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The Travelers IBM 1401 Exhibit Thematic Presentation, June 1984
THE TRAVELERS IBM 1401 EXHIBIT At The Computer Museum, Bay 3, Floor 5 THEMATIC PRESENTATION Overall The Travelers IBM 1401 Exhibit will illustrate general aspects of business computing in the mid-sixties. Four primary themes will be presented: the use of computers as information processors by businesses, the characteristics of this kind of computer operation, the rise in higher-level languages, and the replacement of punched cards by magnetic memory as the predominant secondary storage medium. The Travelers 1401 will exemplify these themes. In instances where reality does not quite serve the presentation artistic license will be exercized. Computers as Business Tools The use of the 1401 by The Travelers for policy processing and management report compilation will illustrate the general character of problems to which businesses a~plied computers. Charateristics of Computer Operation Batch-processing characterized the operation of computers in the mid-sixties. This reinforced the division between the machine and the programmers. Since only operators were allowed to run programs on the computer, the process of de-bugging a program was long and arduous. This method of operation will be contrasted with the contemporary operation of computers. The 1401 exhibit, by the relative position of the Programmer's Office and the Computer Room, and the contents thereof, will advance this theme. High-Level Languages The predominance of COBOL as the programming language for business illustrates the general move towards using higher-level languages which occured throughout the 1960's. The Travelers 1401 will be presented as being programmed in COBOL. The Fall of the Punched Card and the Ris~ of Magnetic Memory Inflexibility, serial storage, and size will be presented as three of the major problems of punched cards for data storage. -
The PORTHOS Executive System for the IBM 7094
A § 1 " * '& I m I ^ ;/ 1 ^ # **W : : : The Porthos Executive System for the IBM 7O9I+ User ' s Manual Table of Contents Title Sheet Preface Table of Contents 1. The 709^-1^01 Computer Installation 1.1. Description 1.1.1. General 1.1.2. Organization 1.1.3* Equipment 1.2. Programming Services 1.2.1. System Consulting 1.2.2. System Development 1.2.3- Associated Programmers 1.3« Library Services 1.3* 1' Program Documentation 1.3*2. Subroutines I.3. 3« Reference Publications 1.3.1+. The Mailing List 1.3' 5* Information Bulletins Date 5/1/65 Section Contents Page: 1 Change 2 Porthos Manual Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/porthosexecutivesyOOuniv : s 2. Use of the Computing Facility 2.1. Conditions of Use 2.1.1. Policy for Charging for Computer Use 2.1.2. Refunding of IBM 7094 Time Due to System or Machine Failures 2.1.2.1. In-System Jobs 2.1.2.2. Relinquish Jobs 2.2. Application for Use of Equipment 2.2.1. The Form 2.2.2. Submission and Approval 2.2.3. Entries on the Problem Specification Form 2.2.4. Changes in the Problem Specification 2.2.5. Problem Abstracts 2.3- Logging and Control of Computer Time 2.3«1« Accounting for Computer Time 2.3.2. Notices to Users Concerning Lapsing Time 2.3.3. Department Reports 2.3'3-l« Internal Reports 2. 3- 3* 2. The Technical Progress Report 2. -
Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153
Appendix 1 Technical Details of the Elliott 152 and 153 Introduction The Elliott 152 computer was part of the Admiralty’s MRS5 (medium range system 5) naval gunnery project, described in Chap. 2. The Elliott 153 computer, also known as the D/F (direction-finding) computer, was built for GCHQ and the Admiralty as described in Chap. 3. The information in this appendix is intended to supplement the overall descriptions of the machines as given in Chaps. 2 and 3. A1.1 The Elliott 152 Work on the MRS5 contract at Borehamwood began in October 1946 and was essen- tially finished in 1950. Novel target-tracking radar was at the heart of the project, the radar being synchronized to the computer’s clock. In his enthusiasm for perfecting the radar technology, John Coales seems to have spent little time on what we would now call an overall systems design. When Harry Carpenter joined the staff of the Computing Division at Borehamwood on 1 January 1949, he recalls that nobody had yet defined the way in which the control program, running on the 152 computer, would interface with guns and radar. Furthermore, nobody yet appeared to be working on the computational algorithms necessary for three-dimensional trajectory predic- tion. As for the guns that the MRS5 system was intended to control, not even the basic ballistics parameters seemed to be known with any accuracy at Borehamwood [1, 2]. A1.1.1 Communication and Data-Rate The physical separation, between radar in the Borehamwood car park and digital computer in the laboratory, necessitated an interconnecting cable of about 150 m in length. -
