A History of Women Philosophers Vol. IV
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Man a Machine
Man a Machine Julien Offray de La Mettrie Man a Machine Table of Contents Man a Machine..........................................................................................................................................................1 Julien Offray de La Mettrie............................................................................................................................1 i Man a Machine Julien Offray de La Mettrie This page copyright © 2001 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com It is not enough for a wise man to study nature and truth; he should dare state truth for the benefit of the few who are willing and able to think. As for the rest, who are voluntarily slaves of prejudice, they can no more attain truth, than frogs can fly. I reduce to two the systems of philosophy which deal with man's soul. The first and older system is materialism; the second is spiritualism. The metaphysicians who have hinted that matter may well be endowed with the faculty of thought have perhaps not reasoned ill. For there is in this case a certain advantage in their inadequate way of expressing their meaning. In truth, to ask whether matter can think, without considering it otherwise than in itself, is like asking whether matter can tell time. It may be foreseen that we shall avoid this reef upon which Locke had the bad luck to shipwreck. The Leibnizians with their monads have set up an unintelligible hypothesis. They have rather spiritualized matter than materialized the soul. How can we define a being whose nature is absolutely unknown to us? Descartes and all the Cartesians, among whom the followers of Malebranche have long been numbered, have made the same mistake. They have taken for granted two distinct substances in man, as if they had seen them, and positively counted them. -
CHSS Annualreport 2015.Indd
College of Humanities Social Sciences Leading the way& to wisdom. ANNUAL REPORT ACADEMIC YEAR 2015 - 2016 ON THE COVER Students collaborate in a Spanish 1 classroom. College of Humanities & Social Sciences 201 Mullica Hill Road Glassboro, New Jersey 08028 www.rowan.edu/colleges/chss facebook.com/RowanCHSS youtube.com/RowanCHSS twitter.com/@RowanCHSS CONTENTS 2 | Dean’s Message 3 | Senator Fred Madden Charges Graduates to Make an Impact 3 | Castner Receives Distinguished Alumni Award 4 | RCHGS Highlights Connections Between Past and Present 5 | New Degree Programs in CHSS Offer New Opportunities 6 | Rowan Partners With Law Schools in New 3 + 3 Program 7 | College Welcomes International Conference 7 | Student Awarded Prestigious Boren Scholarship 8 | College Celebrates Ongoing Accomplishments 9 | New Faculty Bring Fresh Perspectives 11 | CHSS Faculty Honored at Celebrating Excellence Awards 12 | In Appreciation WWW.ROWAN.EDU/COLLEGES/CHSS 1 it iS with mixed emotionS that Justice Studies Program is an integral to serve the College as I rejoin my I write this message for the Annual part of our partnership agreements faculty colleagues. Report for 2015-16, my f nal year as dean with Rowan College at Gloucester of the College of Humanities and Social County and Rowan College at Dr. Cindy Vitto Sciences. Burlington County. We also have Dean instituted accelerated 3 + 3 programs Much change is occurring within with Drexel’s Kline School of Law, CHSS, all of it positive, and the most Widener University-Delaware Law signif cant change of all is a transition School, and Rutgers Law School. Dean’s to a new dean, Dr. -
Elisabeth Leinfellner.Indd
Drei Pioniere der philosophisch-linguistischen Analyse von Zeit und Tempus: Mauthner, Jespersen, Reichenbach Elisabeth Leinfellner, Wien [A philosophical school in Tlön] reasons that the present is indefi nite, that the future has no reality other than as a present hope, that the past has no reality other than as a present memory. Jorge Luis Borges, Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius 1. Einleitung: die semantische Rolle der Tempora Unsere alltägliche, ,psychologische‘, aber auch die abstrakte newtonsche oder mathematische Vorstellung von Zeit – die ,klassischen‘ Zeitvorstellungen – laufen darauf hinaus, dass es eine einfache lineare Abfolge von Vergangen- heit-Gegenwart-Zukunft gibt. Analysiert man jedoch natürliche Sprachen, dann bietet sich ein anderes, komplexeres Bild: Würde man der einfachen, klassischen Vorstellung folgen, dann käme man in der Sprache mit drei Tempora aus: Präsens, Präteritum, Futurum. Ein Blick in die Grammatiken verschiedener Sprachen zeigt aber, dass es auch andere Tempora neben die- sen dreien gibt, so im heutigen Deutsch das Plusquamperfekt und das Fu- turum exactum. Gewisse Tempora und auch temporale Ersatzformen lösen mehr oder minder glücklich das Problem, dass z.B. in einer Erzählung im Präteritum manchmal auch im zeitlichen Rückgriff eine Vergangenheit vor der Vergangenheit dargestellt werden muss, oder eine Zukunft in der Ver- gangenheit. Die Ursachen für eine nicht chronologische Darstellung sind vielfältig, z.B. stilistisch-textliche oder dass wir uns an Ereignisse nicht im- mer in der richtigen Reihenfolge erinnern. Weiters muss die Verwendung der Tempora in erzählenden Texten die Rekonstruktion des chronologischen Ablaufs von Ereignissen erlauben, z.B. aus praktischen Gründen. Dass Texte keineswegs immer chronologisch geordnet sind, hat in verschiedenen Disziplinen und oft im Gefolge des russischen Formalismus zu einer Unterscheidung zwischen zwei zeitlichen Achsen geführt, der chronologischen Achse der Abfolge der Ereignisse, und F. -
Man a Machine
