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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88715-1 - An Introduction to Plant Fossils Christopher J. Cleal & Barry A. Thomas Index More information

Index

Abscission 33, 76, 81, 82, 119, Antarctica 25, 26, 93, 117, 150, 153, Baiera 169 150, 191 209, 212 Balme, Basil 24 Acer 195, 198, 216 Antheridia 56, 64, 88 Bamboos 197 Acitheca 49, 119 Antholithus 31 Banks, Harlan P. 28 Acorus 194 Araliaceae 191 Baragwanathia 28, 43, 72, 74 Acrostichum 129, 130 Araliosoides 187 Bark 67 Actinocalyx 190 Araucaria 157, 159, 160, 164, 181 Barsostrobus 76 Adpressions 3, 4, 9, 12, 38 Araucariaceae 163, 212, 214 Barthel, Manfred 21 Agathis 157 Araucarites 163 Bean, William 29 Agavaceae 192 Arber, Agnes 19, 65 Beania 30 Agave 193 Arber, E. A. Newell 18, 19, 30 ReconstructionofBeania-tree169,172 Aglaophyton 64 Arcellites 133 Bear Island 94, 95 Agriculture 220 Archaeanthus 187, 189 Beck, Charles 69 Alethopteris 46, 144, 145 Archaeocalamitaceae 97, 205 Belgium 19, 22, 39, 68, 112, 129 Algae 55 Archaeocalamites 9799, 100, 105 Belize 125 Alismataceae 194 Archaeopteridales 69 Bennettitales 33, 157, 170, 171, Allicospermum 165 Archaeopteris 39, 40, 68, 69, 71, 153 172174, 182, 211214 Allochthonous assemblages 3, 11 Archaeosperma 137, 139 Bennie, James 24 Alnus 24, 179, 216 Archegonia 56, 135, 137 Bentall, R. 24 Aloe 192 Arctic-Alpine flora 219 Bertrand, Paul 18 Alternating generations 1, 5557, 85 Arcto-Tertiary flora 117, 215, 216 Bertrandia 114 Amerosinian Flora 96, 97, 205, Argentina 3, 77, 130, 164 Betulaceae 179, 195, 215 206, 208 Ariadnaesporites 132 Bevhalstia 188 Amber, preservation in 7, 42, 194 Arnold, Chester 28, 29, 67 Binney, Edward 21 Anabathra 81 Arthropitys 97, 101 Biomes 51 Andrews, Henry N. 22 Arthroxylon 97, 101 Biostratigraphy 13, 24, 5052 Androstrobus 172 Artis, Edmund 16, 17, 21 Biozones 50, 81 Anemia 121 Artisia 153, 155 Black Hills, Dakota 33 Aneurophytales 69, 138 Artisophyton 114 Blechnaceae 127, 129 Angara Flora 27, 75, 77, 150, 205, Asphodelacea 192 Botrychium 114, 122 208, 211 Aspidistes 115, 127, 128, 129 Botryopteridaceae 114 Angaraodendron 77 Aspidium 128 Botryopteris 115 Angarophloios 77 Asplenium1181 Bowenia 168 Angiopteris 113, 121 Asteliaceae 192 Bower, Frederick Orpen 1918 Angiosperms 1, 10, 3335, 67, Asterochlaena 108 Bowerbank, James Scott 34 128, 130, 132, 165, 170, Asterophyllites 100, 101, 102, 103, 105 Brachyphyllum 162 174, 175, 178201, 203, Asterothecaceae 112 Bracts 163, 164, 180 213, 214 Asteroxylon 43, 64, 73, 74, 75 Brandon Tertiary lignite 34 Definition of 178180 Atmosphere, composition of 13, 55 Brasilodendron 77 Earliest 184 Australia 25, 26, 28, 43, 74, 93, Brazil 77, 108, 117, 130, 196 Leaves 182, 185 102, 108, 117, 121, 150, British Geological Survey 18 Possible ancestors of 152, 153, 174, 153, 168, 196, 203, 207, British Isles 53, 54, 219 175, 182183 209, 211 British National Coal Board 2425 Anisophylly 77 Austria 173, 174 Brongniart, Adolphe 1516, 25, 48 Ankyropteris 108, 115 Authigenic mineralizations 4, 7, 155 Bryophyta 1, 11, 57, 59, 63, 64 Annularia 99, 101, 102, 103 Autochthonous assemblages 2, 11 Buckland, William 30 Anomozamites 171 Autunia 149 Bulbils 106 Anonaceae 199 Axelrodia 185 Bumbudendron 77 Anonaspermum 199 Azolla 130, 133 Bundle sheaths 196

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88715-1 - An Introduction to Plant Fossils Christopher J. Cleal & Barry A. Thomas Index More information

