DOCSLIB.ORG

" Ginkgoalean" Plants from Siberia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
APPROACH TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF MESOZOIC " GINKGOALEAN" PLANTS FROM SIBERIA V. A. KRASSILOV Far Eastern Institute of Geology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok ABSTRACT plant with the Czekanowskia leaves. The New findings from the Mesozoic of Bureja basin structure of Leptostrobtts is unique among confirm Harris' interpretation of Leptostrobus. Its female flowers of Gymnosperms. The plants capsule is analogous to the ovary of Angiospermae. with such flowers must be removed from the contact surface of valves is verrucose and papil• Ginkgoales. Probably they composed a late and corresponds to the stigma. The leaves of Czekanowskia. Phoenicopsis and allied genera are separate taxa. At the same time Harris assigned to the plants with Leptostrobus type of showed some difficulties in dividing the fructification and mu t be excluded from the Czekanowskia group from Ginkgos: the male Ginkgoales. Three types of female fructifications: reproductive structures are completely un• megastrobili of Ginl~go, Karkenia and Umaltolepis Aretobaiera (a new organ-genus referred to Pseudotorellia) are known and "the position of distinguished within the Ginkgoales, each of them and Sphenobaiera would be doubtful and representing a distinct family. this would be a real disadvantage" (HARRIS, 1951, p. 505). INTRODUCTION Our study of Ginkgoales and allied plants from the Upper J urassic- Lower Cretaceous of the Bureja River basin confirms the Mesozoic(1876)floradescribedas dominatedthe bySiberianGinkgo statements of Oishi, and Harris on the HEERfamily. In this family he included heterogenous nature of fossil "Ginkgoales" besides Ginkgo itself such extinct genera as sensu Heer and others and some new details Baiera, Triehopitys, Czekanowskia, Phoeni• come to light. eopsis, Dieranophyllum, Feildenia and Rhipi• dopsis. Heer's (1876) remarks on the affi• MATERIAL AND METHODS nity of Phoenicopsis are noticeable: he conside red this genus as some sort of a link The material was collected at the outcrops between the Ginkgoalean plants and Paleo• of Upper J urassic- Lower Cretaceous conti• zoic Cordaites. Seward and Gowan (1900) nental beds within the valley of Bureja were perhaps the first to doubt Heer's opi• River and its tributaries. Cleaned leaves, nion on the systematic posit.ion of Phoeni• brachyblasts, capsules, seeds and sporangia copsis-Czekanowskia group. Later Oishi were obtained by means of bulk maceration (1933) separated this group from Ginkgoales and transfer techniques. Some of them on the grounds of cuticular analysis: he were then subj ected to oxidation and mace• emphasized the striking difference in the ration with alkaline solution. epidermal structure of leaves of Phoenicopsis• Czekanowskia on one side and true Ginkgoa• DESCRIPTION les on the other. Oishi also rej ected a coniferous affinity of this group and supposed CZEKANOWSKIALES it to be the order of its own. These very exquisitive ideas were somehow oversha• The name" Czekanowskiales " apparently dowed by the well known works of Florin arrived for the first time in Pant's (1958) (1936a, b) on the Ginkgoales from the Franz classification of Gymnospermous plants. Jozef Land. Florin thoroughly investigated FC(lnale organs - Two species of Leptos• the favourably preserved plants from the trobus and one of Staphidiophora were inves• Phoenieopsis-Czekanowskia group and ex• tigated. The structure of Siberian Leptos• pressed no doubt in their Ginkgoalean trobus ex gr. laxiflorus Heer, is as a whole affinity. identical with those described by Harris Harris' (1951) study of Leptostrobus has from Greenland and Yorkshire: these fructi• thrown a new light on the problem. He fications consist of a long axis bearing fertile found a strong evidence of Leptostrobus capsules composed of two valves. Some being the female reproductive organ of a additional details were observed: 12 KRASSILOV - MESOZOIC" GINKGOALEN •. PLANTS FROM SIBERIA 13 1. A short stalk of the capsule ,,,hich is inflorescence. On this shortened axis only sometimes almost completely reduced• two fertile complexes (simple strobiles or capsules being sessile, and sometimes proli• carpels) had been retained which were united ferated in a comparatively solid structure in a two-valved capsule. The capsule is resembling a cylindrical short shoot, bears analogous to the ovary of Angiospermae somewhat ill defined marks or scars of and the contact