MAN A MACHINE BY JULIEN OFFRAY DE LA METTRIE FRENCH-ENGLISH INCLUDING FREDERICK THE GREAT’S "EULOGY” ON LA METTRIE AND EX TRACTS FROM LA METTRIE’S “THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SOUL” PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL NOTES BY GERTRUDE CARMAN BUSSEY M. A., WELLESLEY COLLEGE CHICAGO THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 1912 UNIVERSITY $C-l*9L 'iF ^LO«C:-«i£ a r*D PU8LIC HEALTH orvV T K Z X ^su^ £ A r OK 14 f/.^J946 COPYRIGHT BY THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. 1912 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Preface...........................................................................................v Frederic the Great's Eulogy on Julien Offray De La M ettrie.......................................................................................i L’Homme Machine.................................................................... n Man a Machine..........................................................................83 The Natural History of theSoul: Extracts......................... 151 Appendix....................................................................................163 La Mettrie’s Relation to His Predecessors and to His Successors....................................................................... 165 Outline of La Mettrie’s Metaphysical Doctrine . .175 N o te s...................................................................................176 Works Consulted and Cited in the Notes .... 205 I n d e x ....................................................................................... 209 4 PREFACE. HE French text presented in this volume is taken -
Ascribing Sexual Orientations
Atlantis Vol. 13 No.2 Spring/Printemps 1988 Ascribing Sexual Orientations Christine Overall Queen's University ABSTRACT The goal of this paper is to suggest a somewhat different approach to the contemporary discussion of human sexual orientations. Instead of examining the nature of sexual orientation itself, it discusses the meanings of ascriptions of sexual orientation. (The discussion is confined to cases where the subject of ascription is female.) The paper begins with a survey of some prevalent ways of interpreting ascriptions of sexual orientation. It then comments on the variations in their meanings, and considers what the speaker is doing when uttering such an ascription. It concludes with some comments about an apparently anomalous sexual orientation, bisexuality. My interest in the ascription of sexual orientations what it is to be a lesbian (let alone a lesbian bisexual), and arose, in part, from three observations which I made over how one is to know whether any person (including one• the course of the past year.1 First, in my investigations of self) is one. ethical issues pertaining to reproductive technology, it became very clear that access to such processes as in vitro I was troubled, then, by both ontological and epistemo- fertilization and artificial insemination by donor is regu• logical problems: What is it to be lesbian or heterosexual lated and limited by means of the physician-enforced stip• or bisexual? How does one know whether a person is ulation that the female candidates for these technologies lesbian or heterosexual -
Russell and the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club L by Jack Pitt
Russell and the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club l by Jack Pitt IN HIS Autobiography Russell records his extreme satisfaction at being elected to the fraternal discussion group at Cambridge familiarly known as the Apostles. 2 In addition to including a number of congratulatory letters from elder Apostles, he writes: "The greatest happiness ofmy time at Cambridge was connected with a body whom its members knew as 'The Society,' but which outsiders, if they knew of it, called 'The Apostles.'''3 The sub sequent notoriety of this group obscured the fact that Russell I Gratitude is expressed to those at the University of Cambridge who kindly provided access to the Minutes of the Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club. The Minutes have been invaluable in constructing an historical context in which to locate Russell's participation in the Club, and in providing many details pertinent to that participation. 2 Its complete name is the Cambridge Conversazione Society. Its character and history is treated in Paul Levy's fascinating study, G. E. Moore and the Cam bridge Apostles (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979). I am indebted to this book for many points of fact in this essay, especially as these concern members of the Society. The interested reader may also wish to consult Peter Allen's The Cambridge Apostles: The Early Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 3 Autobiography, 1872-1914 (Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1967), p. 91. 103 104 Russell winter 1981-82 Russell and the Cambridge Moral Sciences Club 105 maintained membership in other Cambridge societies. for The Athenaeum. Another of those in attendance was Alfred Philosophically the most important, and the one which will con Williams Momerie (Mummery), subsequently Professor of Logic cern us here, is the Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club and Metaphysics (1880-91) at King's College, London, and also (CUMSC). -
H-France Review Vol. 14 (July 2014), No. 112 Florence Lotterie, Le Genre
H-France Review Volume 14 (2014) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 14 (July 2014), No. 112 Florence Lotterie, Le Genre des Lumières: Femme et philosophe au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2013. 336 pp. Bibliography and index of names. $90.00 U.S. (hb). ISBN 978-28124-1025-3. Review by Jennifer M. Jones, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Book V of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile, which proposed the striking model of Sophie’s feminine alterity, remains a touchstone for scholars of women and gender in eighteenth-century France. In the past two decades, however, historians have moved well beyond Rousseau in their exploration of the gendered history of the Enlightenment, scouring sources and sites that range from fashion magazines and salons to colonial treatises and pornographic literature. Drawing on the new social history of ideas in the 1970s and inspired by engagement with Jürgen Habermas’s model of the “public sphere” from the late 1980s, gender historians have continued to expand their field of inquiry.[1] Florence Lotterie reminds us, however, that scholars still have much to learn about how philosophy itself was gendered in the eighteenth century. She argues that the figure of the female philosopher stood at the center of both eighteenth-century fears and fantasies about the difference between the sexes and new definitions of philosophy itself. Florence Lotterie, professor of eighteenth-century French literature at the University of Paris VII Denis Diderot, is an especially learned guide to the gendered “mind of the Enlightenment” -
Why Do Women Leave Philosophy?