INDEX 231

Buriadiaceae 161 Cedrelospermum 195 Cordyline 192 Butterworth, Mavis 24 Cedrus 160 Cornetipollis 186 Cenozoic 10, 92, 163, 165, 192201 Cortex 58, 63, 85, 144, 148 C4/C3, photosynthesis 197 Central Asia 186 Corylus 200 Calamites3,49,99,100,101,102,104,206 Cereals 197 Corynepteris 114, 120 Calamocarpon 101, 104 Cercidophyllaceae 215 Corystosperms see Umkomasiales Calamodendron 97, 101 Cerro Cuadrado 164 Crane, Peter R. 35 Calamophyton 93, 108, 112 Chandler, Marjory 34 Craspedodromophyllum 202 Calamostachyaceae 99, 101, 102, Charophytes 1, 59 Crepet, William L. 33 104105 Charcoal see Fusian Cretaceous Period 4, 11, 25, 30, 33, Calamostachys 103, 104 Cheilanthes 107 3435, 42, 43, 74, 77, 92, 106, Calder, Mary 33 Cheirolepidiaceae 164, 165, 166, 180, 121, 122, 125, 126, 128, 130, Callipteris 149 211, 212 132, 133, 157, 159, 164, 167, Callistophytales 138, 139, 142, Chibotium 108 169, 173, 174, 183, 186194, 147149, 206 Chile 121 212214, 215 Callistophyton 147 China 7, 20, 22, 26, 37, 77, 90, 98, 117, Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction 35, Callixylon 39, 68, 69 121, 142, 149, 150, 158, 165, 169, 163, 170, 174, 209, 214215 Callospermarion 148 171, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211 Crookall, Robert 18, 19 Cambium 57 Chloranthaceae 189 Cross, Aureal 22 Vascular cambium 67, 180 Chloranthistemon 189 Crossotheca 114 Canada 6, 9, 11, 28, 31, 36, 43, 54, 67, Christensenia 112 Crossothecaceae 114 74, 77, 81, 87, 97, 115, 117, 121, Chromosomes 55 Crossozamia 171 122, 126, 128, 132, 133, 146, 147, Cladophlebis 117 Crow, Francis 34 194, 215 Cladoxylales 93, 95, 97, 100, 106 Croziers of fern fronds 118 Canary Islands 107, 159, 216 Clarno Nut Bed 197, 200 Cryptospores 59 Capitulum 152 Classopollis 164 Culcita 125 Capulisporites 132 Clathropteris 125 Culmitschia 161, 162 Carboniferous Period 6, 7, 1620, 21, Club mosses see Lycophyta Cupressaceae 162, 163, 164, 30, 31, 47, 49, 80, 90, 92, 102, 110, Coal and peat 3, 9, 11, 13, 1620, 26, 213, 215 115, 116, 153, 183, 191, 204208 108, 111, 117, 154, 209, 212, 217 Cupressinocladus 162 Mississippian Subperiod 4, 8, 23, Coal petrology 2324 Cupressus 162 7577, 84, 95, 9799, 106108, Coal Forests 12, 50, 60, 80, 86, 147, Cupules 23, 135, 137, 141, 174, 175 113, 139141, 142, 205, 207 205, 206, 207 Curation and documentation 52 PennsylvanianSubperiod3,4,6,8,9, Coal balls 7, 9, 2122, 41 Cuticles and epidermis 6, 11, 21, 30, 11, 12, 25, 26, 36, 39, 42, 44, 47, 59, Cocos 193 31, 4041, 58, 62, 63, 72, 75, 83, 64, 68, 70, 72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, Coleochaete 59 86, 143, 145, 146, 155, 162, 170, 87, 88, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, Collinson, Margaret E. 34, 36 172, 187, 212 103, 110112, 113, 115, 117, 119, Combreteae 188 Cyathea 126 120, 121, 138, 139, 141149, 152, Compressions 4 Cyatheaceae 126, 212 153154, 155, 158, 163, 205208 Cones 103, 104, 157, 160161, 163, Cyathocarpus 49, 110111, 118, 119 Carboniferous Congresses 20, 36 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 176, 204 Cycadaceae 169 Carpels 174, 185, 187 Conifers 3, 11, 25, 30, 33, 42, 67, Cycadales 25, 30, 135, 137, 146, 157, Carruthers, William 30 82, 128, 135, 137, 148, 153, 166170, 171, 182, 205, 208, 209, Caryophyllaceae 191 157164, 166, 170, 171, 180, 211213 Castanea 179 181, 183, 191, 194, 205, 206, Cycadeoidea 30 Casts 6, 9 208, 209, 211, 215 Cycadoﬁlices 138 Pith casts 7 Coniopteris 126, 127 Cycadophyte foliage 170 Prepared 4244 Continental drift 26, 35, 150 Cycas 166169 Catalogues 36 Cookson, Isabel 28 Cyclogranisporites 43, 75 Caulopteris 114 Cooksonia 2829, 6063, 85, 86 Cyclopteris 143 Caytonanthus 174 Cordaitanthales 7, 25, 148, 153154, Cyclostigma 45, 77, 79 Caytonia 31, 174, 175 155, 160, 166, 209 Cynepteris 11 Caytoniales 31, 153, 157, 174175, Cordaites 155, 156 Cystosporites 43, 75, 89 182, 214 Cordaitanthus 155 Czech Republic 59, 61, 77, 86, 198

