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Phylum Ascomycota Reino Fungi

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Phylum Ascomycota Reino Fungi REINO FUNGI PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA REINO FUNGI SUBREINO Filogenia del Reino Fungi Chytridiomycota Mucoromycotina Glomeromycota Ascomycota Asco + ascósporas Cuerpos de Woronin Basidiomycota HIFAS MONO Y DI-CARIOTICAS * ESTRUCTURAS PLECTENQUIMATICAS ASOCIADAS A PRODUCCIÓN DE ESPORAS *CONIDIOS Y SISTEMA DISPERSIÓN COMPLEJOS PLECTÉNQUIMA : PSEUDOPARÉNQUIMA o PROSÉNQUIMA PARED CAPA EXTERNA DELGADA Y DENSA Y CAPA INTERNA GRUESA Y TRASLUCIDA FORMACIÓN LIBRE DE CÉLULAS CUERPOS DE WORONIN (N, S y P + alto) ORGANELAS DEL PORO SEPTAL PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA SUBPHYLUM TAPHRINOMYCOTINA (n) SUBPHYLUM SACCHAROMYCOTINA (2n o n+2n SUBPHYLUM PEZIZOMYCOTINA CL. ORBILIOMYCETES CL. PEZIZOMYCETES CL. DOTHIDEOMYCETES CL. ARTHONIOMYCETES CL. EUROTIOMYCETES CL. LABOULBENIOMYCETES CL. LICHINOMYCETES CL. LECANOROMYCETES CL. LEOTIOMYCETES CL. SORDARIOMYCETES SUBPHYLUM PEZIZOMYCOTINA ORBILIOMYCETES ASCOS NO OPERCULADOS, ASCOMA APOTECIOIDE PEZIZOMYCETES ASCOS OPERCULADOS, ASCOMA APOTECIOIDE “DISCOMYCETES” LAHMIALES MEDEOLARIALES TRIBLIDIALES DOTHIDEOMYCETES DESARROLLO ASCOSTROMÁTICO ASCOS BITUNICADOS “LOCULOASCOMYCETES” P/PLÍQUENES ARTHONIOMYCETES LÍQUENES EUROTIOMYCETES “PLECTOMYCETES”, ASCOMA CLEISTOTECIOIDE P/PLÍQUENES LABOULBENIOMYCETES SIMBIONTES DE INSECTOS LICHINOMYCETES LÍQUENES LECANOROMYCETES LÍQUENES LEOTIOMYCETES ASCOMA APOTECIOIDE, PEQUEÑOS, ASCOS NO OPERCULADOS , CON PORO, UNITUNICADOS SORDARIOMYCETES ASCOMA PERITECIOIDE (EXCEP. CLEISTOTECIOIDE) ASCOS NO PERCULADOS, UNITUNICADOS O PROTOTUNICADOS “PIRENOMYCETES” ¿Cuáles son los primeros registros fósiles que se conocen? Mass extinction at K-T boundary; fungal ‘spike’ Rhynie Chert Increasing diversity of angiosperms, mammals, birds Gymnosperms dominant, evolution of angiosperms; first birds Gymnosperms become dominant, first dinosaurs, first mammals Mass extinction of ~95% of all species; fungal ‘spike’ Origin of insects, ferns, seed plants Earliest terrestrial vascular plants Paleopyrenomycites devonicus (Sordariomyces) marine animals diversify; first appearance of most animal phyla; diverse algae Modified from Blackwell, 2000 TELEOMORFO ASCO ASCOSPORAS ESTADO PERFECTO (+) (-) ASCOGONIO ANTERIDIO ANAMORFO ESTADO CONIDIO IMPERFECTO MITÓSPORA EXTERNA TIPOS DE ASCOS PROTOTUNICADO UNITUNICADO NO OPERCULADO OPERCULADO BITUNICADO ANTERIDIO ASCOGONIO UNCÍNULO REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUAL 1. FUSIÓN DE GAMETANGIOS SIMILARES 2. GAMETANGIOS UNI O PLURINUCLEADOS ANTERIDIO Y ASCOGONIO ESPERMACIOS O MICRO- o MACRO-CONIDIOS (+) (-) Neurospora crassa ¿EN QUE SE BASA LA CLASIFICACIÓN? Basidiomycota NO FORMAN ASCOMA Schizosaccharomycetes TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes Ascomycota Taphrinomycetes SACCHAROMYCOTINA Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Lecanoromycetes Eurotiomycetes Lichinomycetes PEZIZOMYCOTINA Geoglossaceae Leotiomycetes FORMAN ASCOMA Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes CLEISTOTECIOIDE Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes GlomeromycotaPERITECIOIDE APOTECIOIDE ASCOSTROMA TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Schizosaccharomyces pombe “fission yeast” NO FORMAN ASCOMA Taphrina deformans Taphrina pruni Taphrina alni NO FORMAN ASCOMA Basidiomycota Schizosaccharomycetes TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes Ascomycota Taphrinomycetes SACCHAROMYCOTINA Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Lecanoromycetes Eurotiomycetes Lichinomycetes PEZIZOMYCOTINA Geoglossaceae Leotiomycetes Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes Glomeromycota NO FORMAN ASCOMA SACCHAROMYCOTINA Saccharomyces cereviseae FORMAN ASCOMA CLEISTOTECIOIDE PERITECIOIDE APOTECIOIDE ASCOSTROMA Basidiomycota Schizosaccharomycetes TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes Ascomycota Taphrinomycetes SACHAROMYCOTINA Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes Lecanoromycetes Eurotiomycetes PEZIZOMYCOTINA Lichinomycetes Geoglossaceae Leotiomycetes Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes Glomeromycota FORMAN ASCOMA CLEISTOTECIOIDE Eurotium sp. PERITECIOIDE ASCOMA MÚLTIPLE Melanospora zamiae Podospora sp. Epichloe typhina APOTECIOIDE Peziza cerea ASCOMA MÚLTIPLE ASCOSTROMA UNILOCULAR MULTILOCULAR PARÁSITOS DE PLANTAS Uncinula sp. PARÁSITOS DE ANIMALES SIMBIONTE DE INSECTOS PARÁSITOS DE HONGOS Cordyceps capitata parasitando Elaphomyces sp. Hyphomyces sobre Ganoderma SAPRÓFITOS Chlorociboria sp. Discoxylaria myrmecophila Hypocreodendron (anamorfo) Peziza sp. ENDÓFITOS Hifas de un endófito (Epicholoe sp.) en la capa de aleurona de cariopses de Festuca hyeronimi SIMBIÓTICOS LÍQUENES MICORRIZAS COMESTIBLES Morchella sculenta Daldinia concentrica ¿QUÉ IMPORTANCIA TIENEN? •*SAPRÓFITOS •*PARÁSITOS DE HONGOS, INSECTOS, ETC. •*FERMENTACIÓN •*ANTIBIÓTICOS •*METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS •*MICOTOXINAS (CICLOPÉPTIDOS), ALCALOIDES, FEROMONAS •*PATÓGENOS DE PLANTAS Y ANIMALES •*COMESTIBLES •*MICORRÍCICOS •INVESTIGACIONES BIOLÓGICAS (Neurospora crassa control genético en producción de enzimas 1958, premio Nobel a George Wells Beadle y Edward L. Tatum. Hipótesis “Un gen, una enzima”. Rickiella edulis (Sarcociphaceae) Phillipcia PHYLUM BASIDIOMYCOTA NO FORMAN ASCOMA Schizosaccharomycetes (n)( fisión) SUBPHYLUM TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes PHYLUM Taphrinomycetes ASCOMYCOTA SUBPHYLUM SACCHAROMYCOTINA (n+2n – 2n) Orbiliomycetes Pezizomycetes SUBPHYLUM Lecanoromycetes PEZIZOMYCOTINA Eurotiomycetes Lichinomycetes FORMAN ASCOMA Geoglossaceae Leotiomycetes Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes Glomeromycota TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Taphrina deformans Taphrina populina Taphrina entomospora s/Nothofagus pumilio Taphrina amentorum frutos de Alder Alnus Pneumocystidiomycetes Pneumocystis carinii, Class Pneumocystidiomycetes, the causal agent of a lung disease that affects many AIDS sufferers, fits into the Subphylum Taphrinomycotina PHYLUM NO FORMAN CUERPOS DE FRUCTIFICACIÓN BASIDIOMYCOTA Schizosaccharomycetes (n) SUBPHYLUM TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes PHYLUM Taphrinomycetes ASCOMYCOTA SUBPHYLUM SACCHAROMYCOTINA (n+2n – 2n) Orbiliomycetes FORMAN CUERPOS DE Pezizomycetes FRUCTIFICACIÓN Lecanoromycetes Eurotiomycetes SUBPHYLUM Lichinomycetes Geoglossaceae PEZIZOMYCOTINA Leotiomycetes Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes Glomeromycota HAPLONTE HAPLOBIONTE Schizosaccharomyces octosporus Beijer PHYLUM NO FORMAN CUERPOS DE FRUCTIFICACIÓN BASIDIOMYCOTA Schizosaccharomycetes (n) SUBPHYLUM TAPHRINOMYCOTINA Pneumocystidiomycetes Neolectomycetes PHYLUM Taphrinomycetes ASCOMYCOTA SUBPHYLUM SACCHAROMYCOTINA (n+2n – 2n) Orbiliomycetes FORMAN CUERPOS DE Pezizomycetes FRUCTIFICACIÓN