surface of valves (carpc1s) is scale-leaves. Identical scars were found on specialized for.pollination (the present author the flattened basal part of the capsule. has no alternative interpretation of the 2. Convex central part of each valve is verrucose and papillate sculpture of this bordered by a flat marginal flange. The surface) and is analogous to the stigma. inner face of the flange is verrucose, with Pollination there ",as perhaps of gymnos• pointed or rounded outgrowths. The cuticle permous nature, but it is worth mentioning of inner side of the flange is densely papillate. that in ~ome tropical flowering plants (some The marginal flange gives inside very thin Anonaceae and others) pollen falls through lamellae overhanging the seeds. The cuticle the stigma and does not germinate on it. of lamellae is also papillate. M ale Organs - I consider the organ-genus 3. The inner concave side of the valve has 1xostrobus Raciborski as a male cone of very thin cuticle which differs in its struc• Czekanowskiales. In two localities in the ture from the outer cuticle. Seeds were Bureja basin these cones were found in not embedded in the "fibrous layer" as association with Leptostrotl1s. But in both Harris (1951) supposed them to be. cases 1xostroGus is a rare fossil while Leptos• Another type of LeptostroGus - L. ex troGus is abundant. The association with gr. crassipes Heer differs from the above the leaves attributed to Czekanowskiales described L. ex gr. laxiflorus in its large (see below) is more impressive. Still Raci• and flattened capsules with more dense borski and Heer emphasized the association and occasionally anastomo~ing venation. of I xostrobus (A nthohthcs sdmidtianus in Seeds are more numerous (about eight on Reer's monograph) with Czekanowsln'a or each valve). Inner cuticle of the valve Phoenicopsis. Prynada (1962) analizing the is more robust and clearly differentiated extensive Siberian material had come to on zones of very narrow cells under the the conclusion that I xostrocus belongs to veins and broader cells with slightly sinous Czehanowshia or Sphenobaicra. But male or undulating walls between them. The fructifications of the later are known and axis is pilose - the long unicellulJ.r tri• their structure is different (KR.:\usEL, 1943). chomes are rather frequent. One cone is I found two species of 1xostrobus -I. still attached to the cylindrical short shoot schmidtianus (Heer) Krassilov and I. heeri covered with scale leaves. Prynada. The first occurs in association The fructification closely allied to Sta• with Stephencphylhm in three locdities phidiophora secunda Harris was found in and the second - with both Czekancwskt'a the upper layer of coal-bearing rocks of and Phoenicopsis (Stcphcncphyllum) in four Bureja basin. According to the first inter• localities. Other a~sociated leaves belong to pretation given by Harris (1935) lateral Ctenis, Nilsscnia, Pteropl,yllum and Sphe• appendages of this fructification were seeds. nobaiera. It seems quite unlikely that Later Harris (1951) realized the other possi• one of them is a foliage of I xostrobus. bility - that appendages are fertile capsules. Harris provisionally assigned I xostrobus to This new interpretation is confirmed now Podozamites but the evidence is not very and some resistant to maceration megaspore strong. membranes were found within the capsules. I xostrobus consists of an axis and spirally Megaspore membranes are elliptical, folded attached microsporophylls composed of a and with few small apical protuberances thin stalk and more or less expanded ter• (archegonial necks ?). Staphidiophora is minal cup. This cup is built of five appen• very close to Leptostrobus and differs from dages. The basiscopic appendage is sterile it in much smaller dimensions of capsules and backwardly curved while the others and of fructification as a whole, in more are more or less fused and form a sinangium. regular distichous arrangement of capsules, Cutiele of sinangium is very thin and sto• etc. mata was not observed. Pollen grains are According to the authors' interpretation small, wingless, badly preserved. Micro• the stalk of a capsule is a reduced axis of sporophylls of I xostrobus differ from all 14 THE PALAEOBOTANIST corresponding structures of other gymno• but some abnormal cylindrical shoots with sperms and some points of resemblance to a cluster of Stephenopkyllu1n leaves were a stamen of Angiospermae can be traced. found. The scale leaves on the fertile The Leaves - Harris (1951) put forward and sterile shoots are identical and their a convincing evidence of attribution of cuticles have frequent trichomes which Leptostrob~ts to Czekanowshia. In the Bureja are closc1y similar to trichomes on the cone basin L. ex gr. laxiflor us occurs in three axis of L. ex gr. erassipes. localities and in all of them Czehanowshia I obtained many hand-specimens on is a mostly abundant leaves. In two of which Staphidiophora and Hartzia are asso• them leaves of Pseudotorellia were found in ciated. Other plants in this locality are great number, but in the third (in the lower Nilssonia, Phoenieopsis, Ginkgoites, Pit yo• part of the Azanowshi
