LAND RESOURCES of the MAJOR CREEK AREA North Queensland

DNRQ00046 LAND RESOURCES BULLETIN

LAND RESOURCES OF THE MAJOR CREEK AREA North Queensland

L G Rogers J B Musumeci 276 Land Resources Bulletin

Land Resources of the Major Creek area North Queensland.

L G Rogers J B Musumeci

Department of Natural Resources Queensland 2001 DNRQ00046 ISSN 1327-5763

This publication was prepared for Department of Natural Resources and Mines officers. It may be distributed to other individuals and organisations. Support from the Department of Economic Development and Trade and the Townsville City Council is gratefully acknowledged.

This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report, readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to their enquiry.

While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report, neither the Department of Natural Resources and Mines nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.

 State of Queensland, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, 2001

Department of Natural Resources and Mines Locked Bag 40 COORPAROO DC QLD 4151 Contents Page List of Figures iv List of Tables iv List of Photographs iv Index to soil profile class and map unit descriptions v

Summary vi 1. Introduction 1 Previous soil reports 1 2. Description of study area 2 Climate 2 Geology\ landforms 3 Land use and history 4 3. Survey methods 5 4. Soils 8 5. Good quality agricultural land 10 6. Limitations to development 11 References 16 Glossary 18 Acknowledgments 21

Appendices I Description of soil types 23 II Reference sites and analytical methods 44 III Unique Mapping Area codes and data 88 IV Vegetation list 101 V Map legend 103

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location of study area 1 Figure 2 Mean monthly rainfall for Townsville, Woodstock and Giru 2 Figure 3 Location of description sites and other surveys 5 Figure 4 Good Quality Agricultural Land 15

List of Tables

Table 1 Monthly temperatures for Townsville 2 Table 2 Correlation of soil series and profile classes of adjoining surveys 8 Table 3 Rockiness of profile 9 Table 4 Depth to rock 11 Table 5 Reactivity of soil profile 11 Table 6 Erosion potential 11 Table 7 Erosion status 12 Table 8 Septic suitability 12 Table 9 Soil wetness 12 Table 10 Subsoil sodicity 12 Table 11 Soil Salinity status 13 Table 12 List of limitation attribute codes for soil types. 13 Table 13 Correlation of limitation codes with those described by Crossley (1996b) 14

List of Photographs

Photo 1 Black spear grass/ Kangaroo grass native pasture in good condition under open Eucalypt woodland 23

Photo 2 Sandy alluvial soils of Major Creek are well drained and aresuitable for cropping 24 Photo 3 Pandanus is a good indicator of sandy soils 25 Photo 4 Lantana is a common weed is these landscapes 29 Photo 5 Subdued gilgai microrelief in cleared paddock 27 Photo 6 Intense summer rainfall can lead to erosion in cleared 28 areas where grass cover is low Photo 7 Rubber vine can form dense stands on lands adjacent to alluvial systems 33 Photo 8 Low limestone outcrop associated with soil 30 Photo 9 Cleared alluvial terrace of Spring creek, Mt Elliot in background 31 Photo 10 Grazed speargrass pasture (marginal condition) under Reid River Box 32

Photo 11 Bleached A2 horizon over sodic grey B horizon. Surface 34 becomes spewy when saturated Photo 12 Note deep cracks that allow rapid water entry on first 35 rains and friable nature of surface (strong structure) Photo 13 Ironbark and popular gum woodland (some thinning evident) 37

Photo 14 Dispersive nature of sodic subsoils and thin A horizon make this an erodable soil if disturbed 38

Photo 15 Inset shows earthworm casts under dense stand of 39 Kangaroo grass in lightly grazed paddock Photo 16 Rock outcrop and shallow soils are a feature of Stuart soil 43 v Index to soil profile class and map unit descriptions

Name Area (ha) Mapping unit Reference profile page page

Althaus Al 2270 20 43 Artillery Ay 1180 38 Black Bl 3020 21 44 Bullock Bu 50 38 45 Carse O’Gowrie CG 50 38 Clemant Cl 2400 22 46 Conolly Co 5390 38 Dalrymple Da 1130 23 Ewan Ew 2000 38 Flagstone Fl 470 38 Gillian Gi 2880 24 47 Goodbye Gb 3000 25 48 Granite Gr 2880 26 49 Limeview Li 2230 27 50 Magenta Ma 340 28 Moosie Ms 2420 29 51 Manton Mt 2400 30 52

Miscellaneous MD 20 Disturbed Miscellaneous MF 170 Flooded Mountainous MI 12000 Igneous Mountainous MM 3500 Metamorphic Mountainous MS 3500 Sedimentary

Pall Mall Pm 440 39 53 Pennsfield Pf 630 39 54 Pinnacle Pi 530 39 Purono Pu 6620 31 55 Rangeview Ra 580 39 Ross Ro 520 39 56 Sachs Sh 2050 32 57 Scrubby Sc 2930 33 58 Serpentine Se 390 39 59 Stanley Sy 1810 34 60 Stockyard Sd 2870 35 61 Stockyard Loam Sl 4400 36 62 Stuart Su 4130 40 Thorpe Th 660 40 Walker Wa 940 37 63

Analysed profiles from Lansdown Research Station Murtha and Crack (1966). 64-84

vi Summary

This study was undertaken to map the soils and landforms of 66,000 ha. in the Major Creek area, north Queensland. A soil map at 1:100,000 scale accompanies the report. Soil and land attributes were assessed for physical constraints to urban development and classification of good quality agricultural land. A total of 32 soil types were identified.

Good quality agricultural land (cropping and marginal cropping lands) comprised 13% of the study with land suitable for grazing covering 67% and mountainous non-agricultural lands covering 20%. Limitations to development include rocky soils, shallow soils, wet areas, reactive soils, salinity and soil erosion. Rocky soils covered 25% of the area and were confined to hilly and mountainous areas. Shallow soils covered 17% of the area were found in similar terrain and on a few units of undulating rises. Imperfectly drained and poorly drained soils covered 35% and 8% respectively and were dominated by sodic duplex soils and cracking clays.

Reactive soils (soils with shrink/swell potential) occupied 43% of the area with 8% having cracking clay soils which make foundation construction for structures more expensive. Many soils had sodic subsoils which lead to poor structure and drainage and soils with severe sodicity (ESP >15%) was estimated to occur over 14% of the area. High sodicity levels in the subsoil can corrode metal footings and cause tunnel erosion and scouring around structures designed to control water flow. Salinity was not generally a problem however of the soil profiles tested (155 total), 46% had slight and 44% moderate subsoil salinity levels.

Soil erosion was observed at many sites although most occurrences had resulted in minor scalds or sheet erosion. A total of 8% of the area was affected by severe erosion (sheet erosion, scalds or gullies). Much of the sheet erosion and resulting scalds are due to high grazing pressures and clearing of native vegetation on erosive soils. Theses areas will require exclusion of stock over the growing season and low grazing pressures for the remained of the year to allow re-establishment of pastures and an increase in grass basal area. Gully erosion was limited and confined to footslopes and hillslopes mainly where earthworks associated with roads and tracks had concentrated surface water flow. Stream bank erosion was evident in areas where tree clearing had occurred across drainage lines and any further clearing should be discouraged. Erosion potential following disturbance (tree clearing and exposed topsoil) was estimated from landform, soil type and soil dispersion data with 32% of the area with moderate potential and 25% severe.

Soils unsuitable for septic systems (trench) covered 34% of the study with the majority of this area severely limited by steep and rocky slopes.

Potential for agricultural development is limited by availability of water for irrigation. Potential exists for furrow and spray irrigation along Major and Double barrel creeks and for trickle irrigation on the sandy footslopes and fans of Mt. Elliot. Limited water harvesting is carried out on Major creek and expansion of agricultural activities would require augmentation of supplies from the Burdekin irrigation scheme.

Urban development is currently restricted to Woodstock. Future urban development is not likely to occur however there is a demand for rural/residential land in the Townsville region. This development has occurred at Woodstock, Major Creek and Calcium and along the Woodstock-Giru road and the Flinders highway between Woodstock and Calcium. Any future development should be directed away from class A and B agricultural land, alluvial landscapes and the footslopes of Mt Elliot.

1. Introduction

The cities of Townsville and Thuringowa have experienced rapid population growth for the last 10 years with increasing demands placed on existing infrastructure to meet the growing demands from urban, rural\ residential and industrial land uses. The urban and industrial development pressures of the Townsille area have led to requests for land resource information to determine physical constraints to urban development and classification of good quality agricultural land.

The study area lies to the south of Townsville (Figure 1) and covers 66,000 ha in the Major Creek area, north Queensland. Prior to March 1994 the area was administered by the city of Thuringowa and is currently administered by both Townsville City and Burdekin Shire Councils after an external boundary review recommended by the Local Government Commissioner.

Study Area

Figure 1 Location of study area

Previous soil reports

Regional studies include a land system map and report of the Townsville-Bowen area by Christian et. al. (1953) at a scale of 1:253,000, the Atlas of Australian Soils (Isbell et. al., 1968) at 1:2,000,000 and a re-interpretation of the Atlas mapping at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (Isbell and Murtha 1970, 1972). More detailed studies include a survey by Murtha and Crack (1966) of the CSIRO research station ‘Lansdown’ covering some 2800 ha at a scale of approximately 1:32,000 and a small area on the western side of the study area as part of a land use study for the Ross River Dam area at 1:100,000 by the Department of Local Government (DLG, 1978). A number of private surveys have been completed for minor areas along the west bank the Haughton River to assist in farm plans for sugar cane production.

Adjoining mapping includes a soil association map at 1:100,000 by Murtha (1982) which identified 39 soil series (similar to soil profile classes) and abuts the north western boundary of the study area from Mt Elliot to Mt Flagstone. To the east of the Haughton River a 1:100,000 study by Reid and Baker (1984) mapped 53 soil profile classes. A small section of a similar survey by Thompson et. al. (1990) abuts the study area to the south of the survey by Reid and Baker. There are also a number of detailed reports (1:25,000) for sections of the Burdekin River Irrigation Area (BRIA) on the east bank of the Haughton River some which extend upstream of the existing 1:100,000 mapping. Crossley (1996a,1996b) has carried out an assessment of constraints to urban development and areas of good quality agricultural land based on previous soil mapping by Murtha (1982). 2

2. Description of study area

Climate

The study area lies within the seasonally wet/dry tropics (Woodstock 1177 mm/yr) with a distinct hot wet summer period and a warm dry winter period. The rainfall is highly seasonal with almost 80% of the total rainfall expected from December to March. Both monthly and yearly totals are highly variable and rainfall events are often intense.

Mount Elliot is large enough to affect local weather conditions of the study area with higher rainfall on the eastern footslopes of the mountain. Summer wind patterns are typically light east-south-east in the morning and north-easterly in the afternoon. Winter patterns are south to south-easterly in the morning and tend round to the north-east in the afternoon. June has the lightest winds of the year. A summary of climate information for Townsville is available from the Bureau of Meteorology (1994).

350

300

Townsville 250 Woodstock

Giru 200 Evaporation Townsville 150 rainfall\ evaporation (mm) . (mm) evaporation rainfall\ 100

0 JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

months

Figure 2 Mean monthly rainfall for Townsville, Woodstock and Giru and mean monthly evaporation for Townsville

Table 1 Monthly temperatures for Townsville temp 0C Jan Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Ave. Max. 31.3 31.0 30.4 29.1 27.3 25.3 24.8 25.8 27.4 29.1 30.8 31.6 Ave. Min. 24.3 23.9 22.8 20.3 17.5 14.4 13.6 14.7 17.1 20.4 22.8 24.1 Highest 44.3 42.7 37.3 35.8 31.7 30.5 31.6 33.3 35.9 37.1 41.0 42.1 Lowest 18.7 17.9 16.7 10.9 6.2 4.6 3.5 5.6 7.7 17.6 14.1 18.7 3

Geology

The geology and geomorphology for the study area has been described by a number of authors, Christian et al. (1953), Wyatt et. al. (1970), Wyatt (1972), Hopley (1978) and Hopley & Murtha (1975). The geology of the area is also available in a digital geology coverage at 1:100,000 scale from the Department of Mines and Energy. The majority of the area consists of Quaternary alluvial deposits relic alluvial plains, recent alluvial systems and undulating rises, footslopes and pediment slopes/fans and associated hills and mountains.

Landforms

Recent alluvial systems These include levees, terraces and alluvial plains of the local seasonal rivers and creeks and include Major, Lansdowne, Double Barrel, Spring and Sandy Creek and the left bank of Reid and Haughton River. Soils have formed from the deposition of alluvium and are dominantly well drained with sandy topsoils. The exotic weed rubber vine occurred along several creek systems and was dense in places. Minor amounts of sheet erosion and scalds occurred mainly on the terrace flats and levees.

Relic alluvial plains These landforms are typically level to very gently undulating plains set slightly above the recent alluvial systems with local relief <9 m. Some plains are actively eroding with sheet erosion and scalds evident. The scalded areas were more prevalent where native vegetation had been cleared. Soils include grey and brown texture contrast soils with minor black and brown cracking clays.

Undulating rises and footslopes Landforms include isolated undulating rises and gently inclined footslopes of rises, chiefly with sandy soils. Limited amounts of slight sheet erosion was observed on the gentle slopes and moderate sheet and gully erosion on the steeper slopes. Undulating rises at the foothills of mountains contain mainly yellow, red and brown texture contrast soils.

Pediment slopes and alluvial fans. Very gently inclined slopes of colluvial/ alluvial material from the surrounding hills and mountains give rise to mainly sandy texture contrast soils and an area of sandy gradational soils in a fan at the base of Mt. Elliot. Soil erosion was observed on sodic texture contrast soils at the base of gentle slopes.

Hilly and Mountainous terrain Hills and mountains with rock outcrop are composed of igneous (granite, granodiorite and acid volcanic), sedimentary (limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, greywacke and shale) and metamorphic ( schist, gneiss and quartzite) geological units. Soils associated with these units are generally shallow and stony with rock outcrop. Minor erosion occurred on undisturbed land, however disturbance due to mining activities has caused some gully erosion. Exotic weeds were observed at the base of the units with rubber vine found along some watercourses. 4

Land use and history

A summary of settlement history is presented here with more detailed accounts by Vance and Copeman (1994). The Queensland Government passed an act in 1860 to open up the Kennedy district (study area lay within this district) for pastoral leases with sheep first introduced. However sheep numbers declined due to the poor quality of flocks, losses from dingoes, footrot and the spear grass which damaged the wool and caused high animal mortality. Cattle were introduced from 1864 and pastoral leases dominated the area. Agricultural activities in the region increased in line with population increases associated with expansion of mining activities. Pineapples and tobacco were grown in the Major creek area and cattle numbers continue to increase. The cattle tick Boophilus microplus entered the area in 1895 and together with the 1902 drought caused cattle numbers by 1905 to be significantly lower than 1895 herd. Except for a period between World War I and World War II cattle prices were economic and the herd increased.

Current land use is dominated by pastoral holdings with rural\ residential blocks along the road to Charters Towers and the Woodstock-Giru road. Agricultural enterprises are concentrated in the Major creek area. Most blocks have bores for stock watering points.

Current utilisation of irrigation waters is limited to sugar cane areas adjacent to the Haughton river downstream of the Haughton balancing storage (part of Burdekin River Irrigation Scheme). Water harvesting and bores along Major Creek are used to irrigate alluvial soils to grow cucurbits, potatoes, viticulture and tree crops. Dams and bores are used to irrigate mangoes and bananas on the footslopes of Mt Elliot from Walkers creek north to the study boundary. Significant areas in the central and southern parts of the study have been cleared for pasture improvement but areas are degraded with eucalypt regrowth and heavy infestations of rubber vine and chinee apple.

3. Survey Methods

Data collection and site database Initial interpretation of 1:50,000 colour and 1:25,000 black and white aerial photography established broad landform and soil patterns. Field work involved detailed descriptions of 277 sites (Figure 3) using a free survey technique described in Gunn et al (1988). Final soils mapping incorporated existing soil data from private soil surveys along the Haughton river and the survey of Landsown by Murtha and Crack (1966), shown as shaded areas in figure 3. Map units also matched adjacent mapping by Murtha (1982). 1:100,000 scale geological data was also used to derive soils in mountainous units.

Each of the sites was located by a GPS (global positioning system) using the Australian geodetic 1966 datum to an accuracy of 100 m. Data recorded included descriptions of landform, soil profile morphology, surface condition, micro-relief type, vegetation form and species, and degradation status. Data from all sites were coded and recorded in a special purpose soils database, WARIS (Rosenthal et. al., 1986). All codes match those found in McDonald et al. (1990). Data from the study is held at the Resource Science Center, Indooroopilly.

Giru

Woodstock

Reid River Description site Other survey

Figure 3 Location of description sites and other surveys

Vegetation data Vegetation data were collected at each of the description sites. It included information on the structural formation of the vegetation of the upper, mid and lower stratum; the three dominant species of the different strata; the percentage distribution of each of the dominant species in the upper strata; the grass basal area and the exotic and native weed species present and their percentage cover. The percentage distribution of the upper strata, as well as the cover of the exotic and native weeds were determined by visual estimates. The grass basal area was determined visually after previous practice using the wheel point technique (Tidmarsh and Havenga 1955). A list of species recorded is in Appendix IV.

Soil erosion data Erosion data were collected at each of the description sites. Attributes included visual estimates of width and depth of gully and sheet erosion and length and width estimates of scalds.

Chemical and physical analyses A total of 155 profiles were sampled (approx. 100g) at the centre of various horizons and subsampled if the horizon was greater than 30 cm thick. Samples were assessed for 1:5 water pH and electrical conductivity (EC) using the method described in Bruce and Rayment (1982). Nine sites were analysed for basic cations (Ca++, Mg+, Na+, K+), cation exchange capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus and particle size analysis. Chemical and physical analysis has been reproduced for 20 soils from Lansdown research station (Murtha and Crack, 1966). Chemical and physical analysis is in Appendix II.

The Emerson dispersion score (using a modified method of Loveday and Pyle, 1973) was conducted on 155 sites to determine a erosion index for the soil types. The score was determined by the scale 0-4 (below) at 2 and 20 hours on air dry aggregates. On all samples a subsample was taken, wet to field capacity and remoulded where the dispersion is again scored at 2 and 20 hours. This gives a score of 0 to 16 resulting from the sum of scores (0-4) at 2 and 20 hours on both aggregate and remoulded samples. Using the original method of Loveday and Pyle, if dispersion occurs on the air dry sample, a value of 8 is added to the score as it is assumed that complete dispersion will occur upon remoulding at 2 and 20 hours. This assumption did not hold true in a number of samples where soils did not disperse after remoulding.

Emerson dispersion score:

Score description

0 no dispersion 1 slight dispersion, recognised by a slight milkiness of water adjacent to the aggregate and sometimes by a narrow edging of dispersed clay to part of the aggregate 2 moderate dispersion clearly visible, less than 50% of the aggregate affected. 3 strong dispersion with considerable milkiness and about 50% of the aggregate dispersed away 4 complete dispersion leaving only sand grains in a cloud of clay

All samples were also tested for slaking behaviour and together with dispersion data were used to derive erosion potential (Table 4)

UMA-unique mapping area database A UMA is a unique mapping area that occurs on the map as a polygon or discrete parcel of land. Each UMA is given an individual number. The UMA database and codes are listed in Appendix III. Each UMA on the map is labelled with a code (map symbol) which recordes the dominant soil type, subdominant soil type (if present) and landform. Miscellaneous units (mountainous, flooded, disturbed (mining/quarries) were also mapped. The data source for each UMA is coded in the database and included study sites, black and white aerial photography (1:25,000), colour aerial photography (1:50,000), geology maps (1:100,000) and other surveys. An estimation is made of the component soils, the landform and the soil erosion in UMAs where no sites were recorded. Likewise where no field data is available, the erosion severity and extent scores are based on visual estimates using colour aerial photography from April 1994. A ‘# ‘ was recorded whenever an attribute could not be recorded due to insufficient data.

Map preparation Initial linework was prepared by air photo interpretation using colour 1:50,000 photos dated April 1994 and small sections to the west of the study area from black and white photos (1:25,000) dated April 1990. A base map (1:50,000) was prepared from scanned and rectified 1:75,000 colour aerial photography dated October 1995. Linework on the air photos was transferred to the base map.

4. Soils

Soil descriptions recorded in the field were sorted into groups of sites (soil profile classes) on the basis of similar classification, morphological characteristics, and landscape. Mapping units on the map are associations and will contain a number of soil profile classes. A description of soil profile classes are listed in Appendix I. Previous classification systems used to describe soils in adjoining reports include the classification key describing the principle profile form (PPF) by Northcote (1979), and the Great Soil Groups by Stace, et al (1968). The Australian Classification (Isbell, 1996) is the current recognised standard for classification of Australian soils. Some of the historic reference sites included in this report are classified to US Taxonomy (1975).

The highest level of the Australian Classification system is the Soil Order and the concepts are listed alphabetically below. The classification is a hierarchical system where keys are provided for each of the classes.

Calcarosols Soils which are usually calcareous throughout the profile and lack strong contrast between surface and subsoil clay content. (0.07% of area, 50 ha) Chromosols Soils with a strong contrast between surface and subsoil clay content. Subsoils are usually not acid. (pH> 5.5) and are non-sodic (ESP < 6). (4.3% of area, 2,780 ha) Dermosols Soils lacking a strong contrast between surface and subsoil clay content. Subsoils are structured. (25% of area, 16,200 ha) Hydrosols Soils which are wet throughout most of the profile for at least several months of the year. (0.7% of area, 390 ha) Kandosols Soils lacking a strong contrast between surface and subsoil clay content. The profile is not calcareous throughout and the subsoils are massive or weakly structured and have a clay content that exceeds 15%. (9.7% of area, 6,200 ha) Rudosols Soils that have little development of soil features, are often shallow and stony, deep and sandy, and commonly stratified with sedimentary layers. (9.2% of area, 5,900 ha) Sodosols Soils with a strong contrast between surface and subsoil clay content, and that have subsoils that are sodic (exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP) > 6) and are not strongly acidic (33.8% of area, 21,700 ha) Tenosols Soils that have weakly developed profile features other than dark surface horizons or pale subsurface horizons. Subsoils frequently have less than 15% clay. Tenosols thus have profile features that are more developed than those in Rudosols. (8.9% of area, 5,700 ha) Vertosols Clay soils with shrink-swell properties that exhibit strong cracking when dry. (7.7% of area, 4,900 ha)

Miscellaneous disturbed areas in non-mountainous areas covered 20 ha while flooded areas covered 170 ha. Mountainous areas accounted for approximately 30% of the study area and included 12,000 ha of igneous units, 3,500 ha of metamorphic units and 3,500 ha of sedimentary units. 9

Table 2 Correlation of soils of the Major creek area and adjoining surveys

Soils of Major Creek area Australian classification Townsville coastal Burdekin River Suborder- Order plain (Murtha, 1982), Irrigation Area and others ,, SOILS OF RECENT ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS Black Bl Brown Kandosol Black 6Gn Magenta Ma Orthic/ Bleached Orthic Tenosols Magenta 6Uc Ross Ro Yellow/ Brown Dermosol Ross/Black 6Gn Serpentine Se Oxyaquic Hydrosol NA 1Ug? Walker Wa Brown Dermosol NA NA SOILS OF RELIC ALLUVIAL PLAINS Bullock Bu Brown Vertosol NA NA Gillian Gi Brown Vertosol Gillian/Vantasell 2Ugd Goodbye Gb Grey and Black Vertosols Goodbye@ NA Manton Mt Brown Chromosol Manton/ Julago 2Dbc Moosie Ms Brown Dermosol Moosie@ 2Db Pennsfield Pf Red Chromosol Pennsfield@ 6Drc Purono Pu Grey Sodosol Purono 6Dy Sachs Sh Black Vertosol Alick/Sachs 2Ug Scrubby Sc Brown Sodosol Scrubby 6Dy Stockard loam Sl Brown Sodosol/ Chromosol Stockard loam# 2Dbc Stockyard Sd Grey Sodosol Stockyard 6Dy/2Dy SOILS OF PEDIMENT SLOPES AND ALLUVIAL FANS Althaus Al Brown Sodosol Althaus/Hervey NA Clemant Cl Brown Kandosol Clemant 6Ucb/c SOILS OF FOOTSLOPES AND UNDULATING RISES Artillery Red Dermosol NA Dalrymple Da Red Chromosol Dalrymple* 5Dra Granite Gr Orthic Tenosol Granite/Elliot, Rishton* 4Ucc Ewan Leptic/Orthic Tenosol Ewan* NA Limeview Li Red Dermosol Lime View* NA Pall Mall Pm Yellow Chromosol Pall Mall NA Stanley Sy Yellow Dermosol Stanley 5Dya HILLS AND MOUNTAINS Mountainous MI Red and Yellow Chromosols\ M1 NA Igneous Dermosols\ Kandosols and Leptic/Orthic Tenosols. Mountainous MM Red and Brown Chromosols, NA NA Metamorphic Rudosols Mountainous MS Leptic/Orthic Tenosols, NA NA Sedimentary MISCELLANEOUS UNITS NA Miscellaneous MF NA NA NA flooded Miscellaneous MD Rudosols and Calcarosols NA NA disturbed

Rogers et al., (1999), Murtha and Crack, (1966), Aldrick, (1988), pers comm N.Christianos 10

5. Good Quality Agricultural Land

Good Quality Agricultural Land (GQAL) is land which is capable of sustainable use for agriculture with a reasonable level of inputs, and which does not cause degradation of land or other natural resources. The protection of GQAL is the main reason for implementation of State Planning Policy 1/92: Development and the Conservation of Agricultural Land. Refer to The Guidelines, DHLGP (1993) for more details.