232 INDEX

Daber, Rudolf 28 Elatides 163 Fraxinopsis 176 Damage by animals and fungi 10, 11 Elatocladus 162 Friis, Else Marie 35 Danaea 113 Elkinsia 137, 139 Fronds 106, 110, 111, 114, 116, Danaeopteris 113 Elkinsiaceae 139141 119, 123, 138, 139, 142, 143, Darrah, William C. 18, 19, 22 Embryophytes 1 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 166, Darwin, Charles 3, 10, 16 Embryos 1, 56, 135, 137 169, 171, 173 Davallia 128 Embryo sac 135, 137 Frond architecture 143 Davies, David 18, 19 Emporia 161, 163 Fruits 196, 197, 199, 200, 201 Dawson, John William 28 Eneste 200 Fungi 1 Dechellyia 176 Engelhardia 198 Furcula 185197 Deciduous 191, 215, 216 England 4, 8, 11, 16, 2122, 2324, 31, Fusain 10, 13, 158, 182, 188, 189 Delevoryas, Theodore 33 43, 44, 45, 50, 61, 62, 67, 77, 78, Dennstaedtiaceae 128, 129 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 101, Galium 96, 97 Dennstaedtiopsis 129 103, 113, 118, 121, 127, 128, 129, Gametes 56, 135, 137 Dernbachia 108 130, 132, 133, 140, 147, 148, 155, Gametophytes 1, 5657, 64, 71, 119, Desert conditions 212 158, 159, 163, 165, 166, 170, 171, 135, 136, 137 Deviacer 200 173, 193, 197, 199, 201 Gangamopteris 152 Devonian Period 7, 8, 10, 19, 27, 28, Eoantha 176 GaspØ, New Brunswick 28 29, 31, 42, 43, 45, 59, 60, 61, Epacridaceae 199 Geinitzia 162 6369, 70, 7274, 75, 76, 77, 79, Ephedra 175, 178 Geoconservation 5254 86, 9396, 106108, 112, 135, Epidermis see Cuticles British Institute for Geological 137, 139, 140, 203204, 205 Equisetaceae 104105 Conservation 54 Diaphorodendron 81 Equisetisporites 186 Geological Conservation Review 53 Dicksonia 108, 126 Equisetites 105 Geoparks 54 Dicksoniaceae 125126 Equisetum 93, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 104 GEOSITES 54 Dicksonites 148 Eremopteris 148 World Heritage sites 54 Dicotyledons 180, 194 Erobacia 126 Germany 6, 15, 19, 24, 42, 45, 64, 73, Dicranopteris 125 Escalloniaceae 188 77, 78, 90, 98, 117, 123, 142, 149, Dicroidium 175, 211 Esgueiria 188 161, 163, 167 Dijkstra, Sijben Jan 24 Eskdalia 62, 77, 84, 86 Ghana 107, 193 Dinophyton 176 Estinnophyton 43, 74, 75 Gillespie, William 36 Dioecious 153, 164, 166, 176 Eucommiidites 185 Ginkgo 153, 165, 167, 169, 175 Diphasiatrum 72 Eusphenopteris 141, 144 Ginkgoaceae 166, 213, 215 Diploclisia 199 Evolution of plants 13, 36 Ginkgoales 157, 165166, 169, 170, Diploid cells 56, 135, 137, 178 211213 Diplopteridium 140 Fabaceae 179 Ginkgoites 167, 169 Dipteris 122 Fagaceae 179, 215 Girdling leaf traces 166, 172 Dipteridaceae 122, 125, 211, 212 Ferns 1, 11, 18, 19, 45, 56, 57, 64, 67, Glaciations 25, 207208, 209, Dipterocarps 216 79, 84, 93, 106132, 138, 143, 217, 218 Dispersal 192 180, 182, 191, 192, 203, 205, 206, Gleichenia 115, 121 Dix, Emily 18, 19, 20 208, 219 Gleicheniaceae 121122, 125, Dizeugotheca 112 Ferugliocladaceae 161 138, 212 DNA sequencing 59, 166, 183 Field guides 36 Gleichenites 121, 124 Dominica 194 Flacourtiaceae 200 Glenobotridium 55, 83 Donwelliacaulis 117 Flemingites 43, 75, 8788, 89 Glossopterids 2526, 150153, 175, Double fertilisation 178 Florin, Rudolph 33 182, 208, 209 Dracaena 153, 192 Florissantia 199 Glossopteris 152 Dracaenaceae 192 Flowering plants, see Angiosperms Gnetales 174, 175176, 182, 186, 211 Dryopteridaceae 127, 128 Flowers 34, 42, 173, 178, 180, 182, Gnetum 175, 176, 178, 186 Dryopteris 128, 129 187, 188, 189, 190, 194, 199 Gondwana 2526, 27, 66, 77, 96, 102, Forests, fossil 3, 11, 32, 68, 87 150, 161, 175, 205, 209 Eboracia 127, 129 Fossil Grove, Glasgow 52 Gçppert, Heinrich 16, 24 Edwards, Dianne 29 Fossil record, bias in 1012, 37 Gordon, William T. 23 Elaters 105 France 15, 19, 94, 117, 195 Gosslingia 27, 65, 66

