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A HISTORY of WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS a History of Women Philosophers A HISTORY OF WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS A History of Women Philosophers 1. Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 B.C.-SOO A.D. 2. Medieval, Renaissance and Enlightenment Women Philosophers, 500-1600 3. Modern Women Philosophers, 1600-1900 4. Contemporary Women Philosophers, 1900-today A History of Women Philosophers Volume 1 Ancient Women Philosophers 600 B.C. - 500 A.D. Edited by MARY ELLEN WAITHE University oj Minnesota 1987 MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS ~. A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP " DORDRECHT • BOSTON· LANCASTER Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient women philosophers, 600 B.C.-SOO A.D. (A History of women philosophers; v. 1) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Women philosophers. 2. Philosophy, Ancient. I. Waithe, Mary Ellen. II. Series. B10S.W6AS3 1986 180' .8804286-8675 ISBN-I3:978-90-247-3368-2 e-ISBN-I3:978-94-009-3497-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-3497-9 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061. U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper 03-0693-50 ts All Rights Reserved © 1987 Kluwer Academic Publishers Unrevised reprint, 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Anaxagoras Alcibiades Archimedes lctinus polygnOtuS Plato Pericles Aspasia Antisthenes Socrates Phidias Sophocles , Aspasia' s Salon' Ph"'''''''' of f""" "'~ portal of "" m>in bUilding of ,., Uni.",,,, of Ml"'" 0'"", WiOh ,'" "nd "",""ion of p<of_ ""ha" P. ,,,,-","" Rod°' of ,'" University of Athens. Contents Introduction to the Series. IX I. Creating the Project on the History of Women in Philosophy; II. Criteria for Selection of Women Philosophers; III. Research Methods and Materials Acknowledgements. .. XXIII Chronological Table ............................. Introduction to Volume 1 . 5 1. Early Pythagoreans: Themistoclea, Theano, Arignote, Myia, and Damo, by Mary Ellen Waithe . 11 I. Themistoclea, Arignote, and Damo; II. Theano of Crotona; III. Myia; Notes. 2. Late Pythagoreans: Aesara of Lucania, Phintys of Sparta, and Perictione I, by Mary Ellen Waithe, with translations and additional commentary by Vicki Lynn Harper. 19 I. Aesara of Lucania: (1) Text of On Human Nature, (2) The Nature of Law and Justice, (3) Aesara on Moral Psychology, (4) Aesara and Physical Medicine, (5) A Note about Feminism, (6) The Principled Structure of the Soul; II. Phintys of Sparta: (1) Text of On the Moderation of Women, Fragment I, (2) Women and Virtue, (3) Women and Justice in the Home, (4) Phintys' On the Moderation of Women, Fragment II, (5) Women and Religious Observances; III. Perictione I: (1) Translation of the Text, (2) Relationships and Moral Obligation, (3) Moral Pragmatism and Faithful Wives, (4) Physical Beauty and the Moral Disorder of Women, (5) Virtue, Power, Class and Oppression, (6) Idealism versus Pragmatism; Comments by Vicki Lynn Harper, (7) Women and Piety, (8) Translation of the Text; Notes. VI 3. Late Pythagoreans: Theano II, and Perictione II, by Mary Ellen Waithe, with translations and additional commentary by Vicki Lynn Harper . ............ 41 I. Theano II: (1) Theano II to Euboule. (2) Theano II to Nikostrate, (3) Theano to Kallisto; Commentary by Vicki Lynn Harper, (4) Spurious Texts; II. Perictione II: (I) Text of Sophias, (2) Wisdom and Morality; Notes. 4. Authenticating the Fragments and Letters, by Mary Ellen Waithe, with additional commentary by Vicki Lynn Harper . ............................. 59 I. The Forgery Hypothesis: (1) In Favor of the Forgery Hypothesis, (2) Consequences of the Forgery Hypothesis; II. The Pseudonymy Hypothesis: (1) Consequences of the Pseudonymy Hypothesis: The "Female Authority" View, (2) Consequences of the Pseudonymy Hypothesis: The Dissident Archytan View; Ill. The Eponymy Hypothesis: (1) The Problem with Names, (2) The Doric Language, (3) Perictione I's Ionic Prose, (4) Phintys' On the Moderation of Women, (5) Aesara of Lucania's On Human Nature; Summary; Notes. 5. Aspasia of Miletus, by Mary Ellen Waithe . 75 I. Background; II. The Menexenus and Pericles' Funeral Oration; III. Two arguments about the Menexenus; IV. Aspasia and Sophistic Rhetoric; Conclusions; Notes. 6. Diotima of Mantinea, by Mary Ellen Waithe ..... 83 I. Distinguishing Diotima from Plato and Socrates: (1) Diotima's Concept of Beauty, (2) Diotima's Concept of Immortality, (3) The Independence of Eros from Reason, (4) Summary; II. The Tradition of Diotima as a Fictitious Character: (1) The "Plato is Feminizing Philosophy" Argument, (2) The "Socratic Wit" Argument, (3) The "Plato as Novelist" Argument, (4) The "No Ancient Evidence" Argument, (5) Objections to Arguments; III. The historical Diotima: (1) Evidence from Plato, (2) The Archeological Evidence, (3) The Written Testimony, (4) Two Modern Opinions on the Historicity of Diotima; IV. In Support of Thesis B: (1) Immortality, Transmigration, and Personal Identity, (2) Eros and Reason, (3) The Idea of Beauty, (4) Summary; Notes. 