS IT ALWAYS GOING BE THIS WAY?”: LEGACIES OF THE TROUBLES AND THE HOLY CROSS GIRLS PRIMARY SCHOOL DISPUTE Eimear Rosato 198 Glencree Journal 2021 Legacy of the Troubles and the Holy Cross School dispute “IS IT ALWAYS GOING TO BE THIS WAY?”: LEGACIES OF THE TROUBLES AND THE HOLY CROSS GIRLS PRIMARY SCHOOL DISPUTE Abstract This article examines the embedded nature of memory and identity within place through a case study of the Holy Cross Girls Primary School ‘incident’ in North Belfast. In 2001, whilst walking to and from school, the pupils of this primary school aged between 4-11 years old, faced daily hostile mobs of unionist/loyalists protesters. These protesters threw stones, bottles, balloons filled with urine, fireworks and other projectiles including a blast bomb (Chris Gilligan 2009, 32). The ‘incident’ derived from a culmination of long- term sectarian tensions across the interface between nationalist/republican Ardoyne and unionist/loyalist Glenbryn. Utilising oral history interviews conducted in 2016–2017 with twelve young people from the Ardoyne community, it will explore their personal experiences and how this event has shaped their identities, memory, understanding of the conflict and approaches to reconciliation. KEY WORDS: Oral history, Northern Ireland, intergenerational memory, reconciliation Introduction Legacies and memories of the past are engrained within territorial boundaries, sites of memory and cultural artefacts. Maurice Halbwachs (1992), the founding father of memory studies, believed that individuals as a group remember, collectively or socially, with the past being understood through ritualism and symbols. Pierre Nora’s (1989) research builds and expands on Halbwachs, arguing that memory ‘crystallises’ itself in certain sites where a sense of historical continuity persists. -
David Blevins Your Seat Belt for the Shortest History Lesson David Blevins INTRODUCTION Ever
THE READER A publication of the McCandlish Phillips Journalism Institute Making ‘Hope and History Rhyme’ A talk by David Blevins your seat belt for the shortest history lesson DAvid Blevins INTRODUCTION ever. Patrick had been a slave in Ireland but felt called back, so he returned with What’s the first thing that comes to mind Christianity and education. It’s called “the land when you hear the word: Ireland? Most people of saints and scholars.” When Vikings invaded, think the shamrock is our national symbol. It Ireland sought help from England but the isn’t. The harp is. The colour originally English overstayed their welcome. Cue the associated with Saint Patrick wasn’t green. It charming King Henry the Eighth. He didn’t was blue. And much to our disappointment, have any Irish wives to chop the head off so he everyone isn’t Irish on Saint Patrick’s Day. chopped the head off the Catholic Church TheNorthern Ireland - I’ll explain the difference instead. in a moment – punches way above its weight. Belfast has to be the only city in the world to England crushed Ireland’s resistance, have constructed an entire tourist industry confiscated the land and sent 10,000 Protestant around the fact that it built a ship that sank: Scots to settle in the north. A territorial Titanic. Now, to be fair, of the other ships we dispute had become a religious dispute. That David Blevins, the Ireland launched in the same year, five lasted 30 years, was 800 years in 100 words. Correspondent for Sky News, spoke at nine lasted 50 years and one, the Nomadic, 1916 was the year of the uprising. -
“A Peace of Sorts”: a Cultural History of the Belfast Agreement, 1998 to 2007 Eamonn Mcnamara
“A Peace of Sorts”: A Cultural History of the Belfast Agreement, 1998 to 2007 Eamonn McNamara A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy, Australian National University, March 2017 Declaration ii Acknowledgements I would first like to thank Professor Nicholas Brown who agreed to supervise me back in October 2014. Your generosity, insight, patience and hard work have made this thesis what it is. I would also like to thank Dr Ben Mercer, your helpful and perceptive insights not only contributed enormously to my thesis, but helped fund my research by hiring and mentoring me as a tutor. Thank you to Emeritus Professor Elizabeth Malcolm whose knowledge and experience thoroughly enhanced this thesis. I could not have asked for a better panel. I would also like to thank the academic and administrative staff of the ANU’s School of History for their encouragement and support, in Monday afternoon tea, seminars throughout my candidature and especially useful feedback during my Thesis Proposal and Pre-Submission Presentations. I would like to thank the McClay Library at Queen’s University Belfast for allowing me access to their collections and the generous staff of the Linen Hall Library, Belfast City Library and Belfast’s Newspaper Library for all their help. Also thanks to my local libraries, the NLA and the ANU’s Chifley and Menzies libraries. A big thank you to Niamh Baker of the BBC Archives in Belfast for allowing me access to the collection. I would also like to acknowledge Bertie Ahern, Seán Neeson and John Lindsay for their insightful interviews and conversations that added a personal dimension to this thesis. -
