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CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR L'HISTOIRE DE L'AVESTA PAR JEAN KELLENS* RÉSUMÉ La première partie (la période de transmission écrite documentée) consiste en une lecture critique des textes fondamentaux de Geldner, Grundriss et Prole- gomena, dont elle s'efforce de traquer les obscurités et les imprécisions, donc les incertitudes. La deuxième partie (la période de transmission écrite non docu- mentée) cherche à montrer que l'existence d'une Stammhandschrift, dont tous les manuscrits que nous possédons dérivent, est une évidence philologique, mais que cette existence même prohibe l'idée d'archétype sassanide. Notre Avesta est le recueil de deux anthologies liturgiques constituées avant l'Avesta sassanide et mises par écrit au plus tôt vers le milieu du VIIe siècle. La troisième partie (la période de transmission orale) propose une hypothèse sur la constitution pro- gressive d'un canon durant le premier millénaire avant l'ère commune, s'inter- roge sur le temps et le lieu, puis s'achève par la critique de l'idée même d'Avesta. ABSTRACT The first part (dealing with the period of documented written transmission) consists of a critique of Geldner's fundamental texts, Grundriss and Prole- gomena, whose imprecisions and obscurities, hence uncertainties, it strives to track down. The second part (dealing with the period of undocumented written * Professeur au Collège de France, Chaire de langues et religions indo-iraniennes, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, F-75005 Paris. Cet article, avec Commentaire sur les premiers chapitres du Yasna (cette revue 284.1, 1996, 37-108), expose la matière d'un enseigne- ment délivré au Collège de France durant les années 1995-1996 et 1996-1997. Il existe de la partie I une version sommaire (1996b) et une autre, simplifiée elle aussi, mais ouverte à d'autres réflexions (1996c). Pour la matière commune, c'est évidemment celle-ci qui fait foi. Je profite de ces remarques préliminaires pour remercier du fond du cœur les trois lectrices de mon manuscrit, Mary Boyce, Judith Josephson et Johanna Narten, des pré- cieuses remarques qu'elles m'ont faites et qui m'ont permis, sur bien des points, de corri- ger ou d'enrichir mon exposé. Journal Asiatique 286.2 (1998): 451-519 452 J. KELLENS transmission) seeks to demonstrate that the existence of a Stammhandschrift, from which all the extant manuscripts derive, is an obvious philological fact, but that its very existence rules out the idea of a Sasanian archetype. Our Avesta is a collection of two liturgical anthologies constituted before the Sasanian Avesta and written down at the earliest around the middle of the 7th century. The third part (dealing with the period of oral transmission) presents a hypothesis on the consitution of a canon in the first millenium before the common era, then considers the time and location of that canon, an ends with a critique of the very idea of Avesta. A la mémoire de Karl Hoffmann I. La transmission écrite documentée 0. Les plus anciens textes avestiques pourraient avoir été composés dès 1400 avant l'ère commune alors que les manuscrits qui nous les font connaître datent tous de ce millénaire. C'est dire que le philologue de l'Avesta se trouve tout d'abord confronté au problème de la transmis- sion: comment remonter le long chemin qui conduit des copistes aux ré- dacteurs? Cette exploration n'en est qu'à ses balbutiements. Tout au plus disposons-nous aujourd'hui, grâce à Karl Hoffmann, d'une hypo- thèse complète et plausible sur l'histoire de la période écrite de transmis- sion. Mais, avant même d'en faire l'examen critique, il convient de bien analyser le point de départ et il faut pour cela relire soigneusement les deux textes fondamentaux de Geldner, à savoir les Prolegomena de l'édition critique (= P) et l'Awestaliteratur du Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie (= G)1. Il n'est d'ailleurs pas sans intérêt de refondre les don- nées de Geldner dans la perspective stricte de l'histoire de la transmis- sion manuscrite: ses exposés présentent des répétitions et, parfois, une certaine confusion qui tiennent à ce qu'ils poursuivent en même temps une autre fin, qui est d'établir des stemmata2, et à un principe de présen- 1 Ce sont des textes parallèles (voir G14 n. 2), tous deux parus en 1896 et rédigés l'an- née précédente (P est daté de Berlin, août 1895). On en trouve un résumé succinct chez Hoffmann et Narten (1989, 15-19). 2 Ce ne sont pas eux qui nous intéressent ici, mais on peut néanmoins se poser la ques- tion de leur validité, dès lors que nous ne sommes plus matériellement en mesure de les Journal Asiatique 286.2 (1998): 451-519 CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR L'HISTOIRE DE L'AVESTA 453 tation fondé sur le découpage, traditionnel depuis Anquetil, de l'Avesta en cinq livres (Yasna, Visprad, Xorda Avesta, Yasts et Videvdad). J'in- sisterai tout d'abord sur trois faits essentiels: 0.1. Les éditions de Westergaard et de Geldner ne doivent pas faire illusion. Elles reproduisent un Avesta de convention (G3: «Awesta im engern/begrenzten Sinne») qui ne peut être considéré comme un livre au sens strict. C'est un «Schriftenkomplex», certes caractérisé par son unité et sa particularité linguistiques3, mais transmis par des manuscrits dont aucun n'en contient l'ensemble4. Chaque manuscrit livre tout ou partie d'un de deux ensembles textuels à l'exclusion de l'autre. Le premier peut être défini comme le récitatif de la liturgie longue (Yasna-Visprad-Videv- dad), le second comme le recueil des liturgies brèves (Xorda Avesta- Yasts)5. Cette évidence n'est pas toujours présente à l'esprit parce que Geldner ne l'a pas clairement exprimée, mais elle résulte nécessairement de la mise en regard de G10 §12 et de G16 §14 (voir aussi P XLa bas). Ainsi, dans les faits, nous avons affaire à deux textes indépendants à ceci près qu'il leur arrive d'utiliser le même matériel formulaire. 0.2. D'une manière générale, l'ensemble des manuscrits avestiques doit faire l'objet d'une double distinction. La première est celle de la vérifier. Disons que les analyses de Geldner sont solidement étayées et inspirent la plus grande confiance. En tout cas, nul n'a pu, depuis lors, y déceler un défaut radical. La transmission des Yasts, dont l'exiguïté a permis l'établissement d'un apparat critique ex- haustif et dont le témoin essentiel (F1) est à nouveau disponible, est instructive à cet égard: Panaino (1990, 8 sqq.) et Hintze (1994, 56 sqq.) confirment les conclusions de Geldner, même si quelques améliorations de détail peuvent être raisonnablement entre- vues (Tremblay, à paraître dans Die Sprache, et n.14). 3 G2: «Nichts was nicht in dieser Sprache geschrieben wäre, kann Anspruch erheben, der heiligen Schrift zugezählt zu werden. Umgekehrt giebt es in dieser Sprache keine anderweitigen Dokumente, keine inschriftlichen Aufzeichnungen, kein profanes Buch mehr.» Mais voir n. 11. 4 G3: «… so gibt es doch keine Handschrift, welche das ganze Awesta enthielte». 5 Le premier correspond donc à la tradition du Videvdad sadé et le second à celle du Xorda Avesta au sens large. Toutefois, pour éviter toute confusion avec Videvdad et Xorda Avesta comme titres d'un livre particulier, je préfère désigner l'un comme «récita- tif de la liturgie longue», l'autre comme «recueil des liturgies brèves». Les manuscrits dits du Yasna sadé ou du Visprad sadé reproduisent exclusivement un seul des trois livres virtuellement constitutifs de la liturgie longue. Ce n'est pas simple: quelle terminologie eussions-nous dû adopter s'il existait un manuscrit qui consistât en une version sadé du seul