Agricultural Land Classes Area in study

A: Crop land 3,400 ha (5%) B: Limited crop land 5,300 ha (8%) C: Pasture land 43,500 ha (70%) D: Non-agricultural land 12,800 ha (20%)

The guidelines state that GQAL are those areas which are class A, class B and in areas where the dominant land use is grazing, the better quality areas of class C. Grazing lands are not seen as a limited resource in the Townsville region due to extensive areas of better quality grazing lands to the south and west of Townsville. For the study area GQAL is found in classes A and B, and is determined by availability of water. Class A soils are mainly well drained alluvials and Class B soils rapidly drained sandy soils and fertile cracking clays or deeper duplex soils. Rocky or shallow soils and those with poor drainage (typically sodic duplex soils) make up the majority of class C land. GQAL is classified for the dominant soil in each mapping unit (see Figure 4).

The rating of most of the soils is limited by availability of irrigation waters and the classification in this study assumes no significant additions of irrigation waters in the short to mid term. A notable exception is the development of private irrigation works adjacent to the Haughton river and mapping units have been classified according to the availability of this water. Should quantities of water become available suitable for irrigation then significant areas on the footslopes of Mt. Elliot and alluvial plains and flats associated with Double Barrel and Major Creeks will be suitable for agricultural use.

6. Limitations to urban development

The limitations to urban development (house and road construction) listed in this report are defined below and are similar to those defined in Crossley (1996a). The recorded level of the limitation may differ from those listed in the reports by Crossley due to additional data available to the author and differences in the site database. The area of each limitation class and percentage of study area is listed in each of the tables. Limitation classes for each mapping unit are listed in Appendix III with the UMA data.

Table 3 Rockiness of profile

Rockiness of profile Area (ha) R1 nil 0-2% of stone (<600 mm) 42,500 (65%) R2 slight 2-20% of stone (<600 mm) and or 0-2% rock outcrop 6,500 (10%) R3 moderate 20-90% of stone and or 2-10% rock outcrop 3,000 (4%) R4 severe >90% stone and or >10% rock outcrop 13,000 (21%)

Table 4 Depth to rock

Depth to partially weathered and hard rock Area (ha) D1 deep >1.0 m 48,000 ha (74%) D2 moderate 0.5-1.0 m 6,000 ha (9%) D3 shallow <0.5 m 11,000 ha (17%)

Table 5 Reactivity of soil profile

Reactivity of soil profile (shrink/swell potential) Area (ha) A1 nil to slight 25,000 ha (39%) A2 slight B horizons subplastic 12,000 ha (18%) A3 moderate B horizons reactive 23,000 ha (35%) A4 severe A and B horizons reactive 5,000 ha (8%)

Table 6 Erosion potential

Erosion potential Px (following clearing/ disturbance) Area (ha) P1 nil/slight 7,000 ha (11%) P2 slight sheet and/or wind erosion, small scalded patches may 21,000 ha (32%) develop P3 moderate gully and sheet erosion and/or significant scalded areas 21,000 (32%) may develop P4 severe major gullies may develop 16,000 (25%)

Table 7 Erosion status

Erosion status x: sheet (s), gully(g) and scalds(c) % of area affected Sheet erosion (ha) Gully erosion (ha) Scalds (ha)

Ex1 slight <5% 38,000 ha (58%) 44,000 ha (68%) 42,000 ha (65%) Ex2 moderate 5-30% 17,000 ha (27%) 20,000 ha (30.5%) 18,000 ha (28%) Ex3 severe >30% 10,000 ha (15%) 1,000 ha (1.5%) 5,000 ha (7%)

Table 8 Septic suitability

Septic suitability Area (ha) T1 nil/slight permeable soils, suitable for standard septic systems 14,000 ha (21.5%) T2 nil/slight permeable soils on steep slopes; suitable soils however 3,000 ha (4.5%) slope may constraint use with lateral flow of effluent to surface before sufficient time for purification. T3 moderate soils with low permeability; controlled by additional 26,000 ha (40%) trenching. Highly permeable soils with low microbe purification ability where trenches require a clay base to restrict deep drainage. T4 severe soils with low permeability; risk of overflow following 22,000 ha (34%) heavy rains even with additional trenching. Includes areas subject to regular flooding and rocky and steep (>20%) slopes of mountainous terrain.

Table 9 Soil wetness

Soil wetness constraint/drainage* Area (ha) W1 nil rapidly drained soils 19,000 ha (29%) W2 Nil/slight moderately well to well drained soils 18,000 ha (28%) W3 moderate imperfectly drained soils 23,000 ha (35%) W4 severe very poorly to poorly drained soils 5,000 ha (8%)

*Wetness is controlled by site conditions such as slope, runon and slope length and profile properties such as hard pans and clay layers that may impede movement of water down through the profile.

Table 10 Subsoil sodicity

Subsoil sodicity Area (ha)* S1 nil/slight <6% ESP in B horizon 23,000 ha (35%) S2 moderate lower B horizon ESP 6-15% 15,000 ha (23%) S3 moderate top of B horizon ESP 6-15% 11,000 ha (17%) S4 severe top of B horizon ESP >15% 9,000 ha (14%)

* 11% of study not assessed due to lack of data in mountainous areas, approximate areas only due to limited data.

Table 11 Soil Salinity status

Soil Salinity status (dS/m)* % of sites analysed L1 nil <0.05 8% L2 slight 0.05-0.3 46% L3 moderate 0.31-1.2 44% L4 severe >1.2 2%

* assessed on most limiting horizon, typically subsoils contain higher concentration of salts

Table 12 List of limitation attribute codes for soil types.

Soil Rockiness Depth Erosion Reactivity Subsoil Salinity Septic Drainage GQAL* potential sodicity suitability Al R1 D1 P2 A3 S3 L3 1 2/3 C Ay R4 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA 2 2 D Bl R1 D1 P1 A1 S1\2 L1 1 2 A Bu R1 D1 P1 A3 S1 L1 1 2 C Cl R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 L1 1 2 B Da R2 D2\1 P3 A2 S1 L1 2 2 C FL R2\3 D2\1 P2 A1 S1 NA 2 2 C Gb R1 D1 P2 A3 S3 L3 3 3 B Gi R1 D1 P1 A4 S3\4 L3 4 4 C Gr R1 D2\1 P2 A1 S1 L1 3 1 C Li R2\3 D2 P3 A2 S1 L1\2 2 2 A Ma R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 NA 3 1 B Ms R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 L2\3 3 3 B Mt R1\2 D1 P3 A3 S3\4 L2\3 3 3 B Pf R1 D1 P1\4 A3 S2 L1 1 2 B Pm R1\2 D2\1 P3 A1 S2 L2 1 2 C Pu R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 L3 3 3 C Ro R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 L1 1 2 C Sc R1 D1 P2\3 A1 S2 L2\3 1 3/2 C Sd R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 L2\3 3 3 C Se R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 L2 4 4 C Sh R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 L3 4 3 B Sl R1 D1 P3 A3 S2\4 L2\3 3 3 C Su R3 D3\1 P3 A2 S1 NA 2 2 C Sy R1\2 D2\1 P3 A1 S2 L1 2 2 B Wa R1\2 D1 P1 A1 S1 L1 1 2 A

*some mapping units may have different GQAL classes due to site conditions, check UMA file.

Table 13 Correlation of limitation codes with those described by Crossley (1996b)

Limitation/ Classification Major Creek report Crossley (1996b) Good Quality Agricultural Land A A B B C C D D Rockiness R1 Ro1 R2 Ro1 R3 Ro2 R4 Ro3 Depth to rock D1 Ro1 D2 Ro1 D3 Ro3 Reactivity A1 Re1 A2 NA A3 Re2 A4 Re3 NA Re4 Erosion potential P1 Ep1 NA Ep2 P2 Ep3,Ep4 P3 Ep6 P4 Ep7 NA Ep5 Septic suitability T1 Se1 T2 Se2 T3 Se3 T4 Se4 Soil wetness W1 Wi1 W2 Wi1 W3 Wi2 W4 Wi3

Figure 4. Good Quality Agricultural Land (GQAL) classes for Major Ck area.

# WOODSTOCK # MAJOR CREEK

# MANTON

# location roads

GQAL classes # Class A N REID RIVER Class B W E Class BC Class D Class D S 60612Kilometres

References

Aldrick, J.M. (1988). Soils of the Elliot River- Bowen Area North Queensland Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Land Resources Bulletin QV88002.

Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982). Analytical Methods and interpretations used by the Agricultural Chemistry Branch for soil and land use surveys. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin QB82004.

Bureau of Meteorology (1994). Climate of Townsville

Christian, C.S., Patterson, S.J., Perry, R.A., Slayter, R.O., Stewart, G.A. and Traves, D.M. (1953). Survey of the Townsville-Bowen Region, North Queensland, 1950. CSIRO Land Research Series No. 2, 1953.

Crossley, R. (1996a). Review of existing soils information to identify constraints to development in the new Townsville area. Report by Robert Crossley and Associates for Townsville city council.

Crossley, R. (1996b). Review of existing soils information to identify limitations to development . Report by Robert Crossley and Associates for Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Local Government and Planning.

DHLGP (1993). Planning Guidelines: The Identification of Good Agricultural Land. Department of Primary Industries and Department of Housing, Local Government and Planning. January 1993.

DLG (1978). Ross River Dam Catchment Area Land Use Study. Volumes 1 to 3, Department of local Government Report, 1978.

Emerson, W.W. (1967). A classification of soil aggregates based on their coherence in water. Australian Journal of Soil Research 5, 47 -57.

Gunn, R.H., Beattie, J.A., Reid, R.E. and Van de Graaf, R.H.M., Eds. (1988). Australian soil and land survey handbook - guidelines for conducting surveys. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Hopley, D. (1978). An Introduction to the Geomorphology of the Townsville Region. In Geographical studies of the Townsville Area.. Geography department, James Cook University. Monograph Series, occasional paper 2.

Hopley, D. and Murtha, G.G. (1975). The Quaternary Deposits of the Townsville Coastal Plain. Geography department, James Cook University. Monograph Series, No.8.

Isbell, R.F. (1996). The Australian Soil Classification. Australian soil and landsurvey handbook series;v.4. CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, Vic.

Isbell, R.F. and Murtha, G.G. (1970). Soils - Burdekin - Townsville Region (Queensland) Resources Series. Department of National Development, Geographic Section, Canberra.

Isbell, R.F. and Murtha, G.G. (1972). Vegetation - Burdekin - Townsville Region (Queensland), Resource Series. Department of National Development, Geographic Section, Canberra.

Isbell, R.F. Webb, A.A and Murtha, G.G. (1968). Atlas of Australian Soils Explanatory data for Sheet 7 north Queensland CSIRO Melbourne University Press.

References (continued)

Loi, J.K., Donnollan, T.E., Day, K.J. and McClurg, J.I. (1994). A guide to the identification and classification of soils of the Burdekin River Irrigation Area. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Land Resources Bulletin QV94004.

Loveday, J. and Pyle, J. (1973). The Emmerson Dispersion test and its relationship to Hydraulic conductivity. CSIRO Australia Division of Soils Technical Paper No. 15, 1-7

McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1990). Australian Soil and Land Survey, Field Handbook. 2nd edition, Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Murtha, G.G. (1975). Soils and land use of the northern section of the Townsville coastal plain, north Queensland. CSIRO Soils and Land Use Series No. 55

Murtha, G.G. (1982). Soils and land use of the southern section of the Townsville coastal plain, north Queensland. CSIRO Soils and Land Use Series No. 59

Murtha, G.G. and Crack, B.J. (1966). Soils of the CSIRO pasture research station “Lansdown”, Townsville, Queensland. CSIRO Division of Soils, Div. report 1/66.

Northcote, K.H. (1979). A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils. 4th edition, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Reid, R.E. and Baker, D.E. (1984). Soils of the Lower Burdekin River Barratta creek -Haughton River area, North Queensalnd. QDPI Agricultural Chemistry Branch, Technical Report No. 22

Rogers, L.G., Cannon M.G., Barry, E.V. (1999). Land Resources of the Dalrymple Shire. Department of Natural Resources, Queensland. Land Resources Bulletin, DNRQ980090.

Rosenthal, K.M., Ahern, C.R. and Cormack, R.S. (1986). WARIS: a computer based storage and retrieval system for soils and related data. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 24, 441-56

Soil survey staff (1975). Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting soil surveys. USDA Agricultural handbook No. 436 (Government printer, Washington DC)

Stace, H.C.T., Hubble, G.D, Brewer, R., Northcote, K.H., Sleeman, J.R., Mulcahy, M.J. and Hallsworth, E. (1968). A Handbook of Australian Soils. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Thompson, W.P., Cannon, M.G., Reid, R.E. and Baker, D.E. (1990). Soils of the Lower Burdekin Valley, North Queensland- Redbank Creek to Bob’s Creek and south to Bowen River. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Land Resources Bulletin QV90004.

Tidmarsh, C.E.M. and Havenga, C.M. (1955). The wheel-point method of survey and measurement of semi-open and karoo vegetation in South Africa. Botanical Survey of South Africa, Memorandum No. 29, Government Printer, Pretoria.

Vance,D. and Copeman,G. (1994). Thuringowa Past and Present. Thuringowa City Council

Wyatt, D.H. (1972). Townsville,Qld. 1:250,000 Geological series. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Australia. Explanatory notes SE/55-15

Glossary

Acid Volcanic A group of fine grained to glassy igneous rocks that contain more than 10% free quartz. eg. Rhyolite

Alluvial deposits Material transported by rivers/creeks and deposited on alluvial plains, (alluvium) terraces, swamps etc

Annual plants Plant that completes its life cycle from seed germination to seed production and death in a single season.

Apedal Soil with no observable peds, see single grained and massive

CEC (Cation The total amount of exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb being made exchange capacity) up of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminium and hydrogen . Clay Soil particles <0.002 mm.

Coarse fragments Particles >2 mm, but not segregations of pedogenic origin (formed in soil profile) Coarse sand Particles 0.6 to 2.0, has a feel similar to raw sugar.

Collivial deposits Weathered material transported by gravity. (Colluvium) Cucurbits Plant of the gourd family, includes pumpkins, melons and zucchini.

Cracking surface Cracks at least 5 mm wide and extending upwards to the surface or to the condition base of any plough layer or thin (<0.03 m) surface horizon.

Drainage How water drains from the soil profile. Rapid drainage will cause water to move past the root zone in a short period limiting water uptake by the plant, while slow drainage will cause the soil profile to become saturated with water. A saturated profile will exclude most of the oxygen from the soil which leads to root cell death and greatly reduced uptake of moisture by the plant. Drainage is dependent on landscape position (controls external drainage and run-on), permeability of soil (texture, structure and distribution of pore spaces) and impediments in the profile to water movement such as hardpan and rock. Very poorly drained: Water is removed soil so slowly that the watertable remains at or near the surface for most of the year. Poorly drained: Water is removed very slowly in relation to supply, all horizons remain wet for several months. Imperfectly drained: Water is removed slowly in relation to supply. Some horizons may be mottled and remain wet for several weeks. Moderately well drained: Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly in relation to supply. Some horizons may remain wet for one week after water addition. Well drained: Water is removed from the soil readily but not rapidly. The soils are often medium in texture with some horizons remaining wet for several days. Rapidly drained: Water is removed from the soil rapidly in relation to supply. Soils are usually coarse textured or shallow and no horizon is normally wet for more than several hours.

Earthy fabric The soil material is coherent and characterised by the presence of pores and few if any peds.

EC Electrical conductivity (dS\m). Indicates level of salt (sodium and others) in soil/ water, the higher the salt content the higher the conductivity.

Glossary (continued)

ESP Exchangable sodium percentage. ESP=100 times (exchangable Na+)/ CEC ESP <6 non-sodic, ESP 6-15 sodic, ESP >15 strongly sodic

Fabric Describes the appearance of the soil material (under x10 hand lens). See Earthy fabric, Sandy fabric.

Ferruginous gravel Gravel which is dominantly composed of iron-rich materials; also known as ironstone and laterite gravel.

Fine sand Particles 0.06 to 0.1 mm, just visible with the naked eye and which feel similar to coarse flour or table salt.

Firm surface condition Coherent mass of individual particles or aggregates. Surface disturbed or indented by moderate pressure of forefinger.

Fluvial deposits Sedimentary material deposited in shallow fresh water bodies, rivers, lakes etc.

Gabbro A coarse grained basic igneous rock.

Gilgai microrelief Associated with soils with shrink-swell characteristics. Consists of mounds and depressions.

Gneiss Banded rocks formed through high grade regional metamorphism.

Gradational Term defined in Northcote (1979), used to describe those profiles where the clay content increases gradually with depth

Granodiorite A coarse grained acid igneous consisting of quartz (20-40%), calc-alkali feldspar, and various ferromagnesian minerals (usually hornblende and biotite).

Great Soil Group A soil classification by Stace et al. 1968.

Greywacke Sedimentary rock that consists of fine to coarse, angular to sub-angular fragments cemented with finer material.

Gully erosion A channel in soil more than 0.3m deep. Formed by the action of water moving over bare soil washing away soil material.

Hardsetting surface Compact, hard, apparently apedal condition formed on drying but which condition softens on wetting. When dry, the material is hard below any surface crust or flake, and is not disturbed or indented by pressure of the forefinger.

Horizons Layers within a soil profile which have morphological properties different from those above and below (Northcote 1979).

Hummock grass Coarse xeromorphic (able to withstand dry conditions) grass with a mound like form often dead in the middle.

Igneous rock Broad group of rocks, usually crystalline formed from magma.

Land system A land unit with distinct grouping of landform, climate, soil and vegetation attributes.

Loam A medium textured soil of approximate composition 10 to 25% clay, 25 to 50% silt and <50% sand.

Glossary continued

Loose surface Incoherent mass of individual particles or aggregates. Surface easily disturbed by condition pressure of forefinger. Massive Apedal coherent soil. When disturbed, soil separates into fragments which may be crushed to ultimate particles.

Meta-sedimentary Rocks of sedimentary origin that have undergone varying grades of heating and pressure to form metamorphic type rocks.

Metamorphic Material (usually sedimentary) altered by heat and pressure and chemically active rocks fluids

Perennial plants Plant that continues growth from year to year. Herbaceous or woody. pH Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity. A pH of 7.0 denotes a neutral soil with a log scale of increasing alkalinity of pH 7 to 14 and a log scale of increasing acidity of pH 7 to 1 (most soils have a pH range of 4 to 10) Each unit change in pH doubles the acidity or alkalinity.

PPF (Principal The term given to the end point in the Northcote factual key soil classification. Profile Form) Quartzite Quartz rich sedimentary rock that has undergone various grades of metamorphism

Rhyolite Fine grained to glassy acid volcanic rock

Salinity Salinity is the build up of soluble salts, especially sodium chloride within the profile. High salt levels in the soil water increase the osmotic pressure and the plant’s ability to take up moisture. Salinity in the soil profile can come from rising saline groundwaters and by addition of water which has generally low to moderate levels of salt, which is concentrated as the water evaporates.

Sandy fabric The soil material is coherent, with few if any peds. The closely packed sand grains provide the characteristic appearance of the soil mass.

Scalds Removal of soil by water/wind, often exposing more clayey subsoil which is devoid of vegetation and relatively impermeable to water.

Schist A regionally metamorphosed rock characterised by parallel arrangement of the bulk of the constituent minerals.

Sedimentary rocks Rocks formed from material derived from pre-existing rocks by processes of denudation (weathering, transport, erosion) together with material of organic origin.

Self-mulching Strongly pedal loose surface mulch forms on wetting and drying. Peds commonly surface <5 mm in least dimension.

Shale A group of sedimentary rocks formed in water environment which have bedding planes and a particle size <1/16 mm.

Sheet erosion The relatively uniform removal of soil from an area without the development of conspicuous channels.

Siltstone A group of sedimentary rocks formed in water which have a silt sized particle range.

Glossary continued

Soft surface Coherent mass of individual particles of aggregates. Surface easily disturbed by condition pressure of forefinger.

Soil Association A mapping unit consisting of two or more kinds of soil. (soil profile classes)

Soil Profile Class A grouping of soil profiles that have similar morphological characteristics.

Soil Series similar to soil profile class

Structure Soil structure refers to the distinctness, size and shape of peds. A ped is an individual natural soil aggregate consisting of a cluster of primary particles, and separated from adjoining peds by surfaces of weakness which are recognisable as natural voids or by the occurrence of cutans A soil has either no structure (i.e. apedal) or a grade of pedality listed below: Weak: Peds indistinct and barely observable in undisplaced soil. When displaced, up to one-third of the soil material consists of peds. Moderate: Peds well formed and evident but not distinct in undisplaced soil. Adhesion between peds is moderate to strong. When displaced, more than one- thirds of the soil material consists of peds. Strong: Peds quite distinct in undisplaced soil. Adhesion between peds is moderate to weak. When displaced more than two thirds of the soil material consists of peds.

Surface condition Describes the natural surface condition of the topsoil as listed. See self-mulching, loose, soft, firm, hardsetting.

Tussock grass Grass that forms discrete but open tussocks usually with distinct individual shoots, or if not, then not forming a hummock.

UMA Unique mapping area or discrete polygon (mapping unit ) on a map

Uniform Term defined in Northcote (1979), used to describe those profiles where the clay content does not increase with depth

WARIS Worldwide Applicable Resource Inventory System Computer database for storage of site descriptions and data on each UMA. Rosenthal et. al., (1986)

Acknowledgments

Dan Sullivan for preparing digital map GIS unit Mareeba for preparing soil map

23 Appendix I Description of Soil Profile Classes.

Type profiles refer to reference site number as listed in site database.

Soil: Althaus Al Concept: Sandy loams over brown clay subsoils, often mottled. Landform: Found across a range of landforms, pediment slopes and low rises, relic alluvial plains. Substrate: Alluvium and colluvium. Classification: Brown Chromosols, Brown Sodosols. Type profile No. 222 Upper vegetation: Limited clearing. Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum) with C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash) in alluvial areas. Mid vegetation: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) with some Eucalyptus saplings. Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida spp. (wire grasses), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), some Stylosanthes spp. (stylo). Weeds: Alternanthera pungens (khaki weed), Sida spp. (flannel weed). Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) in places. Existing erosion: Moderate scalds in places, slight sheet erosion on sloping lands. Runoff: Slow to rapid on sloping terrain. Permeability: Moderately permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly to moderately well drained. Microrelief: Termite mounds common in places 0.3-0.5 m high. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting.

Profile morphology

0 cm A11 A11: Dark brown to dark greyish brown; loamy sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive, sandy 0 cm fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear change to 20 A12 20

A2/A3 A12: Yellowish brown to brown; loamy sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive, sandy fabric; 40 40 pH 5.0-6.0; clear change to

60 60 B21 A2/A3: Light brown; clayey sand to sandy clay loam; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH5.5-6.5; abrupt change to 80 80 B22 B21: Yellowish brown to olive brown, often with yellowish brown to reddish brown mottles; 120 cm + 100 sandy light medium clay to sandy medium clay; moderate angular blocky (20-50 mm) 100 structure; pH 6.0-7.0; clear change to 120 120 B22: Light olive brown often with yellowish brown mottles; sandy light medium clay to medium 140 140 heavy clay; moderate subangular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 7.0-8.5; may be effervescence of fine earth.

Note: May be quartz gravels throughout profiles with accumulation in A horizons on pediments and hillslopes.

Photo 1: Black spear grass/ Kangaroo grass native pasture in good condition under open Eucalypt woodland 24 Soil: Black Bl Concept: Sandy loams grading to sandy light clay. Landform: Level alluvial plains and gently inclined terraces. Substrate: Alluvial materials, sand, gravel, clay. Classification: Brown Kandosols. Type profile No.199 Upper vegetation: Cleared in areas. Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash), C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), with minor E. platyphylla (poplar gum), C. papuana (ghost gum). Mid vegetation: Cleared in areas. Few Pandanus spp. (pandanus) and Alphitonia excelsa (red ash). Lower vegetation/weeds: Cleared in areas. Improved pastures. Stylosanthes spp. (stylo). Weeds: Alternanthera pungens (khaki weed) and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (snake weed). Existing erosion: Few sites with minor scalds. Runoff: Slow Permeability: Moderately to highly permeable. Drainage: Well drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds to 0.4 m high. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting when dry.

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11

20 A12/A2e 20 A11: Dark greyish brown to dark yellowish brown; sandy loam; apedal - massive, earthy and single grained fabric; pH 6.0-7.0; clear to abrupt change to 40 40 B2 120 cm + A12/A2e: Dark brown to brown; sandy clay loam; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 5.5- 60 60 6.5; clear to gradual change to

80 80 B2: Brown to yellowish brown and reddish brown; clay loam sandy to sandy light clay; apedal - massive, earthy fabric to weak pedal structure; pH 6.0-7.0. 100 100 Variant h1: A11, A12 horizons sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy 120 120 h1,d1: Dark A horizon, subsoils lenses of sand, D horizon. l1: Light textured A horizons 140 140

Photo 2: Sandy alluvial soils of Major Creek well drained and suitable for cropping 25 Soil: Clemant Cl

Concept: Sands to sandy loams grading to sandy clay loam at depth. Landform: Colluvial fans. Substrate: Undivided alluvial/colluvial fans. Minor amounts <10% of 2-6 mm subangular quartz may be present in profile. Classification: Brown Kandosol. Type profile No. 247 Upper vegetation: Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash) and E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark). Mid vegetation: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) and Pandanus spp. (pandanus). Lower vegetation/weeds: Weeds: Lantana camara (lantana), some Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple). Existing erosion: None observed; potential for wind erosion of loose surface soils. Runoff: Slow to moderately rapid. Permeability: Moderately to highly permeable. Drainage: Well drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds to 0.5 m high. Surface condition: Loose to firm when dry.