IBM 1401 Simulator Usage 31-Mar-2015
IBM 1401 Simulator Usage 31-Mar-2015 COPYRIGHT NOTICE The following copyright notice applies to the SIMH source, binary, and documentation: Original code published in 1993-2015, written by Robert M Supnik Copyright (c) 1993-2015, Robert M Supnik Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ROBERT M SUPNIK BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Except as contained in this notice, the name of Robert M Supnik shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization from Robert M Supnik. 1 Simulator Files ............................................................................................................. 3 2 IBM 1401 Features ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 CPU ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 1402 Card Reader/Punch (CDR, CDP, STKR) .................................................... -
Law and Military Operations in Kosovo: 1999-2001, Lessons Learned For
LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN KOSOVO: 1999-2001 LESSONS LEARNED FOR JUDGE ADVOCATES Center for Law and Military Operations (CLAMO) The Judge Advocate General’s School United States Army Charlottesville, Virginia CENTER FOR LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS (CLAMO) Director COL David E. Graham Deputy Director LTC Stuart W. Risch Director, Domestic Operational Law (vacant) Director, Training & Support CPT Alton L. (Larry) Gwaltney, III Marine Representative Maj Cody M. Weston, USMC Advanced Operational Law Studies Fellows MAJ Keith E. Puls MAJ Daniel G. Jordan Automation Technician Mr. Ben R. Morgan Training Centers LTC Richard M. Whitaker Battle Command Training Program LTC James W. Herring Battle Command Training Program MAJ Phillip W. Jussell Battle Command Training Program CPT Michael L. Roberts Combat Maneuver Training Center MAJ Michael P. Ryan Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Peter R. Hayden Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Mark D. Matthews Joint Readiness Training Center SFC Michael A. Pascua Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Jonathan Howard National Training Center CPT Charles J. Kovats National Training Center Contact the Center The Center’s mission is to examine legal issues that arise during all phases of military operations and to devise training and resource strategies for addressing those issues. It seeks to fulfill this mission in five ways. First, it is the central repository within The Judge Advocate General's Corps for all-source data, information, memoranda, after-action materials and lessons learned pertaining to legal support to operations, foreign and domestic. Second, it supports judge advocates by analyzing all data and information, developing lessons learned across all military legal disciplines, and by disseminating these lessons learned and other operational information to the Army, Marine Corps, and Joint communities through publications, instruction, training, and databases accessible to operational forces, world-wide. -
Chapter 1 Computer Basics
Chapter 1 Computer Basics 1.1 History of the Computer A computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. abacus Ⅰ. Prehistory /ˈæbəkəs/ n. 算盘 The abacus, which is a simple counting aid, might have been invented in Babylonia(now Iraq) in the fourth century BC. It should be the ancestor of the modern digital calculator. Figure 1.1 Abacus Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623. It can loom work with six digits and carry digits across columns. It works, but never /lu:m/ makes it beyond the prototype stage. n. 织布机 Blaise Pascal built a mechanical calculator, with the capacity for eight digits. However, it had trouble carrying and its gears tend to jam. punch cards Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch 穿孔卡片 cards. Difference Engine Charles Babbage conceived of a Difference Engine in 1820. It was a 差分机 massive steam-powered mechanical calculator designed to print astronomical tables. He attempted to build it over the course of the next 20 years, only to have the project cancelled by the British government in 1842. 1 新编计算机专业英语 Analytical Engine Babbage’s next idea was the Analytical Engine-a mechanical computer which 解析机(早期的机 could solve any mathematical problem. It used punch-cards similar to those used 械通用计算机) by the Jacquard loom and could perform simple conditional operations. countess Augusta Ada Byron, the countess of Lovelace, met Babbage in 1833. She /ˈkaʊntɪs/ described the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the n. -
