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Trends and Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan… Oblast in the Conditions of Transformation of the Region’S Economy

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Trends and Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan… Oblast in the Conditions of Transformation of the Region’S Economy Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 34 (3) · 2020 ISSN 2080–1653 DOI 10.24917/20801653.343.13 GulnaraAl-Farabi Nyussupova Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan VladimirAl-Farabi Uvarov Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan MadiyarAl-Farabi Kadylbekov Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan GaukharAl-Farabi Aidarkhanova Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan AnatolyUral Federal Stepanov University, Ekaterinburg, Russia AlexanderUral Federal Burnasov University, Ekaterinburg, Russia Trends and Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan… Oblast in the Conditions of Transformation of the Region’s Economy Abstract: Industrial development is the most important task for the economy of Kazakhstan. In 2010, a course was taken to diversify the economy. In 2010–2014 implemented was The State program of forced industrial and innovative development. Today, the implementation of the second five-year industrialisation period is nearing its completion. The aim and tasks of research is to conduct a comprehensive description of the impact of the Aktogay mining and processing complex on the components of the socio-economic development of the region. To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed: analyse the state of socio-economic processes in the Ayagoz district of the East Kazakhstan oblast for the study period; describe the impact of the Aktogay mining and processing complex on the current state of socio-economic development of the East Kazakhstan oblast. In the framework of the State program of forced industrial and innovative development of the country in 2010–2014 a total number of 162 projects were implemented with a total investment of 41.9 billion dollars. One of the “breakthrough projects” is the construction of the Aktogay mining and processing complex in the East Kazakhstan oblast. The construction of the Aktogay MPC contributes to: the development of the economy of the Ayagoz district of East Kazakhstan oblast; increase of the potential of mining industry of Kazakhstan through the introduction of new technologies that are used in extraction and processing of ore, as well as in the production of the final product. The article analyses the state of socio-economic development of the Ayagoz district and East Kazakhstan oblast before and at the operation of the Aktogay MPC. Indicators were selected by social and economic blocs for 2009–2018. Taking into account the particular location of the Aktogay MPC, criteria were selected for each component of the socio-economic environment that reflect both the positive and negative residual effects of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The significance of positive and negative impacts for each component was evaluated using statistical data on socio-economic indicators. For analysing the social environment of East Kazakhstan oblast, indicators were the measures of favoura- enterpriseble or unfavourable for the economy activities of thein meeting region. the social needs of the population of the region. For analysing the economic development of the region, the indicators are a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the Keywords: Ayagoz district; Aktogay mining and processing complex; influence; KAZ Minerals; living stand- ards; population; socio-economic environment Trends and Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan… Received: 191 Accepted: 9 January 2020 Suggested 17citation: July 2020 Nyussupova, G., Uvarov, V., Kadylbekov, M., Aidarkhanova, G., Stepanov, A., Burnasov A. (2020). Trends and Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego 34 Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan Oblast in the Conditions of Transformation of the Region’s Economy. , (3), 190–206. doi: 10.24917/20801653.343.13 Introduction The greater the environmental consequences of human activities, the earlier they should have been prevented – this conclusion was reached by American and Sovi- et scientists as a result of joint research conducted in the late 1970s. Until recently, environmental impact assessment (EIA) was the domain exclusively of the scientific community, which had in mind mainly the scientific forecast of changes in the state of the environment that occur under the influence of anthropogenic activities. The Soviet processsystem ofrepresented environmental the state. impact Assessment was developed in the 1980s of the last century. This was practically an internal state procedure, since all participants in the Abroad, the beginning of the