INDEX 233

Gothan, Walther 19 Hymenophyllaceae 128 Lang, William H. 18, 22, 23, 28 Grammitidiaceae 128 Hymenophyllites 114, 120 Laurophyllous plants 216 Grammatopteris 117 Hypautochthonous assemblages 2, 11 Laveineopteris 143, 144 GrandEury, Francois-Cyrille 17 Hypodermis 40 Leaves 34, 97, 102, 103, 148, 150, 151, Grass 194, 196197 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 169, 171, Greece 54, 82 Ibrahim, Ahmet Can 24 172, 174, 175, 185, 186, 187, 192, Greenland 31, 77, 117, 121, 185 Icacinaceae 199 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204 Growth rings in wood 150, 182 Impressions 4, 9 Leaf cushions and bases 44, 55, 56, Guatemala 193 India 7, 25, 26, 27, 35, 66, 96, 102, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 108, Gueira 188 132, 150, 161, 209, 212, 214 166, 172 Guthoerlisporites 43, 73 Inﬂorescence 153, 160 Leaf drip tips 34, 215 Gwynne-Vaughan, David Thomas 18, Infrafoliar bladder 76 Leaf scars 76, 79, 81, 83, 84, 110, 19, 28 Indusium 126, 128, 129 114 Gymnospermophyta 1, 57, Integument 135, 137, 141, 146, 148, 190 Leaf sheaf 99, 101, 102, 105 135136, 176 Iodes 199 Leafy shoots 161, 162, 165 Gymnosperm reproduction 119, Ireland 45, 77, 79 Megaphylls 69 136137 Isoetes 43, 56, 72, 73, 92 Microphylls 72, 74, 106 Origins 135, 137 Isoetites 92 Origins of 67, 203 Gynoecium 180 Isophylly 77 Physiognomy of 13, 34, 197 Lebour Alexander Louis 16 Halle, Thore G. 31, 32 Janssen, Raymond 36 Leclercq, Suzanne 22 Hamamelidaceae 179 Japan 23, 77, 117, 121, 129, 219 Leguminosae 191 Hamamelideae 178, 188, 190, 191 Jennings, James J. 36 Lemna 178 Hamamelis 179 Joggins 54, 81, 87 Lepidocarpon 43, 75, 89 Hamshawviales 175 Jongmans, Wilhelmus 19, 24 Lepidodendron 47, 48, 55, 56, 60, 61, Haploid cells 55 Juglandaceae 191, 195, 199, 215 7982, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90 Harris, Thomas Maxwell 30, 3132, Juglandiphyllites 195 Lepidophloios 58, 61, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89 68, 169 Juncus 193 Lepidostrobophyllum 89 Hausmania 125, 180 Jurassic Period 7, 8, 10, 22, 2932, 33, Lepidostrobus 4, 43, 75, 88, 90 Hawaii 108 36, 77, 84, 112, 115, 117, 121, Leptocycas 172 Heartwood 181 122, 126, 127, 128, 157, 163, 164, Leptopteris 116, 117 Heleophyton 194 165, 166, 170, 171, 172, 174, 191, Leptostrobales 211214 Helminthostachys 114 211212 Lesbos 54, 82 Hemingway, William 18, 19 Lesleya 169 Herbivory 191, 197 Karinopteris 144 Lesqueria 187, 189 Heterospory 56, 71, 74, 76, 91, Karkeniaceae 165 Leucopogon 199 106, 130132, 135, 136, Kazakhstan 208, 209 Lianas 141, 216 137, 138 Kidston, Robert 1819, 24, 28, 30 Lidgettonia 151 Heuber, Fran 28 Kidstonophyton 61, 86 Lignin 42, 57 Hill, Christopher R. 32 Klukia 121 Ligule 43, 44, 74, 75, 78, 81, 83, 84, 87, Holden, Henry Smith 31 Konijnenberg-van Cittert, Han 92 Homospory 56, 74, 106 van 32, 36 Liliopsida, see Monocotyledons Hooker, Joseph 18, 19, 21 Kosanke, Robert M. 24 Lindley, John 16, 22, 30 Hopetedia 129, 131 Kremp, Gerhard 24 Lindleycladus 162 Horneophyton 61, 63, 64, 86 Kylikipteris 126, 127, 128 Linopteris 144 Horsetails, see Sphenophytes Liquidamber 216 Hoskins, J. Hobart 22 Laburnum 179 Liriodendron 176 Hostinella 62 Lacey, William S. 22, 27, 29, 66, 67 Liriophyllum 187, 189 Hughes, Norman 33 Lagenicula 89 Lister, Martin 14 Huperzia 72, 73, 74 Lagenoisporites 43, 75 Lithodendron Wash 33 Hutton, William 16, 22, 30 Lagenostoma 46, 138 Liverworts, see Bryophyta Hydathodes 145, 146 Lagenostome (salpinx) 136, 138, 140, Llwyd, Edward 14 Hydrasperma 140 141, 146 Lobatopteris 110112, 118, 119 Hydropteris 132 Lanceolatus 151, 152 Logan, Sir William 28

