A Flora of the Beaver Dam Mountains

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1967-07-28

A flora of the Beaver Dam mountains

Larry Charles Higgins Brigham Young University - Provo

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A FLORA OF THE BEA VER DAM MOUNTAINS

A Thesis

Submitted to the

Department 0£ Botany

Brigham Young University

Provo, Utah

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

Larry C. Higgins

August, 196 7 This thesis, by Larry C. Higgins, is accepted in its present form by the Department of Botany of Brigham Young University as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of

Science.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to extend his gratitude to all those who have helped to make this work possible. The author would first like to extend his gratitude to Dr. S. L. Welsh of Brigham Young University for his counsel and guidance in the selection of this study. The author is also indebted to Dr. B. F. Harrison of Brigham Young University for the identification of the grasses, to James Reveal for the identifrcation and key to the genus Eriogonum, to Dr. Andrew Barnum of Dixie Junior

College for the use of that institution's herbarium in the study of many of the specimens.

The author also wishes to express his appreciation to his good wife, who worked to support the family making it possible to continue in school, also for her help in typing parts of the manuscript.

The author is also grateful to Monte Burton for the use of his pickup making it possible to travel many of the rough mountainous roads which would otherwise be impassable.

iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... iii

INTRODUCTION. . . . . l

Statement of the Problem Review of Literature Geographical Description of the Beaver Dam Mountains Procedure Ecology Geology Arrangement of Keys and Plant Families

KEY:J AND DESCRIPTIONS. . 8

Key to the Families of Plants. 8

Equisetaceae...... 24 Polypoaiaceae ...... 24

Pinaceae ... , ...... 27

Cupressaceae. 29

Ephedraceae. , . . 31

Typhaceae...... 32

Gramineae ...... 32

Cyperaceae. 64

Juncaceae...... 65

Liliaceae. 66

Agavaceae...... 71

Orchidaceae. 72

Saururaceae. 72

iv Salicaceae. 7

Fagaceae. 7

Ulmaceae. 7

Urticaceae. 7

Loranthaceae .. 7

Santalaceae. 7

Polygonaceae. 7

Chenopodiaceae. 9

Amaranthaceae. 10

Nyctaginaceae. 10

Portulacaceae. 10

Caryophyllaceae. 10

Ranunculaceae. 10

Berberidaceae. 11

Papaveraceae. 11

Fumariaceae. 11

Cruciferae. 11

Capparidaceae. 13

Saxifragaceae. 13

Rosaceae. 13

Leguminosae. 13

Krameriaceae. 15

Geraniaceae. 15

Linaceae. 15

V Zygophyllaceae. 156

Rutaceae. 157

Simarubaceae. 158

Polygalaceae. 159

Euphorbiaceae. 159

Anacardiaceae. 162

Celastraceae. 162

Aceraceae. 163

Meliaceae. 163

Rhamnaceae. 164

Vitaceae. . 164

Malvaceae. 165

Tamaricaceae. . 167

Loasaceae. 168

Cactaceae. 171

Onagraceae. 178

Umbelliferae. 185

Garryaceae. 188

Ericaceae. 188

Loganiaceae. 189

Oleaceae. . . 189

Gentianaceae. 191

Apocynaceae. 193

Asclepiadaceae. 193

vi Convolvulaceae. 196

Polemonaceae. . ' ...... 197

Hydrophyllaceae. 205

Boraginaceae. 213

Verbenaceae. 223

Labiatae .. 224

Solanaceae. 229

Ser ophulariaceae. 232

Bignoniaceae. 241

Martyniaceae. 242

Orobanchaceae. 242

Plantaginaceae. 243

Rubiaceae. . . 245

Caprifoliaceae. 246

Cucurbitaceae. 248

Campanulaceae. 248

Compositae. 248

SUMMARY ...... 303

LIST OF REFERENCES. 305

vii INTRODUCTION

Statement of Problem

This investigation of the flora of the Beaver Dam Mountains was undertaken because no previous attempt had been made to study the plants of this unique region intensively. The Beaver Dam Mountains are located in southwestern Washington County, Utah, and northwestern

Mohave County, Arizona. This area is unique because approximately fifty percent of the plants found on this mountain range are from the

Lower Sonoran life zone. This life zone enters the state of Utah only in southwestern Washington County. Plant species are also well represented from the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones from the north.

Review of Literature

The first record of botanical collecting in the Beaver Dam Moun- tains is by C. C. Parry in 1874 (from Parry's collections on loan from

Iowa State University). Dr. Edward Palmer visited the mountain in 1877 and collected Astragalus preusii Gray var. laxiflorus Gray ,(not found there again since the original collection). During April of I 880 Marcus

Jones collected in the Beaver Dam Mountains (Jones, 1965). Merriman and Bailey, members of the Death Valley Expedition, were in the region from May 6th to the 16th in 1891 (Coville, 1893). They collected about fifty plants.

I 2

Dr. W. P. Cottam collected in the Beaver Dam Mountains extensively in 1927, 1929, and 1940 {fide her barium specimens, Bry), where he worked extensively, mainly in the region of the Virgin Narrows. The work by Cottam was the most extensive prior to the present work.

During the year of 1941 Bassett Maguire and.his students from

Utah State Agriculture College spent a few days collecting near Welcome

Spring. During the same year B. F. Harrison collected many plant specimens from the vicinity of the Beaver Dam Mountains.

During the years that followed many small groups from Utah State

University, University of Utah, Brigham Young University, Snow College, and Dixie College have collected plants from the area.

The writer collected in the Beaver Dam Mountains in 1961, and throughout the growing season in 1966.

Geographical Description of the Beaver Dam Mountains

The Beaver Dam Mountains are located in the extreme southwestern corner of Utah and the northwestern corner of Arizona. The Utah portion of the range makes up about three-fourths of the area. ) The mountain rises gradually from the Beaver Dam Wash' on the west and the Santa Clara River on the east to an elevation of 4,500 feet. 7~0:J /'{I· It then rises abruptly to an elevation of 7,000 to 8,000 feet with many high cliffs and rocky ridges. On the south end of the range the Virgin

River has cut a deep gorge, the Virgin Narrows, with sheer cliffs several hundred feet high, adorned with hanging gardens.

The area covered in this study is approximately thirty miles in length and twenty miles wide. It is bounded on the west by the Beaver 3

Dam Wash, on the north by the Jackson road, on the east by the Santa

Clara River, and on the south by the Virgin River.

Procedure

-Field work was begun February, 1966, and was continued until

October of the same year. Field trips were made every two weeks dur - ing this period. An attempt was made to collect and classify all of the vascular plants which occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains. All specimens collected are deposited in the herbarium at Brigham Young

University.

On each of these field trips the author attempted to cover the mountain range as thoroughly as possible, from the Beaver Dam Wash at an elevation of 2, 300 feet to the highest elevation at 7, 800 feet. <

A study was made of all pertinent specimens in the herbaria of

Brigham Young University and Dixie College.

Ecology

The vegetation of the Beaver Dam Mountains can be divided into several major plant communities. These communities are not entirely uniform, but they are indicative of certain edaphic and climatic conditions.

Larrea tridentata and Franseria dumosa community. The shrubs from which the Larrea-Franseria Belt derives its name. The plants are widely spaced on the bajadas and the lowest foothills in the hottest and driest desert conditions. They are occasionally replaced locally by other desert shrubs. 4

Coleogyne ramosissima community. This community occurs at elevations of 2, 600 to 4, 500 feet on limestone soil, and forms a very conspicuous zone. In many places Yucca brevifolia, Yucca baccata, and

Opuntia acanthocarpa are also part of this community.

Artemisia tridentata community. Artemisia tridentata, abundant in the northern Great Basin, is frequently used as an indicator of the

Upper Sonoran life zone. In the Beaver Dam Mountains it is widely scattered, and it is abundant only locally. It is found to elevations of about 7,500 feet, where it grows on soils derived from limestone.

Quercus turbinella community. This community occurs primarily on sandstone soils at elevations of 2, 500 to 3, 000 feet. These plants are either shrubs or small trees and are uncommon on the major limestone outcrops of the Beaver Dam Mountains proper.

Juniperus osteosperma and Pinus monophylla community. The trees of the Juniper-Pinyon zone are usually small trees found at elevations of

4,000 to 7,500 feet, where they grow on calcareous soil. Juniper and

Pinyon are generally found growing on the southern exposure and form a conspicuous part of the vegation of the Beaver Dam Mountains.

Amelamchier utahensis community. This community occurs on the north-facing slopes at the same elevation as Juniper and Pinyon. The dense stands occur on limestone soil and are commonly associated with

Quercus gambellii.

Pinus ponderosa community. Ponderosa pine is our largest tree and is dominant on limestone soils above 7, 500 feet elevation. Undoubt- edly the size and cover of this plant provides good cover and tends to 5 reduce evaporation. This community is the most mesophytic of any of the plant communities on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

Geology

All the rocks in the Beaver Dam Mountains are sedimentary, and nearly all were formed as deposits during the Paleozoic Era of geologic history.

