EXPLORATIONS a graduate student journal of southeast asian studies Volume 11 Spring 2011 Type to enter text Anthony Medrano. Ipoh. Malaysia IN THIS ISSUE: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade ANDREW PETERSON | Jose E. Marco’s Kalantiaw Code MAUREEN CRISTIN S. JUSTINIANO | Dansuer Bantugen DESIREE QUINTERO | Toward the Intellectualization of Ilokano ABRAHAM R. FLORES JR. | Arakan and Its Bay-of-Bengal Connectivities RICHARD FORSTER | The “History of Nation-Building” Series CHI TIM HO | Paper Money in Phnom Penh SOVATHA ANN | The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition NOR ISMAH | Historical Memory in Ariya Cam-Bini and Ariya Bini-Cam WILLIAM NOSEWORTHY | Theravada Buddhism among the Shan TAKASHI HASHIMOTO | Of Cyclones and Constitutions DOMINIC J. NARDI JR. | The Unkindest Cut JOHN GRENNAN | Reminiscences of my Fieldwork Experience in Cambodia and Vietnam THIEN-HUONG NINH EXPLORATIONS: a graduate student journal of southeast asian studies Volume 11 | Issue 1 | Spring 2011 Contents New Research in Philippine Studies What Really Made the World Go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade!! 3 -Andrew Peterson Jose E. Marco’s Kalantiaw Code: Implications for Philippine Historiography and Filipino’s Historical Consciousness !!!!!!!!! 19 -Maureen Cristin S. Justiniano Dansuer Bantugen: Gendering of the Filipino Hero !!!!!! 31 -Desiree Quintero Toward the Intellectualization of Ilokano: Practices and Philosophies!!!!! 51 -Abraham R. Flores, Jr. Articles Magh Marauders, Portuguese Pirates, White Elephants and Persian Poets: Arakan and Its Bay-of-Bengal Connectivities in the Early Modern Era!!!!! 63 -Richard Forster The “History of Nation-Building” Series and Southeast Asian Historiography!!!! 81 -Chi Tim Ho Paper Money in Phnom Penh: Beyond the Sino-Khmer Tradition!!!!! 93 -Sovatha Ann The New Generation of Women Writers from the Pesantren Tradition in Indonesia !! ! ! 105 -Nor Ismah Research Notes and Travel Essays Ilimo Campa: Historical Memory in Ariya Cam-Bini and Ariya Bini-Cam!! ! ! ! 121 -William Noseworthy Theravada Buddhism among the Shan:Transformations in the Shan Monastic Lifecycle & Shan Community!! 129 -Takashi Hashimoto Of Cyclones and Constitutions: Notes from the Field!!!!!! 135 -Dominic J. Nardi, Jr. The Unkindest Cut!!!!!!!!! 141 -John Grennan Crossing Borders, Crossing Cultures: Reminiscences of my Fieldwork Experiences in Cambodia and Vietnam! ! 145 -Thien-Huong Ninh Book Reviews Thơ Kể: Tuyển Tập Thơ Tân Hình Thức Ẫn Bản Song Ngữ. By Tho Ke! !!!! 147 -William Noseworthy For Better or For Worse: Vietnamese International Marriages in the New Global Economy.By Hung Cam Thai! 149 -Thien-Huong Ninh Dear readers – Welcome to EXPLORATIONS: a graduate student journal of southeast asian studies. This year, the editorial staff is happy to announce a Philippine focus as a sign of our gratitude to the two departing direc- tors of the Center for Philippine Studies, Drs. Belinda Aquino and Ricardo Trimillos. In addition, we have a wide variety of topics in this issue ranging from Cam manuscripts to Bay-of-Bengal connectivities to Indonesian chic lit. Coupled with our Philippine focus, we are proud to say that nearly the entire geography of Southeast Asia, in one way or another, is included within the covers of our journal. We are pleased to provide this intellectual forum and look forward to supporting graduate scholarship in dynamic and innovative ways. ! Editor, ! Anthony Medrano EXPLORATIONS can be accessed on-line at: http://www.cseashawaii.com/wordpress/explorations/ EXPLORATIONS is a student publication of the Southeast Editor Asian Studies Student Association in conjunction with the Cen- Anthony Medrano ter for Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Hawai`i at Mānoa and partially funded by the Student Activity and Program Fee Board at the University of Hawai‘i. Editorial Staff Erniyawanti Adam The principle mission of EXPLORATIONS is to offer a forum for students to present disciplinary and interdisciplinary research Bryce Beemer on a broad range of issues relating principally to the region which Ryan Buco today constitutes Southeast Asia. Embracing both the diversity of Kevin Lasater academic interests and scholastic expertise, it is hoped that this forum will introduce students to the work of their colleagues, Dave Lopes encourage discussion both within and across disciplines, and Jo Ann Sakaguchi foster a sense of community among those interested in Southeast Tani Sebro Asia. Charmaine Wong The views expressed in EXPLORATIONS are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the editorial board. If you have interest in participating in the production of EXPLORA- CSEAS Coordinator TIONS or have questions, comments, or submissions, please Paul Rausch contact the editors at: [email protected], or EXPLORA- ā TIONS c/o CSEAS, University of Hawai`i at M noa, 1890 East- Design and Layout Support West Road, Honolulu, Hawai`i 96822. Bryce Beemer Anthony Medrano Please