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11

20 A12 20 A11: Dark brown to brown; loamy sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive sandy fabric; pH 5.0-7.0; clear change to 40 40 A12 Brown to yellowish brown; clayey sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive , earthy A13/A2 60 60 fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear change to

A13/A2: Brown to yellowish brown, pale to light brown where A2 is bleached; clayey sand to clayey coarse 80 80 sand; apedal - massive, earthy to sandy fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear to gradual change to

B2 100 100 130 cm + B2: Pale brown to yellowish brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy, occasionally fine sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric, sometimes sandy; pH 6.0-7.0. 120 120 Phases h1: sandy clay loam A horizons r2: yellowish red B horizon 140 140 l2: light textured A horizons

Photo 3: Pandanus is good indicator of sandy soils 26 Soil: Dalrymple Da

Concept: Sandy loam topsoils over red clay subsoils. Landform: Hillslopes and gentle rises, 2-20%. Substrate: Granitic material. (Granodiorite) Classification: Red Chromosol. Type profile No. 240 Upper vegetation: Minor disturbance, Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) with E. platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash). Mid vegetation: Few Eucalyptus spp. saplings. Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass). Weeds: Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (snake weed), Sida spp. (flannel weed) with Lantana camara (lantana) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) in places. Existing erosion: Minor sheet erosion, few gullies. Runoff: Moderately rapid to rapid. Permeability: Moderately permeable. Drainage: Well drained. Microrelief: None observed. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting, may be many (10-50%) rocks on surface (20-200 mm). 0 cm 0 cm A11/12 Profile morphology 20 20 B21 A11/12: Dark reddish brown to dark grey; sandy loam to sandy clay loam; weak to moderate, (<10 mm) 40 40 granular structure; pH 6.0-7.0; abrupt change to

B21: Red; medium clay; moderate, (<50 mm) subangular blocky structure; pH 6.0-7.0; clear change to 60 60

B22/3: Yellowish brown to brownish yellow; light medium clay; moderate to strong, (<20 mm) angular 80 80 blocky structure; pH 6.0-7.0; gradual change to B22/23

100 100 BC: Yellowish red to olive brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy; moderate, (<20 mm) BC subangular blocky structure; pH 6.0-7.0

120 120 Note: Quartz and granite gravels may occur throughout profile. Few (2-10%) manganese nodules, (2-6 mm) may occur in subsoils. 140 140 Phase h1: heavy textured A horizons

27 Soil: Gillian Gi

Concept: Brown and grey coarse structured clays. Landform: Relic alluvial plain with slopes generally <1%. Substrate: Alluvial sand, silt and clay. Classification: Epipedal Brown Vertosol. Type profile No.1 Upper vegetation: Mostly cleared, some Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) and E. brownii (Reid River box). Mid vegetation: Some Eucalyptus spp. saplings and isolated areas of Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree). Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). Also some Stylosanthes spp. (stylo). Weeds: Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) common in places up to 20% ground cover. Existing erosion: Minor scalds. Runoff: Very slow to slow. Permeability: Moderately permeable where surface cracks are exposed, becoming very slow to slow once cracks have closed upon wetting. Drainage: Poorly drained. Microrelief: Gilgai microrelief; 0.2-0.3 m vertical interval, 5-10 m horizontal interval. Surface condition: Surface often poached, cracks common. Medium to coarse structure sometimes with thin algal crust.

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A1/A2j A1/A2j: Greyish brown to brown, occasionally with sporadically bleached A2 horizon, horizons often mottled B21 20 20 yellowish brown; light clay; weak to moderate, subangular blocky structure; pH 5.0-6.0; abrupt to clear change to 40 40 B21: Light olive brown with yellowish brown mottle; medium clay to medium heavy

60 60 clay; moderate subangular structure; pH 5.5-7.0; gradual change to

B22 B22: Dark grey to olive brown; medium heavy clay to heavy clay; moderate lenticular structure; very few to 80 + 80 150 cm common carbonate nodules, 2-20 mm, fine manganese gravel 2-10%; few slickensides; pH 7.0-8.0.

100 100 Phases g1/2: A horizons may be dark grey, subsoils dark grey and weakly acid to neutral. Gilgai microrelief is often subdued. 120 120

140 140

Photo 5: Subdued gilgai microrelief in cleared paddock 28 Soil: Goodbye Gb

Concept: Dark greyish brown clay loam topsoils grading to dark clay subsoils. Landform: Level plains. Substrate: Alluvial sand, silt, clay. Classification: Grey and Black Dermosols. Type profile No. 102. Upper vegetation: Cleared in areas; Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) and Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) with E. brownii (Reid River box) and C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) Mid vegetation: Some Eremophila mitchellii (false sandalwood) and Grevillea striata (beefwood). Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses. Some Stylosanthes spp.(stylo). Weeds: Some Sida spp. (flannel weed) and Alternanthera pungens (khaki weed). Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) dominant in places. Existing erosion: Minor amounts of scald erosion. Runoff: Very slow to slow. Permeability: Slowly permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly drained. Microrelief: None observed. Surface condition: Hardsetting, some cracks, some areas also poached.

0 cm 0 cm A1 Profile morphology 20 A2j 20 A1: Dark greyish brown; silty clay loam to clay loam fine sandy; weak to moderate (<20 mm) granular structure; pH 5.0-6.0; clear to abrupt change to B21 40 40 A2j: Greyish brown; clay loam fine sandy to fine sandy light clay; apedal - massive, earthy fabric to 60 60 (may be absent) weak polyhedral (<20 mm) structure; pH 5.5-6.0; clear to gradual change to

B22/23 B21: Dark greyish brown; sandy light medium clay to medium heavy clay; moderate angular to 80 80 subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure; pH 6.0-7.0; clear to gradual change to

100 100 B22/23: Very dark grey to greyish brown; sandy light medium clay to medium heavy clay; moderate subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure; few 2-10% carbonate nodules, (2-20 mm); pH 7.0-8.5 120 120 Note: Very few (<2%) manganese nodules 2-6 mm, may be present in subsoils. 140 140 Phases h1: heavy textured A horizons l1: light textured A horizons

Photo 6: Intense summer rainfall can lead to erosion in cleared areas where grass cover is low. 29 Soil: Granite Gr

Concept: Deep sandy soils, loamy sands to brownish yellow clayey sands at depth over rock. Landform: Gentle rises and footslopes, 1-3%. Substrate: Highly weathered granite and various forms of rhyolite. Classification: Tenosols. Type profile No. 227 Upper vegetation: Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), C. papuana (ghost gum), and C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash). Mid vegetation: Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree), Petalostigma pubescens (quinine bush), Pandanus spp. (pandanus), Acacia holosericea. Lower vegetation/weeds: Common weeds: Sida cordifolia (flannel weed), Lantana camara (lantana), few Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple). Existing erosion: Generally no erosion, few small gullies. Runoff: Very slow to slow. Permeability: Highly permeable. Drainage: Well drained to rapidly drained. Microrelief: Termite mounds may be present, 0.3-0.5 m high. Surface condition: Loose to soft, occasionally firm. 0 cm 0 cm A11 20 20 Profile morphology A12 40 40 A11: Brown to dark yellowish brown; loamy sand; single grained to massive apedal, sandy fabric; pH 5.0-7.0; clear change to A13/A2 60 or 60 B2w A12: Brown to yellowish brown; sand to clayey sand; single grained to massive apedal sandy to earthy fabric; pH 5.0-6.5; clear change to 80 80 A13/A2: Light brown to yellowish brown; sand to clayey sand; massive to single 100 100 grained, sandy fabric; pH 6.0-7.0; clear change to (where present)

120 120 B2w: Brownish yellow; clayey sand; massive, earthy fabric;

C: Weathered granite/rhyolite (where encountered above 120cm B2w usually present) 140 140 substrat Note: 0-30% fine subrounded to subangular quartz gravel may be present throughout profile. In some deeper soils B2w replaced by A13/A2 which extends to 130 cm+ Variant h1: heavy textured A horizons h3: heavy textured substrate

Photo 4: Lantana is a common weed is these landscapes 30

Soil: Limeview Li

Concept: Dark brown sandy clay loams grading to red clay subsoils. Landform: Undulating rises and footslopes of hills and ranges. Substrate: Limestone and basic metamorphic material. Classification: Red Dermosols. Type profile No. 155 Upper vegetation: Corymbia erythrophloia (red-barked bloodwood), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) with C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash). Mid vegetation: Eucalyptus spp. saplings. Isolated softwood scrub on rocky areas. Lower vegetation /weeds: Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Bothriochloa pertusa (Indian couch) with Stylosanthes spp. (stylo). Weeds: Some Sida spp (flannel weed), 0-10% Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) and few Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine). Existing erosion: Minor amounts of sheet and gully erosion and scalds. Runoff: Moderately rapid to rapid. Permeability: Moderately permeable. Drainage: Moderately well drained. Microrelief: Termite mounds common, 0.6 m high. Surface condition: Hardsetting to firm when dry, rock outcrop can occur (Limestone), surface coarse fragments to 10%, 20-200 mm, (limestone, gabbro).

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11

A12/B1 20 20 A11: Dark brown to very dark greyish brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam fine sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 6.0-6.5; clear change to 40 40 A12/B1: Dark reddish brown to brown; clay loam sandy to sandy light clay; apedal - B2 60 60 massive, earthy fabric; pH 6.0-6.5; clear change to

80 80 B2: Dark red to red with occasional reddish yellow mottles; sandy light clay to medium clay; moderate to strong structure, subangular to polyhedral smooth faced peds; pH 6.5-7.5.

100 100 Note: Subsoils may be subplastic, one texture grade. A horizons may have weak to moderate, fine granular structure. Subsoils may contain fragments of substrate. 120 120

Variant l1: sandy loam A horizons 140 substrate 140 p1: structured A horizons

Photo 8: Low limestone outcrop associated with soil 31 Soil: Magenta Ma

Concept: Deep sandy soils, brown loamy to clayey sands. Landform: Terrace flats and plains of local creeks. Substrate: Unconsolidated alluvium. Classification: Tenosols. Type profile No. 200 Upper vegetation: Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash) with C. erythrophloia (red barked bloodwood) and C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood). Mid vegetation: Saplings of the above species, with Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree) and Petalostigma pubescens (quinine bush). Lower vegetation/weeds: Aristida spp. (wire grasses), introduced grasses. Weeds: Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (snake weed) and Sida cordifolia (flannel weed). Some Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine), Lantana camara (lantana), and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple). Existing erosion: None observed, small areas of scalding at site 14. Runoff: Slow. Permeability: Highly permeable. Drainage: Well drained to rapidly drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds to 0.6 m high. Surface condition: Firm.

Profile morphology 0 cm 0 cm A11 A11: Very dark brown to dark greyish brown; loamy sand to sandy loam; apedal - 20 A12 20 massive, earthy to sandy fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear change to

40 40 A12: Dark brown; loamy sand to clayey sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive, earthy A2 fabric; pH 6.0-6.5; clear change to 60 60 A2: Brown, sometimes bleached; sand to clayey sand; apedal single grained, sandy fabric;

80 B2 80 pH 6.5; abrupt to clear change to 140 cm + 100 100 B2w: Dark brown; clayey sand; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 6.5-7.0

120 120

140 140

Photo 9: Cleared alluvial terrace of Spring creek, Mt Elliot in background. 32 Soil: Moosie Ms

Concept: Loamy top soil grading to structured brown clayey subsoil. Landform: Level plains. Substrate: Alluvial sand, silt, clay. Classification: Brown Dermosol. Type profile No. 57. Upper vegetation: Mostly uncleared Corymbia papuana (ghost gum),C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) and Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) with E. brownii (Reid River box) dominant locally. Mid vegetation: Scattered Eucalyptus spp. saplings, some Acacia spp. Lower vegetation/weeds: Many sites have low grass cover, some Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida spp. (wire grasses), Dichanthium spp. (blue grasses) and Eragrostis spp. (love grasses). Weeds: Sida spp. (flannel weed) and Grewia scabrella (dogsballs) with Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) at most sites. Carissa ovata (current bush) also occurs. Existing erosion: Minor to moderate scalds. Runoff: Slow. Permeability: Imperfectly to moderately permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds to 0.5 m high. Surface condition: Hardsetting. Algal crust in places. May develop poached surface from cattle hoofs.

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11/12 A11/12: Dark greyish brown to brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam fine sandy; weak granular (<10 mm)

20 20 structure to massive, earthy fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear to abrupt change to

A2j/e 40 40 A2j/e: Light yellowish brown, often mottled; clay loam fine sandy to sandy light clay; weak granular B21 (may be absent) (<20 mm) structure to massive, earthy fabric; pH 6.0-6.5; clear change to

60 60 B21: Brown to yellowish brown, often mottled; fine sandy light clay to medium clay; moderate subangular blocky to angular blocky (<50 mm) structure; pH 5.5-6.5; gradual change to 80 B22 80

B22: Olive brown, often mottled; light medium clay to medium heavy clay; moderate subangular 100 100 blocky (<50 mm) structure; pH 7.0-8.5

120 120 Note: Manganese nodules 2-10%, 2-6 mm may be present throughout profile. Phases h1: heavy textured A horizons 140 140 h2: heavy textured subsoils l1: light textured A horizons

Photo 10: Grazed speargrass pasture (marginal condition) under Reid River Box. 33

Soil: Manton Mt Concept: Loamy topsoils over brown clays. Landform: Level to gently undulating plains and gently undulating rises. Substrate: Alluvial and colluvial material. Classification: Brown Chromosols, Brown Sodosols. Type profile No. 120 Upper vegetation: Eucalyptus brownii (Reid River box), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) and E. platyphylla (poplar gum) with C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark). Mid vegetation: Eucalyptus spp. saplings with some Eremophila mitchellii (false sandalwood), Grevillea striata (beefwood) and Acacia spp. Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Chloris spp. and Aristida spp. (wire grasses). Weeds: Carissa ovata (current bush) with exotic weeds Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple), (up to 20% ground cover in places). Existing erosion: Moderate scalds in places with minor sheet and gully erosion of landforms with >1% slope. Runoff: Slow to moderately rapid on sloping terrain. Permeability: Slowly permeable. Drainage: Poorly to moderately well drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds to 0.6 m high, subtle gilgai microrelief at 2 sites. Surface condition: Hardsetting, occasional cracks, algal crust and surface flake. Profile morphology A11: Dark greyish brown to brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy; apedal - massive, earthy 0 cm 0 cm A11 fabric (may be structured weak granular or platy ,<10 mm peds); pH 5.5-7.0; clear change to

20 A12 20 A12: Dark yellowish brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; (may be absent) pH 5.5-6.5; abrupt change to 40 B21 40

B21: Yellowish brown to light olive brown, sometimes mottled; sandy light medium clay to medium heavy 60 60 B22 clay; moderate angular blocky to subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure; may be few carbonate nodules 2-10%, 2-6 mm; pH 5.5-7.0; clear to gradual change to 80 80

B22: Yellowish brown to greyish brown; sandy light medium clay to medium clay; moderate 100 100 subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure; may be few carbonate nodules, 2-10%, 2-6 mm; pH 6.5-8.5 at depth 120 120 Note: Some fine quartz gravel may be present in profile 2-10%. Manganese gravel 2-10%, 2-6 mm may occur in 140 140 profile. Phases p1: structured A horizon, y2: yellow subsoils, l1: light textured A horizons

Photo 7: Rubber vine can form dense stands on lands adjacent to alluvial systems 34 Soil: Purono Pu

Concept: Sandy clay loams (bleached) over grey clay subsoils, may be mottled. Landform: Relic alluvial plain and lower pediment slopes. Substrate: Alluvium, sand, silt and clay. Classification: Grey Sodosols. Type profile No. 23 Upper vegetation: Only limited clearing. Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) and Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash) with some C. papuana (ghost gum), C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and Grevillea striata (beefwood). Mid vegetation: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree), Acacia holosericea and Grevillea striata (beefwood) with some Eucalyptus saplings. Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) Bothriochloa pertusa (Indian couch) and some Stylosanthes spp. Weeds: Sida spp. (flannel weed). Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) to 20-30% ground cover in places and Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) 0-20%. Isolated Carissa ovata (current bush). Existing erosion: Minor scalds. Runoff: Slow to moderately rapid for pediment slopes. Permeability: Slowly permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly drained. Microrelief: Only occasional termite mounds 0.6 m high. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting, poached in places.

Profile morphology 0 cm 0 cm A11

A12 A11: Dark greyish brown; sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay loam; apedal - massive, sandy 20 20 fabric; pH 5.0-6.0; clear change to A2e/j 40 40 A12: Dark brown; sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay loam; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH B21 5.0-6.0; clear change to

60 60 A2e/j: Brown to very pale brown (bleached); sandy loam to clay loam sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 5.5-6.0; abrupt change to 80 80 B22 B21: Light brownish grey to greyish brown, often with yellowish brown mottles; sandy medium 100 130 cm + 100 clay; moderate to strong angular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 5.5-6.5; gradual change to

120 120 B22: Grey to yellowish brown, often with yellowish brown mottles; sandy light medium clay to medium heavy clay; moderate subangular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 6.5-8.5; may be some carbonate nodules and/or slight effervescence of fine earth. May be fine quartz gravel. 140 140

Phase a3: alkaline substrate, A2 horizon may be replaced by A3 horizon, i.e. not bleached Variant h1: Heavy textured A1, clay loam, no bleached horizon with weak to moderate surface structure

Photo 11: Bleached A2 horizon over sodic grey B horizon. Surface becomes ‘spewy’ when saturated. 35 Soil: Sachs Sh

Concept: Self-mulching black clay with gilgai microrelief. Landform: Level to very gently inclined alluvial plains, active and relic. Substrate: Alluvial sand, silt, clay. Classification: Self-mulching Black Vertosol. Type profile No.99 Upper vegetation: Mostly cleared, few Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) and Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash). Mid vegetation: Mostly cleared, some Acacia spp. Lower vegetation/weeds: Improved pastures. Weeds: Alternanthera pungens (khaki weed) and Sida spp. (flannel weed). 0-10% ground cover of Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple). Existing erosion: No recorded erosion. Runoff: Very slow to slow. Permeability: Highly to moderately permeable on first rains before surface cracks close. Thereafter, very slowly permeable. Drainage: Poorly to imperfectly drained once cracks close up upon wetting. Microrelief: Normal gilgai microrelief, 0.1-0.5 deep, 5-10 m across. Surface condition: Self-mulching, friable, many cracks.

0 cm 0 cm A1 Profile morphology

20 B21 20 A1: Dark grey to dark greyish brown; light medium clay to medium clay; strong granular (5-20 mm) structure; pH 5.0-6.5; clear to abrupt change to

40 40 B22 B21: Very dark grey to greyish brown; medium heavy clay to heavy clay; moderate

200 cm + subangular to angular blocky (50-100 mm) structure; pH 5.0-7.0; clear change to 60 60

B22: 200+cm; Dark grey to black; medium clay to heavy clay; moderate to strong lenticular (20- 80 80 100 mm) structure; 0-10% carbonate nodules (2-20 mm); pH 6.5-7.5.

100 100 Variants a3: B horizon light medium clay, lower B pH8.0-8.5, calcium carbonate in fine earth, dark greyish brown subsoils b2: top of B horizon greyish brown 120 120 l1: light textured A horizon (light clay)

140 140

Photo 12: Note deep cracks that allow rapid water entry on first rains and friable nature of surface (strong structure) 36 Soil: Scrubby Sc

Concept: Sandy bleached topsoils over structured brown clay subsoils, may be mottled. Landform: Level to gently undulating alluvial plains (active and relic) and footslopes of pediments. Substrate: Alluvium and colluvium. Classification: Bleached/ Bleached-mottled Brown Chromosols, Brown Sodosols. Type profile No. 140 Upper vegetation: Limited clearing. Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay Ash) with. C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), and C. erythrophloia (red barked bloodwood). Mid vegetation: Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) with some other Melaleuca. spp and Eucalyptus saplings Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Aristida spp.(wire grasses), and Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass). Weeds: Sida spp. (flannel weed), Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine), Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple), Lantana camara (lantana), and isolated occurrence of Carissa ovata (current bush). Existing erosion: Minor sheet and gully erosion and scalds in places. Runoff: Slow to moderately rapid on sloping terrain. Permeability: Slowly to moderately permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly to moderately well drained. Microrelief: Few termite mounds in places 0.4-0.7 m high. Surface condition: Hardsetting.

0 cm 0 cm A11 Profile morphology

20 20 A12 A11: Dark brown to dark greyish brown; sandy loam to fine sandy loam, occasionally loamy sand;

40 40 apedal - massive, sandy fabric; pH 5.0-6.5; clear change to A2e A12: Dark greyish brown to greyish brown; sandy loam; apedal - massive, sandy fabric; 60 60 (may be absent) pH 4.5-6.5; clear change to

B21/22 80 80 A2e: Brown to pale brown; sand to fine sandy loam; apedal - massive, earthy/sandy fabric; 130 cm up to 20% coarse gravels and few ferromanganiferous segregations; pH6.0-7.0; abrupt change to 100 100 B21/22: Light olive brown to yellowish brown, often with grey, yellow and red mottles; sandy light clay to sandy medium clay; moderate angular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 6.0-7.0 120 120

Note: Deep subsoil pH may be 8.5 140 140 Variant h1: heavy textured A horizon

37 Soil: Stanley Sy Concept: Yellowish brown loamy soils grading to sandy medium clay. Landform: Footslopes of hills and ranges. Undulating rises 1-3% slope. Associated with Limeview. Substrate: Colluvium, metamorphic material? Classification: Yellow Dermosols. Type profile No.185 Upper vegetation: Cleared in areas, Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) with C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and E. platyphylla (poplar gum). Mid vegetation: Eucalyptus saplings. Lower vegetation/weeds: Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass). Weeds : Sida spp (flannel weed), Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (snake weed), and some Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) in places. Existing erosion: Minor amounts of sheet erosion and scalds. Runoff: Moderately rapid. Permeability: Moderately permeable. Drainage: Moderately well drained. Microrelief: Termite mounds to 0.8 m high, common in places. Surface condition: Hardsetting, occasionally firm .

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11 A11: Dark greyish brown to dark yellowish brown; sandy loam to sandy clay loam; 20 A12/B1 20 apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 5.0-6.5, clear change to

40 40 A12/B1: Dark yellowish brown to dark brown; clay loam sandy; apedal - massive, earthy

60 B2 60 fabric; pH 5.5-7.0; clear change to 130 cm +

80 80 B2: Yellowish brown to light olive brown with brown and red mottles; sandy light clay to sandy medium clay; moderate structure, polyhedral to subangular blocky (20-50 mm), smooth faced peds; pH 6.0-7.5.

100 100

120 120

140 140

Photo 13: Ironbark and poplar gum woodland (some thinning evident) 38 Soil: Stockyard Sd

Concept: Sandy topsoils (bleached) over grey clayey subsoils. Landform: Level relic alluvial plains (<1% slope) and lower pediment slopes (1-2%). Substrate: Alluvial sand, silt and clay. Classification: Grey Sodosols. Type profile No. 183 Upper vegetation: Only limited clearing. Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) and Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) with some E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) and Grevillea striata (beefwood). Mid vegetation: Isolated Eucalyptus saplings, Melaleuca spp. (tea-trees) and M. viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree). Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses, some Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) and Themeda triandra (kangaro grass). Stylosanthes spp. (stylo). Weeds: Sida spp. (flannel weed). Some areas of Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine), Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple), Lantana camara (lantana) to 10% ground cover. Existing erosion: Minor scalds, some sheet and gully erosion on pediment slopes. Runoff: Slow. Permeability: Slowly permeable. Drainage: Imperfectly drained. Moderately well drained on pediment slopes with deeper A horizons. Microrelief: Termite mounds in places 0.5 m high. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting.

0 cm 0 cm Profile morphology A11 A11: Dark brown to brown; loamy sand to sandy loam; apedal - massive, sandy fabric; pH 4.5- 20 A2e/j 20 6.5; clear change to

40 40 A2e/j: Brown to pale brown; sandy loam; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; abrupt B21 change to 60 60 B21: Light yellowish brown often with yellowish brown mottles; sandy light medium clay to B22 80 80 medium heavy clay; moderate angular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 6.0-6.5; gradual change to 140 cm +

100 100 B22: Greyish brown to olive brown, often with yellowish brown mottles; sandy medium clay to medium clay; moderate subangular blocky (20-50 mm) structure; pH 7.0-8.5; few carbonate 120 120 nodules and/or slight to high effervescence of fine earth may occur.