Much of the western slope of the range is made up of a series of about twenty-ii ve limestone blocks. According to Heylmum (1963 ), these blocks are divided into three categories: (A) Brecciated blocks of Mississippian limestone which rest on late Tertiary sediments, (B) a large unbrecciated block of Mississippian limestone which rests on

Precambrian metamorphic rocks, and (C) the Castle Cliff Thrust proper which consists of Pennsylvanian limestones resting on Precambrian and lower Paleozoic rocks. The principal rock formations of the Beaver

Dam Mountains are outlined in the following table. The thickness of the formations vary from place to place, so these measurements represent averages. 6

Period Rock Formations Thickness

Permian Coconico Sandstone Kaibab Limestone 2, 935 feet Queantoweap Sandstone Pakoon Lime stone

Pennsylvanian Call ville Lime stone 1, oa5 feet

Mississippian Y ellowpine Lime stone Dawn Lime stone Anchor Limestone 850 feet Bullion Limestone Arr ow head Lime stone

Devonian Sevv Dolomite 800 feet

Ordovician and Silurian Cherty Dolomite 200 feet

Cambrian Dolomite I, I 00 feet carbonate units

Cambrian Pioche Shale 215 feet lower shale unit

Cambrian l?r os pect Mountain 533 feet basal quartzite Quartzite

Summary of geological formations in Beaver Dam Mountains

(Heylmum, 1963 ).

Arrangement of Keys and Plant Families

The main objective of this work is to afford a means of identifying the 667 species of plants found growing on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

Keys are provided to the 78 families, to the 308,Cgenera, and to each of the species. Descriptions are given for each family and genus. 7

All categories from division to the family level are arranged in phylogenetic order after Kearney and Peebles (1960). The genera and species are in the sequence in which they occur in the keys. KEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS

Key to the Families of plants

1. Plants without flowers and seeds, reproducing by spores in

sporangia •• DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA, p. 9

1. Plants reproducing by flowers and seeds.

DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA, p. 9

2. Seeds borne on open bracts or scales; stigma wanting.

CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE, p. 7

2. Seeds borne in a closed ovary; stigma present.

CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE, p. 10

3. Cotyledons usually l; stems endogenous; veins of the leaves

mostly parallel; floral parts usually in threes.

SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE, p. 10

3. Cotyledons usually 2; stems exogenous; leaves usually net veined;

floral parts commonly in fours or fives.

SUBCLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE, p. 11

4. Corolla lacking; calyx, if present, with segments much alike,

sometimes petaloid. . SERIES 1. APE T ALAE, p. 1 J

4. Corolla and calyx present, usually different in texture and

color. 5

5. Petals distinct, at least at the base

SERIES 2. POLYPETALAE, p,.13

8 9

5. Petals more or less united. SERIES 3. GAMOPETALAE, p. 19

DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA

1. Sporangia borne on special peltate sporangiophores; leaves mostly

small compared with the jointed stem, whorled, sessile,

simple in structure, mostly with a single vascular bundle.

1. EQUISETACEAE, p. 24

1. Sporangia dorsal or marginal on the leaves; leaves large in com-

parison with the stem, with numerous vascular bundles.

2. POLYPODIACEAE, p. 24

DIVISION II. SPERMA TOPHYTA

CLASS 1. GYMNOSPERMAE

1. Stems jointed; leaves more or less deciduous scales, these dis-

tinct, opposite or in whorls of 3; fruit in small thin-scaled

cones. . . . 5. EPHEDRACEAE, p. 31

1. Stems not jointed; leaves needlelike or linear or if scalelike, then

persistent and closely imbricate; fruits in thick-scaled cones,

these sometimes berry-like. . . 2

2. Leaves elongate, narrowly linear or needlelike, arranged

spirally or in fascicles; cones usually more or less

elongate, dry and woody at maturity

3. PINACEAE, p. 2 7

2. Leaves short, scalelike, opposite or in whorls of 3; cones

globose, either dry and woody or fleshy at maturity.

4. CUPRESSACEAE, p. 29 10

CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE

SUBCLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

I. Carpel I, or if more than 1, distinct at least at maturity. . 2

I. Carpels united; perianth of 2 distinct series. . . . 4

2. Flowers not in the axils of. dry or chaffy scales; perianth of

bristles; flowers very numerous in elongate, terminal

spikes, unisexual, the staminate above.

6. TYPHACEAE, p. 3 2

2. Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy scales, arranged in

spikelets or sometimes reduced to a single flower. . 3

3. Stems round or flat, mostly hollow; leaves 2-ranked; margins of

the sheaths not united; flowers with 2 glumes.

7. GRAMINEAE, p. 32

3. Stems usually triangular and solid; leaves 3-ranked; margins of

the sheaths united; flowers with one glume.

8. CYPERACEAE, p. 64

4. Ovary inferior, 3-celled; stamens 6; plants quite woody,

with sword-shaped leaves. . 11. AGAVACEAE, p. 71

4. Ovary superior; perianth regular; stamens usually 6; plants

usually herbaceous. . . . . 5

5. Perianth not showy, green or brown; flowers usually small; plants

rushlike. . . . 9. JUNCACEAE, p. 65

5. Perianth, at least the upper series, petaloid; plants not rushlike.

6 11

6. Perianth regular .... 10. LILIACEAE, p. 66

6. Perianth very irregular. 12. ORCHIDACEAE, p. 72

SUBCLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE

SERIES 1. APETALAE

1. Flowers, at least in one sex, in catkins; trees or shrubs. • • 2

1. Flowers not in catkins. . • • , • • • • • • • 4

2. Pistillate flowers single or in few-flowered clusters; staminate

flowers in catkins; fruit an acorn; leaves alternate, simple

or lobed .•...... 15. FAGACEAE, p. 75

2. Pistillate, and usually the staminate flowers, in catkins. . 3

3. Leaves alternate, not compound; flowers monoecious, in catkins;

pistillate catkins not drooping. 14. SALICACEAE, p. 73

3. Leaves opposite, simple, thick; flowers dioecious; pistillate

catkins drooping; fruit a berry. 55. GARR YACEAE, p. 188

4. Calyx wanting...... • ...... 5

4. Calyx present, at least in the staminate or perfect flowers. 6

5. Flowers imperfect, borne in calyxlike involucre and appearing

like a single flower; ovary 3-celled; styles 3.

42. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 159

5. Flowers perfect, borne in spikes subtended by petaloid bracts.

13. SAURURACEAE, p. 72

6. Ovary inferior; fruit a berry or nutlike...... 7

6. Ovary superior. . 8

7. Plants parasitic on the aerial parts of trees or shrubs; ours small, 12

brittle, brown plants; leaves brown, opposite, in ours reduced

to scales; stamens 3. 18. LORANTHACEAE, p. 77

7. Plants parasitic on the roots of shrubs; perennial herbs with woody

base; leaves green, opposite; flowers greenish white; stamens

4 to 5...... 19. SANT ALACEAE, p. 7 8

8. Carpels distinct, 1 to several seeded; stigma or style of each

solitary. . 9

8. Carpels united; stigmas or styles 2 to several. 12

9. Carpels several; stamens inserted below the ovary.

25. RANUNCULACEAE, p. 109

9. Carpels solitary...... 10

10. Ovary not enclosed by or seated in a hypanthium or calyx

tube; flowers small, green, in axillary clusters; sepals

and stamens 4; plants usually with stinging hairs.

17. URTICACEAE, p. 76

1 O. Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or calyx tube. 11

11. Calyx not petaloid; stamens perigynous; fruit an achene with a

long-villous style; leaves alternate. 33. ROSACEAE, p. 133

11. Calyx petaloid; stamens usually hypogynous; fruit an achene,

closely invested by the striate base of the calyx; leaves

opposite...... 23. NYCTAGINACEAE, p. 103

12. Ovary I-celled, 1-ovuled...... 13

12. Ovary several-celled, or if I -celled, with several ovules. 1 7

13. Fruit a drupe 6 mm long; deciduous trees; leaves ovate, 2 to 7

cm long...... 16. ULMACEAE, p. 76 13

13. Fruit an achene or utricle; herbs or shrubs...... 14

14. Leaves with stipules. . 20. POLYGONACEAE, p. 79

14. Leaves without stipules, usually alternate. . . • . . . 15

15. Flowers subtended by an involucre of united or distinct bracts;

achenes triangular or lenticular. 20, POLYGONACEAE, p. 79

15. Flowers without aninvolucre.; fruit mostly a utricle or a depressed

subglobose achene. • 16

16. Bracts not scarious; plants mostly mealy, scurfy or fleshy.

21. CHENOPODIACEAE, p. 91

16. Bracts scarious; plants not mealy or scurfy.

22. AMARANTHACEAE, p. 101

17. Ovary I -celled; fruit a capsule; leaves opposite.

25. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, p. 107

1 7. Ovary 2 to 5-celled...... 18

18. Flowers perfect; annuals; herbs with minute flowers; leaves

alternate; fruit a silicle. . . 30. CRUCIFERAE, p. 115

18. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; per er+nials. 19

19. Fruit a capsule; leaves alternate, Genus Tragia.

42. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 159

19. Fruit a samara, drupe, or capsule; trees or shrubs. . . 20

20. Fruit a double samara; styles 2; leaves opposite.

45. ACERACEAE, p. 163

20. Fruit a simple samara, drupe, or capsule; style l; leaves

opposite or alternate. . . . . 58. OLEACEAE, p. 189 14

SERIES 2. POLYPETALAE

Key I. Stamens more than twice as many as the petals.