Philosophers’ volume 16, no. 6 1. When do women leave philosophy? Imprint march 2016 In 2012 in the United States, for every 100 men graduating with a col- lege degree, 141 women graduated.1 For decades now, more women have been enrolled in American universities than men. Yet, during these same decades, the proportion of women who major in philos- ophy has remained stagnant, hovering below one-third. So, while al- WHY DO WOMEN LEAVE most 60% of college graduates are now women, only 30% of philoso- phy majors are women (Department of Education, 2013; Paxton et al., 2012). In the humanities, religion and theology (35.6%) is the closest PHILOSOPHY? SURVEYING major to philosophy when it comes to the underrepresentation of fe- male majors. Among all majors, the only ones with similarly low ratios are economics (31%), physics (19.7%), computer science (22%), and en- gineering (20%).2 STUDENTS AT THE With women getting just 30% of philosophy bachelor’s degrees, it’s no surprise that the ratio of women to men is so low among philos- ophy graduate students (30%) and professors (20.7%) (Paxton et al., INTRODUCTORY LEVEL 2012; Norlock, 2012).3 The underrepresentation and treatment of fe- male graduate students and professors in philosophy has, for good rea- son, received increasing attention in recent years. But there has been limited discussion, and very few empirical investigations, of why so Morgan Thompson∗, Toni Adleberg†, Sam many women say goodbye to philosophy just after being introduced to it. In this article, we offer our initial attempts to gather data to test Sims‡, Eddy Nahmias§ various hypotheses aimed at answering this question and to suggest University of Pittsburgh∗, University of California, San Diego†, 1. -
WISDOM (Tlwma) and Pffllosophy (FALSAFA)
WISDOM (tLWMA) AND PfflLOSOPHY (FALSAFA) IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT (as a framework for inquiry) By: Mehmet ONAL This thcsis is submitted ror the Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Wales - Lampeter 1998 b"9tr In this study the following two hypothesisare researched: 1. "WisdotW' is the fundamental aspect of Islamic thought on which Islamic civilisation was established through Islamic law (,Sharfa), theology (Ldi-M), philosophy (falsafq) and mysticism (Surism). 2. "Due to the first hypothesis Islamic philosophy is not only a commentary on the Greek philosophy or a new form of Ncoplatonism but a native Islamic wisdom understandingon the form of theoretical study". The present thesis consists of ten chaptersdealing with the concept of practical wisdom (Pikmq) and theoretical wisdom (philosophy or falsafa). At the end there arc a gcncral conclusion,glossary and bibliography. In the introduction (Chapter One) the definition of wisdom and philosophy is establishedas a conceptualground for the above two hypothesis. In the following chapter (Chapter Two) I focused on the historical background of these two concepts by giving a brief history of ancient wisdom and Greek philosophy as sourcesof Islamic thought. In the following two chapters (Chapter Three and Four) I tried to bring out a possibledefinition of Islamic wisdom in the Qur'5n and Sunna on which Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), theology (A-alim), philosophy (falsafq) and mysticism (Sufism) consistedof. As a result of the above conceptual approaching,I tried to reach a new definition for wisdom (PiLma) as a method that helps in the establishmentof a new Islamic way of life and civilisation for our life. -
On Sidgwick's Demise: a Reply to Professor Deigh
On Sidgwick’s Demise: A Reply to Professor Deigh ANTHONY SKELTON The University of Western Ontario In ‘Sidgwick’s Epistemology’, John Deigh argues that Henry Sidgwick’s The Methods of Ethics ‘was not perceived during his lifetime as a major and lasting contribution to British moral philosophy’ and that interest in it declined considerably after Sidgwick’s death because the epistemology on which it relied ‘increasingly became suspect in analytic philosophy and eventually [it was] discarded as obsolete’. In this article I dispute these claims. In a recent article in this journal, John Deigh1 argues that Henry Sidgwick’s The Methods of Ethics2 ‘was not perceived during his lifetime as a major and lasting contribution to British moral philosophy’ (438), and that interest in it declined considerably after Sidgwick’s death because the epistemology on which it relied ‘increasingly became suspect in analytic philosophy and eventually [it was] discarded