140 140 Phase q1: bleached A2 horizon may be absent l2: light textured subsoils

Thin A horizon is easily saturated due to low permeability of B horizon

Photo 14: Dispersive nature of sodic subsoils and thin A horizon make this an erodable soil if disturbed. 39

Soil: Stockyard loam Sl Concept: Loamy bleached topsoils over brown clays, may be mottled. Landform: Level to gently undulating plains and lower slopes of pediments. Substrate: Alluvial and colluvial material. Classification: Bleached Brown Chromosols, Brown Sodosols. Type profile No. 163/165. Upper vegetation: Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) with C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) and E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark). E. crebra and C. papuana dominating on undulating areas. Mid vegetation: Eucalyptus spp. saplings. Lower vegetation/weeds: Introduced grasses with Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Chloris spp. Weeds: Sida spp. (flannel weed). Minor (0 - 10% ground cover) of Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple) in places. Existing erosion: Minor gully erosion, moderate scalds in places. Runoff: Very slow to moderately rapid for slopes >1% Permeability: Slowly permeable Drainage: Imperfectly to moderately well drained Microrelief: Few termite mounds, 0.4-0.8 m high. Surface0 cm condition: 0 cm Hardsetting, occasionally firm. A11 Profile morphology 20 A12 20 A11: Dark greyish brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam fine sandy; apedal - massive, earthy/sandy A2e fabric; pH 5.5-6.5; clear change to 40 40 B21 A12: Brown; fine sandy clay loam to clay loam sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; pH 4.5-6.5; 60 60 (may be absent) clear change to

80 80 A2e: Brown to pale brown; sandy clay loam to clay loam fine sandy; apedal - massive, earthy fabric; B22 pH 5.5-6.5; abrupt change to

100 130 cm 100 B21: Yellowish brown to light olive brown, often with red/yellow/grey mottles; medium clay to sandy

120 120 medium heavy clay; moderate angular blocky (<50 mm) structure; pH 5.5-7.0; clear to gradual change to

140 140 B22: Yellowish brown to light olive brown, often with red and yellow mottles; sandy medium clay;moderate subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure, occasional lenticular structure; carbonate nodules 2-10%, 2-6 mm often present; pH 7.5-8.5

Note: Quartz gravel 2-10%, 2-6 mm may be present in A2e/B21/B22. Manganese gravel 2-10%, 2-6 mm often present in B horizons. Phases r2: red subsoils, y2: yellow subsoils

Photo 15: Inset shows earthworm casts under dense stand of Kangaroo grass in lightly grazed paddock 40

Soil: Walker Wa

Concept: Dark clay loam topsoils grading to brown clayey subsoils. Landform: Level alluvial plains and terraces. Substrate: Alluvium, sand, silt and clay. Classification: Melanic Brown Dermosol, type profile No. 46. Upper vegetation: Some areas cleared; Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) and E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) with C. clarksoniana and C. tessellaris. Mid vegetation: Softwood scrub in places. Lower vegetation/weeds: Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) and Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass). Weeds: Sida spp., with dense Cryptostegia grandiflora (rubber vine) in places, also Lantana camara (lantana) and Ziziphus mauritiana (Chinee apple). Existing erosion: Minor gully erosion observed at one cleared site. Runoff: Slow to moderately rapid. Permeability: Moderately permeable. Drainage: Moderately well drained. Microrelief: None observed. Surface condition: Firm to hardsetting.

Profile morphology 0 cm 0 cm A11 20 A11: Very dark grey; clay loam sandy to silty; moderate to strong granular, (10 mm) structure; pH 5.5- 20 A12 6.5; clear change to

40 40 A12: Very dark grey; clay loam sandy to silty; moderate granular, (<10 mm) structure; pH 5.5-6.5; clear change to 60 60 B21 B21: Dark brown; light clay; moderate angular to subangular blocky (<50 mm) structure; pH 6.0-7.0; 80 80 gradual change to B22/23

100 120 cm 100 B22/B23: Yellowish brown with dark brown mottles; light clay to medium clay at depth; moderate subangular blocky, (<50 mm) structure; pH 6.5-7.5

120 120 Note: Few fine manganese nodules may be in B horizons.

140 140 Phases f2: grey subsoils l1: light textured A horizons

The following soils occur over minor areas or are found in hills and mountains.

Soil: Artillery Ay Concept: Massive reddish brown sands grading to structured reddish brown clay loams. Landform: Hillslopes of low hills and ranges. Substrate: Acid volcanic rocks. Classification: Haplic Red Dermosol. Type profile No. 180

Soil: Bullock Bu Concept: Uniform dark clay with much calcareous material in subsoil. Landform: Gently undulating plain Substrate: Calcareous material. Classification: Melanic Lithocalcic Calcarosol. Type profile No. 153

Soil: Conolly CO Concept: Grey, brown and yellowish brown sands Landform: Moderately inclined to very steep hills and mountains Substrate: Granitic rocks Classification: Rudosols, Tenosols

Soil Carse O’Gowrie CG Concept: Dark brown over yellowish brown sands Landform: Steep to very steep hills and mountains Substrate: Granite Classification: Orthic Tenosol

Soil Ewan EW Concept: Shallow massive brown sandy loams over metamorphic rock Landform: Steep to very steep hills and mountains Substrate: Sedimentary rocks Classification: Leptic Rudosols/ Tenosols

Soil Flagstone FL Concept: Shallow to moderately deep very dark greyish brown to yellowish brown sands to sandy loam Landform: Undulating rises to steep hills Substrate: Sedimentary rocks Classification: Leptic Tenosol 42

Soil: Pall Mall Pm Concept: Deep sandy topsoil over yellow sandy medium clay. Landform: Undulating rises (2-4%) Substrate: Rhyolites ? Classification: Mottled Yellow Chromosol. Type profile No. 112

Soil: Pennsfield Pf Concept: Sandy loam topsoils over red medium clay. Landform: Level plain. Substrate: Alluvial and colluvial material. Classification: Red Chromosol. Type profile No. 251

Soil Pinnacle PI Concept: Dark brown to grey uniform rocky sands and sandy loams Landform: Steep to very steep hills and mountains Substrate: Acid volcanic igneous rocks Classification: Leptic Rudosol

Soil Rangeview RA Concept: Greyish brown sands to sandy loam over alkaline structured yellowish brown Landform: Undulating to steep hills and mountains Substrate: Metamorphic rocks and meta-sediments Classification: Red Chromosol

Soil: Ross Ro Concept: Sandy soils grading to yellow and brown clays at depth. Landform: Level to gently undulating plains and terraces. Substrate: Alluvial and colluvial material. Classification: Yellow/Brown Dermosols. Type profile No. 206

Soil: Serpentine Se Concept: Uniform and gradational black clays typically saturated for several months a year. Landform: Playa Lake associated with Serpentine Lagoon. Substrate: Alluvial and colluvial material. Classification: Argillaceous Oxyaquic Hydrosol. Type profile No. 27 43

Soil: Stuart Su Concept: Gradational loamy soil with much rock on surface. Landform: Undulating rises and footslopes of low hills. Substrate: Granite Classification: Haplic Red Dermosol. Type profile No. 218

Photo 16: Rock outcrop and shallow soils are a feature of Stuart soil

Soil Thorpe TH Concept: Dark grey sandy loam grading to yellow sandy light clay Landform: Undulating to steep rises Substrate: Granite and acid volcanic rocks Classification: Yellow Kandosol

Appendix II Reference sites and analytical methods Reference sites have been selected as an example of the central concept of the soil profile class. Dominant soils have chemical and physical data. The table below lists method codes and descriptions for the analytical data.

Analysis Method Description of method Background/ Interpretation of data code* pH A(4A1) 1:5 soil/water Most plants grow best in soils with pH between 5 and 7. Low pH values indicate increasing acidity and may reduce Range 1-14 the availability of some nutrients. Likewise highly alkaline <6.5 acid soils (pH>=8.5) may limit availability of some nutrients. 6.5-7.5=neutral Nitrogen fertilisers will acidify soils over time with sandy >7.5 alkaline soils becoming acid faster than loamy or clay soils. Values in the site database were determined using a field pH kit (Raupach, 1959). The topsoils of all soil types are neutral to weakly acid with some sites of Stockyard and Stockyard loam having acid topsoils.

EC B(3A1) 1:5 soil/water, using This method estimates the concentration of soluble salts in (mS/cm or method described by Bruce the soil. While most salts are likely to be sodium there can dS/m) and Rayment (1982). be magnesium and calcium salts and others. High EC Ranges readings correspond to high concentrations of soluble salts Slight 0.05-0.3 which inhibit uptake of water by the plant. Moderate 0.3-1.2 Severe >1.2

2+ 2+ + + Exch. cations C(15A) 1.0M NH4Cl pH 7.0 Used to determine exchangable bases (Ca , Mg , Na , K )

(meq%) D(15C) 1.0M NH4Cl pH 8.5 which are important elements for plant growth. Method C is used on acid to neutral soils while method D is used on Min levels for good plant alkaline soils containing carbonate. Both methods use growth pretreatments to remove soluble salts. The actual values Ca >2 give an indication of availability of various cations Mg >2 however ratios of base saturation Na <1% (Na/CEC) (100(Ca+Mg+Na+K)/CEC), clay activity (CEC/clay%) and K >0.3 cation/CEC will give relative importance of the cation in the potential total (CEC).

Dir CEC A(15D) 1.0M NH4OAC pH 7.0 This is the total of exchangable basic cations listed above

(meq%) D(15B2) 1.0M NH4Cl pH 7.0 and CEC which is all other exchangable ions. Method A is

G(15I3) 1.0M NH4Cl pH 8.5 used to provide results for U.S. soil taxonomy. Method D is used on soils with constant surface charge and method G for alkaline soils with solid carbonate in the soil.

Particle size A Coventry and Fett pipette Is used to determine various size fractions of soil particles. % method. Size fractions reflect physical behaviour of soils. GV- gravel (>2 mm) CS- coarse sand (0.2-2 mm) FS- fine sand (0.02-0.2 mm) S- silt (0.002-0.02 mm) C- clay (<0.002 mm) TRA-trace 45

Appendix II continued

Analysis Method Description of method Background/ Interpretation of data code* Org C % C(6A1) Leco furnace total carbon. Most soils in Australia are <5%. Historical data Heanes wet oxidation. shows soils with 0.6-1.6% total organic matter. Z(6B1) These samples are of topsoils usually under permanent pasture

Tot N % A(7A) Kjeldahl Total soil N based on wet oxidation. Mean value for Australian soils, 0.2%. Soils in study were 0.01- 0.1%

Avail P A(9G2) Acid P, 0.005M H2SO4 Gives an estimate of phosphorus available to the

(mg/Kg) B(9B2) Bicarb P 0.5M NaHCO3 plant. Method A used on acid to neutral soils, can extractable overestimate value if Ca bound P is in soil. Method B is adjusted to pH 8.5 and used on soils with pH >7.8. Values were very low on most soils with Black fair at 29 mg/kg (ppm).

Sum CEC A(15J1) Sum of exch. cations and Determines the sum of basic (as per exch. cations) (meq%) acidity. Exch acidity by and acidic cations (Al and H). Normally used on 1.0M KCl titration to pH acidic soils in high leaching environment with 8.4 presence of Hydrogen and Aluminium ions.

Tot P % C(9A1) By X-ray Fluorescence Total phosphorus content of soil, both soluble and % in mg/kg. (ppm) insoluble. Availability of total depends on pH of soil.

Cl % A(5A1) Water soluble chloride Method uses 1:5 soil/water extract to determine <0.025 % low soluble chloride %. Usually used to identify high 0.025-0.1 % moderate values which are detrimental to plant growth. > 0.1 % high Different plants have different tolerances to chloride ions.

CaCo3 % A(19A1) Rapid titration method An estimation of calcium carbonate in solid form. Method will extract other forms of carbonate.

Exch. Acid A(15G1) 1.0M KCl titration to pH Estimate of sum of acidic cations (H+ and Al3+) (meq%) 8.4 measured in unbuffered solutions..

Reference site descriptions

Althaus Al

Site : 222 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193671 S Longitude 1470439 E Date : 23/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : undulating rises 9-30m Australian Classification: Subnatric Brown Sodosol 3-10% Pattern Type : rises Element Type : hillslope Slope : 3 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall open forest Dominant Species : Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : C. papuana (ghost gum) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm, soft ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .09 m Brown (10YR4/3); loamy sand; massive; clear change to-

A12 .09 to .20 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); sandy loam; massive; abrupt change to-

B21 .20 to .48 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); sandy light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; <2% 6-20mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .48 to .70 m Red (2.5YR4/6); 2-10% faint yellowish brown (10YR5/4) mottles; sandy medium clay (heavy); strong 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; clear change to-

B23 .70 to 1.05 m Red (2.5YR4/6); sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm, angular gravel;

1.05+ m Strong brown (7.5YR5/6); very highly calcareous substrate.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------! .20- .48!A6.2 B0.00!C 1.9 5.4 0.20 1.2!D 8.4!A 19 20 8 54! ! .70-1.05! 8.6 0.27!D 1.6 4.9 0.07 3.0!G12.0!A 30 21 10 39! ------

Black Bl

Site : 199 Runoff : slow Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193598 S Longitude 1465488 E Date : 18/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Eutrophic Brown Kandosol Pattern Type : alluvial plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 %

SITE DISTURBANCE : cultivation, irrigated past or present ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------Ap 0 to .20 m Brown (7.5YR4/3); sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

B21 .20 to .40 m Brown (7.5YR4/4); clay loam, sandy (light); weak 20-50mm subangular blocky; clear change to-

B22 .40 to .65 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6); sandy clay loam; weak 10-20mm subangular blocky; clear change to-

B23 .65 to 1.20+ m Strong brown (7.5YR5/6); sandy clay loam (heavy); massive, earthy fabric.

NOTE: Cropping to potatoes, site 5m in paddock. ------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot !Aval ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! C N ! P ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! % % ! ppm ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .02!A5.7 B0.14!Z0.66A0.01!B 29!C 1.8 0.76 0.28 0.60!D 4.2!A 31 45 12 13! ! .40- .65! 6.9 0.03! ! !C 2.4 0.70 0.03 0.54!D 4.2!A 25 45 11 18! ------

Bullock Bu

Site : 153 Runoff : very slow Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 194531 S Longitude 1465241 E Date : 10/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Slope : 2 % Australian Classification: Endocalcareous Epipedal Brown Vertosol

SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS VEGETATION ------10-20%, 6-20mm subrounded Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia erythrophloia (red-barked bloodwood) Mid Stratum Species : Acacia spp., Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree)

SITE DISTURBANCE : extensive clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : periodic cracking ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .12 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1), (10YR3/1d) ; light medium clay; strong 5-10mm granular; 2-10% <2mm calcareous nodules; highly calcareous; clear change to-

B2 .12 to .55 m Brown (10YR5/3); light clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; >50% 2-6mm calcareous nodules; moderately calcareous; abrupt change to-

B2k .55 to .90 m White (10YR8/2); 10-20% prominent greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; clay loam; weak 10-20mm polyhedral; >50% 6-20mm calcareous nodules; very highly calcareous; clear change to-

C .90 to 1.20+ m White (10YR8/1); calcareous material.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .12!A8.6 B0.05! ! .12- .55! 8.7 0.05! ! .55- .90! 8.9 0.03! ------

Clemant Cl, (Red subsoil phase)

Site : 247 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193503 S Longitude 1470115 E Date : 25/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Pattern Type : pediment Australian Classification: Red Kandosol

Element Type : footslope Slope : 2 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall closed tussock grassland Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Melinis repens (red natal grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, cultivation at some stage ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .11 m Brown (7.5YR4/3); loamy sand; massive; clear change to-

A12 .11 to .30 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4); sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

B21 .30 to .78 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); sandy clay loam; massive; <2% 6-20mm, angular gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm manganiferous concretions; gradual change to-

B22 .78 to 1.30+ m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); clay loam, sandy; massive; <2% 6-20mm, angular gravel; 10-20% 2-6mm manganiferous concretions.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .11!A6.7 B0.00! ! .30- .78! 5.9 0.00! ! .78-1.30! 6.5 0.00! ------

Gillian Gi

Site : 1 Runoff : very slow Drainage : poorly drained Latitude 193604 S Longitude 1465045 E Date : 26/08/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Episodic-Epicalcareous Pattern Type : plain Epipedal Brown Vertosol Element Type : plain Slope : <1 % MICRORELIEF ------GEOLOGY Type of Microrelief : normal gilgai ------Vertical Interval : 0.2 m Depth to Parent Material : 1.5 metres Horizontal Interval 10 m Component Sampled: mound VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Low open woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : surface flake, periodic cracking ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .05 m Dark brown (10YR3/3); 10-20% distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6) mottles; light clay; strong 10-20mm granular; clear change to-

B21 .05 to .45 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2); 2-10% distinct light yellowish brown (2.5Y6/4) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular; <2% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; <10% of ped faces or walls coated with distinct slickenside cutans; gradual change to-

B22 .45 to 1.10 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); medium heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm lenticular parting to moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; <2% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; <10% of ped faces or walls coated with distinct slickenside cutans; gradual change to-

B23 1.10 to 1.50 m Greyish brown (2.5Y5/2); medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; 10-20% 2-6mm calcareous nodules.

NOTE: Small areas of self-mulching on mounds. Also <5% Grewia scabrella (dogsballs) and 1% Stylosanthes spp.(stylo).

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot !Aval ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! C N ! P ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! % % ! ppm ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .05!A6.3 B0.01!Z1.04A0.07!B 0!C 8.3 8.3 0.28 1.3!D 21!A 11 25 19 45! ! .05- .45! 7.5 0.12! ! !D12.0 8.6 0.20 1.9!G 26!A 12 26 14 48! ! .45-1.10! 8.3 0.65! ! !D11.0 9.9 0.17 4.3!G 24!A 16 27 17 40! !1.10-1.50! 8.2 0.85! ! !D13.0 12.0 0.13 5.6!G 32!A 13 26 16 44! ------

Goodbye Gb

Site : 102 Runoff : slow Drainage : poorly drained Latitude 194221 S Longitude 1465754 E Date : 17/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Massive Grey Vertosol <9m 1-3% Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : 1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Dwarf woodland Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree), Bursaria spp.

SITE DISTURBANCE : extensive clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : periodic cracking, poached ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .03 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); light clay; weak 10-20mm granular; abrupt change to-

A2e .03 to .32 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2), (5YR7/1d) ; fine sandy light clay; massive; clear change to-

B21 .32 to .60 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); fine sandy light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B22 .60 to .90+ m Dark grey (10YR4/1); 2-10% faint greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; coarse sandy medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm, subrounded quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules.

NOTE: Regrowth.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .03!A6.4 B0.02! ! .32- .60! 6.3 0.36! ------

Granite Gr

Site : 227 Runoff : slow Drainage : well drained Latitude 193727 S Longitude 1470421 E Date : 24/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Pattern Type : pediment Australian Classification: Paralithic Orthic Tenosol Element Type : footslope Slope : 2 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida spp. (wire grasses)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : loose, firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .08 m Brown (10YR4/3); loamy sand; massive; 10-20% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; clear change to-

A12 .08 to .30 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); clayey sand (light); massive; 50-90% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; clear change to-

B2W .30 to 1.40+ m Brownish yellow (10YR6/6); clayey sand; massive; 50-90% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel;

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------! .08- .30!A6.7 B0.00!C 1.0 0.68 0.26 1.3!D 2.9!A 60 26 9 6! ! .30-1.40! 6.1 0.00!C0.67 0.73 0.12 0.06!D 2.1!A 57 22 10 11! ------

Limeview Li

Site : 155 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 194387 S Longitude 1465323 E Date : 10/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Pattern Type : pediment Australian Classification: Dystrophic Red Dermosol Element Type : footslope Slope : 4 %

GEOLOGY ------Geological Reference : Cmf

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia erythrophloia (red-barked bloodwood), Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) Mid Stratum Species : E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), C. erythrophloia (red-barked bloodwood) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .05 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2); sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A12 .05 to .12 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4); clay loam, sandy; massive; clear change to-

B1 .12 to .27 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4); sandy light clay; weak 20-50mm subangular blocky; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B21 .27 to 1.10 m Dark red (2.5YR3/6); 20-50% prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR6/8) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to strong 10-20mm subangular blocky; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 1.10 to 1.25+ m Red (2.5YR4/6); light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; 10-20% 6-20mm, angular sandstone gravel.

NOTE: Sample at 40cm: pH6.7, EC 0.00, dispersion 0, slaking, Ca = 14meq, Mg = 2.8meq, K = 0.06meq, Na = 0.06meq, Dir CEC (NH4Cl pH7.0) = 10. Other landuse limitations: T = short slopes/dissected

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------! .05- .12!A6.3 B0.00!C 4.2 0.77 0.12 0.07!D 6.5!A 14 54 14 18! ! .27-1.10! 7.2 0.00!C 7.1 2.1 0.10 0.12!D11.0!A 9 36 11 44! ------

Moosie Ms

Site : 57 Runoff : slow Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 193626 S Longitude 1465513 E Date : 06/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Mesotrophic Brown Dermosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 % flat

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, cultivation at some stage ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------AP 0 to .11 m Dark brown (10YR3/3); sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A12 .11 to .30 m Dark brown (10YR3/3); fine sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A2j .30 to .45 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); clay loam, fine sandy; weak 10-20mm polyhedral; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; clear change to-

B2 .45 to .60 m Brown (10YR4/3); sandy light clay;

B2 .60 to .90 m Brown (10YR5/3); sandy light clay.

NOTE: Some Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) behind Turkey's nest.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .11!A5.9 B0.07! ! .30- .45! 6.0 0.01! ------

Manton Mt

Site : 120 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193631 S Longitude 1465933 E Date : 19/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Calcic Brown Chromosol <9m 1-3% Pattern Type : pediment Element Type : plain Slope : 1.5 % lower slope

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high isolated trees Dominant Species : Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia erythrophloia (red-barked bloodwood), C. papuana (Ghost Gum) Mid Stratum Species : Eucalyptus crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .22 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); clay loam, fine sandy; weak 5-10mm granular; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; abrupt change to-

B21 .22 to .80 m Light olive brown (2.5Y5/4); 2-10% faint brownish yellow (10YR6/8) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .80 to 1.00+ m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4); 2-10% faint brownish yellow (10YR6/8) mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, <2% <2mm calcareous nodules; highly calcareous.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .22!A6.2 B0.00! ! .22- .80! 7.3 0.06! ! .80-1.00! 8.8 0.57! ------

Pall Mall Pm

Site : 112 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 193914 S Longitude 1465946 E Date : 18/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : undulating rises 9-30m Australian Classification: Yellow Chromosol 3-10% Pattern Type : rises Element Type : hillcrest Slope : 2 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high isolated trees Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting, soft ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .05 m Dark brown (10YR3/3); loamy sand; massive; 2-10% 2-6mm, subrounded quartz gravel; clear change to-

A12 .05 to .13 m Brown (10YR4/3); clayey sand (light); massive; 2-10% 2-6mm, subrounded quartz gravel; clear change to-

A2 .13 to .35 m Brown (7.5YR5/4); clayey sand (light); massive; 50-90% 2-6mm, subrounded quartz gravel; sharp change to-

B2 .35 to .70 m Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4); 20-50% distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; coarse sandy medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; 10-20% 2-6mm, subrounded quartz gravel; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

BC .70 to .75 m Coarse sandy clay loam.

Note. Not far from yards.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------! .35- .70!A5.6 B0.14! ------

Pennsfield Pf

Site : 251 Runoff : very slow Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 194000 S Longitude 1470285 E Date : 05/11/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Red Chromosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : C. clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), H. triticeus (giant spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting, firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .07 m Dark brown (10YR3/3); sandy loam; weak 10-20mm polyhedral; clear change to-

A12 .07 to .15 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A2 .15 to .30 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; sandy clay loam; massive; <2% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; abrupt change to-

B21 .30 to .75 m Red (2.5YR4/6); 2-10% faint light olive brown (2.5Y5/4) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; <2% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .75 to .98 m Brown (10YR5/3); 2-10% faint yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; light clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; 50-90% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous concretions; clear change to-

B23 .98 to 1.20+ m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); 2-10% faint light brownish grey (2.5Y6/3) mottles; sandy medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to weak 10-20mm subangular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm, subangular quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous concretions.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------! .30- .75!A6.6 B0.00! ! .98-1.20! 7.1 0.00! ------

Purono Pu

Site : 23 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 193552 S Longitude 1465252 E Date : 30/08/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Mottled-Hypernatic <9m 1-3% Grey Sodosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : 1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Grevillea striata (beefwood) Ground Cover Species : Stylosanthes spp. (stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .05 m Brown (10YR4/3); 2-10% distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; abrupt change to-

A12 .05 to .25 m Brown (10YR5/3); 2-10% distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; abrupt change to-

A2e .25 to .40 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (2.5Y6/3d) ; sandy clay loam; massive; abrupt change to-

B2 .40 to 1.30+ m Light brownish grey (2.5Y6/2); 20-50% distinct olive yellow (2.5Y6/8) mottles; sandy light medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot !Aval ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! C N ! P ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! % % ! ppm ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .05!A4.8 B0.15!Z2.89A0.08!B 9!C 1.4 1.6 0.16 0.66!D 4.5!A 29 42 10 18! ! .40-1.30! 6.3 0.09! ! !C 1.8 2.3 0.03 2.4!D 7.3!A 37 31 7 25! ------

Ross Ro

Site : 206 Runoff : slow Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193594 S Longitude 1465603 E Date : 18/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Brown Dermosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall isolated trees Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree)

SITE DISTURBANCE : extensive clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .15 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); sandy loam; massive; <2% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; clear change to-

A2 .15 to .40 m Brownish yellow (10YR6/6), (10YR8/3d) ; <2% faint brownish yellow (10YR6/8) mottles; sandy loam; massive; gradual change to-

A3 .40 to .70 m Brownish yellow (10YR6/6); 10-20% faint brownish yellow (10YR6/8) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; gradual change to-

B2 .70 to 1.10+ m Brown (10YR5/3); 20-50% distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; sandy light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky.

NOTE: Cleared paddock behind Dunn's house, near laneway.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------! .15- .40!A5.8 B0.00! ! .70-1.10! 6.9 0.05! ------

Sachs Sh Site : 99 Runoff : very slow Drainage : poorly drained Latitude 194055 S Longitude 1465744 E Date : 17/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Episodic Self-mulching Black Vertosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 % flat MICRORELIEF ------Type of Microrelief : normal gilgai VEGETATION Vertical Interval : .25 m ------Horizontal Interval 10 m Tallest Stratum Form : Tall isolated trees Dominant Species : Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) Ground Cover Species : Alternanthera pungens (khaki weed), Sida spp. (flannel weed)

SITE DISTURBANCE : extensive clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : periodic cracking, self-mulching ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .04 m Dark grey (10YR4/1); medium clay; strong 10-20mm granular; abrupt change to-

B21 .04 to .40 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm angular blocky; gradual change to-

B22 .40 to 1.20 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moderately moist; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; diffuse change to-

B23 1.20 to 1.95+ m Dark grey (10YR4/1); medium clay; moderate 20-50mm lenticular parting to strong 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist; 10-50% of ped faces or walls coated with distinct slickenside cutans; <2% 2-6mm calcareous nodules.

