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Leppe & Philippe Moisan CYCADALES Y CYCADEOIDALES DEL TRIÁSICO DELRevista BIOBÍO Chilena de Historia Natural475 76: 475-484, 2003 76: ¿¿-??, 2003 Nuevos registros de Cycadales y Cycadeoidales del Triásico superior del río Biobío, Chile New records of Upper Triassic Cycadales and Cycadeoidales of Biobío river, Chile MARCELO LEPPE & PHILIPPE MOISAN Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] RESUMEN Se entrega un aporte al conocimiento de las Cycadales y Cycadeoidales presentes en los sedimentos del Triásico superior de la Formación Santa Juana (Cárnico-Rético) de la Región del Biobío, Chile. Los grupos están representados por las especies Pseudoctenis longipinnata Anderson & Anderson, Pseudoctenis spatulata Du Toit y Pterophyllum azcaratei Herbst & Troncoso, y se propone una nueva especie Pseudoctenis truncata nov. sp. Las especies se encuentran junto a otros elementos típicos de las asociaciones paleoflorísticas del borde suroccidental del Gondwana. Palabras clave: Triásico superior, paleobotánica, Cycadales, Cycadeoidales. ABSTRACT A contribution to the knowledge of Cycadales and Cycadeoidales present in the Upper Triassic of the Santa Juana Formation (Carnian-Raetian) in the Bio-Bío Region of Chile is provided. The groups are represented by the species Pseudoctenis longipinnata Anderson & Anderson, Pseudoctenis spatulata Du Toit and Pterophyllum azcaratei Herbst & Troncoso. A new species Pseudoctenis truncata nov. sp. is described. They appear to be related to other typical elements of the paleofloristic assamblages from the south-occidental border of Gondwanaland. Key words: Upper Triassic, paleobotany, Cycadales, Cycadeoidales. INTRODUCCIÓN vasculares (Stewart & Rothwell 1993, Taylor & Taylor 1993). Sin embargo, se reconoce la exis- Frecuentemente se ha tratado a las Cycadeoida- tencia de una brecha morfológica entre ambos les (Bennettitales) y a las Cycadales como parte grupos, ya que a diferencia de las Medullosa- de las Cycadophyta. También han sido asigna- les, las Cycadeoidales poseen un tallo anatómi- das dos clases distintas dentro de las Pinophyta, camente bien diferenciado y hojas básicamente o a grupos distintos como las Cycadophyta y en frondas pinnadas (Crane 1985, Nishida Cycadeoidophyta. Ambos grupos comparten es- 1994). Estudios de sus conos sugieren además a tructuras vegetativas muy similares, pero sus las Cycadeoidales como un posible ancestro de estructuras reproductivas (conos en el caso de las angiospermas (Crane 1985). Por otro lado, las Cycadeoidales y estróbilos en el caso de las el grupo remanente de las Cycadales actuales Cycadales) contrastan marcadamente entre sí. aparece como sobreviviente de un grupo mucho Esto sugiere que incluso podrían ser considera- mayor que dominó parte de las floras mesozoi- dos como grupos evolutivamente distantes (Nishida 1994). Actualmente el origen de ambos grupos 1 GNAEDINGER S (1999) La flora triásica del grupo El también se considera un tanto diferente. Un po- Tranquilo, Provincia de Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Parte VII: sible antecesor de las Cycadeoidales puede ser Cycadophyta. Actas del X Simposio Argentino de Paleo- hallado en las Medullosales paleozoicas, funda- botánica y Palinología, Mendoza, Argentina: 27-32. 2 mentando su parentesco en similitudes que LEPPE M, E ABAD & L LEPEZ (2000) Aportes al cono- cimiento paleoflorístico de la Formación Santa Juana, Triá- muestran a nivel de la estructura de la madera y sico superior de la VIII Región de Chile. Actas del IX Con- de los patrones de ramificación de los haces greso Geológico Chileno, Puerto Varas, Chile 1: 257-259. 476 LEPPE & MOISAN cas, principalmente durante el Jurásico (Gifford Estos afloramientos fueron descritos, en los pri- & Foster 1987) y que hallaría su origen en el meros trabajos, como de origen continental a Pérmico Inferior (Artabe & Stevenson 1999). marino, con contenido de plantas y animales El presente trabajo se basa en el estudio de fósiles (Steinmann 1921). Jaworski (1922) representantes de ambos grupos presentes en asignó una edad cárnica a las rocas del área de los afloramientos plantíferos denominados in- Talcamávida en base a la presencia de inverte- formalmente como Formación Santa Juana (Cu- brados marinos, como Arcestes sp. Brüggen curella 1978), ubicados en la cuenca del bajo (1934), tras una revisión del material recolecta- Biobío (localidades de Santa Juana, Quilacoya, do por Steinmann (1921) y Jaworski (1922), re- Gomero, Calquinhue y Patagual) (Fig. 1). La sumió sus resultados agregando nuevos repor- edad Triásica superior (Fig. 2), fue asignada tes de afloramientos ubicados en la ruta tentativamente por Steinmann (1921), la For- ferroviaria entre San Rosendo y Gomero. Otros mación Santa Juana se basa en la presencia de