7. Julia Domna, by Beatrice H Zedler .. 117 I. Julia Domna's Biography; II. "The Philosopher Julia": (A) Who were the Members of Julia's Circle?, (B) Who were the Sophists?, (C) What Philosophy did Julia study?, (D) What Philosophy did Julia herself seem to Favor?; III. Conclusion; Notes. VII 8. Makrina, by Cornelia Wolfskeel. 139 1. Biography; II. Makrina and the Spiritual Tradition: (1) The Unity and Immortality of the Soul, (2) Ascetism, (3) Gnosticism, (4) Gnosticism, Christianity, and the Inferiority of Women; III. Makrina and Woman's Soul: (1) Makrina on the Soul and the rrdth} (Pathe), (2) The Traditional Views of Women's Souls, (3) Mary, the Mother of Christ in Patristic Literature, (4) Woman and Anthropomorphic Thinking about God; IV. Makrina on Creation, Reincarnation, and Resurrection: (I) Makrina and the Plotinian Tradition, (2) Makrina and the Porphyryian View, .(3) Makrina and the Tradition of Philo of Alexandria, (4) Makrina and the Reincarnation Doctrines; Notes. 9. Hypatia of Alexandria, by Mary Ellen Waithe. 169 I. Biography; II. Teaching; III. Works: (1) Commentary on Diophantus' Arithmeticorum, (2) Commentary to Book III of Ptolemy's Syntaxis Mathematica, (3) Other Works; Summary; Notes. 10. Arete, Asclepigenia, Axiothea, Cleobulina, Hipparchia, and Lasthenia, by Mary Ellen Waithe . 197 1. Arete of Cyrene: (1) Pain and Pleasure, (2) Virtue and Hedonism, (3) Hedonistic Moral Psychology; II. Asclepigenia of Athens: (I) Back· ground, (2) Metaphysics and Magic, (3) Plotinus, Plutarch, Proclus; III. Axiothea of Philesia; IV. Cleobulina of Rhodes; V. Hipparchia the Cynic; VI. Lathenia of Mantinea; Notes. Bibliography. 211 Index. 223 Introduction to the Series Two events led to the creation of our four-volume series on the history of women philosophers. The first occurred on a sweltering October afternoon in 1980 when I sought comfort in the base­ ment library of City University of New York's Graduate Center. I came upon a reference to a work by Aegidius Menagius, Historia Mulierum Philosopharum, published in 1690 and 1692. I had never heard of any women philosophers prior to the 20th century with the exceptions of Queen Christina of Sweden, known as Descartes' student, and Hildegard von Bingen, who lived in the 12th century. Two months later, the second event occurred. I went to the Brooklyn Museum to see Judy Chicago's Dinner Party, a sculptural history of the achievements of women. Part of the exhibit consisted of posters listing the names, nationalities and dates of birth of accomplished women, together with brief descrip­ tions of their accomplishments. Some of those listed were identi­ fied as "philosophers." It took sixteen months to obtain a copy of Menagius' book. (A modern English translation of Mulierum by Beatrice Zedler, a participant in the Project on the History of Women in Philosophy, is available through University Press of America.) Although Menage footnoted his sources, the abbreviation conventions used by him made it difficult to duplicate his research. Little did I know then about the existence of reference works giving common­ ly used abbreviations for early scholarly materials. My problem was compounded by the need to locate editions of the source materials that would have been available to Menage. As it turns out, many of the women he listed as philosophers were astrono­ mers, astrologers, gynecologists, or simply relatives of male philo- X Introduction to the Series sophers. Nevertheless, the list of women alleged to have been philosophers was impressive. I contacted Judy Chicago's Through the Flower Corporation, explaining my interest in their research materials about the women identified as philosophers in Dinner Party. Unfortunately, Through the Flower had no funds with which to index their archival material, which had by that time been placed in storage. Armed only with Chicago's list of names, I attempted to locate informa­ tion about the women philosophers. By the end of 1981 I had concluded that the accomplishments of some one hundred or more women philosophers had been omitted from the standard philosophic reference works and histories of philosophy. Just check sources such as The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, and the histories of philosophy by Copleston, Zeller, Bury, Grote and others. If the women are mentioned at all, it is in passing, in a footnote. I. CREATING THE PROJECT ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN IN PHILOSOPHY I decided to attempt to restore women's contributions to the history of philosophy, and initially believed that the subject would make an interesting article for, say, the Journal of the History of Philosophy.
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