as obsolete’ (439). In this article I dispute these claims. I Deigh argues that Sidgwick’s Methods ‘was not perceived during his lifetime as a major and lasting contribution to British moral philosophy’ (438). However, this is far from clear. First, to make his point Deigh relies on an article in Encyclopaedia Britannica and an obituary in Mind by Leslie Stephen.3 These are not decisive. Stephen announces at the outset of his obituary that he is not concerned to provide an estimate of Sidgwick’s work in philosophy, though he notes that Methods is a ‘great book’ and that Sidgwick’s work in ethics gave ‘the most important of all modern contributions towards a clear realisation of the conditions of approaching the problems involved’.4 The encyclopaedia article does not deny that Methods is a major contribution; instead, it merely fails to single it out.5 Second, a number of important philosophers were sent copies of Methods when the first edition was published in 1874, 1 John Deigh, ‘Sidgwick’s Epistemology’, Utilitas 19 (2007), pp. -
Women in Philosophy: Problems with the Discrimination Hypothesis
Log In WOMEN IN PHILOSOPHY: PROBLEMS WITH THE DISCRIMINATION HYPOTHESIS Dec 10, 2014 | Neven Sesardic, Rafael De Clercq Your Email Address Neven Sesardic is professor of philosophy at Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, NT, Hong Kong; [email protected]. He is the author of Making Sense of Heritability (Cambridge University Press, 2005). Rafael De Clercq is associate professor and head of the Department of Visual Studies, and adjunct associate professor of philosophy, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, NT, Hong Kong; [email protected]. The authors thank these individuals for useful comments on earlier drafts: Tomislav Bracanović, Stephen J. Ceci, Andrew Irvine, Paisley Livingston, Darrell Rowbottom, Nosson ben Ruvein, David N. Stamos, Matej Sušnik, Omri Tal, Daniel Wikler, Wendy M. Williams, and Jiji Zhang. None of these people, however, should be assumed to agree with the main claims of this paper. Editor’s Note: This is the complete version of an article with the same title adapted for the Winter 2014 Academic Questions (vol. 27, no. 4) A number of philosophers attribute the underrepresentation of women in philosophy largely to bias against women or some kind of wrongful discrimination. They cite six sources of evidence to support their contention: (1) gender disparities that increase along the path from undergraduate student to full-time faculty member; (2) anecdotal accounts of discrimination in philosophy; (3) research on gender bias in the evaluation of manuscripts, grants, and curricula vitae in other academic disciplines; (4) psychological research on implicit bias; (5) psychological research on stereotype threat; and (6) the relatively small number of articles written from a feminist perspective in leading philosophy journals. -
Linguistic Scepticism in Mauthner's Philosophy
LiberaPisano Misunderstanding Metaphors: Linguistic ScepticisminMauthner’s Philosophy Nous sommes tous dans un désert. Personne ne comprend personne. Gustave Flaubert¹ This essayisanoverview of Fritz Mauthner’slinguistic scepticism, which, in my view, represents apowerful hermeneutic category of philosophical doubts about the com- municative,epistemological, and ontological value of language. In order to shed light on the main features of Mauthner’sthought, Idrawattention to his long-stand- ing dialogue with both the sceptical tradition and philosophyoflanguage. This con- tribution has nine short sections: the first has an introductory function and illus- tratesseveral aspectsoflinguistic scepticism in the history of philosophy; the second offers acontextualisation of Mauthner’sphilosophyoflanguage; the remain- der present abroad examination of the main features of Mauthner’sthought as fol- lows: the impossibility of knowledge that stems from aradicalisationofempiricism; the coincidencebetween wordand thought,thinkingand speaking;the notion of use, the relevanceoflinguistic habits,and the utopia of communication; the decep- tive metaphors at the root of an epoché of meaning;the new task of philosophyasan exercise of liberation against the limits of language; the controversial relationship between Judaism and scepticism; and the mystical silence as an extreme conse- quence of his thought.² Mauthnerturns scepticism into aform of life and philosophy into acritique of language, and he inauguratesanew approach that is traceable in manyGerman—Jewish