1. Ovary inferior or partly so. 2

1. Ovary superior. . . . . • 6

2, Petals numerous; stems thick and succulent, spiny; leaves

lacking or caducous, . . • • 52, CACTACEAE, p. 171

2. Petals few; stems not thick and succulent; leaves present and

conspicuous. 3

3. Ovary only partly inferior. 4

3. Ovary wholly inferior. . . 5

4. Leaves opposite; fruit a capsule

32. SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 131

4. Leaves alternate; fruit various. 33. ROSACEAE, p. 133

5. Plants woody; fruit various. . . . 33. ROSACEAE, p. 133

5. Plants herbaceous; fruit a capsule; plants rough-hairy.

51. LOASACEAE, p. 168

6. Plants trees or shrubs. . . . • . • • 7

6. Plants herbaceous, or woody only at the base. 8

7. Shrub or small tree with recurved thorns and pinnate leaves; fruit

a legume. . . • . . . . 34. LEGUMINOSAE, p. 139

7. Shrubs or trees without thorns or pinnate leaves; fruit not a

legume...... 33. ROSACEAE, p. 133

8. Sepals 2...... 9

8. Sepals more than 2. 10 15

9. Sepals persistent; plants somewhat succulent.

24. PORTULACACEAE, p. 107

9. Sepals caducous; plants not succulent.

28. PAPAVERACEAE, p. 112

10. Filaments united into a tube around the pistil.

49. MALVACEAE, p. 165

10. Filaments not united into a tube. 11

11. Stamens attached to the margin of a hypanthium.

33. ROSACEAE, p. 133

11. Stamens attached at the base of the ovary.

26. RANUNCULACEAE, p. 109

Key 2. Stamens few, not more than twice as many as the petals.

1. Flowers with more than 1 pistil. 2

1. Flowers with a single pistil. • . • 3

2. Stamens inserted on a hypanthium, perigynous.

33. ROSACEA~, .p. :133

2. Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary, hypogynous.

26. RANUNCULACEAE, p. 109

3. Sty le s 2 to 5, distinct to near the base. . . . • . . . . • 4

3. Style 1, sometimes lobed or divided at the apex. 12

4. Plants trees or shrubs. . 5

4. Plants herbaceous. 9

5. Leaves scale-like. . • 50. TAMARICACEAE, p. 167

5. Leaves not scale-like, well developed. • • • • • . • . . • 6 16

6. Ovary inferior; leaves alternate.

32. SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 131

6. Ovary superior. • 7

7. Fruit a single samara. 40. SIMAROUBACEAE, p. 158

7. Fruit a double samara or drupe. 8

8. Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe.

43. ANACARDIACEAE, p. 16 2

8. Leaves opposite; fruit a double samara.

45. ACERACEAE, p. 163

9. Ovary inferior or partly so. 10

9. Ovary superior. . • . . . ll

10. Flowers in umbels; fruit a schizocarp.

54. UMBELLIFERAE, p. 185

10. Flowers not in umbels; fruit a capsule or berry.

32... SAXIFRAGACEAE-, p-. 131

11. Leaves opposite ...... • 24. CARYOPHY.LLACEAE, p. 107

11. Leaves alternate. 23. PORTULACACEAE, p. 107

12. Ovary inferior. • 13

12. Ovary superior. 14

13. Plants herbaceous. . • 53. ONAGRACEAE, p. 178

13. Plants woody; shrubs. 3 2. SAXIFRAGACEAE, p. 131 ! 14. Plants trees or shrubs. 15

14. Plants herbaceous. 28

15. Flowers irregular. . . 16 17

15. Flowers regular. 18

16. Petals 3, the lower 2 forming a keel.

41. POLYGALACEAE, p. 159

16. Petals 4 or 5, the lower 2 sometimes forming a keel. • 17

17. Flowers papilionaceous, the lower 2 petals often united and

forming a keel ... 34. LEGUMINOSAE, p. 139

17. Flowers not papilionaceous, the lower 2 petals not forming a keel;

fruit a spiny, I-seeded pod. . 35. KRAMERIACEAE, p. 154

l 8. Leaves compound, with 2 or more leaflets. . 19

18. Leaves simple (sometimes deeply divided or parted). . 24

19. Leaves twice pinnate; flowers purplish. 46. MELIACEAE, p. 163

19. Leaves once pinnate; flowers variously colored...... 20

20. Leaves trifoliate; fruit a samara with a continuous wing

around it; leaves alternate. . 39. RUTACEAE, p. 157

20. Leaves usually not trifoliate; fruit various, if samaroid then

the wing continous around it; the leaves opposite. . 21

21. Leaves opposite. 22

21. Leaves alternate. 22

22. Leaflets l to 9 or more; fruit a samara; plants usually trees;

leaves deciduous. 58. OLEACEAE, p. 189

22. Leaflets 2; fruit not a samara; plants shrubby; leaves

persistent (Larrea). . 38. Z YGOPHYLLACEAE, p. 156

23. Leaves spiny-toothed; sepals usually 6 in 2 whorls; petals usually

6 in 2 series; stamens 6 or 12. 27. BERBERIDACEAE, p. 112 18

23. Leaves not spiny-toothed; sepals usually 5; petals 5 or less;

stamens 10 or 5 ••. 34. LEGUMINOSAE, p. 139

24. Plants subshrubs at most; fruit stipitate.

3 O. .CR UCIFERAE, p. l 15

24. Plants well developed trees or shrubs. • • • • • • • 25

25. Flowers blue, 8 to 14 mm long; herbage glandular punctate; fruit

stipitate...... 39. RUTACEAE, p. 157

25. Flowers variously colored, usually not blue, usually less than

8 mm long; herbage not glandular punctate; fruit not stipitate.

26. Stems trailing and vinelike, with tendrils.

48. VITACEAE, p. 164

26. Stems not trailing and vinelike. . . . . • . . . . 27

27. Stamens opposite the petals; ovary 2 to 3-loculed.

4 7. RHAMNACEAE, p. 164

27. Stamens alternate with the petals or more numerous; ovary 2 to

5 -loculed. • . 44. CELASTRACEAE, p. 162

28. Sepals 2 or 3. 29

28. Sepals 4, 5 or inore. 31

29. Plants succulent; sepals 2. 23. PORTULACACEAE, p. 107

29. Plants not succulent. • • • • • 3 0

30. Sepals caduceus; stamens 6 to 12; leaves entire.

27. PAPAVERACEAE, p. 112

30. Sepals persistent; stamens 6; leaves dissefted; petals 4, in

2 unlike pairs...... 29. FUMARIACEAE, p. 114 19

31. Flowers irregular, papilionaceous. 34. LEGUMINOSAE, p. 139

31. Flowers regular. • • • . . • • • 32

32. Leaves compound •. 33

3 2. Leaves simple. • • • . • 35

33. Leaves mostly basal, deeply pinnatifid.

36. GERANIACEAE, p. 154

33. Leaves alternate or opposite. • • • • • • • • 3 4

34. Leaves opposite; leaflets 10 to 16.

38. Z YGOPHYLLACEAE, p. 156

34. Leaves alternate; leaflets usually 3.

31. CAPP ARIDACEAE, p. 13 0

35. Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6, tetradynamous.

30. CRUCIFERAE, p. l 15

35. Sepals and petals mostly 5; stamens 5 to 10. • • . . . . • 36

36. Leaves with stipules; carpels tailing in mature fruit, separat-

ing from each other as I-seeded indehiscent segments.

36. GERANIACEAE, p. 154

36. Leaves lacking stipules; carpels various; ovary IO-celled,

with one ovule per cell. . . . 37. LINACEAE, p. 155

SERIES 3. GAMOPETALAE l. Ovary superior. 2 l. Ovary inferior. 23

2. Stamens free from the corolla. . 3

2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. 6 20

3. Carpel 1; corolla papilionaceous .. 34. LEGUMINOSAE, p. 139

3. Carpels several, united. • ...... • 4

4. Filaments distinct; corolla urn-shaped; fruit drupelike; style

and stigma 1; shrubs. . . • 56. ERICACEAE, p. 188

4. Filaments united. • • • • • • • 5

5. Corolla irregular; stamens 6, diadelphous; sepals 2, scalelike;

petals 4, in 2 pairs; leaves divided.

29. FUMARIA,CEAE., ..p. 114

5. Corolla regular; stamens many, united into a tube; sepals and

petals 5; leaves simple. • • 49. MALVACEAE, p. 165

6. Plants parasitic, without chlorophyll. • • • • • • • • 7

6. Plants not parasitic, having chlorophyll. 8

7. Corolla open, regular; plants twining or trailing over shrubs;

parasitic on stems; stamens 5.

62. CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 196

7. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped; plants erect, parasitic on roots;

stamens 4, in 2 pair. 72. OROBANCHACEAE, p. 242

8. Corolla dry-scarious, veinless; capsule opening by a lid;

scapose herbs; flowers in bracteate spikes or heads;

sepals and petals 4. . 73. PLANTAGINACEAE, p. 243

8. Corolla not dry-scarious, veiny; capsule not as above. . 9

9. Carpels distinct except sometimes at the apex; plants with milky

juice; calyx and corolla 5-lobed...... • . . • 10

9. Carpels united...... 11 21

10. Styles united or none; stamens not monodelphous, connivent

around the stigma. . . . 60. APOCYNACEAE, p. 193

10. Styles distinct below; stamens monodelphous, adnate to the

style. . • . . 61. ASCLEPIADACEAE, p. 193

11. Corolla regular...... 12

11. Corolla irregular. 19

12. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity separating into 2 to 4 nutlets or

by abortion only l; inflorescence a scorpioid cyme.

65. BORAGINACEAE, p. 213

12. Ovary 1, 2, or 3-celled. . • • • ...... 13

13. Stamens 2, opposite each other; fruit a circumscissile, didyna-

mous capsule. • • . • . • . • • 58. OLEACEAE, p. 189

13. Stamens 4 or 5; fruit not a circumscissile capsule •. 14

14. Styles 3-cleft; ovary 3-celled; capsule 3-valved.

63. POLEMONACEAE, p. 197

14. Styles mt 3-cleft; ovary 1 or 2-celled .... 15

15. Calyx of 5 sepals, distinct or united only at base. 16

15. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed or cleft; style 1, entire ... 17

16. Plants twining or trailing; inflorescence not coiled; corolla

plaited in bud. 62. CONVOLVULACEAE, p. 196

16. Plants erect or diffuse; inflorescence cymose or scorpioid;

corolla not plaited in bud.

