ARTHUR BREMER the Communist Plot to Kill George Wallace

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

ARTHUR BREMER the Communist Plot to Kill George Wallace ARTHUR BREMER The Communist Plot To Kill George Wallace Alan Stang is a former business editor for worker reveals that he comes from a Prentice-Hall, Inc., and a television writ- "broken home." And a psychiatrist ex- er, producer, and consultant. Mr. Stang plains that he may very well be schizoid, is an AMERICAN and that he did what he did because he is OPINION Contribu- a failure with girls. ting Editor and is au- The attempt on the life of Governor thor of the Western Wallace followed the usual script. As Islands bestsellers, usual, "there was no conspiracy." There It's Very Simple and never is. Arthur Herman Bremer was a The Actor. Author "lone fanatic." His mother gave him an Stang, who earned inferiority complex. He did what he did his B.A. at City College of New York and to become a Hollywood star. And as his Masters at Columbia, is also a witty usual there is a psychiatrist, in this case and dynamic speaker who lectures widely. Dr. David Abrahamsen, who has never met Arthur Bremer, but compares him as ■ ASSASSINATION is becoming as follows with the earlier assassins on the American as apple pie, to paraphrase front page of the New York Times soon H. Rap Brown. Every four years we after the attempt: "There is a fantastic have a Presidential election, and at almost similarity. This man Bremer seems to the same intervals the assassins burst from have had much the same background. the crowds and do their work. In 1963, Looking broadly at the political assassin President John F. Kennedy was mur- in our history, we see that he has always dered. In 1968, the victims were his been a personal failure, an isolated human brother Bobby and Martin Luther King. being, incapable of exhibiting genuine In 1972, an assassin has come within a human relationships and possessing extra- spinal cord of killing Governor George C. ordinary ambitions that were out of Wallace, and appears to have ended his proportion to his intellectual and emo- political career, at least for a time. In- tional assets." deed, assassination is becoming so routine In other words: He's all mixed up. that as the quadrennial national insanity Your correspondent has since gone approaches, one wonders who will be into the underground for the facts, with a murdered. special AMERICAN OPINION investigat- And, as we have seen, the events that ing team, and the facts point inescapably follow every assassination have been as to the following conclusions: The at- formalized as Japanese theatre. Before tempt to kill Governor George Wallace the echo of the shots has completely died was a conspiracy. It was a Communist away, before anything whatever is known conspiracy. It could well involve agents of about the assassin, the "Liberal" press is Communist China. And the Central Intel- screeching that he was a "lone fanatic." ligence Agency might have had something Somebody "in the know" says he was to do with it. Here are the facts. Judge involved in "no conspiracy." A social for yourself. OCTOBER, 1972 1 44, The Background that he was allied with 'left wing causes.' Arthur Herman Bremer was born in The evidence was mostly in handwritten Milwaukee on August 21, 1950. He at- notes scrawled on scraps of paper, the tended Kagel Elementary School, Walker source said?' And investigators found an Junior High, and on January 28, 1969, issue of the Black Panther in Bremer's was graduated from South Division High apartment. The Black Panther is pub- School. That fall he took photography lished by the openly Communist Black courses at Milwaukee Area Technical Col- Panther Party, and for years has recom- lege, but dropped out. For a time, he mended the murder of policemen. worked as a Milwaukee Journal newsboy. Where did Bremer get these ideas? On December 23, 1969, he went to work Conceivably during "Operation Jail- as a busboy at the Pieces of Eight break," when the Communist gang restaurant. A few weeks later, he did not known as Students for a 15emocratic show up. Beginning in March of 1969, he Society invaded Milwaukee high schools worked Sunday mornings, off and on, to propagandize and recruit. It is true, of also as a busboy, at the Milwaukee course, that hundreds of thousands of Athletic Club. And on September 1, other students share Bremer's beliefs, and 1970, he went to work at Story School as yet have not participated in any conspir- a part-time janitor's helper. acy. Unfortunately, however, there is What does Arthur Bremer think? His much more. boss at Story School was maintenance engineer Timothy Bums, with whom The Underground Bremer would talk from time to time. One