Bahaus • De Stijl • Art Deco CUBISM

• Cubism is an early-20th-century art movement which brought European painting and sculpture historically forward toward 20th century Modern art.

• Wide variety of art produced in Paris during 1910’s and 1920’s.

• Broken up and reassembled artwork

Pablo Picasso, 1910, Girl with a Mandolin (Fanny Tellier), oil on canvas CUBISM

The movement was pioneered by:

• Pablo Picasso • Georges Braque • Jean Metzinger • Albert Gleizes • Robert Delaunay • Henri Le Fauconnier • Fernand Léger • Paul Cézanne (3-dimentional cubism) CUBISM

Cubism had impact of different architectural style developing in other countries such as:

• Futurism, • Suprematism, • Dada, • Constructivism, • Bahaus • De Stijl • Art Deco CUBISM

Early Cubism Painting's:

Proto-Cubism: 1907-1908

• Fusion of past and present • Multiple Perspective • Simplification of geometric forms • Mechanization

By 1911, Picasso was recognized as the inventor of Cubism.

Pablo Picasso, 1909-10, Figure dans un Fauteuil oil on canvas CUBISM

Georges Braque’s importance and precedence was argued later, with respect to his treatment of space, volume and mass

1908 oil painting by Georges Braque CUBISM

High Cubism: 1909-1914 Late Cubism: 1914-1921

Albert Gleizes, Man on a Balcony 1912, oil Jean Metzinger, 1914-15, Soldat jouant aux échecs (Soldier on canvas, Boston at a Game of Chess, oil on canvas, University of Chicago CUBISM ARCHITECTURE

Cubism is an important link between early 20th century art and architecture.

• Faceting of forms • Spatial ambiguity • Transparency • Multiplicity

Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three- dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical House of the Black Madonna in Prague, built by Josef Gočár in 1912 perspective.

No Reference to the past CUBISM ARCHITECTURE

Further,

• Simplification of designs • Use of industrial materials

Le Corbusier, Assembly building, Chandigarh, India CZECH CUBISM ARCHITECTURE

Cubist Architecture is found majorly in Bohemia (today Czech Republic), Capital of Prague.

Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings.

Characteristics: • Dynamism • Creativity • Simple and calm

Villa Kovařovic in Prague by Josef Chochol ARCHITECTURAL STYLE TIMELINE BAHAUS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BAHAUS

Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design.

The school existed in three German cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Walter Gropius Dessau from 1925 to 1932, Hannes Meyer Berlin from 1932 to 1933, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe BAHAUS

Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design.

The school existed in three German cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Walter Gropius Dessau from 1925 to 1932, Hannes Meyer Berlin from 1932 to 1933, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

Bauhaus building in Weimar Bauhaus building in Dessau BAHAUS

Founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art.

Along with architecture also had an influence on subsequent arts – Interior, Graphic Design, Industrial Design and Typography. BAHAUS

Founded with the idea of creating a "total" work of art.

Along with architecture also had an influence on subsequent arts – Interior, Graphic Design, Industrial Design and Typography. BAHAUS ORIGIN

The Bauhaus movement began in 1919 when Walter Gropius founded a school with a vision of bridging the gap between art and industry by combining crafts and fine arts.

Most influential modernist art school of the 20th century, one whose approach to teaching, and understanding art's relationship to society and technology, had a major impact both in Europe and the United States long after it closed.

"The ultimate aim of all artistic activity is building! ... Architects, sculptors, painters, we must all get back to craft! ... The artist is a heightened manifestation of the craftsman. ... Let us form ... a new guild of craftsmen without the class divisions that set out to raise an arrogant barrier between craftsmen and artists! ... Let us together create the new building of the future which will be all in one: architecture and sculpture and painting.“

-Walter Gropius BAHAUS ORIGIN

• In 1919, Germany was in Economic crisis after the war.

• Concerned with the social aspects of Design.

• New rational social housing for workers. BAHAUS ORIGIN

• Anxieties about the soullessness of manufacturing and its products

• Fears about art's loss of purpose in society

• Creativity and manufacturing were drifting apart

Bauhaus aimed to unite them once again, rejuvenating design for everyday life.

• Led to the 'fine arts' being rethought as the 'visual arts',

• Stress on experiment and problem solving at the Bauhaus has proved enormously influential for the approaches to education in the arts. BAHAUS ORIGIN

• Bauhaus abandoned much of the ethos of the old academic tradition of fine art education

• Linked theoretical pursuits with practical skills, crafts and techniques

• Fine art and craft were brought together with the goal of problem solving for a modern industrial society. BAHAUS CONCEPT AND STYLES

1st Ring: six-month preliminary course practical formal analysis, in particular on the contrasting properties of forms, colors and materials

2nd and 3rd Ring: Three- year courses focused on problems related to form (functionalism through simplified, geometric forms), a practical workshop instruction that emphasized technical craft skills.

Centre: Building Construction Technology with art and crafts. BAHAUS CONCEPT AND STYLES

The basic pedagogical approach was to eliminate competitive tendencies and to foster individual creative potential and a sense of community and shared purpose. BAHAUS PHILOSOPHY

• Primarily knowledge of industry and mass production, rather than individual craftsmanship.

• Bring together fine arts and applied arts. And remove this distinction.

• Purely creative, no regard with the past.

• manual experience of materials

• the study of rational design in terms of techniques and materials to develop a modern sense of beauty.