Videvdad? Journal Asiatique 286.2 (1998): 451-519 454 J. KELLENS provenance, selon que la copie a été effectuée en Inde ou en Iran. Que les manuscrits iraniens soient peu nombreux — environ dix pour cent des quelques 150 manuscrits examinés par Geldner —, souvent récents, et que tous les manuscrits indiens dérivent en ultime analyse d'un mo- dèle iranien identifié ne doit pas conduire à sous-estimer cette distinc- tion, car, nous allons le voir, les particularités de la tradition iranienne ont un grand prix. La seconde distinction, qui n'a d'importance philologique concrète que pour la liturgie longue6, est celle du contenu. Certains manuscrits sont dits «pehlevis» parce qu'ils donnent aussi la traduction et le commentaire moyen-perses du texte avestique, les autres sont dits «sadés» (ce qui signifie «purs») parce qu'ils ne comportent que le texte avestique, assorti cependant d'indications rituelles, en moyen-perse s'ils sont iraniens (nirangs), en gujerati s'ils sont indiens (kiryas)7. Les premiers répondent au souci érudit de faire comprendre le texte, les seconds à celui, pratique, d'assurer la qualité de son utilisation liturgique. Pour cette raison, les manuscrits pehlevis sont le plus souvent consacrés à un livre particulier, tandis que les sadés tendent à reproduire l'ensemble de la cérémonie8. Ces derniers, par leur attachement à la let- tre, présentent encore l'intérêt de ne pas abréger les longues et fréquen- tes répétitions du texte. 0.3. L'immense majorité des manuscrits existants constitue ce que Geldner appelle la Vulgate indienne9. Les copies sadés des deux liturgies se sont multipliées en Inde au fil du temps pour des raisons pratiques (G15, P XXIa et XLVa). Ces manuscrits sont très récents — peu sont antérieurs au XVIIIe siècle — et très nombreux — ceux qu'a examinés Geldner sont «but a fragment of what exists». Leur orthographe, in- fluencée par l'élocution liturgique moderne, est exécrable — le hasard 6 La présence d'une traduction pehlevie, propre à certains manuscrits iraniens, ne pa- raît pas significative pour le classement des manuscrits du Xorda Avesta.
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  • The Zend Avesta Is to Zoroastrianism What the Veda Is to Brahmanism

    The Zend Avesta Is to Zoroastrianism What the Veda Is to Brahmanism

    The Zend Avesta is to Zoroastrianism what the Veda is to Brahmanism The Zend Avesta is to Zoroastrianism what the Veda is to Brahmanism v. 17.11, www.philaletheians.co.uk, 7 June 2018 Page 1 of 19 ZOROASTER IN HISTORY AND ZARATHUSHTRA IN THE SECRET RECORDS ABSTRACT AND TRAIN OF THOUGHTS Abstract and train of thoughts 1 The Zend Avesta is to Zoroastrianism what the Veda is to Brahmanism Zoroaster is a generic title; so is Thoth-Hermes. 6 Prophet Isaiah lived 200 years earlier than Cyrus (from 760 to 710 BC) while the great Persian King began his reign in 559. 7 The Jews were simply a Persian colony imbued with Magianism and Zoroastrianism. 7 Zoroaster, the Sage of remote Antiquity, is transformed by Christian bigots into a “slave of Daniel.” 8 The key to understanding the Avesta lies concealed at the bottom of the rightly interpreted Kabbalah Kabbalah is the record of doctrines received by the Chaldean Magi and the initiated Jews from Zarathushtra whose teachings, on account of their profound philosophy, were meant only for the few. 10 Physically and intellectually, we may progress and grow in strength and sophistication, but lose daily in spirituality and wisdom. 11 He who would penetrate the secrets of Fire, and unite with It, must first unite himself soul and body to Earth (his mother) to Humanity (his sister), and to Science (his daughter). 12 The ancient name of Persepolis was Ista-Char, or Throne of the Sun, the place sacred to Ista or Esta Eventually, Ista/Esta became Vesta, to whom the Romans burnt inextinguishable fire.