day in late 1968, in a street Bremer wanted all property divided outside Marquette University, in Mil- equally, Bums recalls. Nobody should be waukee, a young man who unfortunately allowed to have more than anyone else, must remain nameless, stood watching Bremer said. "That's Socialism!" Bums one of the endless Communist demonstra- remembers telling him. Indeed, in his tions that plague the area. Suddenly, he living room some weeks after the shoot- was hit hard in the head, by whom or by ing, Bums told us of Bremer: "He was what he still does not know, and knocked some kind of Communist." to the ground. An automobile door Then there is Paul V. Peterson, who opened. A man picked him up, pulled taught Bremer in high school, and recalls him in and patched him up. The man was that he was strongly in favor of Socialism. from the Milwaukee Police Department Indeed, says Peterson, the only time and asked him to attend a Black Panther Bremer showed emotion was in defending meeting, to report on the other people Socialism. In March of 1972, Bremer who were there. The young man did. He wrote to Congressman Henry Reuss, ask- was asked to attend other Communist ing him to cut the "goddamned military meetings for the same purpose, and did spending" and "get rid of the generals." so. Then he began getting envelopes, In April of 1972, he paid $10 to join the containing money, in the mail. He had American Civil Liberties Union, founded become a professional undercover agent by the Communists for the original pur- for the Milwaukee Police Department. pose of protecting revolutionaries who Later, he did the same work for the fell afoul of the law. On May 16, 1972, Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Danger- the day after the assassination attempt, ous Drugs. an Associated Press reporter filed a dis- Among his assignments for the Mil- patch which read in part: "A source close waukee Police Department was infiltra- to the investigation said F.B.I. agents tion of the openly Communist S.D.S. He found evidence in Bremer's apartment attended innumerable S.D.S. meetings as 2 AMERICAN OPINION On May 15, 1972, Arthur Herman Brem- er (above) stepped cooly out of a crowd in a Maryland shopping center and fired a series of shots from a .38 revolver into the midsection of Presidential candidate George C. Wallace. Arthur Herman Bremer is a Communist. According to police information now in the hands of American Opinion, he attended radical Communist meetings with identified ter- rorists and met privately (using code names) with top revolutionaries. One of his accomplices in the attempted assassi- nation was a Maoist agent who was mur- dered in Canada shortly after being iden- tified by the special American Opinion investigation team headed by Alan Stang. Bremer bought the gun with which he shot George Wallace on the Same day Governor Wallace announced his candidacy for the Presidential nom- ination. Arthur Bremer practiced regu- larly at a local pistol range and than began to stalk the Governor. He spent large sums of money, well in excess of his total wages over the last two years, on such special equipment as three pis- tols, high-powered binoculars, and a police-band radio. He even followed Pres- ident Nixon to Canada to observe Secret Service procedures without arousing sus- picion — all the while maintaining contact with his key Communist accomplices. OCTOBER, 1972 3 ti a member. And at "three or four" of Groppi, who lives in Milwaukee, and who, them he saw a young gentleman he did for instance, attended the 1968 Commu- not know at that time, but whom he now nist Tri-Continental Congress in Montreal identifies as Arthur Herman Bremer. The where he entertained girl friends. undercover agent, a professional police Cullen explains that his own radicaliza- observer, is "positive" of this. There is no tion began when he went to Mass at St. doubt whatsoever in his mind. Indeed, on Boniface Church, and heard Groppi "rap Page 7 you see a reproduction of his about injustice ... the poverty of the city original intelligence notes on one such and the racism in the schools." Groppi meeting, held in November of 1969, in and his pals apparently inspired Cullen to which Bremer is Number 15 among the take the lead in the "Milwaukee 14" plot. participants described. Observe that at the time the under- Among the others, as you see, there cover agent did not know who Bremer were such luminaries as Mike McHale, was. There was no reason why he should. who was responsible for security at the As you see, he wondered whether the meeting. McHale has been a student at new boy was a reporter from the Mar- Marquette and secretary of the Revolu- quette Tribune, or whether he was a tionary Youth Movement II, an S.D.S.