Details Von Neumann/Turing Structure of Von Nuemann Machine
ENIAC - background 168 420 Computer Architecture ] Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ] Eckert and Mauchly Chapter 2 ] University of Pennsylvania Computer Evolution and ] Trajectory tables for weapons Performance ] Started 1943 ] Finished 1946 \ Too late for war effort ] Used until 1955 ENIAC - details ENIAC ] Decimal (not binary) ] 20 accumulators of 10 digits ] Programmed manually by switches ] 18,000 vacuum tubes ] 30 tons ] 15,000 square feet ] 140 kW power consumption ] 5,000 additions per second Structure of von Nuemann von Neumann/Turing machine ] Stored Program concept ] Main memory storing programs and data Arithmetic and Logic Unit ] ALU operating on binary data ] Control unit interpreting instructions from Input Output Main memory and executing Equipment Memory ] Input and output equipment operated by control unit ] Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies Program Control Unit \ IAS ] Completed 1952 1 IAS - details Structure of IAS - detail ] 1000 x 40 bit words Central Processing Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit \ Binary number Accumulator MQ \ 2 x 20 bit instructions ] Set of registers (storage in CPU) Arithmetic & Logic Circuits \ Memory Buffer Register Input MBR Output Instructions \ Memory Address Register Main Equipment & Data \ Instruction Register Memory \ Instruction Buffer Register IBR PC MAR \ Program Counter IR Control \ Accumulator Circuits Address \ Multiplier Quotient Program Control Unit IAS Commercial Computers ] 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ] UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ] -
The Largest Project in IT History New England Db2 Users Group Meeting Old Sturbridge Village, 1 Old Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge, MA 01566, USA
The Largest Project in IT History New England Db2 Users Group Meeting Old Sturbridge Village, 1 Old Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge, MA 01566, USA Milan Babiak Client Technical Professional + Mainframe Evangelist IBM Canada [email protected] Thursday September 26, AD2019 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Goal 2 © 2019 IBM Corporation AGENDA 1. IBM mainframe history overview 1952-2019 2. The Largest Project in IT History: IBM System/360 3. Key Design Principles 4. Key Operational Principles 5. Dedication 3 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Mainframe Family tree – 1952 to 1964 • Several mainframe families announced, designed for different applications • Every family had a different, incompatible architecture • Within families, moving from one generation to the next was a migration Common compilers made migration easier: FORTRAN (1957) 62 nd anniversary in 2019 COBOL (1959) 60 th anniversary in 2019 4 © 2019 IBM Corporation The Mainframe Family tree – 1952 to 1964 1st generation IBM 701 – 1952 IBM 305 RAMAC – 1956 2nd generation IBM 1401 – 1959 IBM 1440 – 1962 IBM 7094 – 1962 5 © 2019 IBM Corporation The April 1964 Revolution - System 360 3rd generation • IBM decided to implement a wholly new architecture • Specifically designed for data processing • IBM invested $5B to develop System 360 announced on April 7, 1964 IBM Revenue in 1964: $3.23B 6 © 2019 IBM Corporation Data Processing Software in Historical Perspective System 360 1964 IMS 1968 VSAM 1970s ADABAS by Software AG 1971 Oracle database by Oracle Corporation 1977 SMF/RMF system data 1980s -
IBM 1401 System Summary
File No. 1401-00 Form A24-1401-1 Systems Reference Library IBM 1401 System Summary This reference publication contains brief descriptions of the machine features, components, configurations, and special features. Also included is a section on pro grams and programming systems. Publications providing detailed information on sub jects discussed in this summary are listed in IB~I 1401 and 1460 Bibliography, Form A24-1495. Major Revision (September 1964) This publication, Form A24-1401-1, is a major revision of and obsoletes Form A24-1401-0. Significant changes have been made throughout the publication. Reprinted April 1966 Copies of this and other IBM publications can be obtained through IBM Branch Offices. Address comments concerning the content of this publication to IBM Product Publications, Endicott, New York 13764. Contents IBM 1401 System Summary . ........... 