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Assassination in Modern America: Political Participation Through a Gun Barrel? Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1993 Assassination in Modern America: Political Participation through a Gun Barrel? Richard Grossenbacher Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Criminology Commons, Political Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Grossenbacher, Richard, "Assassination in Modern America: Political Participation through a Gun Barrel?" (1993). Master's Theses. 783. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/783 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASSASSINATION IN MODERN AMERICA: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION THROUGH A GUN BARREL? by Richard Grossenbacher A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ASSASSINATION IN MODERN AMERICA: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION THROUGH A GUN BARREL? Richard Grossenbacher, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1993 Assassination has been a constant companion of the world’s societies from the beginning of recorded history. Only relatively recently have social scientists begun empirical study of these acts in an effort to reveal any commonalties and possible predictive traits. Investigation of the assassination phenomenon assumed a special urgency in America as violence seemed to escalate in the 1960s, which resulted in some notable research. The present research collected data of presidential and non-presidential assassinations and attempts that occurred from 1969 through 1992 and compared the findings with the results of earlier studies. The data indicate that presidential assaults increased in frequency from 1969 through 1992 and that those attacks continued to be perpetrated by individuals seeking to solve their respective problems via symbolic use of the presidency. The data further reveal that non-presidential assassination differed in several respects from presidential events and was remarkably more lethal. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express gratitude to the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Helenan Robin, Dr. Chet Rogers, and Dr. Larry Ziring, for their kind direction and encouragement. I owe special thanks to my wife, Pam, for bearing with me in this effort and giving me her loving support and encouragement. I dedicate this thesis to my colleagues, the agents of the United States Secret Service. Richard Grossenbacher ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM1 films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the qualityof the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 30 0 North Z eeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 1355785 Assassination in modern America: Political participation through a gun barrel? Grossenbacher, Richard, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Grossenbacher, Richard. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Richard Grossenbacher 1993 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 Prologue ............................................................................................... 1 Research Overview .............................................................................. 4 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....................................................... 10 Prior Investigations ............................................................................. 10 Additional Sources - Assassination and Terrorism .......................... 18 Additional Sources - Political Participation ....................................... 26 Summaiy of the Literature .................................................................. 31 III. HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH DESIGN ........................................ 35 Hypothesis and Research Questions ................................................... 35 Underlying Design .............................................................................. 36 Sampling and Data Collection ........................................................... 37 Concepts and Operational Definitions ............................................... 38 IV. CASE STUDIES - PRESIDENTIAL .................................................... 41 Arthur Herman Bremer ...................................................................... 41 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Samuel Joseph Byck ............................................................................ 46 Lynette Alice Fromme ....................................................................... 50 Sara Jane Moore ................................................................................. 55 John Wamock Hinckley ..................................................................... 61 Summary of Presidential Assassination Events ................................ 67 V. CASE STUDIES - NON-PRESIDENTIAL ......................................... 72 Non-Presidential Victims ................................................................... 72 Summary of Non-Presidential Assassination Events ....................... 79 VI. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ............................................... 87 Frequency ............................................................................................ 87 Venues .................................................................................................. 90 Method ................................................................................................ 91 Mortality ............................................................................................. 92 Political Participation ......................................................................... 93 Test of Typologies .............................................................................. 97 Test of Hypothesis .............................................................................. 102 Gender, Race, Ethnicity .................................................................... 105 VII. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 107 Retrospective ...................................................................................... 107 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Assessing Assassination Impact .......................................................... 109 Prospective ........................................................................................... 112 Future Research ..................................................................................
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