Recommended publications
  • AUGUST 4, 2021 TWENTY-FIVE CENTS Inside: Indoor Masking Strongly Recommended by City
    VOL. 9 NO. 31 SOMERVILLE, MASS. WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 4, 2021 TWENTY-FIVE CENTS Inside: Indoor masking strongly recommended by city By Jim Clark On Friday, July 30, the City of Somerville an- nounced that, given the increasing case num- bers of COVID-19, both locally and national- ly, due to the emergence of the Delta variant, and in light of the CDC’s updated guidance on masking, it is strongly recommending all people wear face coverings in indoor public settings re- gardless of whether they have been vaccinated against the virus. The stars come out in Somerville In a public press release, the city’s Deputy Di- page 3 rector of Communications, Meghann Acker- man, issued the following statement: While vaccinated individuals have vastly better protection against being infected by the corona- virus and suffering severe COVID symptoms, it is still possible for them to get infected with and transmit the virus. This was demonstrated by a re- Due to the ongoing threat of COVID-19 variants, the City of Somerville is recommending the wearing of face coverings in most public indoor settings. cent outbreak in Provincetown Continued on page 4 Donations needed for new mural coming to Somerville By Rachael Hines Cannabis retailer seeking approval Nonprofit group East Somerville Main Streets page 5 is creating a new food-themed mural for Dea- no’s Pizza, located at 15 Garfield Ave., in the east Somerville business district. The mural is currently expected to be com- pleted by the end of summer, and will feature the artwork of acclaimed artist and storyteller Michael Talbot.
    [Show full text]
  • GEORGE WALLACE, SPEECH at SERB HALL (26 March 1976)
    Voices of Democracy 11 (2016): 44-70 Hogan 44 GEORGE WALLACE, SPEECH AT SERB HALL (26 March 1976) J. Michael Hogan The Pennsylvania State University Abstract This essay seeks to account for the persuasive appeal of George C. Wallace’s campaign rally addresses. The firebrand southern governor and perennial presidential candidate drew a large national following in the late 1960s and early 1970s with speeches that defied all the rules and norms of presidential politics. Yet they invoked passionate commitment within an especially disaffected segment of the American electorate. Utilizing survey date, this essay challenges the conventional portrait of Wallace and the Wallacites, demonstrating that Wallace’s appeal was rooted not so much in conservative politics as in feelings of political alienation, persecution, and pessimism. Accounting for the Wallace phenomenon in terms of a classic, Hofferian theory of social protest, the essay concludes by reflecting on the parallels between Wallace and Donald J. Trump’s 2016 presidential election. Keywords: George C. Wallace, presidential campaigns, campaign rallies, political disaffection, true believers. In 1964, George Wallace became a national figure when he launched his first campaign for the presidency with little money, no campaign organization, and an impressive array of critics and adversaries in the media, the churches, the labor movement, and the political mainstream.1 Surprising almost everybody, he showed remarkable strength in northern Democratic primaries and focused attention on his favorite target: the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1968, Wallace faced the same barriers and more. His decision to run as a third-party candidate added the challenge of a political system rigged to favor the two major-party candidates.2 Despite those obstacles, Wallace tallied 10 million votes—the most popular votes ever for a third party candidate in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • NPRC) VIP List, 2009
    Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.
    [Show full text]
  • A&E 04 Mon 08-04-2014.Indd
    4 Page 4 – Monday, August 4, 2014 SENTINEL-TRIBUNE AR T S & ENTERTAINMENT MONDAY EVENING AUGUST 4, 2014 Chan. 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 BROADCAST CHANNELS NBC Judge Judy Criminal Judge Judy A phone Running Wild With Bear Grylls “Ben Stiller” American Ninja Warrior “Denver Finals” The Denver finals course. (N) ‘PG’ (DVS) NBC 24 News (N) Å (11:34) The Tonight charges against a child. with text evidence goes Ben Stiller in Northern Scotland. (N) (In Stereo) Show Starring Jimmy 24 (In Stereo) Å missing. Å ‘PG’ Å Fallon (N) ‘14’ Å CBS Wheel of Fortune Jeopardy! “Teachers 2 Broke Girls Max de- Mom “Pilot” Christy’s Mike & Molly A trip to Two and a Half Men Under the Dome “In the Dark” Barbie and Sam WTOL 11 News at (11:35) Late Show With “Southern Hospitality” Tournament Week 2” (In cides to end things with estranged mother re- a riverboat casino. (In Walden helps Jenny investigate a tunnel. (N) (In Stereo) ‘14’ Å Eleven (N) (In Ste- David Letterman (N) 11 (In Stereo) ‘G’ Å Stereo) ‘G’ Å Deke. ‘14’ Å turns. ‘14’ Å Stereo) ‘14’ Å pursue acting. Å reo) Å (In Stereo) Å ABC Entertainment Tonight The Insider (N) (In Bachelor in Paradise (Series Premiere) Show veterans take another shot at love. (N) (In Stereo) (10:01) Mistresses “Coming Clean” Dom re- 13abc Action News at (11:35) Jimmy Kimmel (N) (In Stereo) Å Stereo) Å ‘14’ ceives news from Toni.