234 INDEX

Lonchopteris 144 Matatiellales 175 Nothia 61, 86 London Clay Flora 34, 45, 79, 163, Matonia 122 Nothofagus 214215 197, 199, 201, 215 Matoniaceae 122, 124, 125, 212 Nucellus 135, 137, 140, 141, 145, 146, Long, Albert G. 23 Mazon Creek Flora 7, 36 147, 148, 190 Lophiodendron 77 Medullosales 46, 48, 81, 139, Nypa 200, 201, 216 Lophosoriaceae 128 142147, 148, 149, 169, Lycophyta 1, 4, 11, 12, 21, 25, 42, 206, 208 Odontopteris 6, 144, 145 43, 45, 48, 50, 59, 64, 66, Megaphyton 114 Oil resources 13 7292, 93, 96, 97, 106, 162, Megaspores 16, 24, 45, 56, 77, Oligocarpia 114, 121 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 79, 88, 89, 132, 133, Oman 59 209, 211 135, 137 Omphalophloios 9192 Lycopodiella 43, 72, 73 Meiosis 55 Onoclea 128 Lycopodites 77 Menispermaceae 199, 215 Ophioglossaceae 128 Lycopodium 72, 73, 77 Meristem 73, 116, 166 Ophioglossales 108, 114 Lycospora 43, 75, 89 Metaclepsydropsis 113 Ophioglossum 114 Lyginopteridaceae 139, 141 Metasequoia 11, 128, 214 Ordovician Period 1, 29, 59, 203 Lyginopteridales 139142, 144, 147, Mexico 35, 126, 214 Osmunda 47, 115, 116, 117, 123, 129 205, 206 Meyen, Sergei 27, 28, 67 Osmundaceae 115117 Lyginopteris 46, 141 Micropyle 136, 138, 141, 178 Osmundales 138 Lyonophyton 64, 87 Minerisporites 132 Otozamites 170, 171, 173 Lygodium 107, 120121, 123, 124 Molecular clock 10 Ottokariales see Glossopterids Monanthesia 173 Ovules 34, 49, 135136, 137, 138, 141, Mackie, William 28 Mongolia 209 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, Macroflora 12 Monocotyledons 180, 192194 153, 154, 160161, 163, 164, 165, Macroneuropteris 144 Moore, Leslie Rowsell 1918 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, Macrostachya 103, 104 Moresnetia 137 175, 178, 180, 185, 190, 199, Macrozamia 166 Morgans, Helen S. 36 200, 215 Magdefrau, Karl 92 Mosses, see Bryophyta Evidence for attachment 46 Madeira 127, 129 Moulds, see casts Evolution of 8, 71, 135, 137, 203 Magnolia 35, 179, 187, 189, Seed dispersal 135, 137 198, 200 Namibia 176 Seed dormancy 135, 137, 204, 215 Magnoliaceae 179, 190, 200, 215 Nathorst, Alfred 30 Ovuliferous scales 160161, 163, Magnoliales 186 Nathorstiana 92 164, 165 Magnoliaephyllum 190 Nemececkigone 185 Oxroadia 4 Magnoliales 168, 176 Neogene Period 82, 115, 117, 121, Magnoliophyllum 189 127, 129, 133, 170, 196, 197, 198, Pachypteris 84 Majonicaceae 161 215, 216 Pachytesta 48, 49 Malanzania 77 Netherlands, The 20, 24 Pagiophyllum 162 Malvales 199 Neumayer, Georg von 25 Palaeobiogeography 48 Mamay, Sergius H. 20 Neuralethopteris 144 Palaeocarpinus 128, 202 Mangroves 216 Neuropteris 6, 144, 145, 146 Palaeoclimates 13 Marattia 113 New Zealand 93, 121 Palaeoecology 35 Marattiaceae 121 Nicol, William 21 Palaeofloristics 51 Marattiales 108112, 114, 115, 119, Nilssonia 170, 171, 172 Palaeogene Period 11, 34, 45, 79, 114, 121, 206 Nilssoniaceae 170 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, Marattiopsis 113, 121 Nilssoniopteris 170 129, 130, 132, 133, 163, 170, Mariopteris 39, 68, 141, 142, 143, NoØ, Adolphe C. 22 192200, 201, 202, 215216 144, 148 Nomenclature 4649 Palaeogeography 13 Marsilea 130, 132 Fossil taxa 4749 Palaeosmunda 117 Marsileaceae 133 Morphotaxa 48 Palaeostachya 103, 104 Marsileales 130 Types 48 Palmatopteris 143, 144 Martin, William 14 Whole plants 49 Palmoxylon 194 Martius, Karl von 14 North America 26 Palms 192, 213 Massulae 132, 133 Norway 218 Palynoflora 12