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gymnosperm Foliage from the Upper Triassic of Lunz, Lower Austria: an Annotated Check List and Identification Key
    Geo.Alp, Vol. 7, S. 19–38, 2010 GYMNOSPERM FOLIAGE FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC OF LUNZ, LOWER AUSTRIA: AN ANNOTATED CHECK LIST AND IDENTIFICATION KEY Christian Pott1 & Michael Krings2 With 7 figures and 1 table 1 Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Sektionen för paleobotanik, Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected] 2 Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Paläontologie und Geobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, and Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 München, Germany; [email protected] Abstract The famous Lunz flora from Lower Austria is one of the richest and most diverse Late Triassic floras of the Northern He- misphere. The historical outcrops (mainly coal mines) are no longer accessible, but showy fossils can still be collected from natural exposures around the town of Lunz-am-See and from several of the old spoil tips. This paper presents an annotated check list with characterisations of all currently recognised gymnosperm foliage taxa in the Lunz flora. The descriptions are exemplified by illustrations of typical specimens and diagnostic features of the leaf morphology and epidermal anatomy. Moreover, a simple identification key for the taxa based on macromorphological features is provided that facilitates identification of newly collected specimens. 1. Introduction The Carnian (Late Triassic) flora from Lunz in Lo- ments (i.e. reproductive structures) among the fossils wer Austria is one of only a few well-preserved flo- (see e.g., Krasser, 1917, 1919; Kräusel, 1948, 1949, ras from the Alpine Triassic (Cleal, 1993; Dobruskina, 1953; Pott et al., 2010), the most striking feature of 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • The Jurassic Fossil Wood Diversity from Western Liaoning, NE China
    Jiang et al. Journal of Palaeogeography (2019) 8:1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-018-0018-y Journal of Palaeogeography RESEARCH Open Access The Jurassic fossil wood diversity from western Liaoning, NE China Zi-Kun Jiang1,2, Yong-Dong Wang2,3*, Ning Tian4,5, Ao-Wei Xie2,6, Wu Zhang7, Li-Qin Li2 and Min Huang1 Abstract Western Liaoning is a unique region in China that bears diverse types of Jurassic plants, including leaves, fern rhizomes, and wood, providing significant proxy for vegetation and palaeoenvironment reconstruction of the well-known Yanliao Flora in East Asia. In particular, the silicified wood is very abundant in the fossil Lagerstätte of the Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation in Beipiao, western Liaoning. Previous and recent systematic investigations documented a high diversity of the Jurassic wood assemblages. These assemblages are dominated by conifers, followed by cycads and ginkgoaleans. In total, about 30 species belonging to 21 genera of fossil wood have been recorded so far, which are represented by Cycadopsida, Ginkgopsida, Coniferopsida, and Gymnospermae incertae sedis. The evolutionary implications of several distinctive fossil wood taxa as well as palaeoclimate implications are summarized based on their anatomical structures and growth ring patterns. This work approaches the vegetation development and evolutionary significances of the wood taxa and their relatives, and provides clues for the further understanding of the diversity of the Jurassic Yanliao Flora in East Asia. Keywords: Fossil wood, Diversity, Evolution, Tiaojishan Formation, Jurassic 1 Introduction 2004;Wangetal.,2009). Among these localities, western Fossil floras are a significant record for the vegetation Liaoning is a well-known fossil Lagerstätte with diverse and for the palaeoenvironment reconstructions of the and well-preserved fossil plant foliages and wood (Zhang Mesozoic.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from 20 Years of Plant Genome Sequencing: an Unprecedented Resource in Need of More Diverse Representation