64. , HYDROPHYLLACEAE, p. 205

17. Ovary I-celled; stigmas 2; leaves opposite.

29. GENTIANACEAE, p. 191 22

17. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed. • . . . . . • 18

18. Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves; corolla 5-lobed; flowers

not in dense heads. . . . . 68. SOLANACEAE, p. 229

18. Shrubs with opposite or whorled leaves; corolla usually 4-

lobed; flowers small, in dense heads.

5 7. LOGANIACEAE, p. 166

19. Fruit of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite. 20

19. Fruit a capsule; ovary 2-celled. . 21

20. Ovary not lobed; style apical, entire.

66. VERBENACEAE, p. 223

20. Ovary 4-lobed; style arising between the lobes, cleft at base.

67. LABIATAE, p. 224

21. Plants trees or shrubs; seeds winged; capsule linear to cigar-

shaped. . . . 70. BIGNONIACEAE, p. 241

21. Plants herbaceous (in ours), or woody only at the base; seeds not

winged; capsules various but not as above...... 22

22. Ovary 1-loculed; plants strongly viscid pubescent, fruit a

woody capsule with 2 recurved, spine-like appendages.

71. MART YNIACEAE, p. 24 2

22. Ovary 2-loculed; plants not usually viscid pubescent; fruit

not as above. . . . 69. SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 232

23. Stamens numerous; anther sacs opening by slits; petals many;

succulent, spiny plants. . . 52. CACTACEAE, p. 171

23. Stamens 5 or fewer...... 24 23

24. Stamens distinct; leaves opposite or whorled. . . . • 25

24. Stamens united by the anthers. . 26

25. Ovary 2-celled, separating into 2 parts when ripe; annual or peren-

nial herbs. • . • . . . . . 74. RUBIACEAE, p. 245

25. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe; ours shrubs.

75. CAPRIFOLIACEAE, p. 246

26. Plants having tendrils; leaves palmate; stamens 3; flowers 5

to 10 cm long. . . 76. CUCURBITACEAE, p. 248

26. Plants without tendrils. • • • • • • • • • • • 2 7

27. Flowers not in heads; stamens free from the corolla.

77. CAMPANULACEAE, p. 248

27. Flowers in involucrate heads; stamens adnate to the corolla.

78. COMPOSITAE, p. 248 24 DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYT A

I. EQUISETACEAE - HORSETAIL FAMILY

Plants with hollow, jointed stems; the leaves whorled at the nodes, minute and tooth-like; the reproductive bodies in spike-like terminal cones with sporangia borne on the underside of the peltate scales.

I. Equisetum hiemale L. Nearly throughout the United States,

2, 000 to 8, 000 feet, moist, alluvial soil and springy places. Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson Road. (Higgins 826.)

2. POLYPODIACEAE - FERN FAMILY

Stems (rhizomes) creeping or erect, sparingly branched, trans- versed by one or several vascular bundles, bearing hairs or scales; leaves large in comparison to the stem, circinate in vernation, blade pinnatifid to decompound; reproduction by means of spores, these borne in sporangia, which are grouped in sori.

I. Sori dorsal on the veins; indusium with a linear attachment; stipe

bundles 2 at the base of the stipe; blades large. , . 1. Athyrium

I. Sari marginal or nearly so, or borne in lines along the veins and

then lacking an indusial covering; stipe bundle I ... 2

2. Sporangia borne on the veins on the underside of a reflexed

marginal lo be. . 2. Adiantum

2. Sporangia not borne on a marginal lobe, but often borne on the

leaf surface under a marginal lobe. . 3

3. Sporangia borne in lines on the veins; blades pentagonal in outline

waxy beneath, otherwise glabrous and scaleless. 25 3. Pityrogramma

3. Sporangia submarginal. 4

4. Inrolled leaf margins continuous; pinnules thick and leathery.

4. Pellaea

4. Inrolled leaf margins not continuous, or if continuous the

pinnules only 1-3 mm long and beadlike, not thick and

leathery. 5. Cheilanthe s

1. Athyrium Roth Lady Fern

Large,, delicate, terrestrial woody ferns with thick, erect, scaly

rhizomes, the scales brown, fibrous, entire; fronds deciduous, thin-

membranaceous; stipes stramineous, thick, shorter than the blades;

blades bipinnate-pinnatifid, narrowed at base and apex; spores bilateral.

1. Athyrium filix-femina (L, ) Roth. Widely distributed in North

and South America, 3, 000 to 9,000 feet in shaded areas a.long streams,

Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 3904).

2. Adiantum L. Maidenhair Fern

Delicate fern of moist situations with creeping, paleaceous

rhizomes; fronds clustered, 2-10 dm long, drooping in ours; stipes

purplish black, shining; blades longer than broad, 2 or 3 pinnate at base pinnae wedge-ovate or rhomboid, with forked veins; sori marginal

under the sharply incurved interrupted margin.

1. Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres, 1,500 to 7,000 feet on moist 26 cliffs and springy places. Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 1103).

3. Pityrogramma Link Goldfern

Small tufted ferns with the rhizomes covered with dark, narrow

scales; fronds few, erect; stipes dark, glossy brown; blades 1-3 pinnate, triangular in ours, powdery beneath; sori oblong or linear, confluent, without indusium following the veins; plants of dry banks and among rocks.

1. Pityrogramma triangularis (Kaulf. ) Maxon British Columbia to Utah and lower California, 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet on rocky ledges.

4. Pellaea Link Cliffbrake

Rhizomes thick in ours; fronds erect; scales linear-subulate, filiform tipped, glabrous, nearly entire; stipes mostly shorter than the blades, wiry, pale brown to dark purplish, with 1 vascular bundle; sori

exindusiate.

1. Pellaea jonesii (Maxon) Morton (Notholaena jonesii Maxon).

Southern Utah and Arizona to California, 2, 000 to 4, 000 feet in crevices

of limestone cliffs.

5. Cheilanthes Sw. Lipfern

Evergreen, mostly xerophytic rock ferns; scales abundant, mostly

entire, glabrous, persistent; stipes shorter than the blades, dark and

shining, with one vascular strand; blades uniform, 2-4 pinnate, thick

membranaceous, or mostly coriaceous, often tomentose or paleaceous;

sori borne on the vein tips, usually protected by the reflexed leaf margin. 27

1. Segments not rotund or beadlike, pinnae scaleless, segments hairy

above white -villous beneath with long hairs. 1. C. parryi

1. Segments minute, rotund and beadlike...... 2

2. Pinnae scaleless, villous or tomentose beneath, segments

hairy above. 2. C. feei

2. Pinnae scaly, at least on the midribs beneath, segments

glabrous above; rhizomes widely creeping. 3. ~ .. covillei

1. Cheilanthes parryi (D. C. Eaton) Domin. (Notholaena parryi

D. C. Eaton)i Southwestern Utah to southern California, 1, 000 to 6, 500 feet, dry, hot canyon walls in crevices. Castle Cliffs. (Harrison 10233 ).

2. Cheilanthes feei Moore. Over most of the United States west of the Mississippi River, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, dry, rocky slopes and cliffs. Ca. 4 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's

Ranch. (Higgins 478).

3. Cheilanthes covillei Maxon. Southwestern Utah to Arizona and southwestern California, 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet among cliffs and rocky ledges. Apex Mine, east facing slope. (Cottam 4103).

DfVISION ll. SPERMATOPHYT A

CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE

3. PINACEAE

Resinous trees or shrubs, usually with evergreen, needle- shaped, linear, or scale-like imbricated leaves; staminate cones with many stamens; ovules inverted, usually two at the base of each scale. 28

1. Leaves sheathed at base, usually in fascicles, needle-like; fruit

maturing the second seasoh. 1. Pinus

1. Leaves not sheathed or fascicled, linear; fruit matures in one

season. 2. Abies

1. Pinus L. Pine

Trees; leaves in fascicles or solitary, needle-shaped or narrowly

linear; scales of the pistillate flowers in the axils of minute persistent bracts; cones in fruit with thick woody scales; fruit maturing the second

or third season; seeds winged or wingless.

1. Leaves mostly single, terete, 5 cm or shorter. 1. P. monophylla

1. Leaves mostly 3 per fascicle, 10 to 20 cm long. 2. P. ponderosa

1. Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. Western Utah to Arizona

and California, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, common at middle elevations. Sum- mit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 387).

2. Pinus ponderosa Lawson. United States and Canada west of the Rocky Mountain, 5, 000 to 8,000 feet. Summit of Beaver Dam Moun- tains near television relay tower. (Higgins 577).

2. Abies Mill. Fir

Trees; the young bark with numerous horizontally elongate resin

pockets; leaves evergreen, flat, linear, blunt at apex, or with a notch; branches marked with circular scars left by fallen leaves; cones erect, with thin deciduous scales longer than the bracts; seeds winged. 29

1. Abies concolor (Gordon and Glendinning) Hoopes. Wyoming to Mexico and Oregon, 5,500 to 9, 000 feet. Summit of Beaver Dam

Mountains near television relay tower. (Higgins 705 ).

r 4. CUPRESSACEAE - CYPRESS FAMILY

Evergreen dioecious or monoecious trees or shrubs, with opposite or whorled linear or scale-like leaves; staminate cones with a few shield-shaped stamens with 2 to several pollen chambers; ovulate cones with a few opposite or whorled, thick scales, bearing I -several ovules near the base; cones woody or fleshy.