activity called Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is considered to be the adoption by the Congress of the United States of America cialand impactthen the assessment signing by did US notPresident immediately R. Nixon take (1970) their placeof the in legislative the preparation act “National of the Environmental Policy” (National Environmental Policy Act – NEPA). The issues of so- EIA (Burdge, Vanclay, 1996). Initially, the social approach was more presented as an economic analysis, it used mostly formal quantitative methods, such as calculating the change in population or demand for services. The situation changed in the 1980s, when opinion polls among the population became widespread. EIA has become a practice not only in the United States, but also in Australia, Canada and New Zealand (Taylor, Bryan, Goodrich, 2004). The Aktogay ore body consists of an oxidised ore deposit overlying a sulfide depos- it. Recent deposits also contain molybdenum as an associated component. In Kazakh- stan, the methodology for assessing the environmental impact of economic activities has been developed in line with the requirements of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan Approved by Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakh- stan dated January 9, 2007 No. 212–III LRK. Research object Aktogay is a large open-pit mine in southeastern Kazakhstan, about 250 km from the Kazakh-Chinese border. Located in Ayagoz district of East Kazakhstan oblast, 22 km east of Aktogay railway station. KAZ Minerals PLC develops the field. Aktogay in the ad- ministrative division is located in the area of Ayagoz district of East Kazakhstan oblast. In the 1970s, new development prospects arose for the Ayagoz district: a large copper deposit was discovered 22 km from Aktogay. The resources of the deposit were estimated at 1.7 billion tons, the total amount of copper in the ore is 5.8 million tons. 192 Figure 1. G. Nyussupova et al. Location map50°0′0″B of research areas60°0′0″B 70°0′0″B 80°0′0″B 90°0′0″B 50°0′0″C 50°0′0″C 40°0′0″C 40°0′0″C 50°0′0″B 60°0′0″B 70°0′0″B 80°0′0″B 80°0′0″B 80°0′0″B Source: authors’ own work Trends and Development Prospects of Ayagoz District of East Kazakhstan… 193 However, due to high capital costs and low levels of production and processing, the development of one of the largest fields in the world was difficult. Aktogay is one of the largest undeveloped copper deposits in the world; it contains about 3.5 million tons of recoverable copper. With the current level of production, the resource base allows you to operate the mine for 50 years. In 2011 was launched Akto- gay Mining and Processing Complex (MPC) of Kazakhmys (KAZ Minerals since 2014). The Aktogay ore body consists of a Deposit of oxidised ores lying above the sulfide deposits. The latter deposits also contain molybdenum as a passing component. In the 1970s, new development prospects emerged for the Ayagoz district: a large copper Deposit was discovered 22 km from Aktogay. The resources of the Deposit were estimated at 1.7 billion tons, the total amount of copper in the ore is 5.8 million tons. However, due to high capital expenditures and low production and processing levels, the development of one of the largest deposits in the world was difficult. In 2012, the copper mining company “KAZ Minerals” approved the development project of the Aktogay field. In December 2015, the production of copper cathode from oxide ore began at the Aktogay mining and processing complex (MPC). In 2017, a pro- ject was developed to expand production, which will double the capacity of sulfide ore processing (KAZ Minerals PLC, 2019). The nearest localities of Ayagoz district from Aktogay MPC are: Aktogay railway station (7.5 K); Zhuzagash railway station (12 km); Kopa (13 km); Karakum (20 km). The distance to the administrative center of the district – Ayagoz – is 116 km. The following methods and materials were used while conducting research: com- parative analysis methods, statistical methods, groupings and systematisation, struc- tural analysis of socio-economic indicators. Social components of impact assessment Assessment of the impact of production processes of existing enterprises on the so- cio-economic environment is carried out in several stages. The process of determining the composition of the components of the socio-economic environment is the starting point in the process of assessing the overall impact. Structurally, the components un- der consideration include the components of two blocks: the Social Sphere block and the Economic Sphere block, which reveal the socio-economic situation in the territory of the planned activity (Table 1) (Skolsky, Namyatov, Uvarov, Rudenko, Eidinov, Skol- skaya,Table 1. 2010). Components of the socio-economic environment considered in the impact assessment Economic development of the territory Components of the social environment
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