NOTE: Gilgai surface - BE. Segregations coated in carbonate. Sample at 100cm: pH8.5, EC 0.79, dispersion 8, no slaking. Ca = 14meq, Mg = 12meq, K = 0.11meq, Na = 5.8meq, Dir CEC(NH4Cl pH8.5) = 29meq

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot !Aval ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! C N ! P ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! % % ! ppm ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .04!A5.9 B0.05!Z1.26A0.09!B 10!C 9.9 11.0 0.79 1.5!D 24!A 3 20 28 48! ! .40-1.20! 7.0 0.42! ! !D13.0 9.4 0.10 3.5!G 30!A 3 17 28 52! !1.20-1.95! 8.7 0.95! ! !D12.0 13.0 0.12 6.1!D 32!A 7 18 24 51! ------

Scrubby Sc

Site : 140 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : poorly drained Latitude 194188 S Longitude 1465399 E Date : 08/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Brown Sodosol <9m 1-3% Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : 1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Ground Cover Species : Bothriochloa pertusa (indian couch), Aristida spp. (wire grasses)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .05 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); fine sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

A12 .05 to .15 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); fine sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

A2e .15 to .35 m Light brownish grey (10YR6/2), (10YR8/1d) ; fine sandy loam (heavy); massive; 2-10% 6-20mm, subrounded sandstone gravel; sharp change to-

B21 .35 to .52 m Greyish brown (2.5Y5/3); 10-20% distinct yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; clear change to-

B22 .52 to .80+ m Light olive brown (2.5Y5/4); 10-20% distinct olive brown (2.5Y4/8) mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky.

NOTE: Many dead trees.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------! .05- .15!A6.1 B0.00! ! .15- .35! 6.5 0.00! ! .52- .80! 6.1 0.00! ------

Serpentine Se

Site : 27 Runoff : very slow Drainage : poorly drained Latitude 193427 S Longitude 1465343 E Date : 30/08/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Dermosolic Oxyaquic Hydrosol Pattern Type : plain Element Type : swamp Slope : <1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Low tussock grassland Ground Cover Species : Atriplex muelleri (annual saltbush)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : poached, hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A 0 to .18 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2); silty clay loam; moderate 10-20mm polyhedral parting to moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; abrupt change to-

B .18 to 1.05+ m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); silty light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm polyhedral.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .18!A5.0 B0.19! ! .18-1.05! 7.2 0.17! ------

Stanley Sy

Site : 185 Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 194318 S Longitude 1465111 E Date : 17/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Pattern Type : pediment Australian Classification: Sodic Dystrophic Element Type : footslope Brown Dermosol Slope : 1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Mid Stratum Species : Stylosanthes spp. (stylo) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Aristida spp. (wire grasses)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm, soft ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .03 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

A12 .03 to .11 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/6); sandy loam; massive; clear change to-

B1 .11 to .60 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 2-10% distinct red (2.5YR4/8) mottles; clay loam, sandy; moderate 10-20mm polyhedral parting to strong 2-5mm granular; clear change to-

B21 .60 to 1.10 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 10-20% faint red (2.5YR4/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous soft segregations; gradual change to-

B22 1.10 to 1.40+ m Light olive brown (2.5Y5/6); medium clay.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------! .03- .11!A6.0 B0.01!C0.52 0.61 0.25 0.08!D 1.8!A 30 50 6 14! ! .11- .60! 5.9 0.01!C0.62 2.6 0.13 0.94!D 5.7!A 18 25 8 49! ! .60-1.10! 6.6 0.04!C0.43 3.8 0.03 2.5!D10.0!A 15 25 9 51! ------

Stockyard Sd

Site : 183 Runoff : slow Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 194496 S Longitude 1465585 E Date : 15/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Mesonatric Grey Sodosol <9m 1-3% Pattern Type : plain Element Type : plain Slope : 1 %

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), C. papuana (ghost gum) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : firm ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .10 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); fine sandy loam (heavy); massive; clear change to-

A2e .10 to .35 m Light grey (10YR7/2), (10YR8/1d) ; fine sandy loam (heavy); massive; abrupt change to-

B21 .35 to .60 m Light brownish grey (2.5Y6/3); fine sandy light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; gradual change to-

B22 .60 to 1.00+ m Greyish brown (2.5Y5/3); medium clay.

NOTE: Also 5% Sida spp. (flannel weed). A1 & A2e are dilatant.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot !Aval ! Exch. Cations ! Dir !Particle Size! ! ! pH EC ! C N ! P ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm! % % ! ppm ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .10!A6.5 B0.09!Z0.67A0.05!B 3!C0.76 0.34 0.12 0.75!D2.30!A 5 56 33 6! ! .10- .35! 6.0 0.04! ! !C0.23 0.28 0.05 0.68!D0.51!A 6 50 38 5! ! .35- .60! 6.0 0.19! ! !C 1.5 2.80 0.09 3.90!D6.00!A 4 28 40 28! ------

Stockyard Loam Sl

Site : 163 Runoff : slow Drainage : imperfectly drained Latitude 194564 S Longitude 1465776 E Date : 11/10/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Australian Classification: Hypocalcic Brown Chromosol <9m 1-3% Pattern Type : terrace Element Type : levee Slope : <1 %

GEOLOGY ------Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia clarksoniana (long-fruited grey bloodwood), C. papuana (ghost gum) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Dichanthium spp. (blue grasses)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting, firm ------PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .05 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); fine sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A12 .05 to .14 m Brown (10YR4/3); fine sandy clay loam; massive; clear change to-

A2e .14 to .26 m Brown (10YR5/3), (10YR7/3d) ; fine sandy clay loam; massive; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; abrupt change to-

B21 .26 to .50 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); sandy medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; <2% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B22 .50 to .80 m Strong brown (7.5YR4/6); sandy medium clay (light); moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; slightly calcareous.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------! .05- .14!A6.1 B0.00! ! .26- .50! 7.9 0.14! ! .50- .80! 9.0 0.37! ------

Walker Wa

Site : 46 Runoff : slow Drainage : moderately well drained Latitude 193927 S Longitude 1465235 E Date : 05/09/96

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Australian Classification: Calcic Brown Dermosol Pattern Type : alluvial plain Element Type : plain Slope : <1 % flat

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall open forest Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), E. crebra (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) Mid Stratum Species : E. platyphylla (poplar gum) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A11 0 to .06 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); silty clay loam; weak 5-10mm granular; clear change to-

A12 .06 to .25 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); silty clay loam; weak 5-10mm granular; clear change to-

B1 .25 to .60 m Brown (10YR4/3); light clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; slightly calcareous; gradual change to-

B2 .60 to 1.00+ m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules; highly calcareous.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 ! ! ! pH EC ! ! metres ! mS/cm! ------!0.0 - .06!A6.6 B0.02! ! .25- .60! 6.8 0.00! ! .60-1.00! 7.3 0.01! ------

SITES FROM LANSDOWN RESEARCH STATION, (Murtha and Crack, 1966). Soil names are independent of soils in this report. Names in paraenthesis are approximate matches to those in this report. Profile numbers are T numbers as referenced in CSIRO soils database - Natsoil.

T 18, Stockyard loam ------Runoff : slow Locality : lansdown Latitude 193930 S Longitude 1465000 E Date : 16/07/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% ------Pattern Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Dy3.43 Element Type : plain Great Soil Group : SOLODIC. Slope Category : level Soil Taxonomy Unit : NATRUSTALF Australian Classification:Brown Sodosol GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

SITE DISTURBANCE : extensive clearing ------

LOCATION : Site in sewerage pit at Ritson's house: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .13 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); loam; massive; moderately moist moderately weak;

A2 .13 to .38 m Brown (10YR5/3), (10YR7/3d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B21 .38 to .61 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; 20-50mm cracks; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; <2% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .61 to .91 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct strong brown (7.5YR5/6) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 100-200mm prismatic; 20-50mm cracks; moderately moist very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, <2% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; diffuse change to-

B23 .91 to 1.22 m Brown (10YR4/3); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct reddish brown (5YR4/4) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm prismatic; 20-50mm cracks; moderately moist very strong; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; <2% 6-20mm ferromanganiferous nodules, <2% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; diffuse change to-

B23 1.22 to 1.52 m Brown (10YR4/3); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct reddish brown (5YR4/4) mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; 20-50mm cracks; moderately moist very strong; <2% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 2-10% >60mm calcareous concretions;

1.52 to 2.03 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) mottles; sandy medium clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; moderately moist very strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 2-10% >60mm calcareous concretions.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .13!A 5.9B.09 A.009! C1.20A 0.1!D 5.4 1.8 0.60 0.15!A 4.0!A12.0A 12!A 8!C.008! B15 54 18 14! ! .13- .38! 6.2 .06 .004! ! ! ! ! 4! ! ! ! .38- .61! 6.5 .06 .003! ! 6.6 3.6 0.30 0.10! 3.8! 14.4 14.4! ! ! 19 35 11 34! ! .61- .91! 6.7 .03 .004! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .91-1.22! 7.3 .09 .005! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.22-1.52! 8.2 .06 .006!A 0.7 ! 7.4 4.7 0.27 1.1! 0.6! 14.1! ! .005! ! !1.52-2.03! 8.6 .15 .007! ! ! ! ! ! .006! ! ------

19, Woodridge loam ------Runoff : slow Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193630 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 08/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% ------Pattern Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Gn2.64 Element Type : plain Great Soil Group : YELLOW EARTH. Slope Category : level Soil Taxonomy Unit : HAPLUSTALF Australian Classification:Brown Kandosol GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material MICRORELIEF Geological Reference : Qa ------Type of Microrelief : sinkhole VEGETATION Component Sampled : elongate depression ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

LOCATION : Site north boundary fence of Woodstock Paddock:sink hole 15-22cm: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .08 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR5/2d) ; loam; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 2-6mm, gravel; gradual change to-

A2 .08 to .20 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6), (10YR6/5d) ; 2-10% yellowish red (5YR5/8) mottles; clay loam (light); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; clear change to-

B .20 to .36 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/7), (10YR6/6d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR5/8) mottles; clay loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; diffuse change to-

B .36 to .53 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/7), (10YR6/6d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR5/8) mottles; light clay; massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; clear change to-

D1 .53 to .66 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/7); 20-50% 5-15mm distinct pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; medium clay; moderate 2-5mm polyhedral; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; gradual change to-

D2 .66 to .91 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5); 2-10% <5mm distinct greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; medium clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, <2% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

D3 .91 to 1.32 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); heavy clay; strong 5-10mm polyhedral; dry very strong; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

D 1.32 to 1.45 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); coarse sandy medium clay; 20-50% 20-60mm, gravel; <2% calcareous soft segregations.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 6.0B.06 A.004! C0.88A0.08!D 2.2 1.6 0.44 0.10!A 5.1!A 9.4A 9.4!A 4!C.019! 5B18 53 13 18! ! .08- .20! 5.6 <.03 .001! ! ! ! ! 3! ! ! ! .20- .36! 5.8 .03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! .014! 19 32 13 37! ! .36- .53! 6.2 .03 .004! ! 2.6 2.5 0.08 0.06! 5.1! 10.9 10.3! ! !TR 17 27 11 44! ! .53- .66! 6.2 .06 .009! ! 3.8 4.1 0.10 1.6! 5.5! 15.1 15.1! ! .011! 10 20 13 57! ! .66- .91! 8.2 .36 .036!A 1.6 ! 5.6 5.2 0.10 1.9! ! ! ! ! 8 24 15 52! ! .91-1.32! 9.0 .60 .083! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.32-1.45! 9.2 .53 .074! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 20, (~Sachs) ------Runoff : slow Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193630 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 08/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% ------Pattern Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Ug5.29 Element Type : plain Great Soil Group : GREY CLAY. Slope Category : level Australian Classification: Brown Vertosol

GEOLOGY ------MICRORELIEF Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate ------material Type of Microrelief : sinkhole Geological Reference : Qa Component Sampled : elongate depression

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), E.drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

LOCATION : Site north boundary fence of Woodstock Paddock: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : self mulching ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .08 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2); light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; clear change to-

B21 .08 to .25 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/3); heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 20-50% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; highly calcareous; gradual change to-

B22 .25 to .46 m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4); heavy clay; strong 50-100mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 20-50% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; diffuse change to-

B22 .46 to .76 m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4); heavy clay; strong 50-100mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 20-50% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

B23 .76 to 1.22 m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4); heavy clay; lenticular; very firm; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; diffuse change to-

B24 1.22 to 1.66 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); heavy clay; lenticular; very firm; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; highly calcareous;

B24 1.66 to 1.98 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); 2-10% grey (N5/0) mottles; heavy clay; lenticular; very firm; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; highly calcareous.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 7.1B.09 A0.01!A .3C1.10A 0.1!C16.2 4.0 0.57 0.45!A 3.0!A24.0A 24.2!A 5!C.019! 1B 9 33 17 41! ! .08- .25! 8.3 .15 .014! ! ! ! ! 3! ! ! ! .25- .46! 8.6 .03 ! 8.1 ! 13.0 5.2 0.15 2.3! 0! 20.7! ! .011! 4 12 23 15 44! ! .46- .76! 8.9 .56 .067! ! ! ! ! ! .013! ! ! .76-1.22! 8.8 1.07 .187! 1.7 ! 8.0 7.6 0.2 7.0! 0! 22.8! ! ! 3 5 25 20 49! !1.22-1.66! 8.8 1.1 .197! ! ! ! ! ! .013! 5 25 20 49! !1.66-1.98! 8.7 .09 .185! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 21, (~Julago) ------Runoff : slow Locality : LANSDOWN Latitude 193630 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 08/08/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Pattern Type : alluvial plain ------Element Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Gn2.61 Great Soil Group : YELLOW EARTH. GEOLOGY Australian Classification:Brown Kandosol ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), E. drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------LOCATION : Site north boundary fence of Woodstock Paddock: ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .08 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR5/2d) ; loam; massive; dry very strong; 2-10% ferromanganiferous; clear change to-

B1 .08 to .25 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR5/5d) ; 2-10% <5mm faint mottles; clay loam (heavy); massive; dry very strong; 10-20% ferromanganiferous; clear change to-

B21 .25 to .36 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; 2-10% <5mm faint mottles; light clay; massive; dry very strong; 2-10% ferromanganiferous; clear change to-

B22 .36 to .43 m Dark yellowish brown (10YR4/4); 2-10% <5mm faint mottles; heavy clay; massive; dry very strong; 10-20% ferromanganiferous; abrupt change to-

D .43 to .61 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/3); heavy clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% ferromanganiferous, 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

.61 to .84 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/3); heavy clay; strong 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% ferromanganiferous, 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

.84 to 1.07 m Olive brown (2.5Y4/4); heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry very firm; 2-10% ferromanganiferous, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 6.2B.03 A.002! C1.00A0.08!C 5.4 3.2 0.43 0.25!A 4.7!A14.0A 14!A 6!C.021!TRB14 46 17 25! ! .08- .25! 6.4 .03 .003! ! ! ! ! 4! ! ! ! .25- .36! 6.5 <.03 .002! ! 4.0 2.5 0.08 0.67! 5.1! 12.0 12.4! ! .015!TR 17 41 16 28! ! .36- .43! 7.1 .06 .007! ! 6.4 4.6 0.12 1.8! 5.7! 19.0 18.6! ! ! 12 27 12 49! ! .43- .61! 8.2 .27 .036!A 2.8 ! 9.8 7.3 0.15 3.2! 0.8! 21.0 21.3! ! .016! 11 25 16 47! ! .61- .84! 8.9 .6 .106! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .84-1.07! 8.8 .83 .155! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 22, Woodridge sandy loam ------Runoff : slow Locality : LANSDOWN Latitude 193630 S Longitude 1464830 E Date : 08/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Pattern Type : alluvial plain ------Element Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Gn2.94 Soil Taxonomy Unit : PALEUSTALF GEOLOGY Australian Classification:Brown Kandosol ------Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------

LOCATION : North west corner Woodstock Paddock 70m north of old clearing: ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .08 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR6/2d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; clear change to-

A2 .08 to .23 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR7/2d) ; 2-10% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/4) mottles; sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; gradual change to-

B1 .23 to .43 m Light yellowish brown (10YR6/4), (10YR6/3d) ; sandy clay loam; massive; dry moderately strong; 20-50% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B2 .43 to .76 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); 20-50% 15-30mm distinct brownish yellow (10YR6/6) mottles; sandy clay loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; 20-50% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; clear change to-

D1 .76 to .91 m Very pale brown (10YR7/4); 2-10% 15-30mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) primary and red (2.5YR4/6) secondary mottles; light medium clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; gradual change to-

D2 .91 to 1.22 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct light grey (2.5Y7/2) mottles; medium clay; strong 10-20mm polyhedral; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules;

D2 1.22 to 1.45 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct light grey (2.5Y7/2) mottles; medium clay; dry very strong; gradual change to-

D3 1.45 to 1.68 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct red (2.5YR4/6) mottles; medium clay; dry very strong; 2-10% 2-6mm, quartz gravel; abrupt change to-

D4 1.68 to 1.73 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct red (2.5YR4/6) mottles; dry rigid; 2-10% 2-6mm, quartz gravel.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 5.8B.06 A.005!C1.00A0.07!D 2.0 0.70 0.45 0.10!A 6.3!A10.0A 9.6!A 4! ! B35 40 14 12! ! .08- .23! 5.9 <.03 .003! ! ! ! ! 4! ! ! ! .23- .43! 6.3 <.03 .002! ! 2.4 1.4 0.07 0.10! 2.5! 7.0 6.5! !C.018! 4 34 31 8 26! ! .43- .76! 6.5 <.03 .003! ! 2.2 2.2 0.12 0.25! 4.3! 9.0 9.1! ! ! 9 26 29 6 38! ! .76- .91! 6.5 <.03 .002! ! 2.0 4.0 0.11 0.80! 4.1! 11.0 11! ! !TR 23 20 5 52! ! .91-1.22! 6.5 .03 .008! ! ! ! ! ! .009! ! !1.22-1.45! 6.2 .09 .016! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.45-1.68! 6.3 .12 .024! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 23, Gillian Runoff : slow ------Locality : LANSDOWN Latitude 193700 S Longitude 1465000 E Date : 09/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Pattern Type : alluvial plain ------Element Type : plain Principal Profile Form : Ug5.29 Great Soil Group : GREY CLAY. GEOLOGY Australian Classification: Grey Vertosol ------Geological Reference : Qa SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS VEGETATION ------2-10%, 60-200mm rounded gravel Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) Mid Stratum Species : Grevillea spp. Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------LOCATION : On crest of low gilgai mound : ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : self mulching ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .10 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2), (2.5Y4/2d) ; light medium clay (heavy); moderate 10-20mm granular; dry very strong; <2% 200-600mm, gravel; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% calcareous concretions; clear change to-

B21 .10 to .36 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2), (2.5Y4/2d) ; heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm subangular blocky; dry moderately strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

B22 .36 to .61 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2); heavy clay; moderate lenticular; dry moderately strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

B22 .61 to .91 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/2); heavy clay; moderate lenticular; dry moderately strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B23 .91 to 1.22 m Dark greyish brown (2.5Y4/3); heavy clay; moderate; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B24 1.22 to 1.52 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); heavy clay; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B24 1.52 to 1.83 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); heavy clay; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B24 1.83 to 2.29 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); heavy clay; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous, 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

2.29 to 2.59 m Grey (2.5Y5/1); heavy clay; dry moderately strong; <2% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .10!A 7.1B.09 A.008!A 0.7C1.00A 0.1!D18.0 4.8 0.37 0.65!A 2.4!A26.0A 26.2!A 9!C.018! 2B24 32 15 30! ! .10- .36! 8.6 .15 .008! ! ! ! ! 6! ! ! ! .36- .61! 8.9 .33 .033! 3.0 ! 11.2 6.6 0.08 3.3! ! ! ! .008! 6 9 27 17 47! ! .61- .91! 8.7 .80 .118! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .91-1.22! 8.7 1.1 .196! 2.9 ! 9.0 8.2 0.15 6.5! ! ! ! ! ! !1.22-1.52! 8.9 .95 .177! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.52-1.83! 8.9 .89 .149! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.83-2.29! 8.6 .86 .165! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !2.29-2.59! 8.1 .74 .147! ! ! ! ! ! .012! ! ------

T 24, Manton loam ------Runoff : none Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193700 S Longitude 1465000 E Date : 09/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Dy3.43 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : SOLODIZED SOLONETZ. Element Type : plain Australian Classification: Grey Sodosol

GEOLOGY ------MICRORELIEF Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate ------material Type of Microrelief : normal gilgai Geological Reference : Qa Vertical Interval : .1 m Horizontal Interval 5 m VEGETATION Component Sampled : flat ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Woodstock Paddock west of rail crossing: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR5/1d) ; loam; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel; clear change to-

A2 .06 to .18 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR7/2d) ; loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; sharp change to-

B21 .18 to .30 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR5/2d) ; 2-10% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/4) mottles; heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm columnar parting to moderate 20-50mm angular blocky;dry rigid; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .30 to .51 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B .51 to .76 m Weak red (2.5YR4/2); heavy clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

.76 to 1.07 m Brown (10YR4/3); heavy clay; very firm; <2% 2-6mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm calcareous concretions.

NOTE: This latter horizon similar to 91-122cm horizon of T23:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 5.9B.03 A.007! C 1.1A0.08!D 4.4 2.6 0.20 0.45!A 5.3!A13.0A 13!A 4!C.016! B18 39 24 19! ! .06- .18! 6.0 .03 .004! ! 2.5 1.5 0.08 0.40! 3.0! 8.0 7.5! 3! !TR 20 43 20 16! ! .18- .30! 6.9 .12 .021! ! 8.2 6.9 0.11 3.2! 2.9! 21.0 21.3! ! .011! 12 25 16 49! ! .30- .51! 7.3 .24 .054! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .51- .76! 8.4 .86 .183!A 0.9 ! 8.0 7.6 0.08 3.4! 0! 19.1! ! ! 2 14 29 18 40! ! .76-1.07! 8.9 .86 .172! ! ! ! ! ! .013! ! ------

T 25, Wyoming sandy loam ------Runoff : moderately rapid Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193745 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 09/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Gn2.14 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : RED EARTH. Element Type : prior stream Australian Classification: Red Kandosol Relief : 2 metres

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Tall open forest Dominant Species : Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : Planchonia careya (cocky apple) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Woodstock paddock approx. 300m east of mill: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .08 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/2), (7.5YR5/2d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry very firm; clear change to-

A2 .08 to .25 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4), (5YR6/4d) ; sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% <2mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B1 .25 to .46 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6), (5YR5/4d) ; sandy clay loam; massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; <2% <2mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B2 .46 to .71 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); light medium clay; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; <1 per 100mm2 0.075-1mm macropores; gradual change to-

B3 .71 to .86 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); medium clay; massive; dry moderately strong; 50-90% 20-60mm, rounded gravel;

.86 to .96 m Poorly sorted w'worn gv 25-150MM:some gritty clay matrix:

NOTE: Upper half of A1 has V/C2:colour lighter at base:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 6.5B.06 A.002!C1.10A0.08!D 5.0 1.0 0.42 0.10!A 2.2!A 9.0A 8.7!A 63!C .05!TRB18 59 14 11! ! .08- .25! 6.4 .03 .004! ! 3.8 0.90 0.21 0.10! 0.5! 6.0 5.5! 42! .041! 44 34 13 8! ! .25- .46! 6.2 .06 .001! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .46- .71! 6.4 <.03 .002! ! 3.8 1.1 0.34 0.10! 3.5! 9.0 8.8! ! ! 31 28 11 30! ! .71- .86! 6.3 <.03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 26, Glenoming sandy loam ------Runoff : none Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193745 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 09/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Dr3.42 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : RED PODZOLIC SOIL. Element Type : prior stream Australian Classification: Red Chromosol Slope : ridge Relief : 2 metres Slope Category : gently inclined SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS ------60-200mm rounded gravel GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open forest Dominant Species : Melaleuca nervosa (tea-tree), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : Planchonia careya (cocky apple) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------LOCATION : Woodstock paddock approx. 91m south of T25: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR6/2d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; very firm; clear change to-

A2 .06 to .23 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/4d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; moderately strong; 2-10% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

A3 .23 to .46 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5), (10YR7/5d) ; sandy loam; massive; moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; clear change to-

B21 .46 to .66 m Red (2.5YR4/5), (2.5YR4/5d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm distinct strong brown (7.5YR5/6) mottles; medium clay; weak 10-20mm subangular blocky; very strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel; <1 per 100mm2 0.075-1mm macropores; gradual change to-

B22 .66 to .86 m Dark red (2.5YR3/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR5/6) mottles; medium clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; very strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel;

.86 to .96 m Heavy gravel layer(<100 mm):with mottled red clay matrix:

NOTE: Bleached A2 And A3 Horizons:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 6.1B<.03A.001!C0.80A0.06!D 2.4 0.80 0.21 0.15!A 3.6!A 7.0A 7.2!A 10!C.015! 2B31 51 10 9! ! .06- .23! 5.8 <.03 <.01! ! 1.5 0.40 0.14 0.10! 0.9! 3.0 3! 7! .015! 2 50 33 12 5! ! .23- .46! 6.0 <.03 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .46- .66! 6.1 <.03 <.01! ! 4.4 1.5 0.26 0.15! 2.5! 9.0 8.8! ! .016! 4 21 31 11 38! ! .66- .86! 6.4 .03 .003! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 27, Lansdown fine sandy loam ------Runoff : moderately rapid Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193745 S Longitude 1464745 E Date : 09/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Principal Profile Form : Dy3.43 <9m 1-3% Great Soil Group : SOLODIZED SOLONETZ. Pattern Type : alluvial fan Australian Classification: Grey Sodosol Element Type : pediment Slope : 2 % simple slope Slope Category : very gently inclined