Lecanoromycetes Eurotiomycetes SUBPHYLUM Lichinomycetes Geoglossaceae PEZIZOMYCOTINA Leotiomycetes Sordariomycetes Laboulbeniomycetes Dothideomycetes Arthoniomycetes Glomeromycota NO FORMAN CUERPOS DE FRUCTIFICACIÓN SACCHAROMYCOTINA Saccharomyces cereviseae Saccharomyces ludwigi - Parte de la micota normal (piel y mucosas) Candida albicans 25% micosis cutáneas REPRODUCCIÓN ASEXUAL Son ubicuas: en ambientes acuáticos y terrestres asociadas a suelos y aire plantas y animales Importancia : # relación con la sociedad humana (aproximadamente 5,000 años) #en procesos biotecnológicos (obtención de vitaminas del complejo B, pigmentos, proteínas de organismos unicelulares, biomasa, etc. Té de Kombucha ( Asia y Europa y China, más de 5000 años) Conocido por civilizaciones como faraones Egipcios, los Mayas y los Incas. Beneficios: potencia el sistema inmunológico, desintoxicante. AZÚCARES ALCOHOL AC. ACÉTICO Simbiosis entre levaduras (Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Candida stellata, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torulaspora delbrueckii y Zygosaccharomyces bailii.)y acetobacterias, (ej.Bacterium xylinum) http://comunidad.ainia.es/web/ainiacomunidad/blogs/biotecnologia/-/articulos/Dfu9/content/por-que-las- levaduras-son-compuestos-importantes-para-la-industria TÉ de Kombucha PROPIEDADES MEDICINALES : Es laxante delicado , diurético , astringente , estimulante del organismo , eficaz antioxidante , prepara al cuerpo para defenderse de las infecciones y de los desequilibrios del sistema inmunológico . Es un reconstituyente general y combate la debilidad , el cansancio y la fatiga . ENFERMEDADES QUE COMBATE: En los distintos informes, tanto antiguos como modernos, se menciona una gran cantidad de enfermedades que se combaten con el Ti de Kombucha: - Regula la actividad del tubo digestivo - Estimula la defecación - Cura las hemorroides - El reumatismo y la artritis - Regenera las paredes celulares y cura asma la arterioesclerosis (normaliza la presión alta, quita la ansiedad, la irritabilidad, el dolor de cabeza, el mareo, etc.) - Combate las enfermedades seniles y prolonga así la vida - Elimina rápidamente indigestiones - Tiene efectos depurativos, disuelve las impurezas y es excelente para eczemas malignos del rostro - Elimina dolores de articulaciones - Elimina la gota - Los cálculos en los riñones, vesícula y en los vasos capilares del cerebro - Regula el nivel de colesterol Normaliza la presión arterial y enfermedades nerviosas - Elimina forúnculos - Evita y elimina la formación de grasas - Cura la amigdalitis - El catarro estomacal - Se utiliza con éxito también contra la disentería, impotencia, flujos extraños y cáncer, sobre todo en sus faces iníciales También se recomienda para los deportistas y para personas que sufren de estrés. Influye en la totalidad del organismo, estabilizando su metabolismo y desintoxicándolo. En consecuencia, aumentan las defensas del cuerpo y reaparece el bienestar general. El Kombucha se considera como único ya que reequilibra de forma activa el pH de la sangre y de esta forma ayuda a combatir cualquier proceso de enfermedad que esté en marcha. El Kombucha es un remedio homeopático por eso puede ser que a veces las quejas inicialmente se agravan. Eso es el comienzo de la curación que mas tarde se manifiesta con la eliminación de las quejas. El Kombucha es también un alimento de alto valor nutritivo por eso se puede tomar con otras medicinas .
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