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.31.446451; this version posted May 31, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Lessons from 20 years of plant genome sequencing: an unprecedented resource in need of more diverse representation Authors: Rose A. Marks1,2,3, Scott Hotaling4, Paul B. Frandsen5,6, and Robert VanBuren1,2 1. Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 2. Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 3. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa 4. School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 5. Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA 6. Data Science Lab, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Keywords: plants, embryophytes, genomics, colonialism, broadening participation Correspondence: Rose A. Marks, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Email: [email protected]; Phone: (603) 852-3190; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7102-5959 Abstract The field of plant genomics has grown rapidly in the past 20 years, leading to dramatic increases in both the quantity and quality of publicly available genomic resources. With an ever- expanding wealth of genomic data from an increasingly diverse set of taxa, unprecedented potential exists to better understand the evolution and genome biology of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Life in the End-Permian Dead Zone
    Life in the end-Permian dead zone Cindy V. Looy*†, Richard J. Twitchett‡, David L. Dilcher§, Johanna H. A. Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert*, and Henk Visscher* *Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands; ‡Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740; and §Paleobotany Laboratory, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Contributed by David L. Dilcher, May 1, 2001 The fossil record of land plants is an obvious source of information ecological crisis. On the basis of palynological data from a ‘‘dead on the dynamics of mass extinctions in the geological past. In zone’’ in a Permian–Triassic (P-Tr) transition sequence from conjunction with the end-Permian ecological crisis, Ϸ250 million East Greenland, in this paper we document evidence of non- years ago, palynological data from East Greenland reveal some equilibrium vegetation dynamics resulting in selective but time- unanticipated patterns. We document the significant time lag delayed extinctions among woody gymnosperms. between terrestrial ecosystem collapse and selective extinction among characteristic Late Permian plants. Furthermore, ecological The End-Permian ‘‘Dead Zone’’ crisis resulted in an initial increase in plant diversity, instead of a Latest Permian and earliest Triassic sediments in East Green- decrease. Paradoxically, these floral patterns correspond to a land (Fig. 1) are represented by the upper part of the Schuchert ‘‘dead zone’’ in the end-Permian faunal record, characterized by a Dal Formation and the overlying Wordie Creek Formation. The paucity of marine invertebrate megafossils. The time-delayed, predominantly fine-grained siliciclastic sediments of these for- end-Permian plant extinctions resemble modeled ‘‘extinction mations were deposited in a narrow, elongate, shallow-marine debt’’ responses of multispecies metapopulations to progressive basin.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visual Guide to Collecting Plant Tissues for DNA
    A visual guide to collecting plant tissues for DNA Collecting kit checklist Silica gel1 Permanent marker and pencil Resealable bags, airtight plastic container Razor blade / Surgical scissors Empty tea bags or coffee filters Ethanol and paper tissue or ethanol wipes Tags or jewellers tags Plant press and collecting book 1. Selection and preparation of fresh plant tissue: Sampling avoided. Breaking up leaf material will bruise the plant tissue, which will result in enzymes being released From a single plant, harvest 3 – 5 mature leaves, or that cause DNA degradation. Ideally, leaf material sample a piece of a leaf, if large (Picture A). Ideally should be cut into smaller fragments with thick a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2 should be enough, but this midribs being removed (Picture C). If sampling robust amount should be adjusted if the plant material is leaf tissue (e.g. cycads, palms), use a