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Low open woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------LOCATION : Landsdown paddock: 700m ESE of windmill on Landsdown Creek: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR6/2d) ; fine sandy loam; massive; dry moderately firm; clear change to-

A2 .06 to .23 m Light brownish grey (10YR6/2), (10YR7/2d) ; <5mm faint mottles; fine sandy loam; massive; dry very firm; abrupt change to-

B21 .23 to .43 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/5) mottles; heavy clay; moderate 50-100mm columnar parting to moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules; clear change to-

B22 .43 to .69 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); 2-10% <5mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/5) mottles; heavy clay; weak 50-100mm angular blocky; dry rigid; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

Bk .69 to .94 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; heavy clay; weak 50-100mm angular blocky; dry rigid; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules, 10-20% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

BC .94 to 1.17 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; medium heavy clay; dry rigid; 2-10% ferromanganiferous; gradual change to-

1.17 to 1.30 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; sandy medium clay; moderately weak; 10-20% 20-60mm, rounded gravel;

1.30 to 1.40 m Water worn gravel layer:

NOTE: A2 Is Strictly Bleached:B21 Column Dia=6-7cm + 4cm Dome/Depth=30cm's:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 5.2B.03 A.001! C0.90A0.08!D 1.3 0.50 0.28 0.10!A 2.7!A 5.0A 4.9!A 7!C.013!TRB36 48 11 7! ! .06- .23! 5.2 <.03 .002! ! 0.90 0.40 0.08 0.45! 2.1! 4.0 3.9! 5! .007! 16 71 10 4! ! .23- .43! 6.7 .15 .028! ! 4.0 6.0 0.10 3.5! 3.3! 17.0 16.9! ! ! 10 45 8 37! ! .43- .69! 8.0 .48 .077! ! 3.0 5.8 0.08 4.6! 1.3! 15.0 14.8! ! !TR 18 37 18 28! ! .69- .94! 8.8 .65 .149! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .94-1.17! 8.3 .74 .099!A 1.0 ! 2.4 4.1 0.06 3.9! ! ! ! .01! ! !1.17-1.30! 8.5 .56 .097! ! ! ! ! ! .006! ! ------

T 28, (~Althaus) ------Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : poorly drained Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193745 S Longitude 1464830 E Date : 10/09/64 CLASSIFICATION LANDFORM ------Principal Profile Form : Gn2.92 Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating plains Great Soil Group : Affinities with YELLOW PODZOLIC <9m 1-3% SOIL. Pattern Type : alluvial fan Soil Taxonomy Unit : PALEUSTALF Element Type : pediment Australian Classification: Brown Kandosol Slope : 1.5 % simple slope Slope Category : very gently inclined

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), E. drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca spp. (tea-tree), Planchonia careya (cocky apple) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Dichanthium spp. (blue-grasses)

SITE DISTURBANCE : no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals ------LOCATION : Calcium paddock lansdown:grassy woodland: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR5/2d) ; fine sandy loam; massive; dry very firm; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; clear change to-

A2 .06 to .25 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm distinct brown (10YR5/3) mottles; fine sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry very firm; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; gradual change to-

B1 .25 to .43 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5), (10YR6/5d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B21 .43 to .66 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5), (10YR6/5d) ; 10-20% 5-15mm prominent yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

B22 .66 to .91 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak angular blocky; dry moderately strong; 2-10% gravel; 10-20% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules; gradual change to-

.91 to 1.17 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak angular blocky; dry moderately strong; 2-10% gravel; 20-50% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules;

D 1.17 to 1.30 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm prominent grey (2.5Y6/1) mottles; heavy clay; polyhedral; very firm; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel;

1.30 to 1.40 m Gravel floater at 130CM:

NOTE: Heavy Clay Layer At 112cm:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 6.0B<.01A.002!C0.80A0.06!C 2.4 1.0 0.18 0.15!A 4.3!A 8.0A 8!A 4!C.016! 5B38 43 10 9! ! .06- .25! 5.8 <.03 <.01! ! ! ! ! 4! ! ! ! .25- .43! 6.1 <.03 <.01! ! 2.2 1.2 0.03 0.10! 6.0! 10.0 9.5! ! ! 2 39 31 7 22! ! .43- .66! 6.4 .03 <.01! ! 3.2 2.6 0.03 0.15! 5.0! 11.0 11! ! .015! ! ! .66- .91! 6.5 .03 .002! ! 2.8 2.6 0.03 0.20! 5.1! 11.0 10.7! ! ! 8 32 25 8 36! ! .91-1.17! 6.6 .06 .004! ! ! ! ! ! .022! ! !1.17-1.30! 6.5 .06 .007! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 29, Stockyard sandy loam ------Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193900 S Longitude 1464915 E Date : 10/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% ------Pattern Type : alluvial plain Principal Profile Form : Dy3.43 Element Type : plain Great Soil Group : SOLODIZED SOLONETZ. Slope : flat Soil Taxonomy Unit : NATRUSTALF Slope Category : level Australian Classification: Grey Sodosol

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca nervosa (tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Manton paddock approx. 100m north east of stock yards: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR5/1d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; dry very firm; clear change to-

A21 .06 to .20 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; dry very firm; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

A22 .20 to .38 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; 2-10% <5mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

A23 .38 to .53 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; 2-10% <5mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, rounded gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; abrupt change to-

B21 .53 to .69 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak 50-100mm columnar parting to moderate 50-100mm prismatic; dry rigid; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B22 .69 to .84 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

Bk .84 to 1.02 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 2-10% 5-15mm distinct greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% ferromanganiferous nodules, 2-10% calcareous nodules; gradual change to-

C 1.02 to 1.17 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2); medium clay; very firm; 2-10% 2-6mm, gravel; <2% calcareous concretions; clear change to-

D 1.17 to 1.32 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); faint greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; medium clay; polyhedral; very firm; <2% 2-6mm, unconsolidated substrate materials gravel; 2-10% calcareous soft segregations. NOTE: Slight Doming Of Columns In B21:0-35cm Seperate Depositional Layer: ------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 5.6B.029A<.01! C0.90A0.08!D 2.0 0.70 0.23 0.05!A 4.2!A 7.0A 7.2!A 7!C.015!TRB40 41 10 7! ! .06- .20! 5.7 <.03 <.01! ! 1.6 0.70 0.12 0.10! 2.3! 5.0 4.8! 4! ! 39 41 14 7! ! .20- .38! 6.1 <.03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .38- .53! 6.6 <.03 .002! ! 2.2 1.5 0.06 0.30! 2.0! 6.0 6.1! ! ! 5 36 40 12 13! ! .53- .69! 7.2 .09 .005! ! 5.8 4.1 0.13 1.7! 1.6! 13.0 13.3! ! .012! 2 25 34 12 30! ! .69- .84! 7.6 .12 .008! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .84-1.02! 8.3 .15 .012! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.02-1.17! 8.5 .21 .028!A 0.5 ! 6.5 3.8 0.10 3.3! ! ! ! ! ! !1.17-1.32! 8.8 .33 .028! ! ! ! ! ! .01! ! ------

T 30, Lansdown sandy loam ------Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193930 S Longitude 1465030 E Date : 10/09/64

LANDFORM ------CLASSIFICATION Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% ------Pattern Type : alluvial plain Principal Profile Form : Dy2.43 Element Type : back-plain Great Soil Group : SOLODIZED SOLONETZ. Slope : flat Soil Taxonomy Unit : NATRUSTALF Slope Category : level Australian Classification: Brown Sodosol

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus brownii (Reid River box), E. drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum) Mid Stratum Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass) Ground Cover Species : Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Homestead paddock 80m east of south east corner:adjacent to lane: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .04 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2), (10YR6/2d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately strong; gradual change to-

A2 .04 to .20 m Pale brown (10YR6/3), (10YR8/3d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately strong; abrupt change to-

B2 .20 to .33 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4); heavy clay; strong 20-50mm angular blocky parting to weak 100-200mm columnar; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules;

B22 .33 to .61 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5); medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

Bk .61 to .89 m Brownish yellow (10YR6/5); 2-10% 5-15mm distinct greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 20-60mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

BC .89 to 1.22 m Light brownish grey (10YR6/2); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; medium clay; massive angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

BC 1.22 to 1.42 m Light brownish grey (10YR6/2); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/6) mottles; medium clay; massive angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

C 1.42 to 1.68 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; sandy medium clay; polyhedral; very firm; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 20-60mm calcareous concretions;

C 1.68 to 1.98 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); yellowish red (5YR5/6) mottles; sandy medium clay; moderate polyhedral; very firm; 2-10% 2-6mm manganiferous nodules, 2-10% 20-60mm calcareous concretions.

NOTE: A2 Sporadic Bleach:B21 Col's 5cm Thick+<5cm Dome:Mn.Segreg.>61cm:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .04!A 5.4B.06 A.004! C1.60A0.13!D 1.6 0.80 0.23 0.20!A 4.7!A 8.0A 7.5!A 8!C.012! B26 50 14 9! ! .04- .20! 5.8 .03 .003! 0.30 0.03! 0.80 0.50 0.03 0.15! 1.9! 3.0 3.4! 6! .006!TR 27 52 17 4! ! .20- .33! 7.9 .65 .137! ! 2.4 6.0 0.12 7.7! 2.6! 19.0 18.8! ! .01! 15 29 12 44! ! .33- .61! 8.6 1.34 .309! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .61- .89! 8.7 1.34 .281!A 1.5 ! 1.6 4.6 0.08 4.5! ! ! ! ! 7 22 30 13 36! ! .89-1.22! 8.6 .92 .203! ! ! ! ! ! .007! ! !1.22-1.42! 9.3 .74 .107! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.42-1.68! 8.7 .65 .112! 1.0 ! ! ! ! ! .006! ! !1.68-1.98! 8.9 .74 .114! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 31, (~Julago) ------Runoff : slow Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193930 S Longitude 1465045 E Date : 10/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Dy2.43 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : SOLODIZED SOLONETZ. Element Type : back-plain Soil Taxonomy Unit : NATRUSTALF Slope : flat Australian Classification: Brown Sodosol Slope Category : level

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus brownii (Reid River box) Mid Stratum Species : Eremophila mitchellii (false sandalwood) Ground Cover Species : Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo), Chloris spp.

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Sandalwood paddock 200m east of homestead:on boundary adjacent laneway: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1/A2 0 to .03 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR6/3d) ; sandy loam (heavy); weak platy; dry very firm; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel; abrupt change to-

B21 .03 to .15 m Brown (10YR4/3), (10YR5/3d) ; 2-10% 5-15mm distinct dark greyish brown (10YR4/2) mottles; medium clay; weak 100-200mm columnar parting to moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; dry rigid; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel;

B22 .15 to .38 m Brown (10YR5/3); medium clay; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

Bk .38 to .61 m Brown (10YR5/3); medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

.61 to .91 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); faint reddish brown (5YR5/4) mottles; medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

.91 to 1.12 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); faint reddish brown (5YR5/4) mottles; medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm calcareous concretions.

NOTE: 1-3cm Bleached A2 10yr83 (D):Not Sampled Seperately:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .03!A 6.3B0.36A.083! C1.50A0.09!C 3.0 2.2 0.28 0.20!A 3.3!A 9.0A 9!A 10!C.018! 8B22 44 21 13! ! .03- .15! 6.7 0.66 .152! 0.40 ! 2.6 3.0 0.09 3.8! 2.9! 12.0 12.4! 4! .011! 3 19 36 23 22! ! .15- .38! 8.0 1.82 .447!A 0.3 ! 2.8 4.0 0.06 5.9! 0.7! 14.0 13.5! ! ! 0 15 35 21 30! ! .38- .61! 8.6 2.51 .658! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .61- .91! 9.2 1.93 .479! 4.0 ! 2.2 3.8 0.15 8.0! ! ! ! ! 2 15 34 19 32! ! .91-1.12! 9.3 1.93 .455! ! ! ! ! ! .009! ! ------

T 32, Sandalwood sandy loam ------Runoff : moderately rapid Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193945 S Longitude 1465130 E Date : 16/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Dy2.43 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : Affinities with SOLONETZ. Element Type : back-plain Australian Classification: Grey Sodosol Slope : flat Slope Category : level

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus brownii (Reid River box), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Eremophila mitchellii (false sandalwood) Mid Stratum Species : Eremophila mitchellii (false sandalwood) Ground Cover Species : Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Spring Creek paddock adjacent to fence between windmill 2 and 3: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1/A2 0 to .08 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR6/2d) ; sandy loam; massive parting to weak platy; dry moderately strong; sharp change to-

B21 .08 to .18 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR5/2d) ; medium clay; weak 50-100mm columnar parting to moderate 20-50mm prismatic; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

B22 .18 to .43 m Brown (10YR5/3); 2-10% reddish brown (5YR4/4) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; very firm; 2-10% <2mm manganiferous nodules, <2% 2-6mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

.43 to .71 m Yellowish red (5YR4/5); brown (10YR4/3) mottles; light medium clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; very firm; 2-10% 6-20mm, gravel; 2-10% 20-60mm calcareous concretions;

2B .71 to 1.02 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); brown (10YR4/3) mottles; light medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; very firm; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; 20-50% 20-60mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

2B 1.02 to 1.17 m Yellowish red (5YR5/6); sandy medium clay; very firm; 20-50% 20-60mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to.

NOTE: 2-8cm strongly bleached 10YR82 (d) A2:43-71cm transitional horizon to buried soil

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .08!A 5.8B.24 A.045! C0.60A0.05!D 1.7 1.0 0.30 0.50!A 2.6!A 6.0A 6.1!A 5!C.011! 0B23 46 23 9! ! .08- .18! 7.7 .43 .086! ! 4.8 4.7 0.21 4.8! 0.8! 15.0 15.3! 4! .012!TR 20 35 20 26! ! .18- .43! 8.5 1.1 .205!A 0.3 ! 3.6 5.0 0.06 5.9! ! ! ! ! 0 13 47 10 31! ! .43- .71! 8.7 1.14 .238! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .71-1.02! 9.3 1.18 .219! 2.5 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.02-1.17! 9.4 1.01 .191! ! ! ! ! ! .005! ! ------

T 33, Double Barrel loam ------Runoff : moderately rapid Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 194000 S Longitude 1465100 E Date : 16/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Gn3.15 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : RED PODZOLIC SOIL. Element Type : levee Soil Taxonomy Unit : PALEUSTALF Slope : mid slope Australian Classification: Sodic Red Dermosol Slope Category : very gently inclined

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash), E. tereticornis (blue gum) Mid Stratum Species : Planchonia careya (cocky apple) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------LOCATION : Southern corner of Brolga and Double Barrel Creek:48m from Double Barrel Creek: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .13 m Very dark brown (10YR2/2), (10YR4/1d) ; loam; weak 5-10mm angular blocky; dry moderately strong; 1-5 per 100mm2 0.075-1mm macropores; clear change to-

A2 .13 to .30 m Dark brown (10YR3/3), (10YR5/3d) ; loam (heavy); weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, unconsolidated substrate materials gravel; clear change to-

B1 .30 to .46 m Brown (7.5YR4/4), (7.5YR6/5d) ; light clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm, unconsolidated substrate materials gravel; 1-5 per 100mm2 0.075-1mm macropores; gradual change to-

B21 .46 to .71 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4); medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm, unconsolidated substrate materials gravel; gradual change to-

B22 .71 to .91 m Reddish brown (5YR4/4); distinct red (2.5YR4/6) primary and brown (10YR4/3) secondary mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, rounded gravel; gradual change to-

BC .91 to 1.14 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); sandy medium clay; very firm; 10-20% 20-60mm, gravel; gradual change to-

C 1.14 to 1.37 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6); sandy clay loam (light); moderately firm; 2-10% 2-6mm, unconsolidated substrate materials gravel;

1.37 to 1.47 m Large gravel fragement stopped auger at 137cm:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .13!A 6.3B.09 A.007!C1.60A0.12!D 9.6 2.0 0.70 0.35!A 4.5!A17.0A 17.2!A 100!C.045! 0B16 42 24 19! ! .13- .30! 6.3 .03 .003! 0.70 0.05! ! ! ! 52! ! ! ! .30- .46! 6.5 .03 .002! ! 6.4 2.0 0.33 0.42! 2.6! 12.0 11.8! ! ! 0 18 36 23 23! ! .46- .71! 6.4 .03 <.01! ! 6.4 2.0 0.30 0.25! 3.3! 12.0 12.3! ! .025! 0 21 32 20 28! ! .71- .91! 6.5 .03 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .91-1.14! 6.6 .03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! .023! ! !1.14-1.37! 6.6 .03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 34, (~Black) ------Runoff : slow Drainage : imperfectly drained Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193930 S Longitude 1465000 E Date : 16/09/64 CLASSIFICATION LANDFORM ------Principal Profile Form : Gn2.64 Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Great Soil Group : YELLOW EARTH. Pattern Type : alluvial plain Australian Classification: Brown Kandosol Element Type : plain Slope : flat Slope Category : level

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), Melaleuca viridiflora (broad-leaf tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : Double Barrel Creek paddock:entrance to Old Homestead Road: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .05 m Very dark greyish brown (10YR3/2), (10YR5/2d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry very firm; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; clear change to-

A2 .05 to .18 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/7), (10YR7/5d) ; sandy clay loam (light); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

B1 .18 to .38 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/5), (10YR6/6d) ; 2-10% <5mm faint yellowish red (5YR5/6) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; dry moderately strong; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

B2 .38 to .56 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% <5mm distinct yellowish red (5YR5/6) mottles; light clay; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 2-6mm ferromanganiferous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 0.075-1mm macropores; clear change to-

D .56 to .76 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 20-50% prominent pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong, moderately sticky; distinct clay skin cutans; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules;

D .76 to .91 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8); 20-50% prominent pale brown (10YR6/3) mottles; medium clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong, moderately sticky; distinct clay skin cutans; <2% <2mm manganiferous nodules.

NOTE: Gn2.64 With Clay D Horizon:Strong Shear Planes In D Horizon:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .05!A 5.7B.03 A.004!C1.10A 0.1!C 1.8 0.70 0.18 0.18!A 4.1!A 7.0A 7!A 5!C.016! 2B39 42 7 12! ! .05- .18! 5.7 <.03 <.01! 0.4 ! ! ! ! 4! ! ! ! .18- .38! 5.7 <.03 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .38- .56! 6.3 <.03 .004! ! 1.4 2.7 0.04 0.70! 4.1! 9.0 8.9! ! .006! 18 32 11 41! ! .56- .76! 6.5 .03 .007! ! 2.6 3.6 0.05 1.4! 4.0! 12.0 11.7! ! .005! 21 18 10 51! ! .76- .91! 6.6 .03 .004! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 35, Calman Clay ------Runoff : very slow Drainage : poorly drained Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193900 S Longitude 1465000 E Date : 16/09/64 CLASSIFICATION ------LANDFORM Principal Profile Form : Ug5.11 ------Great Soil Group : Affinities with BLACK EARTH Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1%. Soil Taxonomy Unit : PELLUSTERT Pattern Type : alluvial plain Australian Classification: Black Vertosol Element Type : plain Slope : flat Slope Category : very gently inclined MICRORELIEF ------GEOLOGY Type of Microrelief : normal gilgai ------Vertical Interval : .2 m Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate Horizontal Interval 3 m material Component Sampled : mound Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia papuana (ghost gum), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca nervosa (tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Dichanthium spp. (blue-grasses), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------LOCATION : Stock route 40m north of Cemetery Reserve: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : self mulching ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .10 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1), (10YR4/1d) ; light clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% <2mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B21 .10 to .30 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to 5-10mm lenticular; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; distinct clay skin cutans; <2% <2mm calcareous concretions;

B21 .30 to .56 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); heavy clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky parting to 5-10mm lenticular; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; distinct clay skin cutans; <2% <2mm calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B22 .56 to .71 m Greyish brown (10YR5/2); heavy clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; 20-50% calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

B23 .71 to .94 m Grey (2.5Y6/1); faint yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; medium heavy clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; >50% calcareous concretions;

B23 .94 to 1.14 m Grey (2.5Y6/1); faint yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; medium heavy clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; dry rigid; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; >50% calcareous concretions; gradual change to-

1.14 to 1.35 m Grey (2.5Y6/1); distinct yellowish brown (10YR5/8) mottles; light clay; moderately weak; >50% 6-20mm calcareous concretions;

1.35 to 1.45 m Gravel or large carbonate nodule stopped augger:

NOTE: Strong Shear Planes In 10-56cm Horizon:Carbonate Nodules On Surface:Complex Of Ug5.1 And Ug5.4 Soils:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 !CaCo3 Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .10!A 6.9B.09 A0.01! C 1.2A0.09!D14.2 4.6 0.27 0.90!A 2.1!A22.0A 22.1!A 7!C .01! B23 33 14 31! ! .10- .30! 7.3 .09 .009!A 0.2 ! 15.6 5.2 0.12 1.0! 1.1! 23.0 23! 6! ! 20 31 13 35! ! .30- .56! 8.6 .30 0.03! ! ! ! ! ! .012! ! ! .56- .71! 9.4 .48 .056! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .71- .94! 9.3 .75 .139! 14.4 ! 6.2 7.0 0.12 5.8! ! 19.0 ! ! ! ! ! .94-1.14! 9.1 1.16 .228! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !1.14-1.35! 9.0 1.28 .244! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 36, (Black, red phase) ------Runoff : moderately rapid Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193745 S Longitude 1464930 E Date : 16/09/64

LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION ------Relief Modal/Slope Class : level plain <9m <1% Principal Profile Form : Gn2.14 Pattern Type : alluvial plain Great Soil Group : Affinities with RED EARTH. Element Type : prior stream Soil Taxonomy Unit : HAPLUSTALF Relief : 2 metres Australian Classification: Red Kandosol

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : unconsolidated substrate material Geological Reference : Qa

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Woodland Dominant Species : Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited grey bloodwood), Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca nervosa (tea-tree), Planchonia careya (cocky apple) Ground Cover Species : Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass), Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------LOCATION : Woodstock paddock 20m south of road crossing and power line: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/2), (7.5YR5/2d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry very firm; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; clear change to-

A2 .06 to .18 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/4), (5YR5/3d) ; sandy loam (heavy); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B1 .18 to .33 m Yellowish red (5YR4/6), (5YR5/6d) ; sandy clay loam (light); massive; dry moderately strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B2 .33 to .53 m Red (2.5YR4/6); light clay; massive; dry very strong; <2% 2-6mm, gravel; <2% <2mm ferromanganiferous nodules; gradual change to-

.53 to .71 m Red (2.5YR4/6); 2-10% <5mm faint grey (10YR6/1) mottles; light clay; strong 10-20mm angular blocky; dry very strong; 2-10% 20-60mm, gravel; gradual change to-

.71 to 1.02 m Dark red (10R3/6); 2-10% <5mm faint greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; light clay; moderate 20-50mm angular blocky; dry very strong; <2% 6-20mm, gravel; clear change to-

1.02 to 1.12 m Water worn gravel with some redish brown clay matrix:

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 6.4B.06 A.005!C0.88A 0.1!C 3.6 0.90 0.41 0.19!A 2.4!A 8.0A 7.5!A 15!C.028! 1B34 43 12 12! ! .06- .18! 6.3 .03 <.01! 0.31 ! ! ! ! 7! ! ! ! .18- .33! 6.1 <.03 .002! ! 2.0 0.70 0.23 0.15! 2.7! 6.0 5.8! ! .012! 3 31 42 11 17! ! .33- .53! 6.1 .03 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .53- .71! 6.3 .03 .003! ! 3.8 1.9 0.35 0.25! 3.2! 10.0 9.5! ! .013! 3 18 31 12 40! ! .71-1.02! 6.4 .03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 37, Flagstone loamy sand ------Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : moderately well drained Locality : LANDSDOWN Latitude 193630 S Longitude 1464800 E Date : 16/11/64 CLASSIFICATION LANDFORM ------Principal Profile Form : Dy4.41 Relief Modal/Slope Class : undulating plains <9m Great Soil Group : YELLOW PODZOLIC SOIL. 3-10% Soil Taxonomy Unit : USTALF GEOLOGY Australian Classification: Brown Kandosol ------Substrate Material : granite Geological Reference : Cpg

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), E. platyphylla (poplar gum), Corymbia polycarpa (long-fruited grey bloodwood) Mid Stratum Species : Melaleuca nervosa (tea-tree) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon triticeus (giant spear grass), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : limited clearing ------LOCATION : Landsdown paddock 0.8km north of Creek on western boundary fence: ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .06 m Dark greyish brown (10YR4/2), (10YR6/2d) ; sandy loam (light); single grain; moist very weak; 2-10% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; common roots; gradual change to-

A21 .06 to .23 m Brown (10YR4/3), (10YR7/3d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; >5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; common roots; gradual change to-

A22 .23 to .51 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/4), (10YR7/3d) ; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately strong; 2-10% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; <2% ferruginous nodules; >5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; clear change to-

B21 .51 to .66 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); sandy clay loam; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moderately moist moderately firm; <2% 6-20mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules; >5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

B22 .66 to .91 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/5) mottles; sandy clay loam (heavy); weak 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist very firm; 2-10% 20-60mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules; 1-5 per 100mm2 1-2mm macropores; gradual change to-

B3 .91 to 1.14 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 15-30mm distinct greyish brown (10YR5/2) mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; moderately moist very firm; 2-10% 20-60mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules; >5 per 100mm2 2-5mm macropores; gradual change to-

C 1.14 to 1.37 m Pale brown (10YR6/3); clayey coarse sand; massive; moderately moist moderately firm; 2-10% 20-60mm, quartz gravel; 2-10% 6-20mm ferruginous nodules.

