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The Role of the Media in a Precarious Plural Democracy: the Case of Lebanon

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The Role of the Media in a Precarious Plural Democracy: the Case of Lebanon Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Communication Dissertations Department of Communication Spring 5-28-2013 The Role of The Media in a Precarious Plural Democracy: The Case of Lebanon May Fawaz Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_diss Recommended Citation Fawaz, May, "The Role of The Media in a Precarious Plural Democracy: The Case of Lebanon." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_diss/45 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Communication at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN A PRECARIOUS PLURAL DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF LEBANON by MAY FAWAZ-HUBER Under the Direction of Dr. Leonard Teel ABSTRACT This dissertation probes the role of the media in Lebanon, a plural democracy, character- ized by a deeply divided society and a fragmented political culture. By using case study research and critical discourse analysis of television texts, the dissertation investigates the degree to which the media, which operate relatively freely, reflect social and political divisions, and whether they work to exacerbate these deep divisions or attenuate them. The study makes the case that, because the media reflect the "precarious" sociopolitical framework within which they operate, Lebanese media discourse is naturally inclined to be po- larized in stories of identity and power struggle and neutral in stories devoid of identity issues. In contrast to a general tendency to view all media through a normative Western lens, this study argues against this normative appraisal in the case of the Lebanese media. It contends that the role of the Lebanese media can be better understood if analyzed in conjunction with the media's sociopolitical framework and in the way the media reflect conflicting and overlapping communal norms. INDEX WORDS: Plural society, Plural democracy, Consociational democracy, Lebanese media, Political sectarianism, Social sectarianism, Identity conflicts, Lebanese television, Media battles THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN A PRECARIOUS PLURAL DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF LEBANON by MAY FAWAZ-HUBER A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2013 Copyright by May Fawaz-Huber 2013 THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN A PRECARIOUS PLURAL DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF LEBANON by MAY FAWAZ-HUBER Committee Chair: Leonard Teel Committee: Michael Bruner Kathy Fuller-Seeley Michael Herb Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2013 iv DEDICATION To Christian, My prince in shining armor; my love, my life, my everything… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Leonard Teel, for serving as the director of my dissertation and for being an invaluable source of knowledge, wisdom, and inspiration throughout my years in the program. I particularly thank him for encouraging me to apply for the Ph.D. program in the first place, and for believing in my potential and ability to embark on such a long and arduous, yet incredibly rewarding, journey. I would also like to thank Dr. Teel's wonderful wife, Katie, for her positive energy and continuous encouragement. Both Dr. Teel and Katie made my stay in Atlanta—my very first living experience in the United States— easy to cope with. I am grateful to my committee members, Dr. Michael Bruner, Dr. Kathy Fuller-Seeley, and Dr. Michael Herb, for their insightful comments on my dissertation work. I was very lucky to be Dr. Bruner and Dr. Fuller-Seeley's student, for they helped nurture and develop my critical thinking skills. Dr. Bruner has given me invaluable advice throughout the program, and Dr. Fuller-Seeley has been a source of inspiration for her unparalleled achievements as a female aca- demic. While I regret not having attended any of Dr. Herb's classes, I was surely fortunate to have him on my committee for his constructive input and his willingness to help. I also wish to thank my father and "unofficial" adviser, Dr. Adnan Fawaz, for being my primary source of inspiration, motivation, and advice throughout my entire graduate work; my mother, Renee Sawaya Fawaz, for believing in me and pushing me forward when times were tough; and my brother, Alex Fawaz, for his unconditional love and support. I thank my colleagues at GSU, Melany Chambers, Dr. Teresa Morales, Dr. Tami Randall Morris, Dr. Matt Duffy, Dr. Jim Schiffman, and Dr. Farooq Kperogi, for offering and providing help and advice. I particularly wish to express my most sincere gratitude to Melany and Teresa, vii not just for being great colleagues, but also amazing friends. I thank them for their hospitality and assistance while I was moving out of Atlanta and for constantly being there for me. I am equally indebted to my wonderful friends in Atlanta, Ziad and Jocelyne Nassar, for their very generous hospitality, and for treating me as a member of their beautiful family; Geor- gia Tech professor and family friend, Dr. Mustapha Assayed, for his kindness and support; and music conductor and very dear friend, Dahlan Roberto Foah, for making my stay in Atlanta mu- sically cultivating! Finally, I thank my husband and love of my life, Christian Huber, for the immeasurable love, encouragement, and support he has given me throughout this journey. I cannot thank him enough for flying every single month from Vienna to Atlanta just to be with me and be available for me. I dedicate this work to him and tell him, "I could not have done this without you. I love you and cherish you more than anything in the entire world!" viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 3 1.2 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 10 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 23 1.4 Methodology .............................................................................................................. 24 1.5 Outline of the Chapters…………………………………………………………….37 Works Cited ..................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2: SOME ASPECTS OF THE LEBANESE PLURAL DEMOCRACY ........... 45 2.1 The Lebanese Sectarian Mosaic .............................................................................. 46 2.1.1 The Ihbat of the Maronites .............................................................................. 52 2.1.2 The "Perscution" of the Sunnis...................................................................... 55 2.1.3 The Rise to Power of the Shiites...................................................................... 58 2.2. The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and the March 8, March 14 Divide .............. 63 2.3 The Association with the Syrian War and Sunni-Shiite Hostilities ...................... 67 2.4 Social Sectarianism ................................................................................................... 70 Works Cited ..................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 3: LEBANESE MEDIA PLURALISM AND THE POLITICO-SECTARIAN DIVIDE ........................................................................................................................................ 82 3.1 Media Consociationalism ......................................................................................... 85 ix 3.2 The Pro-Syrian, Anti Syrian Divide and Lebanese Media Polarization .............. 90 3.3 A Closer Look at Four Television Networks .......................................................... 97 3.3.1 Orange TV ........................................................................................................ 97 3.3.2 Al-Manar TV .................................................................................................. 101 3.3.3 Future TV....................................................................................................... 104 3.3.4 Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI) ........................ 107 3.4 The Lebanese Press ................................................................................................. 110 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………117 CHAPTER 4: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS: HOW FOUR NEWS STORIES ARE REPORTED IN LEBANESE MEDIA .................................................................................... 123 4.1 The Orthodox Law .................................................................................................. 126 4.1.1 The story ........................................................................................................
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