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The Project Gutenberg Ebook of Rckblicke, by Dr. Rer. Pol. Walter Grnfeld ** This Is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg Ebook, Deta The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rckblicke, by Dr. rer. pol. Walter Grnfeld ** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** ** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** Copyright (C) 1998 by Frank Dekker This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Rckblicke Author: Dr. rer. pol. Walter Grnfeld Release Date: December, 2004 [EBook #7049C] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on February 28, 2003] Edition: 10 Language: German Character set encoding: Latin-1 *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, RUECKBLICKE, BY GRUENFELD *** Copyright (C) 1998 by Frank Dekker Rckblicke Dr. rer. pol. Walter Grnfeld Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel 1 Frhes Panorama und Vorgeschichte Kapitel 2 Die Familie und Kattowitz Kapitel 3 Kindheit und frhe Jugend Kapitel 4 Kattowitz kommt zu Polen Kapitel 5 Als Student in der Weimarer Republik A) Berlin a) Leben und Studium b) ... und politische Bettigung B) Mnchen C) Zwischen Breslau und zu Hause Kapitel 6 Nach dem Ende von Weimar Kapitel 7 Emigration nach Hause, in Polen Kapitel 8 Der 2. Weltkrieg bricht aus Kapitel 9 Kriegsflchtling Anmerkungen Literatur Kapitel 1 Frhes Panorama und Vorgeschichte Wenn man von einem Nachmittagsausflug nach dem Franziskanerkloster Panewnik durch einen damals reichen, grnen Laubwald zurckwanderte und aus dem Wald trat, da hatte man, von leichter Anhhe, ein gutes Panorama von Kattowitz vor sich, mit dem benachbarten Zalenze und einigen noch weiter westlich und stlich gelegenen Industriegemeinden, aber man erschrak auch, denn man sah, wie alle diese bewohnten Gegenden in dichte Wolken von Dunst und Rauch getaucht waren. Und dort lebten wir also. Mute man also jetzt dorthin zurcklaufen? Das war aber nur eines von recht wenigen Malen, da ich das als Kind gefragt habe. Fr mich war diese Silhouette der Kohlengruben, Eisen› und Zinkhtten, die sich da wie eine Kette von Ost nach West inmitten der Ortschaften hinzogen, eine Faszination, es war die Heimat, in der und mit der man lebte. Ja, es gab dort oft so einen Geruch und Geschmack nach Rauch, er war wrzig, man kannte ihn. Aber die Natur reichte an die Stadt heran; um die Stadt war viel unbebautes Feld, teils angebaut mit Roggen, Hafer, viel Kartoffeln, Kohl und Rben, teils ganz leer, hart und steinig, holprig, die sogenannten Bruchfelder, die besonders stark von einer Grube unterbaut waren. Dann weiter im Sden begann der Wald, das waren die Auslufer der groen Wlder des Frstentums Ple, die etwa dreiig Kilometer bis Ple sich ausstreckten. Man konnte zum Nachmittagskaffee durch den Wald nach "Emanuelssegen", Murcki, laufen. Da war nicht nur eine Gartenwirtschaft, sondern auch eine groe Kohlengrube, die eigentlich in einer sehr groen Lichtung im Wald lag. Weiter sdlich lag dann in den Plesser Wldern der Paprozaner See. Dort gab es nicht nur das Jagdschlchen Promnitz. Da war auch einmal ein "Eisenhammer". Man konnte die berreste noch sehen. Es wurde viel Holz und Holzkohle dafr gebraucht, aber jetzt war die Eisenverhttung zu den Kohlenflzen gezogen, wo sie zu enormen Unternehmungen wurde, das oberschlesische Industrierevier. Es entstand aus alten Dorfgemeinden die Kette von Industrieortschaften. Vor allem an den Hauptverkehrsadern gingen sie ineinander ber. Dazwischen waren grere und alte Stdte wie Beuthen und die viel jngere, erst im 19. Jahrhundert entstandene Stadt Kattowitz. Die Orte hatten eine oder mehrere Kohlengruben als wirtschaftliche Basis und einige hatten Eisenhtten und Stahlwerke oder Zinkerzgruben und ›htten. Das war ein frher Eindruck meiner Kindheit. Wir lebten in Kattowitz, ein Teil der Familie in Beuthen, und wir besuchten sie dort oft. Das waren etwa eineinhalbstndige Wagenreisen, spter nach 1918 nur noch halbstndige Autofahrten durch diesen Teil des Industriereviers, etwa fnfzehn Kilometer. Ich kannte bald die Namen der Orte, Gruben und Werke, an denen wir vorbeifuhren, alle mit Halden, besonders russig und rauchig. Meine ersten Kindheitserinnerungen an die Menschen in Oberschlesien zeigen kaum Spuren von den groen Konflikten spterer Jahre und wie man von Heute darauf zurckblickt. Ich war 1908 in Kattowitz geboren. Dazwischen liegen zwei Weltkriege, der Zerfall von drei Kaiserreichen, die so tragisch vergeblichen Existenzkmpfe der Weimarer Republik und des unabhngigen Polens und dann die Nazikatastrophe, die Deutschland, Europa