INDEX 235

Palynology 3, 9, 10, 34, 35, 43, 73 Pinaceae 163, 164, 212, 215 Prototaxites 28 Dispersed pollen and spores 42, 48, Pinales, see Conifers Protoyucca 194 114, 122, 185, 196, 208, 217, 219 Pinnules and pinnae 110, 138, Psaronius 116, 117 In situ pollen and spores 24, 4142, 62 143, 170 Pseudobornia 94, 95, 97, 101 Of coal 2425 Pinnae intercalated 143 Pseudoborniales 9495, 97, 100 Panama 216 Pinnatifid pinnule 110 Pseudoctenis 170, 171 Pandanaceae 192 Pinus 159, 160, 163 Pseudosporochnus 108 Pant, Divya Darshan 26, 27, 66 Pith 153, 172 Pseudovoltzia 163 Paper coals 62, 83, 86 Pith cast 101, 153, 155 Psilophytites 62 Paracarpinus 195 Pits (in tracheids) 181, 182 Psilophyton 28, 29, 66, 67 Pararaucaria 164 Pitys 23, 140 P/T see Permian-Triassic extinction Paralygodium 121 Plants, definition of 12 Pteridophyta see Ferns Parenchyma 4, 181 Platanaceae 189, 215 Pteridosperms 6, 18, 21, 23, 46, Parichnos 81, 83 Platananthus 189 138149, 170, 205, 206 Paripteris 4, 144 Platanus 187, 188, 192, 198 Pteridium 107 Parka 59, 85 Platycarya 199 Pteris 128 Parkinson, James 14 Pleistocene 165, 195, 216 Pteronilssonia 150 Parsons, James 34 Pleuromeia 9192, 211 Pterophyllum 171, 173 Parthenocissus 199 Podocarpaceae 163, 212, 214 Pteridaceae 128, 129 Patagonia 33, 112, 164 Poland 8, 133 Ptilophyllum 171 Peat, see Coal and peat Pollen 135, 136, 148, 150, 153, 158, Ptychocarpus 119, 136137 Pecopteris 4849, 118, 119, 121 164, 169, 178, 182, 187 Pyritised plant fossils 4446 Pedersen, Kaj 35 Monolete pollen 147 Peltaspermales 43, 74, 139, 149150, Pollen-bearing organs 147, 148, Quasimia 112 157, 166, 186, 209, 211 150, 172, 173, 174 Quaternary 121, 196, 217220 Permian Period 7, 18, 22, 26, 77, 90, Pollen chamber 140, 146 Quercus 198 96, 102, 106, 108, 110, 112, Pollen drop 135136, 146, 174, 176 116117, 142, 149154, 161, Pollen-sacs 140, 153, 161, 164, 185 Rachises 6, 45, 79, 120, 143 163, 169, 171, 175, 190, 208209, Pollen tube 135136, 137, 178 Rainforests 215, 216 210, 211 Pre-pollen 135, 137, 141, 146 Raistrick, Arthur 24 Permian-Triassic extinction 91, 150, Tectate pollen 178 Rajmahal Hills 7, 212 157, 163, 209, 210 Pollination Rastopteris 117 Petals 180, 190 By insects 190, 191 Ray, John 14 Petioles 113, 185 By wind 192 Rays (in wood) 183 Petriellales 175 Polypodiaceae 127128 Read, Charles B. 153 Petrifactions 7, 8, 9 Polypodium 107, 128 Red beds 9 Petrified trees 33, 53 Polyptera 195 Regnellidium 130, 132 Petry, Loren 28 Polystichum 107 Reid, Mary 34 Phaperosorus 122 Populus 196, 216 Reinsch, P. F. 24 Phasmatocycadales 169 Portugal 34, 42, 186, 188 Remy, Winfred 64 Phasmatocycas 169 Post-glacial floras 200, 218, 219 Renaultia 114 Phillips, Tom L. 22 Pothocites 97, 101 Renier, Armand 19 Philodendron 194 PotoniØ, Robert 24 Reticulopteris 144, 145 Phlebopteris 122, 124, 125 Pre-Cambrian times 55, 83 Rhabdotaenia 152 Phloem 5758, 67, 178 Pre-integument 140 Rhacophytales 106 Photography 3839 Pre-ovules 135, 140 Rhizomes 63, 94, 106, 122, 129, 132 Photosynthesis 1, 58 Preservation, modes of 37 Rhynia 28, 61, 63, 64, 86, 87 Phylloglossum 72 Prisca 190, 192 Rhynie Chert 4, 7, 8, 9, 18, 28, 29, Phyllophore 113 Progymnospermophyta 31, 6771, 43, 61, 6364, 67, 73, 74, 75, Phyllotaxy 162 106, 135, 137, 153, 203, 76, 86, 204 Phyllotheca 102, 104 205, 207 Rhyniophyta 61, 62, 63, 66, 86, 203 Phytochoria 51 Proteas 213 Rhyniophytoid 63, 64, 203 Phytoleim 4, 40 Prothalli 56 Riparian vegetation 11 Pilularia 130 Protopteridium 32, 68, 69 Roots, adventitious 108