visit us on the web at: http://www.cseashawaii.com/wordpress/explorations/ Andrew Peterson What Really Made the World go Around?: Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade ANDREW PETERSON University of Hawaii at Manoa Introduction seventeenth centuries.4 Such numbers have led many The importance of the Manila-Acapulco trade to the world historians—Flynn and Girladez especially—to view silver as a commodity of utmost importance to the early development of the early-modern world economy is modern world economy. For Andre Gunder Frank, sil- undeniable. Many historians, foremost Dennis O. Flynn ver was the catalyst for the formation of a global eco- and Arturo Giráldez, have convincingly argued that the nomic network, and “silver money was the blood that arrival of the first Spanish settlers to the Philippines and the opening of the port of flowed thorough its circula- tory system and oiled the Manila in 1571 marked the wheels of production and inception of a globalized exchange.”5 In short, world economy.1 The trans- “Money went around [the Pacific trade route turned Manila into a center of world] and made the world go round.”6 The galleon global trade in a matter of trade was a vital link in this years. As early as the 1580s global silver exchange, con- the port city of Manila be- necting the rich mines at came a veritable clearing- house for goods from all Potosí and Lima to the silver-hungry markets of over East and Southeast East Asia. Asia. Spices, porcelains, gunpowder, rice, fruits, However, academic works exotic birds, silk, and gold that focus on the broader ornaments flowed through picture of trade, silver, and Manila Bay, as did Spanish, the global economic sig- Malay, Japanese, and Chi- nificance of Manila in the nese merchants.2 However, early modern period leave during the seventeenth cen- many aspects of Spain’s tury, the bulk of trade cen- presence in the Philippines tered around the exchange unexamined. Histories of of Spanish silver for Chinese the galleon trade should A Spanish Galleons in Southeast Asia silks, with as many as thirty to not allow the “silk-for- forty Chinese ocean-going silver” trade to command vessels arriving annually in Manila to trade.3 Though the too much attention, important though it was to the exact figures are impossible to calculate, it is likely that development of the global economy. Spaniards unloaded as much as 2,000,000 pesos (51.12 By looking past the macroeconomics and global tons) of silver at Manila annually in the late sixteenth and ramifications of the galleon trade this paper instead Volume 11, Issue 1, Spring 2011 3 Indio Contributions to the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade asks, what made the galleon trade possible in the first tion of Manila in the early seventeenth century at a place? How was Spain able to overcome the tremen- mere 300, and prior to 1700 Spaniards never num- dous logistical obstacles to establish and maintain a bered more than 2,000.8 But to maintain a foothold in foothold on the far side of the Pacific? One must ad- the East Indies required a strong navy, which required dress these questions by surveying the vital contribu- a large workforce. The need for ocean-going vessels tions the native indos of the Philippines made to the was all the more great in the Philippines, an archipel- galleon trade.7 The indios served as the laborers, ship- ago of hundreds of islands. To maintain a fleet as large wrights, mariners, navigators, deckhands, and sol- as Spain needed in the Philippines required thousands diers—often taking on duties the Spanish were either of laborers. After the arduous crossing of the Pacific, a unwilling or unable to fulfill. By the sixteenth century, distance of roughly 9,000 miles, most galleons that the indios’ intimate involvement with the galleon trade survived to reach Manila Bay from New Spain were in extended across the Pacific, with diaspora communities no condition to attempt a return voyage, with their of indio shipwrights, merchants, and runaway crewmen hulls split, swollen, and worm-eaten, and rotten rig- emerging along the coasts of México and California. ging and sails. Galleons looking to make the return voyage to Acapulco either faced months of extensive While there can be no mistaking the fact that the renovations, or were scrapped, and any useful materi- Spanish provided the impetus in inaugurating the als salvaged were put towards the construction of an trans-Pacific trade by setting out across the Mar del entirely new vessel. The indios, organized through the Sur and establishing a colonial presence at both ends of polo labor system imposed by the Spanish, were the the route, one must resist viewing the Acapulco-Manila ones who felled and transported all the timber, manned galleon trade as wholly a Spanish enterprise. Likewise, the shipyards, conducted repairs, and built the majority one must not allow the big picture, in this case the of Spain’s trans-Pacific galleons and inter-island craft.