    [Show full text]
  • Nixon's Wars: Secrecy, Watergate, and the CIA
    Eastern Kentucky University Encompass Online Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship January 2016 Nixon's Wars: Secrecy, Watergate, and the CIA Chris Collins Eastern Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: https://encompass.eku.edu/etd Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Collins, Chris, "Nixon's Wars: Secrecy, Watergate, and the CIA" (2016). Online Theses and Dissertations. 352. https://encompass.eku.edu/etd/352 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Encompass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Online Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Encompass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nixon’s Wars: Secrecy, Watergate, and the CIA By Christopher M. Collins Bachelor of Arts Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky 2011 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Eastern Kentucky University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December, 2016 Copyright © Christopher M. Collins, 2016 All rights reserved ii Acknowledgments I could not have completed this thesis without the support and generosity of many remarkable people. First, I am grateful to the entire EKU history department for creating such a wonderful environment in which to work. It has truly been a great experience. I am thankful to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. Robert Weise, Dr. Carolyn Dupont, and especially Dr. Thomas Appleton, who has been a true friend and mentor to me, and whose kind words and confidence in my work has been a tremendous source of encouragement, without which I would not have made it this far.
    [Show full text]
  • AUM Historical Review
    AUM Historical Review AUM Historical Review # 2, Winter 2013 Editor Graydon Rust Associate Editors Ryan Blocker Kelhi DePace Jennifer Kellum Katelyn Kidd Tracy Bruce Wilson Graphic Designers Samuel Blakely Alex Trott (cover) Advisor Steven Gish Photographs Alabama Department of Archives and History Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org) Library of Congress National Park Service Ryan Blocker Tim and Renda Carr Graydon Rust Roy Smith Printing Wells Printing, Montgomery, AL © 2013, AUM Historical Review Published by the Chi Psi Chapter of the Phi Alpha Theta History Honor Society Auburn University at Montgomery, P.O. Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124-4023 The ideas expressed in these essays are the sole responsibility of their respective authors and contributors and do not necessarily represent the official statements, opinions, or policies of Auburn University at Montgomery or the Department of History at AUM. Neither Auburn University at Montgomery nor the Department of History at AUM accept any liability for the content of this journal. 1 AUM Historical Review Contents Editor’s Note Graydon Rust 4 Education during Slavery: What Slaves Really Learned Tracy Bruce Wilson 5 From Replacement Limbs to Special Taxes: Alabama’s Confederate Pension System, Slaves in South Carolina 1867-1891 Graydon Rust 15 Politics and Rehabilitation: Governor George Wallace and His Physical Therapist at the 1972 Democratic National Convention Tracy Bruce Wilson 25 The C.S.S. Tennessee at the Battle of Mobile Bay Brian Wesley 37 Gov.Wallace en route to the 1972 A Conversation with Dr. Keith Krawczynski Democratic Convention Katelyn Kidd 57 A Review of The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang Mary Henderson Fukai 61 Additional contributors 65 Call for papers 65 The C.S.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Trivia Answer Bank Page 1 (Number 19 Is NOT Included) Red Banks
    Trivia Answer Bank Page 1 (Number 19 is NOT included) Red Banks Electa Quinney Janesville Prairie du Chien Herb Kohl Wisconsin Dells Frederick Miller Scott Walker Joe McCarthy Cannibalism 33 99 Chippewa Falls Ole Evinrude J.B. Van Hollen Ron Johnson & Belmont Charles Langlade Forward Bad Axe Creek Tammy Baldwin Increase Lapham Green Bay Madison Greg Hoffman Henry Dodge Tommy Rebecca Terry Moulton Gaylord Nelson Kathy Bernier or Thompson Kleefisch Ripon Tom Larson Jacob H.H. Bennett Jean Nicolet Milwaukee Leinenkugel Studio Nelson Dewey First and only person executed/put to death by the State of Wisconsin Tank Cottage: located at Heritage Hill State Park in Green Bay, WI Camp Randall (which was located where the Badger’s football stadium is currently located) Door knob (from the WI State Capitol building) Page 2 Wheat Superior White-tail deer Robin Muskellunge Red Granite John Muir Antigo Silt Loam Galena Corn Badger Honey