Understanding present aspects such as artistic, technical, social, economic, spiritual etc. so that he may function in society not as a decorator but as a vital participant. BAHAUS CHARACTERISTICS

• Rejected unnecessary architectural elements like cornices, eaves and decorated details.

• Classical architecture in pure basic form without ornamentation.

• Cubical shapes, flat roofs and smooth facades.

• Exteriors are plain, simple and unornamented

• Floors are open and furniture is functional

• Buildings oriented in a way that they receive maximum sun light.

• Windows were fixed in grid pattern

BAHAUS CHARACTERISTICS

5 Characteristics of Bahaus Art, Architecture and Design

1. Form follows function Utility came first and excessive ornamentations were avoided

2. True materials Honesty of Artist- no need modify or hide materials for the sake of aesthetics BAHAUS CHARACTERISTICS

5 Characteristics of Bahaus Art, Architecture and Design

3. Minimalistic Style Favored linear and geometrical forms line, shape and colours mattered

4. Gesamtkunstwerk A synthesis of arts - to modern times. Combines multiple arts unified through Architecture. BAHAUS CHARACTERISTICS

5 Characteristics of Bahaus Art, Architecture and Design

5. Uniting Art and Technology New emphasis on technology prototypes of products, suitable for mass production artists embraced the new possibilities of modern technologies

BAHAUS FUNCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

• Simplicity

• Symmetry

• Angularity

• Abstraction

• Consistency

• Unity

• Organization

• Economy

• Sharpness

• Monochromaticity BAHAUS ARCHITECTS AND ARTISTS

The founder architects of Bahaus school of art, architecture and design were: • Walter Gropius • Hennes Meyer • Mies Van der rohe

The school is also renowned for its faculty, which included artists • Wassily Kandinsky • Josef Albers • László Moholy-Nagy • Paul Klee designer Marcel Breuer. WALTER GROPIUS (1883-1969)

• Born in Berlin, Germany in 1883

• He studied architecture in Munich;

• He was professor of architecture at Harvard University (1938-52)

• German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919–28),

• Exerted a major influence on the development of modern architecture. His works, many executed in collaboration with other architects, included the school building and faculty housing at the Bauhaus (1925–26), the Harvard University Graduate Center, and the United States Embassy in Athens. WALTER GROPIUS (1883-1969)

Famous Buildings:

• Fagus Factory (1911-1913) • Bauhaus • Gropius House (1937-38 ) • Josephine M. Hagerty House 1938 • J.f. Kennedy Federal Building : 1963-1966 • Pan Am Building(now Metlife Building) 1960-1963 • Waldenmark 1939

Peculiar Feature: • Colours: White, grey, beige and Black • Material: Concrete, glass and Steel • Open Floor Plan • Flat roof and Smooth Façade • Functional furniture • Form follows function FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY

• Fagus structure was actually a hybrid construction of brick columns, steel beams and concrete floor slabs and stairways.

• It was a steel frame supporting the floors, glass screen external walls.

• Pillars are set behind the façade so that its curtain character is fully realized.

• Glass screen was used all over the walls to have proper view from inside.

• Walls are no longer supporters of the building but simple curtain projecting against increment weather.

• It was domination of voids over solids.

• Plane surfaces predominate in this factory.

• The glass and walls are joined cleanly at the corners without the intervention of piers. FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY

• Use of floor-to-ceiling glass windows on steel frames that go around the corners of the buildings without a visible (most of the time without any) structural support.

• The other unifying element is the use of brick. all buildings have a base of about 40cm of black brick and the rest is built of yellow bricks.

• In order to enhance this feeling of lightness, gropius and meyer used a series of optical refinements like greater horizontal than vertical elements on the windows, longer windows on the corners and taller windows on the last floor.

• the fagus factory is still in use today and was included on the list of unesco world heritage sites in 2011. FAGUS FACTORY FAGUS FACTORY BAHAUS BAHAUS BAHAUS BAHAUS BAHAUS BAHAUS BAHAUS MIES VAN DER ROHE (1883-1969)

Famous Buildings:

• Unornamented and radically different, Bauhaus furnishings suit Bauhaus concepts of the modern home.

• Designs stress simplicity functionality, excellent construction

• Industrial materials.

• Furniture is lightweight and space saving.

• Standardization of form and interchangeable parts are key design considerations.

• Furnishings are movable to support flexible arrangements. BAHAUS FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE ARTS

The Barcelona Chair achieves the serenity of line and the refinement of proportions and materials characteristic of Mies van der Rohe's highly disciplined architecture. It is supported on each side by two chrome-plated, flat steel bars.

Barcelona Chair Designed in 1929 by future Bauhaus head Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and partner Lily Reich BAHAUS FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE ARTS

staircase in Ceiling beam Paul Klee's house in Dessau. BAHAUS FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE ARTS

Drawings by Herbert Bayer in the stairway of the main building of the Bauhaus Weimar. Made for the first Bauhaus Exhibition in 1923. BAHAUS FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE ARTS

MARCEL BEUER CHAIR

Bauhaus Wasilly Chair Of all the chairs to come out of the Bauhaus, this is the one that commonly comes to mind. Designed my Marcel Breuer, the Wasilly chair is a mix of steel and leather, using no more material than is absolutely needed, while GROPIUS CHAIR providing maximum comfort. BAHAUS FURNITURE AND DECORATIVE ARTS

Bauhaus Nesting Tables Marcel Breuer chair, one of the very Nothing quite says "smart" like first tubular steel chairs, designed in five separate tables that fit into 1925. the footprint of one.