1, Cones dry at maturity, the scales woody and separating at maturity;

seeds numerous under each scale, winged. . 1. Cupressus

1. Cones berry-like, often juicy, the scales fleshy, and remaining fused

at maturity; seeds 1 or 2 under each scale. • . 2. Juniperus

1. Cupressus L. Cypress

Trees with small, scale-like, imbricated leaves, usually with a pit on the back containing a resin gland; cones nearly globose, with woody scales separating at maturity, persistent on the branches for sever al years.

1. Cupressus arizonica Greene. Southern Utah to Texas and

Mexico, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet. An introduced tree at Castle Cliffs, along hwy. 91. (Higgins 588). 30

2. Juniperus L. Juniper

Evergreen trees or shrubs, monoecious or dioecious; leaves, in alternate pairs or whorls, subulate and spreading in juvenile form, imbricate and appressed in the mature form; cones berry-like, the scales becoming fleshy and not spreading at maturity.

1. Leaves entire, paired; branches flattened, slender drooping; fruit

dark blue, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, with a bloom.

1. J. scopulorum

I. Leaves minutely denticulate, paired, or in whorls of 3; branches

not drooping; seeds commonly s.olitary, • 2

2. Fruit reddish-brown or copper colored when mature, dry and

mealy, 7 to 18 mm in diameter; limbs usually arising

above ground level. . 2. J. osteosperma

2. Fruit blue or blue-black, juicy, 4 to 7 mm in diameter; limbs

arising at or below ground level. 3. J. monosperma

1. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Alberta and British Columbia to New Mexico and Nevada, 5,000 to 9,000 feet. Summit of Beaver Dam

Mountain near television relay tower, east facing slope. (Higgins 774).

2. Juniperus osteosperma (Torr. ) Little (J. utahensis Eng elm. ).

Throughout the state, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, our most common juniper.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountain along hwy. 91. (Higgins 323).

3. Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. Reported as common over most of the state, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, often growing with__I_: osteosperma. 31

5. EPHEDRACEAE - JOINT-FIR FAMILY

Shrubs with jointed, grooved green or yellowish stems and scale- like, opposite or whorled leaves, usually dioecious, staminate cones with 2 to 8 stamens; ovulate cones with 1 to 3 ovules enclosed in an envelope.

1. Ephedra L. Mormon Tea

Plants with the characteristics of the family.

1. Leaves 3 at a node; bracts of the fruiting cones clawed, 7 to 10 mm

wide .. 1. E. torreyana

1. Leaves 2 at a node; bracts not clawed, 3 to 5 mm wide. . . . 2

2. Base of the leaves brown, persistent; seeds prevailingly

paired...... 2. E. viridis

2. Base of the leaves gray, deciduous. 3

3. Seeds mostly paired, brown, smooth. . 3. E. nevadensis

3. Seeds mostly solitary, grayish or light brown, vertically

wrinkled ..... 4. E. fasciculata

1. Ephedra torreyana Wats. Southwestern Colorado to Nevada, south to western Texas, Arizona and Chihuahua, 4,000 to 6,000 feet.

2. Ephedra viridis Coville. Southern Utah to southwestern

Colorado and California, 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Castle Cliffs along hwy.

91. Our most common species of Ephedra. (Higgins 324, 378~.

3. Ephedra nevadensis Wats. Western Utah, Oregon, Arizona and California, about 3, 000 feet. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 628). 32

4. Ephedra fasciculata A. Nels. Southwestern Utah to Arizona and southeastern California, 4, 000 feet or lower, Western slope of the

Beaver Dam Mountains. ( Gould 15 26).

CLASS 2. ANGIOSPERMAE

SUBCLASS 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

6. TYPHACEAE

Perennial mar sh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks; stems terete, solid; leaves linear, parallel veined; flowers monoecious in a dense cylindric spike, staminate uppermost; inflorescence subtended by early deciduous bracts; perianth consisting of bristles; stamens 2 to

7; ovary 1, stipitate, 1 or 2-celled.

1. Typha latifolia L. Widely distributed in North America,

3,500 to 7, 500 feet. Along the Virgin River at the narrows.

7. GRAMINEAE - GRASS FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs, or sometimes woody in warm regions; stems (culms) cylindrical, jointed, usually hollow in the internodes and closed in the nodes; leaves 2 ranked, each consisting of a sheath, ligule, and blade; sheaths encircling the stem with the margins free and over - lapping or sometimes united; ligule placed at the junction of the sheath and blade; flowers usually perfect, small and inconspicuous, consisting of stamens and pistil and 2 to 3 minute scales representing the perianth, each such flower subsessile between two bracts, lemma and palea, the palea sometimes wanting, the whole forming a floret, or false flower; 33 stamens usually 3, sometimes 6, hypogynous; ovary I-celled, styles 2, stigmas plumose; fruit a grain or caryopsis.

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND TRIBES

1. Spikelets 1 to many flowered, reduced florets above the perfect

florets; articulation usually above the glumes; spikelets usually

laterally compressed .... SUBFAMILY FESTUCOIDEAE .. 2

1. Spikelets with 1 perfect terminal floret; articulation below the

glumes; spikelets more or less dorsally compressed

SUBFAMILY PANICOIDEAE. . 7

2. Spikelets I -flowered, in groups of 2 to 5, falling entire, lemma

and pale a thinner than the glume s. 6. ZOYSIEAE

2. Spikelets not as above. 3

3. Spikelets sessile. . . . 4

3. Spikelets pedicellate. 5

4. Spikelets on opposite sides of the rachis; spike terminal,

solitary. • 2. HORDEAE

4. Spikelets on one side of the rachis; spikelets usually more

than one, digitate or racemose. . . . 5. CHLORIDEAE

5. Spikelets I-flowered. . . 4. AGROSTIDEAE

5. Spikelets 2-several flowered. 6

6. Glumes as long as the lowest floret, usually as long as the

spikelet; lemmas awnless or awned from the back.

3. AVENEAE

6. Glumes shorter than the first floret; lemmas awnless or awned 34

from the tip or from a bifid apex. . . 1. FESTUCEAE

7. Glumes membranaceous; fertile lemma and palea indurate or at least

firmer than the glume s . . . . 7. PANICEAE

7. Glumes indurate; fertile lemma and palea hyaline or membranaceous;

spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate

and usually staminate or neuter. . . 8. ANDROPOGONEAE

1. TRIBE FESTUCEAE

1. Tall stout reeds with large plume-like panicles; lemmas naked;

rachilla hairy. . • • . 1. Phragmites

1. Low or rather tall grasses, rarely more than 1. 5 m tall. . 2

2. Plants dioecious, perennial. 2. Distichlis

2. · Plants not dioecious. . . 3

3. Lemmas 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, often hairy. 4

3. Lemmas 5 to many nerved...... 5

4. Lemmas pubescent on the nerves. 3. Tridens

4. Lemmas not pubescent on the nerves. 4. Eragrostis

5. Lemmas keeled on the back. . . 6

5. Lemmas rounded on the back; or slightly keeled toward the summit.

6. Spikelets strongly compressed, crowded in I-sided clusters

at the ends of stiff, naked, panicle branches. 5. Dactylis

6. Spikelets not strongly compressed, not in one sided clusters. 7

7. Lemmas awned from a bifid apex, (awnless or nearly so in Bromus

catharticus ); spikelets usually longer than 12 mm. 6. Brom us 35

7. Lemmas awnless; spikelets usually smaller than 8 mm. long.

7. Poa

8. Lemmas awned from a minutely bifid apex. . . 6. Bromus

8. Lemmas entire, pointed, awnless or awned from the tip. . 9

9. Lemmas awned, and pointed. 8. Festuca

9. Lemma not awned, 5-nerved, not pointed. 7. Poa

2. TRIBE HORDEAE

1. Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis. 2

2. Spikelets more than 1 at each node of the rachis. 4

2. Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis; first glume wanting

except in the terminal spikelet. • 9. Lolium

2. Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis. 3

3. Plants perennial. . . 10. Agropyron

3. Plants annual; glumes ovate, 3-nerved. 11. Triticum

4. Spikelets 3 at each node of the rachis, I-flowered, the lateral

pair pedicelled, usually reduced to awns. . 12. Hordeum

4. Spikelets 2 or more at each node of the rachis, alike,

2 to 6 flowered. . 5

5. Rachis continuous; glumes broad or narrow, entire. 13. Elymus

5. Rachis disarticulating at maturity; glumes subulate, extending

into long awns...... 14. Sitanion

. 3. TRIBE AVENEAE

1. Lemmas bifid at apex; awns minute or rarely obsolete; spikelets not

more than 5 mm long; awns when present, slender. 15.Schismus 36

1. Lemmas toothed but not bifid; glumes 2 to 3. 5 cm long. 16. Avena

4. TRIBE AGROSTIDEAE

1. Articulation below the glumes, the spikelets falling entire; glumes

long awned...... 1 7. Polypogon

1. Articulation above the glumes. . . 2

2. Fruit indurate, terete, awned, callus well developed. . 3

2. Fruit not indurate, thin or firm; callus not well developed. 5

3. Awns trifid. 18. Aristida

3. Awn simple...... 4

4. Awn persistent, twisted and bent, several times longer than

the fruit. • 19. Stipa

4, Awn deciduous, not twisted, fruit plump. . . 20·._· Oryzopsis

5. Glume s longer than the lemma. . 6 5. Glumes not longer than the lemma...... 7

6. Floret bear-ing a tuft of hairs at the base from the short callus;

palea well developed. . . . 21. Calamagrostis

6. Floret without hairs at the base, or with short hairs; pale a

small or obsolete. . . . . 22 . Agrostis . 7. Caryopsis at maturity falling from the lemma and palea; seed loose

