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Universidad Mayor De San Andrés Facultad De Agronomía Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA TESIS DE GRADO TRATAMIENTO TAXONOMICO Y DISTRIBUCION POTENCIAL DE LAS ESPECIES DE PODOCARPACEAE EN BOLIVIA DANIEL ALANES ROMERO LA PAZ – BOLIVIA 2012 UNIVERSIDAD MAYOR DE SAN ANDRÉS FACULTAD DE AGRONOMÍA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA TRATAMIENTO TAXONOMICO Y DISTRIBUCION POTENCIAL DE LAS ESPECIES DE PODOCARPACEAE EN BOLIVIA Tesis de grado presentado como requisito Parcial para optar el Titulo de Ingeniero Agrónomo DANIEL ALANES ROMERO Asesores: Ing. M. Sc. Yakov Arteaga García ……………………………………. Lic. Alfredo Fernando Fuentes Claros …………………………………… Tribunal Examinador: Ing. Ph. D. Abul Kalam Kurban …………………………………… Ing. Frida Maldonado de Kalam ……………………………………. Ing. Luis Goitia Arze ……………………………………. APROBADA PRESIDENTE TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR: ..……….……………………....... 2012 Dedicatoria A mis padres, quienes siempre compartieron mis triunfos y mis derrotas, mis hermanos que siempre están apoyándome en todo momento de mi vida. A mis amigos que siempre estuvieron brindándome entusiasmo para seguir estudiando. AGRADECIMIENTOS A los Docentes de la carrera de Ingeniería Agronómica, Facultad de Agronomía, por los conocimientos y experiencias impartidas en los años de formación. Mi más sincero agradecimiento al Proyecto Inventario Florístico de la Región Madidi, sujeto al convenio suscrito entre el Herbario Nacional de Bolivia (LPB) y el Jardín Botánico de Missouri (MO). Por el apoyo incesante de manera técnico-científico en el desarrollo de la investigación, sin el cual no hubiera sido posible su ejecución. Agradecer a los herbarios de Cochabamba: Herbario Nacional Martin Cárdenas (BOLV), Chuquisaca: Herbario del sur de Bolivia (HSB), Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Herbario del Oriente Boliviano (USZ), quienes me brindaron su apoyo durante la revisión de los especímenes. Agradezco a mis asesores. Ing. Yakov Arteaga García, Lic. Alfredo Fernando Fuentes Claros por el asesoramiento, guía y orientación en la realización del presente trabajo, sin los cuales no hubiera sido posible llegar a la culminación del presente trabajo. Mi agradecimiento a los señores tribunales, Ing. Ph. D. Abul Kalam Kurban, Ing. Frida Maldonado de Kalam, Ing. Luis Goitia Arze, por la revisión, observaciones y enriqueciendo el presente trabajo. A mis amigos que siempre estuvieron brindándome su apoyo. ÍNDICE GENERAL ÍNDICE GENERAL ....................................................................................................i ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ...............................................................................................v ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ................................................................................................vii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS ..............................................................................................viii RESUMEN ................................................................................................................ix 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................ 1 2. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Objetivo General ............................................................................................... 2 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ........................................................................................ 2 3. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA .............................................................................. 3 3.1 Podocarpaceae Endlicher ................................................................................. 3 3.1.1 Clasificación Taxonómica ............................................................................. 3 3.2 Descripción botánica de la familia Podocarpaceae ........................................... 4 3.2.1 Biología reproductiva de las especies de Podocarpaceae de Bolivia........... 5 3.3 Biogeografía de la familia Podocarpaceae ....................................................... 6 3.4 Ecología de las especies de Podocarpaceae .................................................... 7 3.5 Estado de Conservación ................................................................................... 8 3.6 Aspectos socioeconómicos ............................................................................... 9 4. LOCALIZACIÓN ................................................................................................ 10 4.1 Área de Estudio ............................................................................................... 10 4.1.1 Fisiografía .................................................................................................. 11 4.1.2 Cordillera Occidental o Volcánica ............................................................... 11 4.1.3 Cordillera Oriental ...................................................................................... 11 4.1.4 Subandino .................................................................................................. 12 4.1.5 Escudo precámbrico ................................................................................... 12 4.2 Suelos ............................................................................................................. 13 i 4.3 Hidrografía ....................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Clima ............................................................................................................... 14 4.5 Biogeografía de Bolivia.................................................................................... 15 4.6 Distribución de las especies de Podocarpaceae en las unidades biogeográficas de Bolivia ...................................................................................... 16 4.6.1 Región Brasileño-Paranense ..................................................................... 16 4.6.2 Provincia Cerradense Occidental ............................................................... 16 4.6.3 Provincia Beniana ...................................................................................... 16 4.6.4 Región Andina Tropical .............................................................................. 16 4.6.5 Provincia Yungueña ................................................................................... 17 4.6.6 Provincia Boliviano-Tucumana ................................................................... 17 5. MATERIALES Y METODOLOGÍA ..................................................................... 17 5.1 Materiales ........................................................................................................ 17 5.1.1. Material biológico ...................................................................................... 17 5.1.2. Material de campo ..................................................................................... 18 5.1.3 Materiales de Gabinete .............................................................................. 18 5.2 Metodología ................................................................................................. 19 5.2.1 Recopilación y procesamiento de datos ..................................................... 19 5.2.2 Diseño del formulario (planilla) de datos morfológicos ............................... 19 5.2.3 Mediciones morfológicas y visita a otros herbarios .................................... 20 5.2.4 Herbarios nacionales consultados .............................................................. 20 5.2.5 Herbarios extranjeros consultados para comparar colecciones ................. 20 5.2.6 Identificación de los especímenes de herbario ......................................... 20 5.2.7 Bases de datos........................................................................................... 21 5.2.8 Elaboración de claves dicotómicas ............................................................ 21 5.3 Tratamiento taxonómico .................................................................................. 22 5.3.1 Distribución Geográfica .............................................................................. 23 ii 5.4 Distribución potencial ...................................................................................... 23 5.4.1 Base de Datos Climática ............................................................................ 23 5.4.2 Programa de modelaje Maxent .................................................................. 24 5.4.3 Evaluación del modelo ............................................................................... 25 5.4.4 Área de distribución .................................................................................... 25 5.4.5 Selección de variables de importancia ....................................................... 25 6. PROCEDIMIENTO ESTADÍSTICO ................................................................... 26 7. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES ..................................................................... 27 7.1 Resultados ...................................................................................................... 27 7.1.1 Análisis multivariado para diferenciar las especies del género Podocarpus L‟Hér. ex Pers. ....................................................................... 27 7.1.2 Análisis de conglomerados (cluster) ........................................................... 28 7.1.3 Análisis multidimensional no métrico (NMDS) ............................................ 29 7.2 Tratamiento
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