trabajos hacen mención a los estratos fosilíferos plantas fósiles de edad rética, tales como: Cla- triásicos de Concepción (Groeber 1934, Gerth thropteris platyphylla Goeppert, Pterophyllum 1935, Kummel & Fuchs 1953). Tavera (1960) sp., Pecopteris cottoni Zeiller, Dicroidium tras una revisión más extensa que la de sus pre- odontopteroides Feistm, D. zuberi (Szajnocha) decesores, dividió la secuencia en tres miem- Archangelsky, Baiera sp. Nathorst y Linguifo- bros, llamados: Miembro Quilacoya (continen- lium lilleanum Arber (Tavera 1960). tal), Miembro Unihue (marino) y Miembro Solo breves trabajos han hecho alusión al Talcamávida-Gomero. Veyl (1961) en la geolo- contenido fosilífero del Triásico del río Biobío. gía regional de Concepción, basada en Brüggen Fig. 1: Puntos de muestreo en la Región del Biobío. Abajo: escala de tiempo geológico, la flecha indica la edad relativa de los afloramientos estudiados. Sampling points in the Biobío region. Below: geologic timescale, the arrow shows the relative age of the outcrops studied. CYCADALES Y CYCADEOIDALES DEL TRIÁSICO DEL BIOBÍO 477 Maastrichtiano estudio la realiza Nielsen (1999), quien deter- minó Pseudoctenis fissa Du Toit, Pseudoctenis Campaniano gracipinnata Anderson & Anderson y Pseudoc- SUPERIOR Santoniano tenis santajuanaensis nov. sp. En el presente estudio se evaluó la flora CRETÁCICO Coniaciano triásica de la VIII Región de Chile, con énfasis Turoniano en las Cycadales y Cycadeoidales, y se estable- Cenomiano ce su relación con otras floras sudamericanas y no sudamericanas. Albiano INFERIOR Aptiano MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Titoniano El material estudiado corresponde a improntas SUPERIOR Kimmeridgiano de hojas procedentes de las localidades de Ce- Oxfordiano rro Calquinhue, Gomero, Santa Juana y Pata- Calloviano gual (Fig. 1). El sitio Gomero se ubica a 200 m JURÁSICO al NW de la estación de ferrocarriles y en el Bathoniano MEDIO sector de la Escuela de Gomero, Provincia de Bajociano Concepción, VIII Región (37º12,138’ S; MESOZOICO Aeleniano 72º47,665’ O). Edad Triásico superior. El sitio Cerro Calquinhue se ubica en el flanco oeste Taorciano del Cerro, en el camino forestal “Cota 100” del Pleinsbachiano sector Quebrada La Mina donde se ubican dos INFERIOR Sinemuriano pirquenes carboníferos abandonados, Provincia de Concepción, VIII Región (37º5,95’ S; Hettangiano 72º53.534’ O). Edad Triásico superior. Rético El material colectado fue trasladado al Mu- seo del Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra SUPERIOR Nórico (CONC) de la Universidad de Concepción, Cárnico TRIÁSICO donde fue descrito mediante el uso de una lupa Ladínico Carl Zeiss y una cámara clara para la realiza- MEDIO ción de diagramas. Las fotografías (72) fueron Anísico obtenidas mediante una cámara digital Sony INFERIOR Scythiano Mavica con un zoom de 30x. Las improntas (25) quedaron almacenadas y etiquetadas como Fig. 2: Escala geológica de tiempo entre los TriX 1-25, en el estante identificado como 245 millones de años (comienzos del Scythia- “Triásico y Paleozoico” de CONC. El holotipo no) y los 65 millones de años (fines del Maas- de la especie nueva Pseudoctenis truncata se trichtiano). La zona destacada en gris represen- encuentra almacenado con el código TriX-2, en ta la edad asignada a los estratos de la la colección del Laboratorio de Paleobotánica Formación Santa Juana. del Departamento Ciencias de la Tierra, Uni- Geological timescale between 245 million years ago (at the versidad de Concepción, Chile. beginning of the Scythian) and 65 million years ago (end of Maastrichtian). The gray zone represents the age assig- ned to the Santa Juana Formation layers. RESULTADOS De las 21 muestras analizadas, doce correspon- (1934), Steinmann (1921), Jaworsky (1922) y den a Pseudoctenis longipinnata (Anderson & Tavera (1960). En 1983, Anderson & Anderson Anderson 1989), dos a Pseudoctenis spatulata (1983) señalan la presencia de representantes (Herbst & Troncoso 2000), seis a Pterophyllum de Cycadales y Cycadeoidales en los aflora- azcaratei (Herbst y Troncoso 2000) y dos a mientos de Santa Juana. Dentro de este contex- Pseudoctenis truncata nov. sp. to, Tavera (1960) hace mención a Pterophyllum sp. basándose en muestras colectadas por Fuen- Taxonomía zalida (1937) en Buenuraqui-Gomero; esta es- pecie fue posteriormente asignada por Herbst & División Pinophyta Meyen, 1984. Troncoso (2000) como Pterophyllum azcaratei. Clase Cycadopsida Meyen, 1984. Otras menciones de los taxa referidos en este Orden Cycadales Meyen, 1984. 478 LEPPE & MOISAN Fig. 3: (A, B) Pseudoctenis longipinnata Anderson & Anderson (TriX 8), porción medial de la hoja, con pinnas de disposición opuesta y alternada (C), esquema de la venación simple, sin dicoto- mía. Barras de escala
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