in the pericarp, this usually opening when ripe. 23. Sporobolus

7. Caryopsis not falling from the lemma and palea, remaining

permanently enclosed in them...... 24. Muhlenber gia 37

5. TRIBE ZOYSIEAE

A single genus treated...... 25. Hilaria

6. TRIBE CH LORIDEAE

I. Spikelets with more than I perfect floret. 2

1. Spikelets with only 1 perfect floret, often with additional

imperfect florets above and below. . . 3

2. Spikes,numerous, slender, racemose. 26. Leptochloa

2. Spikes few, digitate or nearly so ... 27. Eleusine

3. Spikelets without additional modified florets, the rachilla

prolonged; spikelets digitate. . • . . . 28. Cynodon

3. Spikelets with 1 or more modified florets above the perfect one. 4

4. Spikelets digitate or nearly so; fertile lemma I-awned or

awnless .... 29. Chloris

4. Spikelets racemose along the main axis i spikelets 2 to many

in each spike. . • • . • . • , . • 30. Bouteloua

7. TRIBE PANICEAE

I. Spikelets subtended or surrounded by 1 to many distinct or more

or less connate bristles, forming an involucre. 2

1. Spikelets not subtended by bristles. . 3

2. Bristles persistent, the spikelets deciduous 31. Setaria

2. Bristles falling with the spikelets at maturity, united into

a bur-like involucre, the bristle retrorsely barbed.

32. Cenchrus 38

3. Glumes or sterile lemma awned. 33. Echinochloa-

3. Glume s and sterile lemmas awnle s s. 4

4. First glume typically wanting; spikelets planoconvex, subsessile

in spikelike racemes...... 34. Paspalum

4. First glume present; spikelets usually in panicles. 35. Panicum

8. TRIBE ANDROPOGONEAE

A single genus treated. • . • . . . . • . 36. Sorghum

1. Phragmites Trin. Common Reed

Spikelets several flowered, the rachilla with long silky hairs; the lowest floret staminate or:ne·ute.r; lemmas narrow, long acuminate, glabrous, 3-nerved, the florets successively smaller, the summits of all about equal; palea much shorter than the lemma; perennial reeds, with broad, flat, linear blades and large terminal panicles.

1. Phragmites communis Trin. Distributed throughout the world, marshes and wet places along river banks and ditches, July to

October. To be expected along the Virgin River at the narrows.

2. Distichlis Raf. Saltgrass

Plants dioecious; spikelets several to many flowered; glumes unequal, broad, acute, keeled; lemmas closely intricate, firm, low perennials, with extensively creeping scaly rhizomes.

1, Distichlis stricta (Torr. ) Rydb. Over most of the western

United States, up to 7, 000 feet, May to October. Junction of Gunlock r~ad and hwy. 91. (Higgins 834). 39

3. Tridens Roem. & Schult.

Cespitose or stoloniferous perennials with open or contracted

panicles; glumes nearly equal; lemmas rounded on the back, the apex toothed or lobed; 3-nerved, all the nerves pubescent.

1. Plants widely stoloniferous; panicles small, capitate, exceeded by

the fascicles of leaves. 1. T. pulchellus

2. Plants cespitose, without stolons...... 2

2. Panicle ovoid, 1 to 2 cm long; lemmas acute, the awn 1 to 2 mm

long •.• 2. T. pilosus

2. Panicle elongate, 10 to 25 cm long; lemmas obtuse; awnless;

second glume I -nerved. . . . 3. T. muticus

1. Tridens pulchellus (H.B. K. ) Hitchc. Utah and Nevada to western Texas, Arizona, and southern California, up to 5,500 feet,

March to October. Near Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins

349, 358).

2. Tridens pilosus (Buckl.) Hitchc. Kansas to Nevada, south to central Mexico, up to 5,500 feet. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 584).

3. Tridens muticus (Torr.) Nash. Southern Colorado and Texas to southeastern California, up to 5, 500 feet, April to October. Ca. 5 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 616).

4. Eragrostis Beauv. Lovegrass

Annual or perennial grasses with flat blades and open panicles; 40

spikelets several-flowered, the rachilla continuous, the lemma persistent, the palea deciduous; glumes acute, 1-nerved; lemma 3-nerved,

rounded on the back.

1. Plants with minute glands on the branches or on the keels of the

lemmas...... 1. E. cilianensi s

1. Plants not glandular; panicle branches compound; spikelets some-

what crowded. . 2. . E. .diff u:sa

1. Eragrostis cilianensis (All. ) Link. Throughout the United

States, up to 6,000 feet, May to October. Junction of hwy. 91 and the

Gunlock road. (Higgins 802).

2. Eragrostis diffusa Buck!. Texas to Nevada, southern

California, and northern Mexico, up to 7,000 feet, waste places, July

' to September. Near television relay tower. (Higgins 708),'

5. Dactylis L. Orchard Grass

Perennials with flat blades and fascicled spikelets; spikelets few-flowered; compressed, nearly sessile in dense 1-sided fascicles;

glumes unequal, carinate, acute, hispid-ciliate on the keel; lemmas

compressed keeled, mucronate, 5-nerved, ciliate on the keel.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Newfoundland to southeastern

Alaska, south to Florida and central California, fields and waste

places, introduced from Eurasia. (D. H. Galway, May 14, 1935). 41

6. Bromus L. Bromegrass

Annuals or perennials with closed sheaths, usually flat blades, open or contracted panicles of large spikelets; spikelets several to many flowered; glumes unequal acute; lemmas convex on the back or keeled, awned from between the teeth or awnless; palea usually shorter than the lemma, ciliate on the keels.

1. Spikelets strongly flattened, the lemmas compressed-keeled. . 2

l. Spikelets terete before anthesis or somewhat flattened, but lemmas

not compressed-keeled. 3

2. Lemmas awnless or nearly so. 1. B. catharticus

2. Lemmas awned, the awn more than 3 mm long. 2. ~ marginatus

3. Awn geniculate, twisted below; teeth of the lemma aristate.

3. B. trinii

3. Awn straight or divaricate, sometimes minute or obsolete, not

twisted and geniculate; teeth of the lemma sometimes slender

but not ari state. 4

4. Lemmas broad, rounded above, not acuminate, the teeth mostly

less than 1 mm long. 4. ~ japonicus

4. Lemmas narrow, with a sharp callus, gradually acuminate,

bifid, the teeth 2 to 5 mm long, awns usually more than

1. 5 cm long. 5

5. Panic le contracted, erect; awn 12 to 20 mm long; culms pubescent

below the dense panicle. 5. B. rubens 42

5. Panicle open, the branches spreading. 6

6. Second glume usually less than 1 cm long; pedicels capillary, \ flexuous. 6. B. tectorum

6. Second glume more than 1 cm long; pedicels sometimes flexuous

but not capillary. 7

7. Awn about 2 cm long; first glume 8 mm long. 7. B. sterilis

7.:"·:-Awn 3 to 5 cm long; first glume about 15 mm long. 8. B. rigidus

1. Brqmus. ·· catharticus Vahl. Southern United States, introduced from South America, a weed in waste places, May to September. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 637, 617).

2. Bromus marginatus Nees. South Dakota to British Columbia,

·south to northern Mexico, up to 9,500 feet, March to June. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 511 ). '

3. Bromus trinii Desv. Oregon and Colorado to Arizona and

Baja California, introduced from Chile, March to May. Ca. 6 miles east of Beaver Dam Wash in rocky crevice. (B. F. Harrison 12282).

4. Bromus japonicus Thunb. Waste places throughout the

United States, introduced from the old world. Around St. George. (D. H.

Galway, June 7, 1935).

5. Bromus rubens L. Washington to Arizona and California, roadsides and waste places, spring. Jackson road 5 miles west of hwy.

91. (Higgins 34 7 ).

6. Bromus tectorum L. Throughout the United States except the southeast, waste places, spring. Jackson road 5 miles west of hwy.

91. (Higgins 497). 43

7. Bromus sterilis L. British Columbia to California,

Colorado and New Mexico, also eastern states. (Desma Hall, April 19,

1936).

8. Bromus rigidus Roth. British Columbia and Idaho to

Arizona and California, introduced from Europe. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (B. F. Harrison).

7. Poa L. Bluegrass

Annuals or perennials with spikelets in open or contracted panicles; spikelets 2 to several flowered; glumes acute, keeled, somewhat unequal; lemmas somewhat keeled, acute or acutish, awnless, membranaceous, 5-nerved, the nerves sometimes pubescent.

1. Spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide, lemmas

convex on the back, crisp puberulent on the back toward the

base .. 1. P. secunda

1. Spikelets distinctly compressed, the glumes and lemmas keeled. 2

2. Plants annual. . 3

2. Plants perennial. 4

3. Panicle narrow, contracted, usually interrupted; sheaths scabrous;

lemmas webbed pubescent on the internerves below.

2. P. bigelovii

3. Panicle oblong or pyramidal, the branches spreading; sheaths glab-

rous; lemmas not webbed at base •. 3. P. annua

4. Creeping rhizomes present; lemmas webbed at base.

4. P. pratensis 44

4. Creeping rhizomes wanting; lemmas pubescent on the nerves;

ligule prominent. . . . 5. P. longiligula

1. Poa secunda Presl. North Dakota to Yukon territory, south to Nebraska, New Mexico, and southern California, middle altitudes.

