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Gymnosperms of Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu

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Gymnosperms of Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu Research in Plant Biology, 4(6): 10-16, 2014 ISSN : 2231-5101 www.resplantbiol.com Regular Article Gymnosperms of Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu *Jeevith S.1, Ramachandran V.S.1 and V. Ramsundar 2 1Taxonomy and Floristic Lab, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India, 2Government Botanical Garden, Udhagamandalam, Nilgiris - 643 001, Tamil Nadu, India * Corresponding author Email : [email protected] Gymnosperms are seed bearing vascular plants; an intermediate of Pteridophytes and Angiosperms occupying an important place in the plant kingdom. In the present study 43 species belonging to 20 genera comes under 10 families. The wild and exotic species are catalogue in Government botanical garden at Udhagamandalam for conservation strategies. Key words: Gymnosperms, naked seed, Nilgiris. A Gymnosperm is a seed plant that and they still successful in many parts of produces naked seeds that are not enclosed the world and occupy large of earth’s by a protective fruit. They have needle or surface (Dar and Dar, 2006). The scale like leaves and deep growing root importances of gymnosperms include system. Conifers are the largest group of mainly evergreen trees and shrubs, which gymnosperms on earth. The Gymnosperms are extremely captivating because of their are group co-ordinate with the graceful habit and attractive shapes Angiosperms within Phanerogams or (Poonam Tripati, Lalit M. Tewari, Ashish Spermatophytes. The Pteridospermales or Tewari, Sanjay Kumar, Pangtey, Y. P. S. and Cycadofilicales, fern like seed bearing plants Geeta Tewari, 2009). The Indian of Cordaitales dominated to the earth in subcontinent one of the 34 mega diversity Carboniferous and Permian periods. countries of the world, with its rich Ginkgoaceae, Araucariaceae and biodiversity. The country is divided into 10 Taxodiaceae are purely exotic (Beisnner and bio-geographic regions. Trans-Himalayan, Hooker 1862-63, Biswas 1933, Arnold 1948). Himalayan, Indian Desert, Semi-Arid, In Jurassic period members of Caytoniales, Western Ghats, Deccan peninsular, Gangetc Bennittitales, Pentoxylales, Cycadales, plains, North-East India, Islands and Gingkoales, Coniferales and Taxales, Coasts, this diversity creates rich constitutes the dominant flora on surface of biodiversity in the country. Currently the earth (Uniyal and Aswathi, 2000). The available data placed India in the tenth fossil have revealed many facts concerning position in the world and fourth in Asia in the status of many groups which are not plant diversity (Seeni and Sabu, 1998; BSI, expressed by living plants, are paramount 2007). Biodiversity hot spots are a method importance for classification and new to identity those regions of the world where discoveries about fossils. Living attention is needed to address biodiversity gymnosperms are one of the great loss and to guide investments in antiquities, conifers dominate tend to form conservation. The Montane Himalayan most of the forests have been gradually forests are the most biological diverse displayed by the evolved gymnosperms habitat covered with gymnosperms. The Jeevith et al. / Research in Plant Biologyy, 4(6): 10-16, 2014 Indian Himalayan reegion occupies a special poisoned, processed and labeled bby place in the mountain ecosystems of the standard herbarium method given bby world (Sarvesh Suyal, C.M. Sharma, (Santapau, 1955; Fosberg and Sachet, 1965, Sumeet Gairola, S.K. Ghildiyal, C.S. Rana Jain and Rao, 1977). Field observations such and D.S. Butola, 2010). Most of them as habitat, associated species distribution perished in due course of time and now pattern and ecologgy factor were also noted. represented by the orders Cycadales, Photographs of selected plants were taken Ginkgoales, Taxales, Coniferales, Gnetales. and incorporated in the text as plates in the Althoughh the family Ginkgoaceae, appropriate places. The voucher specimens Araucariaceae and Taxodiaceae are purely were deposited in the Herbarium of exotic but is successfully cultivates as well Department of Botany (BUH), Bharathiar as naturalized in India (Raizada Saahni, University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. 