Interface Issues an Annotated Bibliography
Interface Issues An Annotated Bibliography Mary Conway and Jonny Byrne Interface Issues An Annotated Bibliography Mary Conway and Jonny Byrne Institute for Conflict Research First Published August 2005 Institute for Conflict Research North City Business Centre 2 Duncairn Gardens Belfast BT15 2GG Tel: 028 9074 2682 Fax: 028 9035 6654 Email: [email protected] www.conflictresearch.org.uk Belfast Interface Project Glendinning House 6 Murray Street Belfast BT1 6DN Tel: 028 9024 2828 Email: [email protected] www.belfastinterfaceproject.org ISBN: 0-9541898-6-8 This research was funded through the IFI Community Bridges Programme. All photographs by Frankie Quinn Produced by: three creative company ltd Table of Contents Table of Contents PAGE 1. Ballynafeigh Community Development Association (1994) A Study of Attitudes to Community Relations in a Mixed Area of Belfast. 8 2. Ballymurphy Women’s Centre (2004) Women on the Edge: Conference Report. 8 3. Basten, Anne and Lysaght, Karen (2003) Violence, Fear and ‘the everyday’: Negotiating Spatial Practices in the City of Belfast. 9 4. Belfast Interface Project: Chris O’Halloran, Peter Shirlow and Brendan Murtagh (2004) A Policy Agenda for the Interface. 10 5. Belfast Interface Project (1999) Inner East Outer West. 11 6. Belfast Interface Project (1998) Interface Communities and the Peace Process. 12 7. Belfast Interface Project (1998) Young People on the Interface. 13 8. Bill, Anne (2002) Beyond the Red Gauntlet. 14 9. Birrell, Derek (1994) Social Policy Responses to Urban Violence in Northern Ireland. 15 10. Boal, Frederick (1995) Shaping a City: Belfast in the Late Twentieth Century. 16 11. Boal, Frederick (1982) Segregating and Mixing: Space and Residence in Belfast. -
NI Peace Monitoring Report 2013 Layout 1
cover for pdf_Layout 1 15/04/2013 15:31 Page 1 Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report Number Two Paul Nolan March 2013 Peace Monitoring Report 2013 The Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report Number Two Paul Nolan 2013 Peace Monitoring Report 2013 Data sources and acknowledgements This report draws mainly on statistics that are in the public domain. Data sets from various government departments and public bodies in Northern Ireland have been used and, in order to provide a wider context, comparisons are made which draw upon figures produced by government departments and public bodies in England, Scotland, Wales and the Republic of Ireland. Using this variety of sources means there is no standard model that applies across the different departments and jurisdictions. Many organisations have also changed the way in which they collect their data over the years, which means that in some cases it has not been possible to provide historical perspective on a consistent basis. For some indicators, only survey-based data is available. When interpreting statistics from survey data, such as the Labour Force Survey, it is worth bearing in mind that they are estimates associated with confidence intervals (ranges in which the true value is likely to lie). In other cases where official figures may not present the full picture, survey data is included because it may provide a more accurate estimate – thus, for example, findings from the Northern Ireland Crime Survey are included along with the official crime statistics from the PSNI. The production of the report has been greatly assisted by the willing cooperation of many statisticians and public servants, particularly those from the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, the PSNI and the various government departments. -
Department of Historical Studies