236 INDEX

Rothwell, Gar W. 22 Silvianthecum 188 Stigmaria 22, 48, 64, 82, 8488, 91 Russia 27, 62, 66, 84, 86, 117, 121, 186 Simpson, Lieutenant J.H. 33 Stipe 110 Slovakia 160 Stockey, Ruth A. 33 Sagenopteris 31, 174, 180 Smith, Harold 24, 25 Stomata 6, 13, 40, 58, 61, 63, 65, 81, Sahni, Birbal 26, 27, 66 Soils 55 85, 97, 101, 145, 146, 155, 170, Salicaceae 179, 195 Sorophore 114, 120 187, 212214 Salix 179 South Africa 25, 26, 96, 102, 117, 150, Guard cells 58, 65, 83, 170 Salvinia 130, 133 151, 170, 175, 209, 211, 212 Subsidiary cells 170 Salviniales 130 South America 25, 26, 96, 150, 161, Stonesfield Slate 10, 30 Sanmiguelia 184, 185 203, 204208, 212 Stopes, Marie 2324, 25, 65 San Salvador 168 Spain 20, 91, 125 Stratigraphy 2 Sapindales 200 Sphenophyllales 9597, 206 Sturia 120 Sapindopsis 189 Sphenophyllum 49, 96, 97, 98 Stylites 72 Sapwood 181 Sphenophyta 1, 7, 47, 67, 80, 106, Sublepidophloios 44, 59, 76, 82, 85 Sassafras 187 153, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209, 211 Supaia 149, 150 Saudi Arabia 59, 112 Sphenopteris 113, 120 Svalbardia 42, 69, 70 Sawdonia 26, 65, 66, 73 Sphenopteridium 140 Swamp vegetation 189 Saxifraga 191 Sphyropteris 114 Sweden 42, 77, 188, 189, 190 Saxifragaceae 190 Spitsbergen 42, 69, 70, 127, 133 Switzerland 118 Saxifragispermum 200 Sporangia 27, 29, 45, 55, 58, 61, 62, 63, Symplocopteris 108, 113 Scandianthus 190 65, 66, 67, 73, 74, 77, 79, 8789, Synangispadix 185 Scheuchzer, Johann 14 91, 92, 93, 97, 101, 104, 106, 108, Synchysidendron 81 Schimper, Wilhelm 16 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, Schizaea 115, 121 123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 138 Taeniopteris 170 Schizaeaceae 115, 120121, 123 Annulus 115, 120, 122, 128, 130, 131 Taiwan 117 Schlotheim, Ernst von 15, 34 Dehiscence 63, 65, 66, 73, 110, 120 Takhtajanodoxa 92 Schmeissneriaceae 166 Eusporangia 108 Taphonomy 23 Schopf, James M. 22, 24 Leptosporangia 110, 115 Tatarina 149 Schulze Solution 41, 42 Sorus 110, 119, 121, 122, 126, 127, Taxaceae 163, 164, 212 Scirpus 216 128, 129, 131 Taxodiaceae 11 Sclerotic tissue 141, 143, 148, 155 Stomium 115, 123, 130 Taxodioxylon 82 Scotland 1819, 27, 32, 43, 59, 64, 66, Synangium 112, 121 Taxodium swamps 216, 217 68, 69, 75, 86, 88, 113, 140, 191, Sporangiophores 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, Taxus 164 205 100, 101, 102, 104, 105 Taylor, Thomas N. 22 Scott, Dunkfield H. 22 Spores 55, 58, 61, 89, 108, 215 Techniques 3852 Scott, Robert Falcon 25 Spore tetrads 55 Acetate peels 22, 44, 45, 78 Secondary growth 67, 81, 85 Spore triradiate marks 56 Biochemical analysis 35 Seeds, see ovules Sporocarp 130, 132 Cladistics 35, 36, 49, 52 Seed ferns, see Pteridosperms Sporophylls 72, 77, 79, 8789, 90, 91, Cluster Analysis 51, 81 Selaginella 42, 44, 56, 70, 72, 77, 78 92, 150, 161, 166, 168, 171, 173, Computer modelling 36 Selaginellites 77 174, 185 Degagement 38, 39, 68 Senftenbergia 17, 115, 118, 119, 136 Sporophytes 1, 5557, 135, 136 Detrended Correspondence Sepals 180, 190 Sporopollenin 58 Analysis 51, 81 Sequoia 157, 213 Stamens 179, 190 Electron microscopy 35, 41, 44 Seward, Albert C. 25, 26, 30, 31, 65 Stangeria 168, 170 Incident-light dark-field 41, 42, 70 Sheppey 10, 34, 36, 45, 79, 163, Stangeriaceae 168, 170 Non-metric Multidimensional 199, 201 Stauropteridales 106 Scaling 52 Siberia 27, 77, 129, 154, 208, 209, 212, Stauropteris 113 Optical microscopy 41 213, 217 Steganotheca 62, 63, 86 Polished faces 44, 45 Sigillaria 61, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, Stele 57, 63, 72, 101, 113, 114, 116, Principle Components Analysis 52 88, 90 144, 145, 180 Principle Coordinates Analysis 51 Sigillariostrobus 88, 90 Sternberg, Kaspar von 15, 30, 34 Reconstructing plants 36, 46 Silurian Period 10, 2829, 5961, 62, Sterome 57 Thin sections 44 72, 86, 203 Stewart, Wilson N. 22 Transfers 21, 40, 69