Bee Trilobite Arthur Bremer Jeffrey Dahmer Wood Violet Sugar Maple Dairy Cow Frank Lloyd Milwaukee American Water Polka Ed Gein Wright Prostitution Spaniel Teddy Roosevelt 40 Peshtigo Kwik Trip Richard “Dick” Dan McCann Richland Center 1853 Just over 11,000 Bong Old Abe Mourning Dove Milk Just over 15,000 Cow’s head, ear of corn, and a cheese wheel Page 3 Madeline Ripon Pleasant Prairie Pittsville Sheboygan Falls Green Bay Two Rivers Snowmobile Mercer U.S. Bank in Seymour Ashley Belleville Milwaukee Milwaukee 72 Racine Menards Lake Superior Somerset Superior 45% Sauk City Milwaukee Nicolet and Interstate Culver’s Big Manitou Milwaukee Chequamegon Jack Link’s Oconomowoc Seymour Cray Green Bay Lake Superior and Winneconne Tombstone Menominee Lake Winnebago Lake Michigan Rib Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming of Age in the Global Village
    Oral Tradition, 2/1 (1987): 357-70 Coming of Age in the Global Village James M. Curtis I wish to analyze in this paper three acts of violence directed against public fi gures: Arthur Bremer’s attempt to assassinate George Wallace in 1972; John Hinckley, Jr.’s attempt to assassinate President Reagan in 1982; and Mark David Chapman’s unfortunately successful attempt to kill John Lennon in 1981. Each of these three acts was inextricably bound up with popular culture, and the sensibilities of the psychotic young men who committed them were formed by popular culture. Yet as of now we have no way of discussing or analyzing this relationship—much less of understanding or ameliorating it. To explain this situation, I turned to my favorite of Walter Ong’s books, The Presence of the Word (1967), where Father Ong reminds us that “The word moves toward peace because the word mediates between person and person. No matter how much it gets caught up in currents of hostility, the word can never be turned into a totally warlike instrument. So long as two persons keep talking, despite themselves they are not totally hostile” (192). It would seem, then, that if we could fi nd a way to analyze popular culture—and not simply praise or condemn it—we might be able to change its effects. Indeed, there is some evidence that this is the case. One psychological study (Leyens et al. 1976) showed that subjects who were taught to perceive violent movies aesthetically—in terms of composition and focus, for example—showed little if any change in their behavior after watching such movies.
    [Show full text]
  • Winona Daily News Winona City Newspapers
    Winona State University OpenRiver Winona Daily News Winona City Newspapers 5-16-1972 Winona Daily News Winona Daily News Follow this and additional works at: https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews Recommended Citation Winona Daily News, "Winona Daily News" (1972). Winona Daily News. 1171. https://openriver.winona.edu/winonadailynews/1171 This Newspaper is brought to you for free and open access by the Winona City Newspapers at OpenRiver. It has been accepted for inclusion in Winona Daily News by an authorized administrator of OpenRiver. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Report on paralysis will be mad in 48 hours Wallace physician: outlook lor full recovery not good By DON McLEOD loting today in primaries which Wallace had been favored to Dr, James G. Galbraith , head of the neurological department Alabama State Police Capt. E. C. Dothard , who also SILVER SPRING, Md. (AP) - George C. Wallace, shot win in a double sweep that would have been the high point at the University ofAlabama , said the governor is paralyzed was' -. hit , was treated for a flesh wound on his right side down at aft election-eve rally, lay gravely wounded and of his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. in both lower extremities. and released from the hospital. partially;paralyzed today on what was to have been the "I feel very optimistic about liim," Wallace's wife,.Cornel- "The outlook caiinot be predicted but it is not favorable ," Dora Thompson , a Wallace campaign worker, suffered brightest day of his presidential campaign. ia, s^id after the surgery in Holy Cross Hospital.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virulence of the National Appetite for Bogus Revelation, 56 Md