Near television relay tower. (Higgins 66a).

2. Poa bigelovii Vasey & Scribn. Oklahoma and western Texas, to Nevada, Arizona and southern California, 1, 000 to 3, 000 feet open ground. Around St. George. (D. H. Galway, April 14, 1935).

3. Poa annua L. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Florida,

Arizona, and California, 500 to 8, 000 feet, open ground, lawns and waste places.

4. Poa pratensis L. Throughout the United States, introduced from Europe, medium to high altitudes.

5. Poa longiligula Scribn. & Williams. North Dakota to

Oregon, south to New Mexico, Arizona and California, 3,500 to 7,000 feet, April to June. Near television relay tower. (Higgins 667).

8. Festuca L. Fescue

Plants perennial or in ours annual; spikelets few to several flowered; glumes narrow, acute, unequal; lemmas rounded on the back, acute, awned from the tip.

1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Throughout the United States, up to

6, 500 feet, but usually lower, early spring. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 359). 45

9. Lolium L. Ryegrass

Annuals or perennials, with flat blades and slender, usually flat

spikes; spikelets several flowered, solitary, placed edgewise to the con-

tinuous rachia; first glume wanting, except on the terminal spikelet;

lemmas rounded on the back, 5 to 7-nerved, obtuse, acute, or awned.

1. Lemmas nearly or quite awnless; culms subcompressed.

1. L. perenne

1. Lemmas, at least the upper, awned; culms cylindric.

2. L. multiflorum

1. Lolium perenne L. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to

Virginia, Arizona, and California, meadows, lawns, and waste places.

Around St. George. (Desma Hall, May 23, 1936).

2. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Virginia, Arizona, and California, open ground and waste places.

Near St. George. (Desma Hall, May 23, 1936).

10. Agr opyr on Gaertn. Wheatgras s

Plants perennial; spikelets several flowered, solitary, sessile,

placed flatwise to each joint; glumes equal, firm; lemmas convex on the back, rather firm, 5 to 7-nerved, acute or awned from the apex, palea about as long as the lemma.

1. Plants with creeping rhizomes. 1. A. smithii

1. Plants without creeping rhizomes. 2 46

2. Spikelets much compressed, crowded on the rachis.

2. A. desertorum

2. Spikelets not much compressed nor divergent. 3

3. Spikelets awnless or awn-tipped only. 3. A. elongatum

3. Spikelets awned, awns divergent . . 4. A. spicatum

1. Agropyron smithii Rydb. Throughout the United States except the extreme east and southeast, moist usually alkaline soil.

2. Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult. Introduced from

Russia; Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and California.

Ca. 2 miles south of the television relay tower. (Higgins 666, 770).

3. Agropyron elongatum L. Introduced grass, found scattered throughout the western United States. Terry's Ranch. on the Beaver Dam

Wash. (Higgins 621 ).

4. Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith. Northern

Michigan to Alaska, south to western South Dakota, New Mexico, and

California, plains, dry slopes, canyons, and dry open woods.

11. Triticum L. Wheat

Plants annual, with flat blades and thick spikes; spikelets 2 to

5-flowered, solitary, placed flatwise at each joint of a continuous or articulate rachis; glumes rigid, keeled, 3-to several nerved; lemmas broad, keeled, very asymmetric, many nerved, abruptly pointed or awned. 47

I. Trisetum aestivum L. Commonly cultivated; fields and waste places in the vicinity of cultivated fields, but not established.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 600).

12. Hordeum L. Barley

Plants annual or perennial, with flat blades and dense bristly spikes; spikelets I-flowered, sometimes 3 or 2; the middle spikelet sessile, the lateral ones pediceled, usually imperfect; glumes narrow, often subulate and awned.

1. Plants perennial. 1. H. jubatum

I. Plants annual. . 2

2. Blades without auricles; glumes of the fertile spikelet dilated

above the base. . 2. H. pusillum

2. Blade with prominent auricle. 3

3. Rachis continuous, the 3 s pikelets sessile. 3. H. vulgare

3. Rachis disarticulating; lateral spikelets pedicellate. 4

4. Floret of lateral spikelets longer and broader than that of

central spikelet; rachis internodes mostly 3mm long.

4. H. leporinum

4. Floret of lateral spikelets not larger than that of central

spikelet; rachis internodes mostly 2 mm long.

5. H. stebbinsii

1. Hordeum jubatum L. Newfoundland to Alaska, south to

Maryland, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and California, up to 7,500 feet, 48 a c9mmon weed along ditches and in waste places.

2. Hordeum pilsillum Nutt. Delaware to Washington, south to

Florida, Arizona, a:q.d California, open ground and waste places, spring.

3. Horde um vulgare L. Cultivated for grain, fields and waste places. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 601).

4. Hordeum leporinum Link. British Columbia to western

Texas, Arizona, and California; introduced from Europe; a weed in cul- ti vated land and waste places, April to June.

5. Hordeum stebbinsii Covas. Idaho and Washington, New

Mexico to California, old world; a weed in cultivated land and waste places,

April to June. Near Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 338).

13. Elymus L. Wildrye

Plants perennial, with flat blades, and crowded spikes; spikelets

2 to 6-flowered, in pairs at each node of a continuous rachis; glumes equal, somewhat asymmetrical, usually rigid; lemmas rounded on the back or nearly terete, obscurely 5-nerved, acute or usually awned from tip.

1. Elymus cinereus Scribn. Saskatchewan to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern California, dry plains and slopes, June to September. Ca. one-half mile east of television relay tower. (Higgins 714).

14. Sitanion Raf. Squirreltail

Plants perennial, with bristly spikes; spikelets 2 to few-flowered, the uppermost floret reduced, usually 2 at each node of a disarticulating 49 rachis; glumes narrow or setaceous, I to 3-nerved, the nerves prominent, extending into one to several awns; lemmas firm, convex on the back, nearly terete, 5-nerved, the nerves obscure, minutely bifid, the midnerve extending into a long, diver gent awn.

1. Glumes cleft into 3 or more long, awnlike divisions. 1. ~ jubatum

1. Glumes entire or 2-cleft . 2. ~ hystrix

1. Sitanion jubatum J, G. Smith. Idaho and eastern Washington to Arizona, Nevada, and Baja California. Ca, 3 miles west of hwy. 91 along road to television relay tower. (Higgins 565).

2. Sitanion hystrix (Nutt, ) J, G. Smith. South Dakota to

British Columbia, so;uth to Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico, 2,000 to 11, 500 feet, March to September, Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 598),

15. Schismus Beauv.

Low annual with short, narrow blades and small, rather dense panicles; spikelets several-flowered; glumes acute, subequal, nearly as long as the spikelets; lemmas broad, rounded on the back, bidentate, pilose; palea broad, hy~dine, the nerves near the margins.

1. Lemmas rounded and emarginate at apex; palea rounded, as long as

the lemma; glumes 4 to 5 mm long. . 1. S. barbatus

1. Lemmas deeply notched, the lobes acute; palea acute, shorter than

the lemmas; glumes 5 to 6 mm long. 2. S. arabicus 50

I. Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. Southwestern Utah, Arizona, and California; introduced from old world, 1,000 to 4,000 feet. Near

Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 346).

2. Schismus arabicus Nees. Southwestern Utah, Arizona,

southern Nevada, and California; introduced from western Asia, 1,000 to 2, 500 feet, sandy soil. Near Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91.

(:qiggins 331).

16. Avena L. Oats

Annuals with broad blades and open panicles of large spikelets

2 or 3-flowered; rachilla villous; glumes equal, several-nerved, exceeding the florets; lemmas indurate, bidentate, hairy, bearing a dorsal, bent or twisted awn.

1. Spikelets mostly 2-flowered; awn usually straight . .' 1. A. sativa

1. Spikelets mostly 3-flowered; awn geniculate twisted .. 2. A. fatua

1. Avena sati va L. Commonly cultivated and occasionally escaped. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 596).

2. Avena fatua L. Maine to Pennsylvania, Missouri, South

Dakota, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, waste places. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 630).

1 7. Polypogon Desf. Rabbitfoot

Plants annual (in ours) with flat scabrous blades and dense, bristly, spikelike panicles; spikelets ! -flowered, the pedicel disarticulating a short distance below the glumes; glumes equal, entire or minutely 51

2-lobed, awned from the tip or from between the lobes; the awn slender, straight; lemma thin hyaline, about half as long as the glumes.

1. Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Des£. New Brunswick to

Alaska south to Virginia, western United States from Washington to

Nebraska, south to Texas, Arizona, and California, introduced from

Europe; up to 8,000 feet, along ditches. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 731 ).

18. Aristida L. Threeawn

Annual or perennials, mostly slender tufted grasses, with narrow, frequently convolute blades; glumes equal or unequal, acute, acuminate, or awn tipped; lemmas indurate with a sharp, bearded callus, 3- awned.

1. Lemmas tapering into a slender somewhat twisted beak 5 to 6 mm

long; awns !. 5 to 2. 5 cm long, widely spreaping. 1. A. glauca

1. Lemmas beakless or only short beaked. . 2

2. Panicle mostly more than 15 cm long, the branches several-

flowered; awns about 2 cm long; sheaths with a villous

line across the collar. 2. A. wrightii

2. Panicle mostly less than 15 cm long, the branches few-flowered;

awn 2 to several cm long. • . . 3. A. fendleriana

5. ·.,Aristida glauca (Nees) Walp. Western Texas to Utah,

Nevada, Arizona, and southern California, 1,000 to 5, 000 feet, March to

September. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 605). 52

2. Aristida wrightii Nash. Texas, Colorado, and Utah to southern California, 1,000 to 5,000 feet, dry plains and rocky slopes.