5 System Concepts . ................ 6 Card-Oriented System .... ......... 11 Physical Features. 11 Interleaving. .. .................................... 14 Data Flow.... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ................... 14 Checking ................................................... 15 Word Mark.. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ........... 15 Stored-Program Instructions. .................. 15 Operation Codes . .. 18 Editing. .. ............ 18 IBM 1401 Console ............................................ 19 IBM 1406 Storage Unit. ........................... 20 Magnetic-Tape-Oriented System . ........................... 22 Data Flow ................................................. -
P the Pioneers and Their Computers
The Videotape Sources: The Pioneers and their Computers • Lectures at The Compp,uter Museum, Marlboro, MA, September 1979-1983 • Goal: Capture data at the source • The first 4: Atanasoff (ABC), Zuse, Hopper (IBM/Harvard), Grosch (IBM), Stibitz (BTL) • Flowers (Colossus) • ENIAC: Eckert, Mauchley, Burks • Wilkes (EDSAC … LEO), Edwards (Manchester), Wilkinson (NPL ACE), Huskey (SWAC), Rajchman (IAS), Forrester (MIT) What did it feel like then? • What were th e comput ers? • Why did their inventors build them? • What materials (technology) did they build from? • What were their speed and memory size specs? • How did they work? • How were they used or programmed? • What were they used for? • What did each contribute to future computing? • What were the by-products? and alumni/ae? The “classic” five boxes of a stored ppgrogram dig ital comp uter Memory M Central Input Output Control I O CC Central Arithmetic CA How was programming done before programming languages and O/Ss? • ENIAC was programmed by routing control pulse cables f ormi ng th e “ program count er” • Clippinger and von Neumann made “function codes” for the tables of ENIAC • Kilburn at Manchester ran the first 17 word program • Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill wrote the first book on programmiidbBbbIiSiing, reprinted by Babbage Institute Series • Parallel versus Serial • Pre-programming languages and operating systems • Big idea: compatibility for program investment – EDSAC was transferred to Leo – The IAS Computers built at Universities Time Line of First Computers Year 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 ••••• BTL ---------o o o o Zuse ----------------o Atanasoff ------------------o IBM ASCC,SSEC ------------o-----------o >CPC ENIAC ?--------------o EDVAC s------------------o UNIVAC I IAS --?s------------o Colossus -------?---?----o Manchester ?--------o ?>Ferranti EDSAC ?-----------o ?>Leo ACE ?--------------o ?>DEUCE Whirl wi nd SEAC & SWAC ENIAC Project Time Line & Descendants IBM 701, Philco S2000, ERA.. -
Creativity – Success – Obscurity
Author Gerry Pickering CREATIVITY – SUCCESS – OBSCURITY UNIVAC, WHAT HAPPENED? A fellow retiree posed the question of what happened. How did the company that invented the computer snatch defeat from the jaws of victory? The question piqued my interest, thus I tried to draw on my 32 years of experiences in the company and the myriad of information available on the Internet to answer the question for myself and hopefully others that may still be interested 60+ years after the invention and delivery of the first computers. Computers plural, as there were more than one computer and more than one organization from which UNIVAC descended. J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, located in Philadelphia PA are credited with inventing the first general purpose computer under a contract with the U.S. Army. But our heritage also traces back to a second group of people in St. Paul MN who developed several computers about the same time under contract with the U.S. Navy. This is the story of how these two companies started separately, merged to become one company, how that merged company named UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computers) grew to become a main rival of IBM (International Business Machines), then how UNIVAC was swallowed by another company to end up in near obscurity compared to IBM and a changing industry. Admittedly it is a biased story, as I observed the industry from my perspective as an employee of UNIVAC. It is also biased in that I personally observed only a fraction of the events as they unfolded within UNIVAC. This story concludes with a detailed account of my work assignments within UNIVAC.