    Maryland Law Review Volume 56 | Issue 1 Article 4 The irV ulence of the National Appetite for Bogus Revelation Kermit L. Hall Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr Part of the Legal History, Theory and Process Commons Recommended Citation Kermit L. Hall, The Virulence of the National Appetite for Bogus Revelation, 56 Md. L. Rev. 1 (1997) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol56/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maryland Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MARYLAND LAW REVIEW VOLUME 56 1997 NUMBER 1 © Copyright Maryland Law Review, Inc. 1997 Articles THE VIRULENCE OF THE NATIONAL APPETITE FOR BOGUS REVELATION KERMIT L. HALL* INTRODUCTION The specter of conspiracy has haunted Americans throughout the second half of the twentieth century.1 In the 1950s, Senator Joseph * Dean, College of Humanities; Executive Dean, Colleges of Arts and Sciences; and Professor of History and Law, The Ohio State University. Ph.D., University of Minnesota; M.S.L., Yale Law School. This Article was presented as the Judge Simon E. Sobeloff lecture at the University of Maryland School of Law on February 28, 1996. My thanks to Barbara Terzian, Jeff Marquis, and Kenneth Wasserman for their research support and to John Johnson, Donald G. Gifford, and Howard Leichter for their comments and suggestions about earlier versions of this Article.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 0 19 Vul C an His T Oric Al Review
    2019 VULCAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 2019 VULCAN HISTORICAL REVIEW VOLUME 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE 04 LETTER FROM THE EDITORS ARTICLES ALABAMA HISTORY: AN EVOLUTION OF REPRESSION 13 The Forgotten Liberal Years: George Wallace’s Time as an Alabama State Representative by William Winner 22 Working Class Heroes: The Civil Rights Struggle for Black Economic Opportunity in Birmingham by Logan Barrett 36 Blood on the Great Seal of Alabama by Tammy Blue BIRMINGHAM COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION 45 Avondale: A Neighborhood in Transition by Laura King 56 Graves Block: William Graves and the Paving Bricks of the South by Steve Filoromo POLICY AND GOVERNMENT DISILLUSIONMENT 63 Laws of the Land: An Expedited Survey of African American History and Legal Implications of Slavery Through 1865 by Kendra Bell 76 The Failure of the American Dream by William Winner Rethinking and Reclassifying the Timeline of America’s 85 War in Vietnam by McCallie L. Smith III 96 HISTORY THROUGH FILM History on the Silver Screen: A Film Review of Mary, Queen of Scots by Kendra Bell 99 Museo: Trafficking of Cultural Heritage by Steve Filoromo 101 ABOUT THE AUTHORS AND EDITORS VULCAN HISTORICAL REVIEW Volume 23 // 2019 2018 EDITORIAL STAFF FACULTY ADVISOR Laura Michaela King Dr. Andrew Baer Head Editor CO-SPONSORS Tierra Andrews The Linney Family Endowment Graphic Designer for The Vulcan Historical Review Journal EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Robert Palazzo, Dean of the College Logan Barrett of Arts and Sciences, UAB Alice Grissom The Department of History, UAB Kendra Bell Tammy Blue Steve Filoromo The Vulcan Historical Review is published annually Article photos courtesy of the Library of Congress, by the Chi Omicron Chapter (UAB) of Phi Alpha Birmingham Public Library Archives, and our authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Assassins Study Guide
    Civil War Study Guide.qxd 9/13/01 10:31 AM Page 3 MUSIC THEATRE INTERNATIONAL MUSIC THEATRE INTERNATIONAL is one of the world’s major dramatic licensing agencies, specializing in Broadway, Off-Broadway and West End musicals. Since its founding in 1952, MTI has been responsible for supplying scripts and musical materials to theatres worldwide and for protecting the rights and legacy of the authors whom it represents. It has been a driving force in cultivating new work and in extending the production life of some of the classics: Guys and Dolls, West Side Story, Fiddler On The Roof, Les Misérables, Annie, Of Thee I Sing, Ain’t Misbehavin’, Damn Yankees, The Music Man, Evita, and the complete musical theatre works of composer/lyricist Stephen Sondheim, among others. Apart from the major Broadway and Off- Broadway shows, MTI is proud to represent youth shows, revues and musicals which began life in regional theatres and have since become worthy additions to the musical theatre canon. MTI shows have been performed by 30,000 amateur and professional theatrical organizations throughout the U.S. and Canada, and in over 60 countries around the world. Whether it’s at a high school in Kansas, by an all-female troupe in Japan or the first production of West Side Story ever staged in Estonia, productions of MTI musicals involve over 10 million people each year. Although we value all our clients, the twelve thousand high schools who perform our shows are of particular importance, for it is at these schools that music and drama educators work to keep theatre alive in their community.
    [Show full text]