------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations !Exch.! Dir. Sum. !Aval ! TOT.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na !Acid.! CEC CEC ! P ! P !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! meq% meq% ! ppm ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .06!A 5.5B.12 A.002!C0.60A0.05!D 1.2 0.03 0.20 0.15!A1.02!A 3.0A 2.6!A 4!C.005! 6B20 71 2 7! ! .06- .23! 5.2 .12 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .23- .51! 5.1 <.03 .002! ! 0.20 0.20 0.09 0.14! 1.73! 2.0 2.4! ! .008!12 46 44 5 6! ! .51- .66! 5.1 <.03 <.01! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .66- .91! 4.9 <.03 .003! ! 1.0 0.90 0.30 0.20! 2.49! 5.0 4.9! ! !25 36 27 8 30! ! .91-1.14! 4.8 <.03 .003! ! ! ! ! ! .008! ! !1.14-1.37! 4.9 <.03 .002! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------

T 195, (Pall Mall) Elevation : 107 metres ------Runoff : moderately rapid Drainage : imperfectly drained Locality : ROSS R. Latitude 193245 S Longitude 1464220 E Date : 27/11/70 CLASSIFICATION LANDFORM ------Principal Profile Form : Dy3.22 Relief Modal/Slope Class : gently undulating rises Great Soil Group : YELLOW PODZOLIC SOIL. 9-30m 1-3% Australian Classification: Brown Chromosol Pattern Type : rises Element Type : hillslope Slope : 7 % mid slope Relief : 15 metres Slope Category : gently inclined

GEOLOGY ------Substrate Material : granite Geological Reference : Cpb Depth to Parent Material : .9 metres

VEGETATION ------Tallest Stratum Form : Mid-high open woodland Dominant Species : Eucalyptus drepanophylla (narrow-leaved ironbark), Corymbia dichromophloia (bloodwood), C. tessellaris (Moreton Bay ash) Ground Cover Species : Heteropogon contortus (black spear grass), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo)

SITE DISTURBANCE : complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated ------LOCATION : .6km east of Springs Mill on "Woodlands": ------

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY : hard setting ------

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY :

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION ------A1 0 to .10 m Very dark grey (10YR3/1); sandy loam; massive; moderately moist moderately weak; 20-50% 2-6mm, quartz gravel; gradual change to-

A2 .10 to .20 m Brown (7.5YR5/4), (7.5YR6/4d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; moderately moist moderately weak; 20-50% quartz gravel;

A2 .20 to .24 m Brown (7.5YR5/4), (7.5YR6/4d) ; sandy loam (light); massive; moderately moist moderately weak; 20-50% quartz gravel; abrupt change to-

B2 .24 to .30 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR5/8) mottles; medium heavy clay; weak 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist very firm; 20-50% 2-6mm, quartz gravel; gradual change to-

B2 .30 to .45 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/8) mottles; heavy clay; moderate 10-20mm angular blocky; moderately moist very firm; 20-50% 2-6mm, quartz gravel; diffuse change to-

B3 .45 to .60 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); 10-20% 5-15mm distinct yellowish red (5YR4/8) mottles; sandy medium clay; weak 20-50mm angular blocky; moderately moist very firm; 20-50% 2-6mm, quartz gravel;

BC .60 to .75 m Pale yellow (2.5Y8/4); <5mm distinct white (10YR8/1) primary and yellowish brown (10YR5/6) secondary mottles; sandy medium clay; massive; moderately moist very firm; 10-20% quartz gravel; diffuse change to-

C .75 to .90 m Weathered granite

NOTE: 10-20cm Some Mixing Of A1 & A2 Material ------! Depth ! 1:5 1:5 1:5 ! Org Tot ! Exch. Cations ! Dir.!Aval !ADM ! TOT. TOT. TOT.! Ext.!Particle Size ! ! ! pH EC Cl ! C N ! Ca Mg K Na ! CEC ! P ! ! P K S ! Al !GV CS FS S C ! ! metres ! mS/cm % ! % % ! meq% meq% meq% meq%! meq%! ppm ! % ! % % % ! % !% % % % % ! ------!0.0 - .10!A 6.2B.05 A<.01!C1.34A0.08!C 6.8 1.5 0.27 0.12!A 3.7!A 6! 2.3!C.013C3.10C .01!A.001!14A45 38 6 9! ! ! ! ! ! !B <2! ! ! ! ! ! .10- .20! 6.5 .03 <.01! 0.42 0.04! 2.8 0.80 0.16 0.12! 7.9! 3! 1.2! .007 3.10 .01! .001!22 56 31 5 7! ! ! ! ! ! !B <2! ! ! ! ! ! .20- .24! 6.8 .03 <.01! ! ! ! ! 1.7! ! ! ! ! .24- .30! 6.5 .06 <.01! 0.36 ! 6.3 3.1 0.35 0.21! 9.1! <2! 5.4! .011 2.00 .01! .001!14 32 14 5 49! ! .30- .45! 6.4 .05 <.01! 0.32 ! 7.1 3.6 0.31 0.19! 4.7! <2! 6.6! .011 1.70 .01! .001!14 26 11 8 56! ! .45- .60! 6.7 .02 <.01! ! ! ! ! 7.1! ! ! ! ! .60- .75! 6.7 .02 <.01! ! ! ! <2! 4.4! .006 2.00 <.01! ! ! ! .75- .90! 6.7 .02 <.01! ! ! ! ! 4.6! ! ! ! ------

Appendix III Unique Mapping Area codes and data

HEADING CODE DESCRIPTION UMA no unique mapping area number. number printed in mapping units on map and link to UMA database

Data source data source used to derive soil types and UMA data S sites O other surveys R reconnaissance observation G geological reference (1:100,000 scale) E extrapolation from other UMA with higher level of data

Mapping unit symbol that appears on map. Lists dominant and co-dominant soil type (if applicable) or miscellaneous mapping unit type. Does not include soil phase code, if this exists it is found in individual soil column. MI mountainous igneous MS mountainous sedimentary MM mountainous metamorphic MD miscellaneous disturbed MF miscellaneous flooded

Dominant soil dominant soil of UMA, includes soil phase codes if applicable. Al Althaus, Sandy loams over brown clay subsoils, often mottled Ay Artillery, Massive reddish brown sands grading to structured reddish brown clay loams Bl Black, Sandy loams grading to sandy light clay Bu Bullock, Uniform dark clay with much calcareous material in subsoil Cg Carse O'Gowrie, Dark brown over yellowish brown sands Cl Clemant, Sands to sandy loams grading to sandy clay loam at depth Co Conolly, Grey, brown and yellowish brown sands on granite Da Dalrymple, Sandy loam topsoils over red clay subsoils Ew Ewan, Shallow massive brown sandy loams over metamorphic rock Fl Flagstone, Very dark greyish brown to yellowish brown sands to sandy loam over sedimentary rocks Gb Goodbye, Dark greyish brown clay loam topsoils grading to dark clay subsoils Gi Gillian, Brown and grey coarse structured clays Gr Granite, Deep sandy soils, loamy sands to brownish yellow clayey sands at depth over rock Hv Hillview, Grey brown loamy sand to sandy loam grading to red sandy clay Li Limeview, Dark brown sandy clay loams grading to red clay subsoils Ma Magenta, Deep sandy soils, loamy to clayey sands Ms Moosie, Loamy top soil grading to structured brown clayey subsoil Mt Manton, Loamy topsoils over brown clays Pf Pennsfield, Sandy loam topsoils over structured red medium clay Pi Pinnacle, Dark brown to grey uniform rocky sands and sandy loams Pm Pall Mall, Deep sandy topsoil over yellow sandy medium clay Pu Purono, Sandy clay loams (bleached) over grey clay subsoils, may be mottled Ra Rangeview, Dark reddish brown loams over structured red to yellowish red clay Ro Ross, Sandy soils grading to yellow and brown clays at depth Sc Scrubby, Sandy bleached topsoils over structured brown clay subsoils, may be mottled Sd Stockyard, Sandy topsoils (bleached) over grey clayey subsoils Se Serpentine, Uniform and gradational black clays typically saturated for several months a year Sh Sachs, Self-mulching black clay with gilgai microrelief Sl Stockyard loam, Loamy bleached topsoils over brown clays, may be mottled Su Stuart, Gradational loamy soil with much rock on surface Sy Stanley, Yellowish brown loamy soils grading to sandy medium clay

HEADING CODE DESCRIPTION Dominant soil Th Thorpe, Dark grey sandy loam grading to yellow sandy light clay (cont') Wa Walker, Dark clay loam topsoils grading to brown clayey subsoils

Dominant soil estimated extent of soil in UMA. (values 4-9) extent # not assigned 9 90-100 % 8 80-90 % 7 70-80 % 6 60-70 % 5 50-60 % 4 40-50 % 3 30-40 % 2 20-30 % 1 10-20 % 0 0-10 % phase Soil phase code, letters describe condition of layer as distinct from central concept of soil eg a3 is alkaline lower subsoil phase. a alkaline b brown c acid d deep e bleached A2 horizon f grey g stony h heavy textured k gravelly l light textured m self-mulching n neutral p structured q bleached A2 horizon absent r red s shallow v massive y yellow 1 surface horizons 2 subsoil horizons 3 lower subsoil-substrate co-dominant co-dominant soil of UMA. Is usually 30% or more however includes contrasting soils soil that occur down to 20-30%, includes soil phase codes if applicable. co-dominant as per Dom soil extent, values 2-4 soil extent minor 1-ext minor soil 1 and extent code, includes soil phase codes if applicable. minor 2-ext minor soil 2 and extent code, includes soil phase codes if applicable. minor 3-ext minor soil 3 and extent code, includes soil phase codes if applicable.

HEADING CODE DESCRIPTION Landform landform pattern of element (where more defined) of UMA pattern/element ALP alluvial plain BAD badlands DDE drainage depression FAN fan FOO footslope HIL hills (90-300m) LOW low hills (30-90m) MOU mountains (>300 m) PED pediment PLA plain PLY playa lake RIS rises (9-30m) STA stagnant alluvial plain TEF terrace (alluvial)

Relief modal describes modal slope and relief ranges of UMA slope GP gentle plain (1-3%, ,9m) GR gently undulating rises (1-3%, 9-30m) LP level plain (1%, <9m) RL rolling low hills (10-32%, 30-90m) RR rolling rises (10-32%, 9-30m) SH steep hills (32-56%, 90-300m) SL steep low hills (32-56%, 30-90m) UL undulating low hills (3-10%, 30-90m) UP undulating plain (3-10%, <9m) UR undulating rises (3-10%, 9-30m) VH very steep hills (56-100%, 90-300m) VM very steep mountains (56-100%, >300m)

Max slope % maximum slope of UMA, includes short slopes of significant drainage lines on plains

Land use limit 1 land use limit for general agricultural uses B badlands (eroded areas) D shallow (<55cm to rock) G stony L gilgai microrelief (>20cm deep) N none apparent R rock outcrop T short slopes/dissected W wetness (soils saturated >3months)

Land use limit 2 as land use limit 1, secondary land use limit

Native weed & declared native weed and extent code (as for soil extent code) extent C currant bush D mimosa bush

Exotic weed 1 & declared exotic weed and extent code extent A rubber vine B chinee apple C prickly acacia G Lantana

HEADING CODE DESCRIPTION Exotic weed 2 & as exotic weed 1 extent

Exotic weed 3 & as exotic weed 1 extent

Land use 1 major land use of UMA 0 no effective disturbance 1 no effective disturbance except grazing by hoofed animals 2 limited clearing 3 extensive clearing 4 complete clearing, pasture, but never cultivated 5 complete clearing, pasture, cultivated at some stage 6 cultivation, rainfed 7 cultivation, irrigated, past or present 8 highly disturbed, e.g. mining, urban

Land use 2 other major land use of UMA

Sheet erosion 1 nil to slight (0-5 % of UMA affected by sheet erosion >2 cm deep) status 2 moderate (5-30 % of UMA affected) 3 severe (>30 % of UMA affected)

Gully erosion 1 nil to slight (0-5 % of UMA affected by gully erosion >10 cm deep) status 2 moderate (5-30 % of UMA affected) 3 severe (>30 % of UMA affected)

Scalds status 1 nil to slight (0-5 % of UMA affected by scald erosion > 1m *1m) 2 moderate (5-30 % of UMA affected) 3 severe (>30 % of UMA affected)

Rockiness 1 nil, 0-2% of stone (<600 mm) 2 slight, 2-20% of stone (<600 mm) and or 0-2% rock outcrop 3 moderate, 20-90% of stone and or 2-10% rock outcrop 4 severe, >90% stone and or >10% rock outcrop

Depth to rock 1 deep (>1.0 m) 2 moderate (0.5-1.0 m) 3 shallow (<0.5 m)

Erosion potential 1 nil/slight 2 slight; sheet and/or wind erosion, small scalded patches may develop 3 moderate; gully and sheet erosion and/or significant scalded areas may develop 4 severe; major gullies may develop

Reactivity 1 nil to slight 2 slight, B horizons subplastic 3 moderate, B horizons reactive 4 severe, A and B horizons reactive

Subsoil sodicity 1 nil/slight, <6% ESP in B horizon 2 moderate, lower B horizon ESP 6-15% 3 moderate, top of B horizon ESP 6-15% 4 severe, top of B horizon ESP 15%

HEADING CODE DESCRIPTION Profile salinity salinity (dS/m) of dominant soil type, t= topsoil, s=subsiol. Single number denotes salinity of top and subsoil. Rating represents average value taken from a number of sample profiles which may not occur in UMA. 1 nil, <0.05 2 slight, 0.05-0.3 3 moderate, 0.31-1.2 4 severe, >1.2

Septic limitations 1 nil, permeable soils, suitable for standard septic systems 2 slight, permeable soils on steep slopes, suitable soils however slope may constraint use with lateral flow of effluent to surface before sufficient time for purification. 3 moderate, low permeable soils, controlled by additional trenching and special technique. Also includes rapidly drained, highly permeable sands with low microbe purification ability where trenches require a clay base to restrict deep drainage. 4 severe, low permeable soils, risk of overflow following heavy rains even with additional trenching and special techniques in place. Areas subject to regular flooding. Very rocky and steep slopes of mountainous terrain

Soil wetness/ 1 nil, rapidly drained soils drainage 2 nil/slight, moderately well to well drained soils 3 moderate, imperfectly drained soils 4 severe, very poorly to poorly drained soils

GQAL good quality agricultural land class of dominant soil of UMA, see DHLGP(1993) Planning Guidelines: The Identification of Good Agricultural Land. Department of Primary Industries and Department of Housing, Local Government and Planning. January 1993. A crop land B limited crop land C pasture land D non-agricultural land

CD Photo number of photo

UMA DATA Dominant soil soil Dominant extent soil Dominant Co-dominant soil extent soil Co-dom. soil 1 Minor 1 minor of Extent soil 2 Minor 2 minor of Extent soil 3 Minor 3 minor of Extent element pattern/ Landform Relief modal slope % slope Max. 1 use limit Land 2 use limit Land weed extent & Native Exotic weed 1 & extent Exotic weed 2 & extent Exotic weed 3 & extent use 1 Land use 2 Land Sheet erosion status Gully erosion status status Scalds Rockiness rock to Depth potential Erosion Reactivity sodicity Subsoil Profile salinity drainage wetness/ Soil limitations Septic GQAL CD Photo UMA number UMA number Area (ha) Data source unit Mapping

1 386 S GrSc Gr 5 Sc 4 FOO GR 4 N N B0 3 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 2 57 R Sc Sc 8 Sl 1 PED GP 2 N N B0 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 C 3 285 S SeSh Se 9 Sh 0 PLY LP 1 W N N 2 Es1Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 NA W4 T4 C 4 17 E SeSh Se 4 Sh 4 Pu 0 PLA LP 1 W N # B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t2, s2 W4 T4 C 5 210 S Sh Sha3 8 Pu 0 Ms 0 PLA LP 1 L W N B2 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 6 46 S Sh Sha3 8 Pu 0 Ms 0 PLA LP 1 L W N B2 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 7 148 S Sh Sha3 8 Pu 0 Ms 0 PLA LP 1 L W N B2 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 8 52 S Pu Pu 8 Ms 1 PLA LP 1 N N B1A0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 9 32 ER Gr Gr 9 Sc 0 RIS GR 5 N D # G1 3 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 10 986 S Gr Gr 9 Sc 0 RIS GR 5 N D D0G1 3 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 11 705 S Gr Gr 7 Clr2 1 Pu 0 RIS UR 5 N N G0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1/2 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 47, 48

12 187 S Pu Pu 8 Ms 1 PLA LP 1 N N B1A0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 93 13 470 S Mt Mt 7 Gi 1 Pu 0 Al 0 PLA GP 2 N N B1 A1 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec3 R1/2 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 14 11 E Pm Pm 8 Pu 1 RIS UR 4 N N B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 2 W2 T1 C 15 730 S MtSd Mt 5 Sd 3 Gi 0 PLA GP 2 N N B0 4 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 16 525 S Pu Pu 7 Sd 1 Ms 0 PLA GP 2 N N B1 A0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 17 27 EO Sl Sl 9 Mt 0 PLA LP 1 N N N 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 18 2590 G MI CO 8 Da 0 Hv 0 MOU VS 99 R D N # 0 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A1 # NA W1 T4 D 19 648 SO Pf Pf 6 Mt 2 Al 0 Sl 0 PLA LP 1 N N B0 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 1 W2 T1 C 20 41 EO Bl Bl 9 STA LP 1 N N N 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 21 179 EO MaRo Ma 6 Ro 3 ALP GP 3 N F N A0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 NA W1 T3 A 22 197 S Bl Bl 8 Ro 1 FAN LP 1 N N G0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 23 44 E Sc Sc 7 Gr 1 Wa 0 FOO GP 3 N # # 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W2 T1 C 24 448 S Sc Sc 6 Clr2 2 Al 0 PED GP 2 N N B0 3 5 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 C 25 30 E Sd Sd 8 Cl 1 PED GP 1 N N # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 26 558 S Cl Cl 8 Clr2 1 FAN GP 3 N N G0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 27 730 S Bl Bl 7 Wa 1 Ma 0 ALP LP 1 N F N A0 B0 7 5 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 29, 30 28 230 RE Bl Bl 8 Gr 0 Ro 0 ALP LP 1 N N N 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 29 737 RE Bl Bl 7 Ro 1 Gb 0 ALP LP 1 N N N 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 30 170 S SeAl Se 6 Al 2 Pu 1 DDE GP 2 W N N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t2, s2 W4 T4 C

Dominant soil soil Dominant extent soil Dominant Co-dominant soil extent soil Co-dom. soil 1 Minor 1 minor of Extent soil 2 Minor 2 minor of Extent soil 3 Minor 3 minor of Extent element pattern/ Landform Relief modal slope % slope Max. 1 use limit Land 2 use limit Land weed extent & Native Exotic weed 1 & extent Exotic weed 2 & extent Exotic weed 3 & extent use 1 Land use 2 Land Sheet erosion status Gully erosion status status Scalds Rockiness rock to Depth potential Erosion Reactivity sodicity Subsoil Profile salinity drainage wetness/ Soil limitations Septic GQAL CD Photo UMA number UMA number Area (ha) Data source unit Mapping

31 249 S Gr Gr 8 Cl 1 FAN GR 4 N N G1 2 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 66, 67 32 453 S WaCl Waf2 6 Cl 2 Ay 0 FAN GR 3 N N A1 G1 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T1 C 33 1467 S SdCl Sd 5 Cl 3 Sc 1 Al 0 Pu 0 PED GR 3 N N B0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W2 T3 C 40, 68 34 1027 S PuSd Pu 4 Sd 2 Gb 1 Cl 0 Al 0 STA GP 2 N N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 35 9 E Sl Sl 8 Pu 1 PED LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 36 23 E Sl Sl 8 Pu 1 PED LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 37 6 S Sd Sd 8 Pu 1 PLA LP 1 N N A0 3 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 39 427 S Gb Gb 7 Wa 1 Al 1 ALP GP 2 N F N A1 B0 4 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S3 t1, s3 W3 T3 B 40 531 S Pu Pu 7 Mt 1 Ms 0 PLA LP 1 N L D0 A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec3 R2 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 41 965 S Mt Mty2 7 Blr2 2 Sc 0 PLA LP 2 N N B0 4 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 43 116 S MtAl Mt 5 Al 3 Pf 0 STA GP 5 T C0 A1 B1 3 Es2 Eg3 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 44 98 S Sd Sd 6 Mt 2 Pf 0 PED UP 6 T B C1 A0 B0 3 Es2 Eg3 Ec2 R1 D1 P4 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 59, 60, 62, 63 94 45 172 S Al Al 9 Sy 0 ALP GP6 T N A0B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W3T1 C 46 43 S Cl Cl 7 Gr 2 FOO GP 6 T D N N 2 8 Es2 Eg3 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 47 381 S Ro Ro 6 Sd 1 Gr 1 Sy 0 FOO GP 3 N N N 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 48 176 GR MI Ay 7 Co 2 HIL VH 99 R D N A0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W1 T4 D 49 262 S LiSy Li 6 Sy 3 FOO UR 10 T N N 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 50 15 R Li Li 2 RIS UR15 R D N N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P3A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2T2 C 51 1143 S LiSy Li 5 Sy 3 Al 0 RIS UR 8 T N A0 B0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R1/2 D1 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 49, 50, 54 52 21 R Li Li 4 RIS UR6 R D N N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P2A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2T2 C 53 42 GE MS Gr 8 Ay 0 LOW RL 40 R D # # 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 54 67 S Sl Sl 8 Al 0 PLA GP 2 N N A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3T3 C 55 447 R Al Al 7 Sy 1 Li 0 FOO GR 10 T N A0 B0 2 7 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R1/2 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2 T1 C 56 30 S ScCl Sc 6 Cl 3 PED GP 2 N C0 A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 C 57 14 R Sc Sc 9 PED GP2 N C0 N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3T1 C 58 39 S Cl Cl 8 Sc 1 PED GP 2 N N A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 91 59 44 S Cl Cl 8 Gr 0 FOO GR 5 T N N N 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 60 29 R Ew EW 7 Sc 1 Cl 0 RIS GR 3 N G N B0 3 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A1 # NA W2 T1 C 61 45 S Bu Bul1 8 Bu 1 PED GP 2 N N A0 2 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S1 1 W2 T1 C 62 6 S Bu Bu 1 BAD UP 8 B N B2A2 8 Es2 Eg3 Ec3 R1 D2 P4 A3 S1 1 W2 T4 C 98

63 31 E Li Li 8 Sy 1 RIS GR 3 N G N # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1/2 D1/2 P2 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 64 324 RG MSMI Li 4 Sy 1 Cg 1 Da 1 Co 1 HIL SH 50 R D N A0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W1 T4 C 65 115 RG Li Li 8 Sy 1 FOO UR 6 T G N B0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D2 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 66 114 G MS Li 8 Ay 0 Co 1 HIL VH 99 R D N A0 1 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W1 T4 D 67 256 GS MS FL 7 Gr 2 HIL SH 99 R D N N 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 1 W1 T4 C 68 58 GE Li Li 9 RIS UR 10 N D 3 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 69 414 S Sy Sy 8 Li 1 PED GR 4 N T N B0 2 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R1/2 D1 P3 A1 S2 1 W2 T2 C 70 1293 G MMMI RA 4 Th 2 Pi 1 Li 1 Ew 1 RIS RR 50 R T # # 1 7 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2/3 P3 A2 # t1/2, s1 W1 T4 C 71 1314 G MM Ew 9 MOU VM 99 R D # # 0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A1 # NA W1 T4 D 72 86 G MI PI 8 Hv 1 HIL SH 99 R D # # 1 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A1 # 1 W1 T4 D

73 350 S Al Al 8 Da 1 FOOGR 8 N G N N Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R2 D1/2 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2T1 C 95 74 193 G MI CO 8 Da 1 HIL VH 99 R D N A0 0 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A1 # 1 W1 T4 D 75 426 S Al Al 8 Ma 1 RIS GR6 N D N A0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D2 P3A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2T1 C 76 6 R MD MD BAD RR 20 B N N 8 Es2 Eg3 Ec1 R3 D3 P4NA # NA W2 T4 D 77 258 S Li Li 6 Sy 2 Gr 1 FOO GP 3 N N N 2 8 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 78 102 GE LiSy Li 6 Sy 3 Bl 0 RIS UR 10 T N A0 B0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T2 C 79 39 GR MS Li 6 Da 3 HIL SH 50 R D N # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W1 T4 D 80 58 R Li Li 8 Sy 0 RIS UR 6 G N N N 3 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1 P2 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2T1 C 81 59 R Bl Blr 2 Pf 0 ALP GP 2 N N N 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 82 4 GR Li Li 8 Sy 0 RIS UR 8 G N N N 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D2 P2 A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2T1 C 83 841 G MMMI EW 4 Da 3 Sy 0 Co 1 Pi 1 HIL VH 99 R D # A0 2 8 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 # NA W1 T4 D 84 273 RG MS Li 7 Fl 2 HIL VH 99 R D N # 2 8 Es3 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2 P4 A2 S1 NA W1 T4 D 85 268 G MI CO 5 Da 3 LOW RL 25 T G # # 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 # 1 W2 T4 C 86 287 S Sd Sd 7 Gr 2 FOO GR 5 N N N 3 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1/2 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W2 T3 C 87 461 GE MIMS Ay 4 Fl 4 Pi 0 HIL SH 80 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W1 T4 C 88 144 GE MI Ay 4 Ew 4 Pi 0 HIL SH 60 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W1 T4 C 89 39 E Cl Cl 7 Gr 1 Pm 0 RIS GR 2 N D # # 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1/2 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 90 89 S ClGr Cl 6 Gr 3 RIS UR 15 G N N N 2 3 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 92 201 GE MI Ay 4 Ew 4 Pi 0 HIL SH 80 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W1 T4 C

