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Crater Lake National Park Natural Resource Condition Assessment

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Crater Lake National Park Natural Resource Condition Assessment National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Crater Lake National Park Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/WRD/NRR—2013/724 ON THE COVER Crater Lake in June. Photo courtesy of the National Park Service Crater Lake National Park Natural Resource Condition Assessment Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/WRD/NRR—2013/724 Paul R. Adamus Water Resources Science Program Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon and Adamus Resource Assessment, Inc. Corvallis, Oregon Dennis C. Odion, Gregory V. Jones, Lorin C. Groshong, Ryan Reid Department of Environmental Studies Southern Oregon University Ashland, Oregon This report was prepared under Task Agreement J8W07100032 (Cooperative Agreement H8W07060001) between the National Park Service and Southern Oregon University. November 2013 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; monitoring protocols; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Printed copies of reports in these series may be produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is also available from the NPS Water Resources Division and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). To receive this report in a format optimized for screen readers, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Adamus, P. R., D. C. Odion, G. V. Jones, L. C. Groshong, and R. Reid. 2013. Crater Lake National Park Natural Resource Condition Assessment. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/WRD/NRR—2013/724. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 106/122745, November 2013 ii Contents Page Figures........................................................................................................................................... vii Tables ............................................................................................................................................. ix Appendices ..................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... xv Prologue ........................................................................................................................................ xv 1.0 NRCA Background ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Introduction and Resource Setting ............................................................................................ 5 3.0 Study Scoping, Design, and Implementation ............................................................................ 9 3.1 Project Responsibilities ..................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Framework, Reporting Areas, and Information Gathering ................................................ 9 4.0 Natural Resource Conditions and Trends ............................................................................... 13 4.1 Changes in Precipitation, Temperature, Snowpack, and Lake Levels ............................ 13 4.1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 13 4.1.2 Regional Context ..................................................................................................... 15 4.1.3 Issues Description .................................................................................................... 16 4.1.3.1 Historical Climate Change .................................................................................... 16 4.1.3.2 Future Climate Change ......................................................................................... 16 4.1.3.3 Other Potential Impacts on Water Quantity .......................................................... 16 4.1.4 Indicators and Criteria to Evaluate Condition and Trends ....................................... 17 4.1.4.1 Annual Snowfall and Depth, Volume, and Persistence of Snowpack .................. 17 4.1.4.2 Water Level Elevations in Crater Lake ................................................................. 20 4.1.4.3 Flow in Streams and Springs ................................................................................ 21 4.1.4.4 Number, Area, and Distribution of Wetlands, Ponds, and Lakes ......................... 24 4.2 Changes in Surface Water Quality .................................................................................. 27 4.2.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 27 iii 4.2.2 Regional Context ..................................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Issues Description .................................................................................................... 27 4.2.3.1 Effects of Climate Change .................................................................................... 28 4.2.3.2 Impacts from Air Pollution: Deposition of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulfur .... 28 4.2.3.3 Impacts from Air Pollution: Deposition of Other Contaminants .......................... 28 4.2.3.4 Aquatic Impacts of Fires, Fire Control Activities, and Vegetation Change ......... 28 4.2.3.5 Water Contamination from Visitors and Park Management Activities ................ 28 4.2.4 Indicators and Criteria to Evaluate Condition and Trends ....................................... 29 4.2.4.1 Water Quality in Crater Lake ................................................................................ 29 4.2.4.2 Water Quality in Other Water Bodies ................................................................... 31 4.3 Changes in Aquatic Life .................................................................................................. 32 4.3.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 32 4.3.2 Regional Context ..................................................................................................... 32 4.3.3.1 Climate Change, Water, and Snowpack ............................................................... 33 4.3.3.2 Contaminants ........................................................................................................ 33 4.3.3.3 Impacts from Ecologically Harmful Aquatic Plants and Animals ........................ 33 4.3.3.4 Fire Suppression and Natural Succession ............................................................. 33 4.3.4 Indicators and Criteria to Evaluate Condition and Trends ....................................... 33 4.3.4.1 Changes in Aquatic Productivity and Biodiversity in Crater Lake ....................... 34 4.3.4.2 Changes in Aquatic Productivity and Biodiversity of Other Water Bodies ......... 37 4.3.4.3 Changes in Ecologically Harmful Aquatic Species .............................................. 40 4.4 Changes in Terrestrial Vegetation ................................................................................... 41 4.4.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 41 4.4.1.1 Vegetation ............................................................................................................
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