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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Human ecology and sociology: The development of human ecology in the department of sociology at the university of Chicago 1914 - 1939 Featherstone, J. M. How to cite: Featherstone, J. M. (1974) Human ecology and sociology: The development of human ecology in the department of sociology at the university of Chicago 1914 - 1939, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10049/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 HUMAN ECOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN ECOLOGY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ; 1914-1939 J M Featherstone The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Science Durham University 1974 i Abstract The development of human ecology is closely associated with the rise of empirical sociological research in the United States. Human ecology played an important part in the programme of research into the city of Chicago which was formulated by Robert Park and carried out by his associates and graduate students in the Sociology Department of the University of Chicago in the inter-war years. As the name of the sub-discipline suggests, human ecology derived a series of theoretical principles about the sustenance and spatial relations of population aggregates from plant and animal ecology, and applied them to the study of human society. An understanding of the central theoretical assumptions of Chicago human ecology can be gained by an exploration of human ecology's relationship to sociology and general ecology, as well as by examining the sub-discipline's contribution to the Chicago Sociologists' theory of the city. Human ecology's development can also be understood as having been influenced by the empirical studied of the city of Chicago which were carried out by Park's students in the 192ds and early 1930s. These studies, which used human ecology as a frame of reference played a very important part in establishing a tradition of empirical sociological research in the United States. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. The Theoretical Standpoint of Human Ecology 14 3. Human Ecology and the City 35 4. Empirical Ecological Studies of Chicago 65 5. The Institutionalization of Human Ecology 103 6. Conclusion 147 Appendix 162 Bibliography 167 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study arose out of certain problems encountered in attempting to use the human ecological approach in a community study. It seemed important to examine and clarify the nature and scope of the Chicago sociologists' conceptualization of human ecology, before attempting to use the approach in empirical research. I would like to thank Professor John Rex, who while supervising this earlier uncompleted study, introduced me to the Chicago sociologists' writings on human ecology and the city. Professor Edward Shils and Anthony Oberschall read a draft of chapter 5, 'The Institutionalization of Human Ecology', and made a number of helpful comments. Finally my thanks are due to my supervisor, Martin Bulmer, who made many important suggestions, and who has advised and encouraged me at every stage of the research. 1.. INTRODUCTION The development of human ecology is closely associated with the rise of empirical sociology in the United States. In the inter-war period Robert Park and his colleagues and graduate students at the University of Chicago made an important contribution to the establishment of empirical sociological research in the United i . • ' States by formulating and conducting a programme of research into the city. Human ecology, which was founded by Park, proved to be a central fdctor in this research effort. As the name of the sub-discipline indicates, human ecology derived d . i ' set of principles about the sustenance and spatial relations of population aggregates • 1 from plant and animal ecology , and applied them to the study of human society. Park first conceived of an analogy between social groups and plant communities in an article written in 1918^. This was followed by the first tentative formulation of human ecology in Park and Burgess' influential textbook 'Introduction to the ^3 Science of Sociology' , published in 1921. It seems possible that what nrny have interested Park in plant arid animal ecology and persuaded Park and Burgess to include extracts ifrom ecologists in an introductory sociological text, was the fact I that the communities in whichlthe sociologist was interested seemed to exhibit a similar spatial structure and sit of processes to those found in plant aiid animal i ' - • • • • communities. Ecology may have seemed to provide insights into the nature of the spatial structure and processes which brought about the characteristic form of human communities, and in addition to offer possibilities as a frame of reference for empirical research into human communities. The need for sociology to move into an era of scientific empirical research is emphasised in Park's scheme of the historical development of sociology in the 'Introduction to the Science of Sociology'. Park tells us that sociology has progressed through three stages: a period of concern with philosophies of history in the 'grand style'; a period in which various schools 2. attempted to define what facts the sociologist should look for; and the final stqge, the period of investigation and research, which in 1921 Pork felt sociology was just about to enter^. It should not be assumed however that because Park sow socfologjy's task as being to carry out empirical research that his qsprooch was d- theoreticaf; the theory which Pork wanted to move away from was the ivarieties of philosophical peculation in the grand manner; in its place he wished to establish theory which would be concerned with developing a range of working concepts and fronies of reference which woujd act as a necessary guide to empirical research^. Human ecology was one such frame of reference and set of working concepts which 6 wer« specificolly addressed to the field of urban sociology . While previous studies had been made of the various urban social problems associated with the immigrant and slum areas - a tradition which in Chicago went back to 1895 with the publication of the Hull House pqsers - to a large extent the studies had been carried out by a motley orroy of social workers, clergymen, ioumalists, reformers and reform-minded social scientists whose common intention was to arouse public opinion and bring about the impiementation of policy changes. What differehtTotes the approach of Pork arid Burgess and the other Chicago sociologists from this tradition is that they endeavour to study the city in on objective scientific manner, and sought to understand the processes and forces which gave rise to the city structure,, and typical urban social relationships and problems.. Shortly after Park arrived at Chicago ^he wrote a paper entitled 'The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behaviour in the City Environment'^ which was soori to be acclaimed as one of the classic statements on urban sociology. Park's originality lay in the ropge of questions he asked about city structure, population characteristics and social relationships, which highlighted the deficiencies of exisiting sociological knowledge, as well as pointing out the directions for a systematic programme of urban research. In the 5. years that followed Park and Burgess ran courses in which students were encouraged to go out into the city of Chicago to observe urban life and collect data of all kinds which could be recorded and analysed. Burgess tells us that it was from this rapidly accumulating fund of basic social data that maps were compiled which revealed the distribution pattern of a variety of urban phenomena, and gradually a 8 picture was built up of the city as having a definite structure and set of processes . The conceptualisation of urban structure which began to emerge bore striking similarities tq that described by plant and animal iscologists; as Burgess states "The processes of competition, invasion, succession and segregation described in elaborate detail for plant and animal communities seem to be strikingly similar to the operation 9 • of those same; processes in the human community ." The interest expressed by sociologists in the potential of human ecology as a frame• work for the ilinderstanding of urban structure and process was such that by 1925 the new subject was granted a division at the annual American Sociological Society conference. Five conference papers were read on human ecology, including Park's presidential address 'The Concept of Postion in Sociology'. The papers were published in a volume edited by Burgess entitled 'The Urban Community'in the same year a collection of articles by Park Burgess and McKenzie were published under the titlie 'The City'. Of note in this collection was Park's article 'The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behaviour in the Urban Environment', which contained a new preface in which human ecology was discussed, and it should be emphasised that this paper in its original form published in 1915 contained no reference to human ecology.
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