93 36 R Li Li 2 RIS UR15 R D N N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P3A2 S1 t1/2, s1 W2T2 C 94 224 RS Mt Mt 6 Al 2 Pf 0 DDE GP 5 T B C0 A0 B0 2 Es2 Eg3 Ec2 R1 D1 P4 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 96 26 ER Al Al 8 Pf 1 STA GP 5 N N N 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W3 T1 C 97 13 S MI Ay 9 LOW SL 70 G R N A0B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 D 57 98 49 S Gr Grh1 7 Ay 1 Al 0 RIS GR 4 G D C0 B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D2 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 99 21 S Al Al 9 Gr 0 PLA GP2 N N A0B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W3T1 C 100 28 S AlPf Al 5 Pf 4 PLA UP20 T B N N 2 Es2 Eg3 Ec2 R1 D1 P4 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W3T1 C 56 101 45 GE Ay Ay 9 LOW SL 50 G R N A0B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D2/3 P4 A1 S1 NA W2 T4 C 102 692 S Sl Sl 7 Mt 2 FOO GR 5 N C0 A0 B0 2 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R2 D1 P4 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 95 103 148 S Pf Pf 6 Mt 2 Al 0 STA GP 8 T C0 A1 B0 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 1 W2 T1 C

105 137 S Sl Sl 7 Al 1 Pf 0 ALP GP 1 N N A0 B0 2 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 96 106 1236 SO Gb Gb 7 Gi 1 Pu 1 PLA LP 1 N L C0 A0 2 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A3 S3 t1, s3 W3 T3 C 51 107 249 EO Gi Gi 7 Sh 1 Gb 0 STA LP 1 N L N # 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 108 473 RE Pu Pu 7 Mt 0 Gi 0 Sc 0 PLA LP 1 N C0 A0 B0 3 Es2 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 109 224 EO Sl Sl 8 Pf 0 Gi 0 ALP LP 1 N N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 B 110 14 E Pf Pf 9 TEF GR 5 N F # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 1 W2 T1 C 111 178 S Bl Bl 8 Sc 1 DDE UR 8 T F N N 4 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 112 113 S Sl Sl 8 Mt 1 STA LP 1 N N B0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 B 113 23 E Ro Ro 9 TEF GR 3 N F N # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 114 80 E Gi Gi 7 Pu 1 Sh 0 PLA LP 1 N N B0 3 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 115 139 ER Gi Gi 7 Sh 0 Pu 0 STA LP 1 N N N 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 116 290 RE Sl Sl 8 Bl 1 STA GP 6 N T N A0 4 Es2 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 117 52 E Gi Gi 7 Sh 1 Pu 0 ALP LP 2 L N N A0B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2A4 S3 t1, s3 W4T4 C 118 313 S Sh Sh 8 Pu 1 ALP LP 1 L N N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 119 29 R MF MF NA NA0 F NANA NA NANA NA NA NA NANA # NA W4 T4 D 120 67 E GiPu Gi 5 Pu 3 Sh 1 DDE LP 2 N N A1 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 121 36 RE Sh Sh 8 Gi 0 Pu 0 PLA GP 4 L T N A1 B0 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 122 461 S Sh Sh 7 Gi 1 Pu 0 STA LP 2 L N N A0 B0 4 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 74, 75, 76 123 41 E ShPu Sh 7 Pu 2 STA LP 1 L N N A0B0 4 Es1Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C

124 133 S Mt Mt 9 Gi 0 STA LP 1 N N B0 4 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 125 399 S ScMF Sc 5 MF 3 Wa 0 DDE UR 10 F N A0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W2 T4 C 126 18 E Sd Sd 9 ALP UP 5 T N A0B0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 127 90 S Sd Sd 8 Pu 1 ALP GP 4 T N A0B0 3 Es1Eg3 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 128 53 S Ay Ay 8 Al 1 RIS RR 30 G D N B0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 129 8 EG Ay Ay 7 Su 1 Cl 0 RIS RR 20 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 130 5 EG Ay Ay 7 Su 1 Cl 0 LOW RL 20 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 131 17 EG Ay Ay 7 Su 1 Cl 0 RIS RR 20 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 132 10 EG Ay Ay 7 Su 1 Cl 0 RIS RR 20 G D # # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 133 76 S MI Su 7 Ay 1 Cl 0 LOW SL 50 G D N A0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A2 S1 NA W2 T2 D 134 5 R MF MF NA NA0 F NANA NA NANA NA NA NA NANA # NA W4 T4 D 135 240 S PuGi Pu 5 Gi 4 STA LP 1 N N A0 B0 2 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 97 136 10 E Gr Gr 8 Sd 1 RIS GR 3 N N B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 137 61 S Sl Sl 8 Aye1 1 PLA LP 1 N N N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3T3 C 138 499 S Pm Pm 7 Pu 1 Gr 0 FOO UR 8 T G N B0 2 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A1 S2 2 W2 T1 C 139 244 S Gr Gr 7 Sl 1 Ay 0 FOO GR 10 T N N B0 A0 2 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1/2 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 140 161 S Gr Gr 8 Sl 1 FOO GR 5 N N N 2 4 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 141 90 R Sd Sd 8 Ma 1 ALP UP 8 T N N A0B0 2 Es2 Eg3 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 142 284 S Sl Sl 7 Sd 1 Sh 0 ALP LP 1 N N N 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 143 20 R Ay Ay 8 Gr 1 RIS UR10 G D # N 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 144 37 S Sh Shb2 9 Sl 0 ALP LP 1 L N N B0 3 Es1Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 145 75 S AyWa Ay 6 Wa 2 Sl 1 RIS UR 10 G N N N 3 7 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P2 A1 S1 NA W2 T2 C 80, 81 146 435 S Wa Wa 7 Mt 1 Su 0 FOO GR 8 N G N N 3 5 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A1 S1 t1/2, s1 W2 T1 B 147 5096 G MI Su 5 Co 3 Da 0 Th 0 MOU VM 99 R D N A0 0 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A2 S1 NA W1 T4 D 148 253 S Mt Mt 8 Wa 0 Gr 0 PED GP 2 N N N 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W2 T3 C 84, 85 149 256 GR MI Ay 4 Co 3 Su 0 Gr 0 HIL SH 50 R D # # 2 1 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A1 S1 NA W1 T4 D 150 43 S Da Da 8 Wa 0 Su 0 RIS UL 20 G R N B0 2 1 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A2 S1 1 W2 T2 C 13 151 177 S AlCl Al 6 Clr2 2 Wa 0 PED GR 5 N T N N 5 6 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2 T1 B 152 162 S Cl Clr2 7 Bl 1 Da 0 PED GP 4 N T N N 5 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 12 153 39 S Da Da 9 Wa 0 LOW UL 20 G R N G1 1 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P3 A2 S1 1 W2 T2 C 11

154 403 SG MI Su 4 Ay 2 Pi 2 Wa 0 HIL SH 45 G D # A0 B0 2 1 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A2 S1 NA W1 T4 C 1, 2 155 10 S Cl Clh12 9 Da 0 FOO GP 3 N N N 5 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 156 71 RE Da Da 7 Su 1 Wa 0 RIS UR 10 N G N G0 5 1 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A2 S1 1 W2 T1 C 157 67 S Cl Cl 7 Pu 2 PLA GP 1 N N B1 3 6 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 158 157 S Pu Pu 8 Cl 0 Gi 0 PLA LP 1 N N B1 G0 A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 70 159 26 S PmGr Pm 6 Gr 3 RIS UR 6 N D N G1 B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec2 R2 D2 P2 A1 S2 2 W2 T1 C 71 160 97 S Sl Sl 9 PLA LP 1 N N A0 B0 2 5 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 161 250 S Sh Sha3 9 Gi 0 PLA LP 2 N L N B4A0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 162 270 S ShMt Sh 6 Mtp1 3 PLA LP 1 W N N B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 163 10 E Sl Sl 9 PLA LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 164 1 E Sl Sl 9 PLA LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C

165 18 ER Sl Sl 8 Gi 1 PLA LP 1 N N B0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 98 166 12 E Sl Sl 9 PLA LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 167 4 E Sl Sl 9 PLA LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 168 21 S Da Da 8 Gr 1 RIS GR 4 N R N B0 G0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R2 D1/2 P2 A2 S1 1 W2 T1 C 4 169 200 E Sc Sc 7 Gr 1 Pu 0 PED GP 2 N # B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 C 170 134 S SuSl Su 6 Sl 2 Wa 0 FOO GR 4 N N B1 G0 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A2 S1 NA W2 T1 C 72 171 24 S Sl Sl 8 Gi 1 PLA LP 1 N N B0 2 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 172 594 S BlGb Bl 6 Gb 2 Ma 1 Pu 0 ALP GP 2 N N B1 A0 G0 6 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 20, 69 173 123 S SlGb Sl 5 Gb 4 PLA LP 1 N N A0 B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 8 174 312 S Gr Gr 7 Sd 1 Pu 0 PED GR 3 N N G0 B0 A0 4 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 73 175 96 S Al Al 7 Ay 1 Sh 0 FOO GR 8 N T N B0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2 T1 C 176 74 S Gr Gr 7 Ay 1 Cl 0 FOO GR 6 N D N G0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W1 T3 C 3 177 74 E Pu Pu 8 Ms 1 PLA LP 1 N N B1A0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 178 221 S Cl Cl 8 Pm 0 Gr 0 PED GR 3 N N N 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 179 61 SE Sl Sl 8 Gi 1 ALP GP 3 N N A0 B0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3T3 C 180 764 S GiSh Gi 6 Sh 2 Sl 0 PLA GP 3 L N N B0A0 4 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 181 872 S Sl Sl 7 Sc 1 Slr2 0 PLA GP 1 N N B0 A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 21 182 178 S Sl Slr2 8 Pu 1 ALP LP 1 N N N 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 B 183 11 E Sl Sl 8 Gi 1 PLA LP 1 N N B0 2 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C

184 187 G MI CO 8 Ay 1 HIL SH 50 R D N # 1 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R3 D2 P4 A1 # 1 W1 T4 C 185 26 E Gi Gi 7 Sh 1 Pu 0 STA LP 1 N L N # 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 186 562 S Gi Gi 7 Pu 1 Sh 0 STA LP 1 L N N A0 B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 89 187 126 S MsGb Ms 5 Gb 3 Gi 1 ALP LP 2 L N N A0 B0 2 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 B 188 38 ER Pu Pu 8 Sh 1 PLA LP 1 N N B1A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 189 701 S Sd Sd 7 Gb 1 PLA LP 1 N N A0 B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 88 190 640 S MsAl Ms 6 Al 2 Gb 0 STA GP 2 N C0 A0 B0 2 6 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 191 2667 S Ms Ms 6 Sc 1 Mt 0 Gb 0 PED LP 2 N C0 A0 B0 2 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 90, 94 192 375 S GiPu Gi 7 Pu 3 PLA LP 2 N L C0A1 B0 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 C 193 2790 S SlPu Sl 4 Pu 3 Gb 2 PLA GP 1 N C0 B1 A0 3 7 Es1 Eg2 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T3 C 79

194 431 S Mt Mt 7 Ms 1 Pu 0 PED GP 1 N C0 A0 B0 2 Es1 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C 99 195 118 E Sc Sc 7 Cl 2 PED GP 2 N C0 # 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 C 196 705 S ScSl Sc 5 Sl 3 Pf 0 STA LP 1 N N A0 2 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W3 T1 B 14, 16, 17, 22 197 296 S PuSy Pu 6 Sy 3 Mt 0 RIS GR 3 N C0 B0 2 Es2 Eg1 Ec2 R1/2 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 53 198 358 S Pu Pu 7 Sl 1 Sd 0 PLA LP 1 N N A0 B0 3 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 199 10 E Pu Pu 9 Gi 0 PLA LP 1 N # # 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 200 321 S AlAy Al 5 Ay 2 Mt 1 Gr 0 FOO UR 15 N G N N 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A3 S3 t1/2, s3 W2 T1 C 201 194 E Pu Pu 6 Gi 1 Sc 1 PLA GP 3 N N A0 B0 2 7 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W2 T3 C 202 240 RO Bl Bl 7 Ro 1 Ms 0 ALP GP 2 N N A0 7 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 203 595 RE GiPu Gi 5 Pu 3 Sh 0 Sd 0 PLA GP 1 N N A0 B0 7 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 204 63 EO Sh Sh 7 Gi 1 Pu 0 STA LP 1 L N N # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 205 416 S GiPu Gi 6 Pu 2 Sh 1 PLA LP 1 N L N A0 B0 2 7 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A4 S3 t1, s3 W4 T4 B 23 206 302 SO PuSh Pu 5 Sh 3 Mt 0 STA LP 1 N L N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 207 516 RG SyLi Sy 5 Li 2 Gr 0 Cl 0 PED GR 5 T N B0 3 7 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1 P3 A1 S2 1 W2 T1 C 208 42 EO Pu Pu 7 Gi 1 Gb 0 STA LP 1 N # # 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 209 79 G Cl Cl 7 Sc 1 Sy 0 Li 0 FOO UR 5 N T # B0 3 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1/2 D1/2 P4 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 210 424 SO Bl Bl 7 Gb 1 Ma 0 ALP LP 1 N F N A0 B0 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 A 211 176 S Sc Sc 6 Sd 2 Ay 0 FOO GR 4 N N N 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A1 S2 t1, s2/3 W2 T1 C 212 206 S Bl Bl 7 Sd 2 PLA LP 1 N N B0 3 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C

Dominant soil soil Dominant extent soil Dominant Co-dominant soil extent soil Co-dom. soil 1 Minor 1 minor of Extent soil 2 Minor 2 minor of Extent soil 3 Minor 3 minor of Extent Landform pattern/ element Relief modal slope % slope Max. 1 use limit Land 2 use limit Land weed extent & Native Exotic weed 1 & extent Exotic weed 2 & extent Exotic weed 3 & extent use 1 Land use 2 Land Sheet erosion status Gully erosion status status Scalds Rockiness rock to Depth potential Erosion Reactivity sodicity Subsoil Profile salinity drainage wetness/ Soil limitations Septic GQAL CD Photo UMA number UMA number Area (ha) Data source unit Mapping

213 853 S Pu Pu 7 Gb 1 Sd 0 PLA LP 1 N N A1 B0 3 4 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 64, 65 230 16 EO PuSh Pu 5 Sh 3 Mt 0 STA LP 1 N L N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec3 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 231 1728 G MI Su 5 Co 3 Da 0 Th 0 MOU VM 99 R D N A0 0 Es2 Eg1 Ec1 R4 D3 P4 A2 S1 NA W1 T4 D 236 400 S Sy Sy 6 Li 1 Cl 1 FOO GR 4 N N N 3 4 Es2 Eg2 Ec2 R1/2 D1 P3 A1 S2 1 W2 T2 C 237 54 R Cl Cl 6 Sc 2 Gr 1 FOO GR 3 N N B0 3 7 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P3 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 C 238 77 EG AyGr Ay 7 Gr 2 FOO GR 4 G N # B0 2 Es2 Eg2 Ec1 R2 D1/2 P3 A1 S1 NA W2 T1 C 240 887 S Pu Pu 7 Gb 1 Wa 0 ALP LP 2 N F N A0 B0 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P3 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 241 22 O Pm Pm 9 PED GP 3 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 2 W2 T1 C 242 52 E Sd Sd 7 Gb 1 Pu 1 PLA LP 1 N N A0 B0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s2/3 W3 T3 C

247 70 E Pu Pu 7 Bl 1 Gb 0 ALP LP 1 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S4 t1/2, s3 W3 T3 C 100 248 70 O Cl Cl 8 Pm 0 Gr 0 PLA GP 2 N # # 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P1 A1 S1 1 W2 T1 B 249 66 SO Mt Mt 9 PLA GP2 N N B2 A0 2 Es1 Eg1 Ec2 R1 D1 P2A3 S3 1 W3 T1 C 250 415 OE Sc Sc 7 Al 0 Gi 0 Pu 1 PLA GP 2 N N # 4 3 Es1 Eg1 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A1 S2 NA W3 T1 C 251 214 OE ScSd Sc 5 Sd 4 PED GP 2 N N # 4 3 Es1 Eg2 Ec1 R1 D1 P2 A3 S2 t1, s2/3 W2 T1 C

101

Appendix IV Vegetation List

Scientific name Common name Code in site database Acacia holosericea ACHO1 Acacia species ACSP2 Alphitonia excelsa red ash ALEXC Alternanthera pungens khaki weed ALPUN Aristida species ARSP1 Atriplex muelleri saltbush ATMUE Bothriochloa pertusa indian couch BOPER Bursaria incana prickly pine BUINC Bursaria species BUSP2 Casuarina luehmannii bull oak CALU1 Chloris barbata purple top chloris CHBAR Chrysopogon fallax golden beard grass CHFAL Chloris gayana rhodes grass CHGAY Chloris species CHSP1 Corymbia clarksoniana long-fruited grey bloodwood COCLA Corymbia erythrophloia red-barked bloodwood COERY Corymbia papuana ghost gum COPAP Corymbia tessellaris Moreton Bay ash COTES Dichanthium brownii DIBR1 Dichanthium sericeum Queensland blue grass DISE1 Dichanthium species DISP1 Digitaria species DISP2 Eremophila mitchellii false sandalwood ERMIT Eragrostis species love grasses ERSP1 Erythrina vespertilio bat-wing coral tree ERVE1 Eucalyptus brownii Reid River box EUBR1 Eucalyptus crebra narrow-leaved ironbark EUCR1 Eucalyptus platyphylla poplar gum EUPL1 Eucalyptus (Box) species EUSP5 Eucalyptus tereticornis blue gum EUTE2 Grewia scabrella dogsballs GRSCA Grevillea species GRSP1 Grevillea striata beefwood GRSTR Heteropogon contortus black spear grass HECO1 Heteropogon triticeus giant spear grass HETRI Lophostemon suaveolens swamp mahogany LOSU1 Melinis repens red natal grass MEREP Melaleuca species tea-tree MESP1 Melaleuca viridiflora broad-leaf tea-tree MEVI1 Panicum species PASP1 Pandanus species pandanus PASP2 Paspalidium species PASP4 Petalostigma pubescens quinine bush PEPUB Sida aculeata flannel weed SIACU Sida cordifolia flannel weed SICO2 Sida species SISP1 Sporobolus caroli fairy grass SPCAR Stachytarpheta jamaicensis snake weed STJAM Stylosanthes species STSP2 Themeda triandra kangaroo grass THTRI 102

Appendix V Map Legend

Map Symbol Australian Soil profile description unit Classification

SOILS OF RECENT ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS

Black Bl Brown Kandosol 0.05-0.2 m dark greyish brown to yellowish brown sandy loam A1 horizon over sandy clay loam, occasionally bleached A2 horizon to 0.15-0.4 m over brown sandy light clay to 1.2 m+.

Magenta Ma Orthic/Bleached- 0.05-0.45 m dark brown to greyish brown loamy sand to sandy loam Orthic Tenosols A1 horizons over paler, sometimes conspicuously bleached, sandy A2 horizon to 0.5-0.75 m over dark brown clayey sand B horizon to 1.4 m+.

Ross Ro Yellow/Brown 0.08-0.4 m yellowish brown loamy sand to sandy loam A1 horizons Dermosol over brownish yellow sandy clay loam A3 horizon to 0.25-0.7 m grading to brown sandy light medium clay to 1.3 m+.

Serpentine Se Oxyaquic 0.18 m very dark greyish brown silty clay loam A horizon over very Hydroso dark grey silty light medium clay to 1.05 m+

Walker Wa Brown Dermosol 0.05-0.25 m dark grey clay loam (sandy to silty) A horizons over dark brown grading to mottled yellowish brown light to medium clay to 1.2 m+.

SOILS OF RELIC ALLUVIAL PLAINS

Bullock Bu Brown Vertosol 0.1-0.2 m dark grey light clay A horizon over brown light to medium clay B horizon grading to white calcareous clay loam to 1.2 m+, profile is alkaline throughout.

Goodbye Gb Grey and Black 0.05-0.15 m dark greyish brown silty clay loam A1 horizon over Dermosols sporadically bleached clay loam fine sandy A2 horizon to 0.2-0.3 m over greyish brown, alkaline with depth sandy light medium clay B horizons to 1.4 m+.

Gillian Gi Brown Vertosol 0.05-0.1 m greyish brown light clay A horizon over olive brown to dark grey medium to heavy clay B horizons to 1.5 m+.

Moosie Ms Brown Dermosol 0.1-0.25 m dark greyish brown sandy clay loam A1 horizons over bleached clay loam fine sandy A2 horizon over mottled brown, alkaline with depth light to medium heavy clay B horizons to 1.3 m+.

Manton Mt Brown 0.5-0.1 m dark greyish brown to brown sandy clay loam A horizons Sodosol/Chromos over yellowish to greyish brown, alkaline with depth sandy light ol medium clay to medium heavy clay B horizons to 1.3 m+.

Pennsfield Pf Red Chromosol 0.1-0.3 m dark brown sandy loam to sandy clay loam at depth A horizons over red grading to yellowish red and brown, occasionally mottled medium clay B horizons to 1.2 m+.

Purono Pu Grey Sodosol 0.05-0.25 m dark brown sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay loam A1 horizons over bleached sandy loam to clay loam sandy A2 horizon to 0.2-0.45 m over mottled greyish brown, alkaline with depth sandy medium clay B horizons to 1.3 m+.

103

Map Symbol Australian Soil profile description unit Classification

SOILS OF RELIC ALLUVIAL PLAINS (continued)

Scrubby Sc Brown Sodosol 0.05-0.2 m dark greyish brown sandy loam A1 horizons over conspicuously bleached pale brown A2 horizon to 0.2-0.7 m over mottled olive brown sandy light to medium clay B horizons to 1.3m+.

Stockyard Sd Grey Sodosol 0.05-0.15 m dark brown loamy sand to sandy loam over bleached pale brown A2 horizon to 0.25-0.45 m over mottled yellowish brown grading to alkaline mottled greyish brown sandy medium clay to 1.4 m+.

Sachs Sh Black Vertosol 0.05-0.08 m dark grey medium clay A horizon over dark grey to black medium clay to heavy clay B horizon to 2.0 m+, occasionally alkaline at depth.

Stockard Sl Brown Sodosol/ 0.05-0.15 m dark greyish brown sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay loam Chromosol loam A1 horizons over conspicuously bleached pale brown clay loam fine sandy A2 horizon to 0.2-0.4 m over mottled yellowish brown to olive brown, alkaline at depth sandy medium clay to 1.3 m+.

SOILS OF PEDIMENT SLOPES AND ALLUVIAL FANS

Althaus Al Brown Sodosol 0.15-0.30 m dark brown to yellowish brown loamy sand to sandy loam A1 horizons over paler clayey sand to sandy clay loam A2 horizon to 0.20-0.55 m over mottled olive brown, alkaline at depth sandy medium clay to 1.2 m+.

Clemant Cl Brown Kandosol 0.05-0.15 m dark brown loamy sand to sandy loam A1 horizon over paler yellowish brown clayey sand A2 horizon to 0.4-1.0 m over yellowish brown sandy clay loam to 1.3 m+.

SOILS OF FOOTSLOPES AND UNDULATING RISES

Artillery Ay Red Dermosol 0.10-0.15 m dark reddish brown sand to sandy loam A1 horizon over sandy clay loam A2 horizon to 0.2-0.3 m over yellowish red clay loam (sandy) B horizon to 0.5-1.0 m+ over rock, stone throughout profile.

Dalrymple Da Red Chromosol 0.1-0.2 m dark reddish brown sandy loam to sandy clay loam A horizons over red grading to yellowish brown medium clay B horizons to 0.8-1.0 m+ grading to weathered rock.

Ewan Ew Leptic/Orthic Shallow massive brown sandy loams over metamorphic rock Tenosol

Granite Gr Orthic Tenosol 0.03-0.3 m brown sand to clayey sand A horizons over paler sandy A2 horizons to 0.2-0.5 m over brownish yellow clayey sand B horizon to 0.6-1.4 m over weathered rock.

Limeview Li Red Dermosol 0.05-0.1 m dark brown sandy clay loam A horizons over red with yellowish red mottles medium clay B horizons to 0.7-1.4 m+ over weathered rock.

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Map unit Symbol Australian Soil profile description Classification

SOILS OF FOOTSLOPES AND UNDULATING RISES (continued)

Stuart Su Red Dermosol 0.1 m dark grey clay loam A horizon over dark reddish brown light clay B1 horizon 0 0.2-0.3 m over brown medium clay B2 horizon to 0.75 m over greyish brown clay loam (sandy) B3 horizon to 1.2 m+.

Pall Mall Pm Yellow Chromosol 0.15-0.5 m dark brown loamy sand to sandy loam A1 horizons over brown clayey sand A2 horizon to 0.4-0.7 m over light yellowish brown gritty medium clay B2 horizon to 1.4 m+. Much fine quartz gravel throughout profile. Stanley Sy Yellow Dermosol 0.05-0.15 m dark brown sandy loam to sandy clay loam A horizons over mottled yellowish brown sandy medium clay B horizons to 1.3 m+.

SOILS OF HILLS AND MOUNTAINS

Mountainous MI Red and Yellow Shallow and stony sands and loams, Red and yellow gradational Igneous Chromosols/Dermo soils in undulating areas. sols/Kandosols and Leptic/Orthic Tenosols

Mountainous MM Red and Brown Shallow gravelly brown sandy loams over metamorphic rock. Metamorphic Chromosols/Rudos Minor areas of dark loams over red to yellowish red clay. ols Mountainous MS Leptic/Orthic Dark greyish brown to yellowish brown sands to sandy loam over Sedimentary Tenosols sandstone rock.

MISCELLANEOUS UNITS

Miscellaneous MF NA Man made or natural dams, lagoons or frequently flooded areas. Flooded

Miscellaneous MD Rudosols and Eroded and modified sandy loams and clay loams. Some areas Disturbed Calcarosols stony.