razor blade or rich in water (e.g. a succulent plant). If leaves are surgical scissors (Picture D). small (e.g. ericoid leaves), sample enough material to equate a leaf area of 5 – 10 cm2. If no leaves are Succulent plants available, other parts can be sampled such as leaf buds, flowers, bracts, seeds or even fresh bark. If the If the leaves are succulent, use a razor blade to plant is small, select the biggest specimen, but never remove epidermal slices or scoop out parenchyma combine tissues from different individuals. tissue (Picture E). Cleaning Ideally, collect clean fresh tissues, however if the leaf or plant material is dirty or shows potential contamination (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomenclatural Notes on Some Ginkgoalean Fossil Plants from China
    植 物 分 类 学 报 45 (6): 880–883(2007) doi:10.1360/aps07015 Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica http://www.plantsystematics.com Nomenclatural notes on some ginkgoalean fossil plants from China WU Xiang-Wu ZHOU Zhi-Yan* WANG Yong-Dong (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China) Abstract Two morphotaxa of ginkgoalean fossil plants from China bear illegitimate specific names, viz. Sphenobaiera biloba S. N. Feng (1977) and S. rugata Z. Q. Wang (Dec. 1984), that are heterotypic later homonyms of S. biloba Prynada (1938) and S.? rugata Z. Y. Zhou (Mar. 1984) respectively. Under Art. 53.1 and 7.3 of the Vienna Code, new specific names are proposed to supersede these illegitimate names. Two other names, viz. Baiera ziguiensis F. S. Meng (1987) and Ginkgoites elegans S. Yang, B. N. Sun & G. L. Shen (1988), were not validly published, because no nomenclatural type was definitely indicated. New species are instituted for the two morphotaxa here. Although the specific name Ginkgoites elegans Cao (1992) was antedated by Ginkgoites elegans S. Yang, B. N. Sun & G. L. Shen (1988), it still remains available for use, as the latter name has no status under the Vienna Code (Art. 12, 37) and thus no priority over Ginkgoites elegans Z. Y. Cao. Key words Ginkgoales, Ginkgoites, Baiera, Sphenobaiera, morphospecies, nomenclature. In compiling the Chinese record of fossil plants described since 1865, several illegitimate and/or not validly published names of ginkgoalean morphotaxa were found. They are either later homonyms or were published without a definite indication of the type (Art.
    [Show full text]
  • Palaeogeograph Y, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 17(1975): 157--172 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in the Netherlands
    Palaeogeograph y, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 17(1975): 157--172 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands CLIMATIC CHANGES IN EASTERN ASIA AS INDICATED BY FOSSIL FLORAS. II. LATE CRETACEOUS AND DANIAN V. A. KRASSILOV Institute of Biology and Pedology, Far-Eastern Scientific Centre, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok (U.S.S.R.) (Received June 17, 1974; accepted for publication November 11, 1974) ABSTRACT Krassilov, V. A., 1975. Climatic changes in Eastern Asia as indicated by fossil floras. II. Late Cretaceous and Danian. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 17:157--172. Four Late Cretaceous phytoclimatic zones -- subtropical, warm--temperate, temperate and boreal -- are recognized in the Northern Hemisphere. Warm--temperate vegetation terminates at North Sakhalin and Vancouver Island. Floras of various phytoclimatic zones display parallel evolution in response to climatic changes, i.e., a temperature rise up to the Campanian interrupted by minor Coniacian cooling, and subsequent deterioration of cli- mate culminating in the Late Danian. Cooling episodes were accompanied by expansions of dicotyledons with platanoid leaves, whereas the entire-margined leaf proportion increased during climatic optima. The floristic succession was also influenced by tectonic events, such as orogenic and volcanic activity which commenced in Late Cenomanian--Turonian times. Major replacements of ecological dominants occurred at the Maastrichtian/Danian and Early/Late Danian boundaries. INTRODUCTION The principal approaches to the climatic interpretation of fossil floras have been outlined in my preceding paper (Krassilov, 1973a). So far as Late Creta- ceous floras are concerned, extrapolation (i.e. inferences from tolerance ranges of allied modern taxa) is gaining in importance and the entire/non-entire leaf type ratio is no less expressive than it is in Tertiary floras.