und die ganze Welt, und noch so besonders unbeschreiblich uns Juden betroffen hat. ber den oberschlesischen Menschen ist oft geschrieben worden. Die Sprache hatte in breiten Schichten der deutschsprechenden Oberschlesier einen Akzent, der die Nachbarschaft mit den polnisch sprechenden Oberschlesiern durchscheinen lie, und durchsetzt war mit manchen heimischen polnischen Kraftausdrcken. Es war eine recht hart klingende, aber eine gemtliche Sprache. Bei uns zu Hause, in der Schule und im Bekanntenkreis wurde Hochdeutsch gesprochen, die Kraftausdrcke und der Akzent waren verpnt, aber das oberschlesische Deutsch war doch um einen herum, man lebte damit. Auch das Polnisch hrte man. In der Stadt wurde ganz vorwiegend Deutsch gesprochen, aber polnisch hrte man als Kind zum Beispiel im Kontakt mit Bauern und Buerinnen der Umgebung, die man bei den tglichen Spaziergngen traf, oder wenn man auf den Markt mitging. Aber mir fehlte als Kind das Gefhl fr eine starke Spannung zwischen deutsch und polnisch sprechenden Menschen in Oberschlesien, und ich glaube, nicht nur wegen meiner Kindheit, sondern auch, da diese Spannung vor 1918 nicht so entwickelt war. Es ist richtig, Oberschlesien war bereits im Reichstag durch den polnischen Abgeordneten Korfanty vertreten, es gab polnische Vereine und Zeitungen, Wahlkmpfe, aber es gingen alle in den Krieg 1914. Wenn man ber die Jahrhunderte zurckblickt, dann war Schlesien, und besonders Oberschlesien so stark und hufig ein Gebiet der bergnge, mit wechselnden Siedlungseinflssen und politischen Oberhoheiten. Die Bevlkerung, die die Umwelt meiner Kindheit war, trug noch die Zeichen davon. Es war auch ein Dialekt des Polnischen, bei uns Wasserpolnisch genannt, im heutigen Polen "gwara", der in Oberschlesien gesprochen wurde. Es hatte ja lange getrennt vom polnischen Hauptland und zeitweise unter bhmischen (tschechischen) und deutschen Einflssen gelebt, die zu dieser Dialektbildung beigetragen hatten. Die Sdostecke Oberschlesiens, wo Kattowitz lag, war so ganz besonders ein Grenzland. Wenn man an klaren Tagen nach Sden sah, oder gar sdlich auf dem Wege nach Ple fuhr, dann sah man die Gebirgskette der Beskiden, des nrdlichen Teils der Karpaten, das war in sterreich. Es war das stereichische Schlesien, das der preuische Knig Friedrich der Groe am Ende seiner Schlesischen Kriege der Kaiserin Maria Theresia noch belassen mute. Wenn man auf einem greren Ausflug nach Bielitz am Rande der Beskiden fuhr, dann ging man ins Kaffee Bauer, und das war, so wurde uns Kindern gesagt, wie ein richtiges Wiener Kaffeehaus, die Leute in der Stadt sprachen deutsch mit einem sterreichischen Akzent. Sie waren in sterreichische Schulen gegangen, bei uns in Kattowitz waren es preussische. Im Osten von Kattowitz aber war die russische Grenze. Nur etwa zehn Kilometer weg bei Myslowitz war die Dreikaiserecke, wo das deutsche, sterreichische und russische Kaiserreich zusammenstieen. Fr uns als Kinder war diese Idee natrlich faszinierend. Aber die russische Grenze lief noch nher bei Kattowitz vorbei, in wenigen Autominuten war man in Czeladz und Sosnowitz, wie es damals bei uns genannt wurde, aber es war natrlich die polnische Stadt Sosnowiec, die damals unter Herrschaft des russichen Zaren stand. Mein Grovater und Vater waren Bauunternehmer in Kattowitz. In Sosnowitz selbst hatten sich im l9. Jahrhundert mehrere schsische Textilindustrielle niedergelassen. Mein Grovater und Vater hatten die Bauten ausgefhrt, und waren mit der Familie Dietel befreundet. Ich erinnere mich an Besuche bei ihnen. Ihr Wagen mir Pferden wurde bei uns im Hof abgestellt, wenn jemand von der Familie nach Kattowitz zum Einkaufen kam. Dann sprachen wir mit dem Kutscher, der aus Ruland kam. Aber das sind Erinnerungen an das eher Fernere und Fremde aus der Welt meiner Kindheit und frheren Jugend. Es waren Dinge am Rande der Umwelt, denn die Umwelt war eben "Oberschlesien", so wie es sich in etwa 160 Jahren als ein Regierungsbezirk der preuischen Provinz Schlesien entwickelt hatte, und uns in unserer Jugend erschien. Man versteht Vieles besser, wenn man versucht, von dem Heute aus einen neuen, unbefangenen Blick auf die Geschichte zu werfen. Bereits fr die vorgeschichtliche Zeit gibt es erhebliche Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen deutschen und polnischen Historikern. Schriftliche berlieferung beginnt spt, aber archologische Forschung hat, verglichen mit meiner Schulzeit, das Bild der Frhgeschichte des stlichen Mitteleuropas sehr erweitert, bis weit vor der Vlkerwanderung. Vor den Kelten und nachwandernden Germanen
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