University of Bristol Department of Historical Studies Best undergraduate dissertations of 2010 Naomi Hill Contested sites of Memory: Segregated Space and the Physical Legacy of the Troubles in North Belfast’s Interface Communities The Department of Historical Studies at the University of Bristol is com- mitted to the advancement of historical knowledge and understanding, and to research of the highest order. We believe that our undergraduates are part of that endeavour. In June 2009, the Department voted to begin to publish the best of the an- nual dissertations produced by the department’s final year undergraduates (deemed to be those receiving a mark of 75 or above) in recognition of the excellent research work being undertaken by our students. This was one of the best of this year’s final year undergraduate disserta- tions. Please note: this dissertation is published in the state it was submitted for examination. Thus the author has not been able to correct errors and/or departures from departmental guidelines for the presentation of dissertations (e.g. in the formatting of its footnotes and bibliography). © The author, 2010. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the prior permission in writing of the author, or as expressly permitted by law. All citations of this work must be properly acknowledged. Contested sites of Memory: Segregated Space and the Physical Legacy of the Troubles in North Belfast’s Interface Communities Naomi Hill University of Bristol, Undergraduate Dissertation, 2010. 1 Contents Introduction 3 Chapter 1: Performative Commemoration and 12 the Parading Tradition Chapter 2: Interface Barriers and Territorial Division 21 Chapter 3: Post-Ceasefire Murals 36 Conclusion 45 Appendix 47 Bibliography 49 2 Introduction Physical space is fundamental to collective identities in Northern Ireland because much of the conflict and the way it has been remembered is situated in discourses of physical as well as political space. -
The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest
The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest Nolan, P., Bryan, D., Dwyer, C., Hayward, K., Radford, K., & Shirlow, P. (2014). The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest. Queen's University Belfast. http://www.qub.ac.uk/research- centres/isctsj/filestore/Filetoupload,481119,en.pdf Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2014 Queen's University Belfast General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:27. Sep. 2021 The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest Full Report Paul Nolan Dominic Bryan Clare Dwyer Katy Hayward Katy Radford & Peter Shirlow December 2014 Supported by the Community Relations Council & the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland) Published by Queen’s University Belfast 3 ISBN 9781909131248 Cover image: © Pacemaker Press. Acknowledgements The authors of this report are extremely grateful to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Community Relations Council for funding this research project and its publication. -
The Story of BBC News in Northern Ireland
chronicle The Story of BBC News in Northern Ireland GEN72252 BBC BOOKLET ST8 FINAL.indd 2 19/02/2009 19:54 GEN72252 BBC BOOKLET ST8 FINAL.indd 2 19/02/2009 19:54 Issues, Dilemmas The existence of an online accompaniment and Opportunities to this initiative is an indication of how much has changed in recent decades. Our platforms “The future is not just an extension of the past: for communication are now vastly different something new enters in.” and significantly more diverse. We have made the transition from black and white to colour (John Updike: Due Considerations) pictures and from mute film to high definition digital images. Limited local programming on The appointment of the BBC’s first television the Home Service has been succeeded by BBC journalist at Broadcasting House in Belfast was Radio Ulster and Radio Foyle and Ceefax is a significant development in 1955. In those today complemented by a range of interactive days, Northern Ireland was seen as something television services. Satellite connections, mobile of a provincial backwater where not very much telephony and the internet have become happened. Within a relatively short period almost commonplace and citizen journalism (in of time that image and everyday life were to all its different forms) is an increasing part of change in ways which would have far-reaching the BBC’s output. social, political and editorial consequences. Chronicle highlights some of the issues and Throughout the Troubles the BBC’s Belfast dilemmas which have shaped BBC journalism newsroom was a crowded, and sometimes and the audience it serves. -
Dealing with the Legacy of Conflict in Northern Ireland Through Engagement and Dialogue