INDEX 237

Tedeleaeceae 108, 115, 119 Upchurch, Gary R. 35 Welwitschia 175, 176, 178 Tempskya 130, 132, 213 Upland vegetation 10, 33, 169, 183, Wheeler, Richard Vernon 23 Tempskyaceae 130 205, 219 Wildfires 13 Tertiary 36 Urnatopteridaceae 114 Weiland, George Reber 33 Tetracentraceae 182 Urnatopteridales 108 Williamson, John 29 Tetracentron 178 Urnatopteris 114 Williamson, William Crawford Thelypteridaceae 127 USA 7, 8, 11, 20, 22, 24, 32, 34, 35, 36, 2122, 29, 30, 65, 85 Thomas, Barry A. 21 39, 43, 53, 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 99, Williamsonia 173 Thomas, Hugh Hamshaw 30, 31, 68 117, 121, 122, 124, 128, 129, 130, Wills, Lucy 31 Tidwell, W. Don 36 132, 139, 150, 157, 159, 160, 163, Wilson, Leonard 24 Todea 116, 117 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192, Winteraceae 178, 182 Todites 117 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200, Witham, Henry 21, 23, 24 Toit, Alexander du 26 208, 214, 215, 216, 217 Wolfe, Jack A. 35 Tomiodendron 77 Utrechtiaceae 160 Wonnacott, Maurice 32 Tomlinsonia 196, 197 Wood, see Xylem Tracheids 57, 61, 181 Vakhrameev, Vsevolod 27, 66 Woodward, John 14 Tracheophytes 1 Vascular plants 1 Woodwardia 127, 129 Tree ferns 106, 108, 110, 114, 116, 206 Classification of van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Trees 67 First 59 J. Han A. 32 Triassic Period 3, 10, 11, 16, 31, 33, Vascular strand, see Stele 77, 9192, 96, 112, 117, 121, Venation 138, 143, 155, 170, 180, Xylem 122, 125, 126, 129, 131, 157, 187, 197 Primary 4, 5758, 67, 97, 101, 148 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 172, Anastomosed venation 145, Secondary 4, 67, 101, 136, 138, 145, 173, 174, 175, 176, 184186, 151, 152, 174, 176, 178, 148, 150, 153, 157, 172, 180182, 209211 185, 186 183, 194, 203 Triassic-Jurassic extinction 210, 211 Vessels (in wood) 158, 175, 178, 181, Trichomanes 129 182, 183, 186 Yorkshire Jurassic flora 2932, 36, Trigonocarpus 48, 49 Vines, see Lianas 163, 170, 171, 172 Trilobosporites 43, 74 Vitaceae 199, 200 Yucca 192, 193, 194 Trimerophytopsida 27, 6667, 106 Vitis 200 Trithrinax 194 Volcanic landscapes 9, 63, 205 Zamia 166, 168 Trochodendraceae 182 Voltziales 158, 211 Zamiaceae 168, 170 Tuberculatisporites 43, 75 Zamites 171 Tyloses 181 Wagner, Robert H. 20 Zeiller, RenØ 18 Walchia 162 Zeilleria 114 Ukraine 22, 129 Wales 3, 27, 39, 62, 64, 66, 68, 86, Zelkovia 198 Ulmaceae 195, 215 87, 90, 101, 123, 128, 130, 155, Zodrow, Erwin L. 36 Ulmannia 163 200, 218 Zosterophyllopsida 21, 27, Ulmanniaceae 25, 161, 163 Walton, John 18, 21, 22, 31 6466, 73 Ulmus 216 Water ferns 56 Zosterophyllum 23, 27, 6466, 73 Ulodendroid scars 81 Wegener Alfred 13, 16, 26 Zygopteridaceae 114 Ulodendron 43, 64, 75, 86 Weichselia 122, 125, 212 Zygopteridales 106, 113 Umkomasiales 150, 175, 211 Weiss, Frederick E. 18, 22 Zygote 56