1958). The characteristic of gyymnosperms lack vegetation means of reproduction by means of cuttings, layering and they are slow growers. The seeds dispersal is not viability to grow in varied habitats, only by wind. The bisexuality reduces, self- fertilization and pollen is spread throughh wind pollination, seeds and ovules are unprotected and absence of vessel in xylem and companion cells in the phloem (Johri, 1997). Materials and Methods Fig.1 Map showing study area, Nilgiris district Study area: Nilgiris is the Queen of Hills. It is situated in the Western Ghats of India, Results and Discussion one of the eight hottest hot spots of the Intensive explorations were carried out to world is known for its rich biodiversity, at enumerate wild and exotic species of an elevation of 350 to 2657 meters above gymnosperms. A total of 43 species MSL. Its latitudinal and longitudinal representing 20 genera and 10 families were dimensions being 11˚10’ and 11˚43’ N and collected (Table.1). The habit of 76˚14’ and 77˚00’ E. The mean averagee gymnosperms were made for the life forms temperature is between 13.8˚C and 16.8˚ C. and found 32 are trees, 10 shrubs and 1 The annual average rainfall is 122.8 cm. The climber (Fig.2). Which includes the higher regions of the Nilgiris have a dominant families like Cupressaceae (17 tropical warm temperature, the low species), Araucariaceae (8 species), Pinaceae temperature being mainly due to the highh (6 species), Podocarpacea and Taxodiaceae altitude. The present investigation was with (3 species) each, Cycadaceae (2 taken up to assess the diversity of species). Ginkgoaceae, Taxaceae, Zamiaceae gymnosperms plants in Nilgiris district and Gnetaceae with all 1 species each. (Fig.1). An extensive field survey was made Gnetum ula is the only in climber in the to enumerate the diversity of gyymnosperms gymnosperms collected. The plant species from Nillgiris district, Tamilnadu during a such as Cedrus deodara, Cupressus gluaca, period from August 2012 to April to collect Cupressus torulosa, Juniperus recurva, Pinus the twig of the plant with cone, bark, resins longifolia are indigenous to India and 37 as materials for the species. Plant materials plant species are introduced from other collected from the different sites were countries. The IUCN Red List includes identified with the local floras, taxonomic more than 1,052 species of ggymnosperms revisions and monographs by using and 1,020 are evaluated species. Among the identification keys. These specimens were 11 Jeevith et al. / Research in Plant Biologyy, 4(6): 10-16, 2014 various species collects 39% are categorized as threatened species (IUCN). The species Life forms such as Araucaria rulei, Cupressus goveniana, Fitzroya cupressoideas, Cycas circinalis, Ginkgoo 2% biloba, Pinus palustris, Zamia fuurfuracea are TREE endangered. Widdrinngtonia whytei is critically 23% endangerd. Biota orientalis, Cryptomeria SHRUB japonica, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus 75% obtosa, Thuja japonica, Thuja orientalis are CLIMBER nearly threatened. Araucaria heterophylla, Cupressus macrocarpaa are vulnerable (IUCN, 2014). ECONOMIC VALUE Fig.2. Number of Gymnosperms enumerated Conservation is verry well represented in based on its habit ornamental collections througu hout the gardens and apart from their ornamental Conservation Need for Gymnosperms value and commercial values. Araucaria and The reform of forest regulatory regimes Podocarpuus are important conifers of the accompanied by the strenngthening of Southern Hemisphere. Cupressus macrocarpaa framework for their effective and Pinus patula are frequently planted in implementation for the propagation of afforestation in south division of Nilgiris. gymnosperms. The study will construct an Most plywood’s are gymnospermous. analytical frame work to assess legal Podocarpuus and Juniperus are used to make frameworks for forest manaagement and fibers, paper pulp and occasionally are used their implementation from the perspective for creating artificial silk and other textiles. of forest conservation and it is important to Conifers foliage leaves and cones are burnt ensure that an evaluation process is as incense; barks are used to manufacturing embedded into strategic planning for the fuel for power generation or domestic uses, conservation of gymnosperms. Botanic charcoal production, extraction of chemicals gardens and reserve forests are main and waxes. Cedar oil is extracted from centers for conservation of GGymnosperms barks and foliages of Himalayan pine plants from their extinction. Cedrus deodara. Table.1 Floristic of wild and exotic gymnosperms from Nilgiris district S. Botanical name Family Common name Habit Origin ST No Queensland Kauri 1 Aggathis robusta C. Moore Araucariaceae T Queensland LC pine 2 Arraucaria bidwillii Hook. Araucariaceae Monkey puzzle T Australia LC 3 Arraucaria columnaris R. Br Araucariaceae New Caledonian T Australia LC 4 Arraucaria cooki R.Br. Araucariaceae Cook’s araucaria T Australia LC 5 Arraucaria cunninghammi Sweet. Araucariaceae Moreton Baypine T Australia LC 6 Arraucaria excelsa Lamb Araucariaceae Norfolk Islandpine T Norfolk Island LC 7 Arraucaria heterophhylla Salisb. Araucariaceae Norfolk Island T Australia V 8 Arraucaria rulei F. Mueller Araucariaceae Rule araucaria T China E China & 9 Biota orientalis Endl. Cupressaceae Chinese arborvitae S NT Japan 12
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