    [Show full text]
  • JUDD W.S. Et. Al. (2002) Plant Systematics: a Phylogenetic Approach. Chapter 7. an Overview of Green
    UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny he word plant is commonly used to refer to any auto- trophic eukaryotic organism capable of converting light energy into chemical energy via the process of photosynthe- sis. More specifically, these organisms produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll inside of organelles called chloroplasts. Sometimes the term plant is extended to include autotrophic prokaryotic forms, especially the (eu)bacterial lineage known as the cyanobacteria (or blue- green algae). Many traditional botany textbooks even include the fungi, which differ dramatically in being heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that enzymatically break down living or dead organic material and then absorb the simpler products. Fungi appear to be more closely related to animals, another lineage of heterotrophs characterized by eating other organisms and digesting them inter- nally. In this chapter we first briefly discuss the origin and evolution of several separately evolved plant lineages, both to acquaint you with these important branches of the tree of life and to help put the green plant lineage in broad phylogenetic perspective. We then focus attention on the evolution of green plants, emphasizing sev- eral critical transitions. Specifically, we concentrate on the origins of land plants (embryophytes), of vascular plants (tracheophytes), of 1 UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS 2 CHAPTER SEVEN seed plants (spermatophytes), and of flowering plants dons.” In some cases it is possible to abandon such (angiosperms). names entirely, but in others it is tempting to retain Although knowledge of fossil plants is critical to a them, either as common names for certain forms of orga- deep understanding of each of these shifts and some key nization (e.g., the “bryophytic” life cycle), or to refer to a fossils are mentioned, much of our discussion focuses on clade (e.g., applying “gymnosperms” to a hypothesized extant groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Ginkgo Biloba Maidenhair Tree1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-273 November 1993 Ginkgo biloba Maidenhair Tree1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Ginkgo is practically pest-free, resistant to storm damage, and casts light to moderate shade (Fig. 1). Young trees are often very open but they fill in to form a denser canopy. It makes a durable street tree where there is enough overhead space to accommodate the large size. The shape is often irregular with a large branch or two seemingly forming its own tree on the trunk. But this does not detract from its usefulness as a city tree unless the tree will be growing in a restricted overhead space. If this is the case, select from the narrow upright cultivars such as ‘Princeton Sentry’ and ‘Fairmont’. Ginkgo tolerates most soil, including compacted, and alkaline, and grows slowly to 75 feet or more tall. The tree is easily transplanted and has a vivid yellow fall color which is second to none in brilliance, even in the south. However, leaves fall quickly and the fall color show is short. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Ginkgo biloba Pronunciation: GINK-go bye-LOE-buh Common name(s): Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo Family: Ginkgoaceae Figure 1. Middle-aged Maidenhair Tree. USDA hardiness zones: 3 through 8A (Fig. 2) Origin: not native to North America Uses: Bonsai; wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); drought are common medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); Availability: generally available in many areas within recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or its hardiness range for median strip plantings in the highway; specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree; tree has been successfully grown in urban areas where air pollution, poor drainage, compacted soil, and/or 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Sahanaj Jamil Associate Professor of Botany M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga
    Subject BOTANY Paper No V Paper Code BOT521 Topic Taxonomy and Diversity of Seed Plant: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Dr. Sahanaj Jamil Associate Professor of Botany M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants UNIT- I BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants Classification of Gymnosperms. # Robert Brown (1827) for the first time recognized Gymnosperm as a group distinct from angiosperm due to the presence of naked ovules. BENTHAM and HOOKSER (1862-1883) consider them equivalent to dicotyledons and monocotyledons and placed between these two groups of angiosperm. They recognized three classes of gymnosperm, Cyacadaceae, coniferac and gnetaceae. Later ENGLER (1889) created a group Gnikgoales to accommodate the genus giankgo. Van Tieghem (1898) treated Gymnosperm as one of the two subdivision of spermatophyte. To accommodate the fossil members three more classes- Pteridospermae, Cordaitales, and Bennettitales where created. Coulter and chamberlain (1919), Engler and Prantl (1926), Rendle (1926) and other considered Gymnosperm as a division of spermatophyta, Phanerogamia or Embryoptyta and they further divided them into seven orders: - i) Cycadofilicales ii) Cycadales iii) Bennettitales iv) Ginkgoales v) Coniferales vi) Corditales vii) Gnetales On the basis of wood structure steward (1919) divided Gymnosperm into two classes: - i) Manoxylic ii) Pycnoxylic The various classification of Gymnosperm proposed by various workers are as follows: - i) Sahni (1920): - He recognized two sub-divison in gymnosperm: - a) Phylospermae b) Stachyospermae BOTANY PG SEMESTER – II, PAPER –V BOT521: Taxonomy and Diversity of seed plants ii) Classification proposed by chamber lain (1934): - He divided Gymnosperm into two divisions: - a) Cycadophyta b) Coniterophyta iii) Classification proposed by Tippo (1942):- He considered Gymnosperm as a class of the sub- phylum pteropsida and divided them into two sub classes:- a) Cycadophyta b) Coniferophyta iv) D.