Glencree Journal 2021 Dealing with the Legacy of Conflict in Northern Ireland through Engagement and Dialogue Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation in association with Irish Centre for Human Rights at NUI Galway and Ulster University. ISBN: 978–1-903727–05–8 March 2021 © 2021 – Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation The Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation Glencree, Co. Wicklow, A98 D635 Republic of Ireland The views and opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission or the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB). The views and opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect those of the Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation. Reproduction of all or part of this document may be authorised only with written consent of the source. A project supported by the European Union’s PEACE IV Programme, managed by the Special EU Programmes Body (SEUPB). The Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation is a company limited by guarantee in the Republic of Ireland. Company No. 50088. Registered Charity No. CHY5943. Charities Regulatory Authority (CRA) No. 20009823. The Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation Established in 1974 in response to the conflict in Northern Ireland, the Glencree Centre for Peace & Reconciliation works with individuals and groups to transform conflict, promote reconciliation, encourage healthy relationships and build sustainable peace. Under the Patronage of the President of Ireland, Michael D Higgins. e: [email protected] t: + 353 1 2829711 Connect with us www.glencree.ie Acknowledgments This Journal project was made possible by the European Union’s Peace IV Programme Body, (SEUPB), without whose support the publication of this Journal would not have been possible. -
Brief 22 Burying the Hatchet the Decommissioning of Paramilitary Arms in Northern Ireland Brief 22
brief 22 Burying the Hatchet The Decommissioning of Paramilitary Arms in Northern Ireland brief 22 Contents The authors Kris Brown works in the Northern Preface 4 Ireland Political Collection of the Linen Hall Library, Belfast. He Zusammenfassung studied politics at Queen’s University German summary 6 Belfast, gaining his doctorate in 2000. His main research interests are the Part 1: The History of the Decommissioning Debate 8 Northern Ireland peace process, and Irish foreign policy. Of Arms and the Men: Origin and Initial Development of the Issue 10 Corinna Hauswedell is a historian Institutionalisation of Decommissioning, 1996–1998: and works as a project leader for From the Mitchell Principles to the Agreement 22 post-conflict peace-building at BICC. Guns and Government, 1999–2000: Disarmament and She is currently in charge of a case Difficulties in Implementing the Agreement 34 study of the Northern Ireland peace process and the role of From Crisis to the Rubicon? 2000–2001 42 demilitarisation. She also lectures on Irish history at Mannheim University. Part 2: Small Arms–Bigger Issues 48 The Time Had Come: Burying the Hatchet 50 The “Twin Track” Approach of the Agreement— “Fudging” the Arms 54 Matters of Trust: External and Internal Involvement for Disarmament 58 Proliferation of Violence and the Momentum of Arms 63 Conclusions 68 Glossary 73 Editing: Moira Davidson-Seger and References 74 Mark Sedra Cover photo: Republican mural in Barcroft Park, Newry, Co. Down (December 2000). Jonathan McCormick This publication was partially funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. 2 B·I·C·C brief 22 Burying the Hatchet The Decommissioning of Paramilitary Arms in Northern Ireland Corinna Hauswedell and Kris Brown B·I·C·C 3 brief 22 Preface the leadership of Sinn Fein—publicly declared that the organisation had urying the hatchet may become the particular emphasis on the role of the begun to put its arms permanently and Bmost tangible symbol that the war domestic and international actors verifiably beyond use, and by doing so, is over. -
The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest
The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest Nolan, P., Bryan, D., Dwyer, C., Hayward, K., Radford, K., & Shirlow, P. (2014). The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest. Queen's University Belfast. http://www.qub.ac.uk/research- centres/isctsj/filestore/Filetoupload,481119,en.pdf Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2014 Queen's University Belfast General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact [email protected]. Download date:07. Oct. 2021 The Flag Dispute: Anatomy of a Protest Full Report Paul Nolan Dominic Bryan Clare Dwyer Katy Hayward Katy Radford & Peter Shirlow December 2014 Supported by the Community Relations Council & the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland) Published by Queen’s University Belfast 3 ISBN 9781909131248 Cover image: © Pacemaker Press. Acknowledgements The authors of this report are extremely grateful to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Community Relations Council for funding this research project and its publication.