    [Show full text]
  • Ginkgoites Ticoensis</Italic>
    Leaf Cuticle Anatomy and the Ultrastructure of Ginkgoites ticoensis Archang. from the Aptian of Patagonia Author(s): Georgina M. Del Fueyo, Gaëtan Guignard, Liliana Villar de Seoane, and Sergio Archangelsky Reviewed work(s): Source: International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 174, No. 3, Special Issue: Conceptual Advances in Fossil Plant Biology Edited by Gar Rothwell and Ruth Stockey (March/April 2013), pp. 406-424 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668221 . Accessed: 15/03/2013 17:43 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Plant Sciences. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Fri, 15 Mar 2013 17:43:56 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Plant Sci. 174(3):406–424. 2013. Ó 2013 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 1058-5893/2013/17403-0013$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/668221 LEAF CUTICLE ANATOMY AND THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GINKGOITES TICOENSIS ARCHANG. FROM THE APTIAN OF PATAGONIA Georgina M. Del Fueyo,1,* Gae¨tan Guignard,y Liliana Villar de Seoane,* and Sergio Archangelsky* *Divisio´n Paleobota´nica, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia,’’ CONICET, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Gymnosperms on the EDGE Félix Forest1, Justin Moat 1,2, Elisabeth Baloch1, Neil A
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Gymnosperms on the EDGE Félix Forest1, Justin Moat 1,2, Elisabeth Baloch1, Neil A. Brummitt3, Steve P. Bachman 1,2, Stef Ickert-Bond 4, Peter M. Hollingsworth5, Aaron Liston6, Damon P. Little7, Sarah Mathews8,9, Hardeep Rai10, Catarina Rydin11, Dennis W. Stevenson7, Philip Thomas5 & Sven Buerki3,12 Driven by limited resources and a sense of urgency, the prioritization of species for conservation has Received: 12 May 2017 been a persistent concern in conservation science. Gymnosperms (comprising ginkgo, conifers, cycads, and gnetophytes) are one of the most threatened groups of living organisms, with 40% of the species Accepted: 28 March 2018 at high risk of extinction, about twice as many as the most recent estimates for all plants (i.e. 21.4%). Published: xx xx xxxx This high proportion of species facing extinction highlights the urgent action required to secure their future through an objective prioritization approach. The Evolutionary Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) method rapidly ranks species based on their evolutionary distinctiveness and the extinction risks they face. EDGE is applied to gymnosperms using a phylogenetic tree comprising DNA sequence data for 85% of gymnosperm species (923 out of 1090 species), to which the 167 missing species were added, and IUCN Red List assessments available for 92% of species. The efect of diferent extinction probability transformations and the handling of IUCN data defcient species on the resulting rankings is investigated. Although top entries in our ranking comprise species that were expected to score well (e.g. Wollemia nobilis, Ginkgo biloba), many were unexpected (e.g.
    [Show full text]