3. Aristida fendleriana Steud. South Dakota to Montana, south to Texas, Utah, Arizona, and southern California, 3,500 to 7,000 feet,

May to August. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 599).

19. Stipa L. Needlegras s

Tufted perennials with usually involute blades and narrow or sometimes open panicles; spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, the articulation oblique, leaving a sharp, bearded callus on the floret; glumes equal, thin, narrow, longer than the floret; lemma indurate, terete, terminating in a prominent, geniculate awn, this twisted below.

1. Terminal segment of the awn plumose, flexuous, up to 12 cm long.

1. S. neomexicana

1. Terminal segment of awn not plumose. . • . . . 2

2. Lower segment of the once-geniculate awn conspicuously plum-

ose, the hairs 5 to 8 mm long. • 2. 2-!...speciosa

2. Lower segment of awn glabrous, scabrous, or pubescent, but

not plumose...... 3

3. Lemma densely villous with white hairs 3 :to 4 mm long; awn once

geniculate. . 3. S. coronata

3. Lemma pubescent or if sometimes villous toward the apex, then the

hairs less than 3 mm long...... • • . . . . . 4

4. Panicle open, the slender branches ascending or spreading.

4. S. commata 53

4. Panicle narrow, usually rather dense; awn 4 to 6 cm long,

obscurely geniculate. . . • . . • . . . . 5, S. arida

I. Stipa neomexicana (Thurb.) Scribn. Western Texas and

Colorado to Utah and Arizona, 3,500 to 7, 000 feet, May to August. Near summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. This species was seen but not collected, common along roadsides in disturbed soil.

2. Stipa speciosa Trin. & Rupr. Colorado and Nevada to

Arizona and California, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to June. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 381 ).

3. Stipa coronata Thurb. var. depauperata·(Jones) Hitchc. Utah and Nevada, south to Arizona and southern California, June to July.

Ca. 3 miles west of hwy. 91 along road to television relay tower.

(Higgins 565a).

4. Stipa commata Trin. & Rupr. Indiana to Yukon territory, south to Texas, Arizona, and California, 3,500 to 8, 500 feet, May to

August. Ca. 5 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins

498}~

5. Stipa arida Jones. Southwestern Colorado, Utah, northern

Arizona, and southeastern California, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May to June.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 585).

20. Oryzopsis Michx. Indian Ricegrass

Slender perennials with flat or involute blades and narrow open panicles; glumes equal, gradually or abruptly acuminate; lemma firm, 54 terete, glabrous or villous, with a short, rather blunt callus, and a short, straight or weakly geniculate, deciduous awn.

1. Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long; lemma glabrous or rarely pubescent, 2

to 2. 5 mm long; panicle branches slender, finally spreading,

spikelet-bearing toward the ends. . . . - . 1. O. micrantha

1. Spikelet 6 to 10 mm long; lemma densely villous 3 to 5 mm long.

2. O. tty.menoides

1. Oryzopsis micrantha (Trin. & Rupr.) Thurb. Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico and Arizona, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, summer.

2. Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult. ) Ricker. Manitoba to British Columbia, south to Texas, Arizona, and California, 2, 000 to

7,000 feet, June to August. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91, in sandy soil. (Higgins 337).

21. Calamagrostis Adans. Reedgrass

Erect, rhizomatous perennials with firm, flat or loosely involute blades and spikelike or narrow and open panicles; glumes equal, acute or acuminate; rachilla prolonged beyond the floret, hairy; lemma shorter than the glumes; callus bearded; the midnerve exserted as an awn.

1. Calamagrostis scopulorum Jones. Wyoming, Colorado,

Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, about 7, 000 feet, moist soil. To be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains. 55

22. Agrostis L. Bentgrass

Plants perennial with flat or sometimes involute, scabrous blades; spikelets 1-flowered,disarticulating above the glumes; glumes equal or nearly so, acute, acuminate, or sometimes awn-pointed; lemma obtuse, usually shorter and thinner than the glumes, mostly 3-nerved, awnless or dorsally awned, often hairy on the callus.

1. Agrostis semiverticillata (Forks.) C. Christ. Texas to

California, north to Utah. and Washington, moist ground at low altitudes.

Ca. 5 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch.

(Higgins 640).

23. Sporobolus R. Br. Dropseed

Annuals or perennials, with small spikelets in open or contracted panicles; spikelets I-flowered, the rachilla disarticuiating above the glumes; glumes I-nerved, usually unequal, the second often as long as the spikelet; lemma membranaceous, I-nerved, awnless; palea usually prominent and as long as the lemma or longer; caryopsis free from the lemma and palea, falling readily from the spikelet at maturity.

1. Summit of the sheaths glabrous on the back and sides; panicle loose,

1 to 2 times as long as broad, the branches naked below, the

branchlets spreading; blades mostly involute .. 1. S. airoides

1. Summit of the sheaths conspicuously villous on the back, or sides,

or both. . . . 2

2. Panicle contracted, spikelike; spikelets 2 to 2. 5 mm long; culms 56

slender, usually less than 1 meter high. 2. S. contractus

2. Panicle open, the branches spreading, naked at base. . . 3

3. Panicle branches loosely flowered, the branchlets and pedicels

implicate, spreading ...... 3. S. flexuosus

3. Panicle branches densely flowered, the branchlets and short pedicels

appressed; plants closely tufted at base .. 4. S. cryptandrus

L Sporobolus airoides Torr. South Dakota to eastern Wash-

ington, south to Texas, Arizona, and southern California, 1, 000 to 5, 000 feet, June to October; often in saline soil.

2. Sporobolus contractus Hitchc. Colorado to Nevada, south to western Texas, Arizona, and southeastern California, 1, 500 to 6, 000

feet, August to October. Terry's Rancrh on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 734 ).

3. Sporobolus flexuosus (Thurb.) Ryab. Western Texas to

southern Utah, Arizona, and southeastern California, 2,500 to 5,500

feet, June to October. At televisiorl. relay tower. (Higgins 709).

4. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Maine and Ontario

to Alberta and Washington, south to North Carolina, Louisiana, and

Arizona, 150 to 7, 000 feet, April to September. Castle Cliffs along

hwy. 91. (Higgins 582).

24. Muhlenbergia Schreb. Muhly Grass

Annuals or usually perennials, tufted or rhizomatous, with

simple or branching culms and narrow or open panicles; glumes usually much shorter than the lemma; lemma firm, 3-nervecl, with a very short, usually minutely pilose callus, awned or awnless.

1. Plants tufted, rhizomes wanting. . . . 1. M. porteri

1. Plants with prominent, scaly, creeping, rhizomes. 2

2. Panicle open; spikelets on slender, rather long, usually

spreading pedicels. . . . 2. M. asperifolia

2. Panicle narrow often condensed; spikelets short-pedicelled;

blades involute, or if flat less than 2 mm wide.

3. M. curtifolia

1. Muhlenbergia porteri Scribn. Colorado and Nevada, south to western Texas, Arizona, and California, 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet, August to October. Western slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Gouldn, 1356).

2. Muhlenbergia asper.ifolia'. (Nees & Mey.) Parodi. Wisconsin to

British Columbia, south to Mexico, medium altitudes, May to October.

3. Muhlenbergia curtifolia Scribn. Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, rare. 7, 500 to 8, 000 feet, July to September.

25. Hilaria H. B. K.

\ Stiff perennials with solid culms, narrow blades, and usually dense, narrow, terminal spikes; spikelets arranged in groups of 3, the central spike let perfect, I-flowered, the lateral ones staminate, 2- flowered, the groups falling entire; glumes usually firm, asymmetric, those of the lateral spikelets bearing an awn on one side from about the middle, those of the fertile spikelet variously divided into awns or lobes. 58

I. Culms felty-pubescent. I. H. rigida

1. Culms glabrous or puberulent, the nodes pubescent. 2. H. jamesii

1. Hilaria rigida (Thurb. ) Benth. Southern Utah and Nevada, to

Arizona, and Baja California, up to 4, 000 feet, February to September.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 581).

2. Hilaria jamesii (Torr.) Benth. Wyoming to Nevada, south to Texas, Arizona, and California, 4, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May to September.

Near television relay tower. (Higgins 779).

26. Leptochloa Beauv. Sprangle-top

Plants annual, with flat blades; spikelets few to several flowered, sessile or short pedicelled; glumes I -nerved, the second usually longer and broader than the first; lemmas obtuse or acute, pubescent or pilose on the nerves and sometimes the internerves.

I. Sheaths papillose-pilose; first floret not longer than the second

glume;- spikelets mostly I to 2 mm long. . 1. L. filiformis

I. Sheaths smooth or scabrous, not pilose; spikelets more than 2 mm

long, . 2. L. fascicularis

I. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Virginia to eastern

Kansas south to Florida, Texas, Arizona, southwestern Utah, and southern California, 1,000 to 5,000 feet, May to September. New record for Utah; Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 823).

2. Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam,) Gray. Throughout the United

States, 1,500 to 5,000 feet, July to October. To be expected along ditches 59 and in moist, waste places.

27. Eleusine Gaertn. Goose Grass

Annual; culms compressed, with 2 to several digitate spikes, frequently with 1 or 2 spikes shortly below the apex; spikelets few to several flowered, compressed, sessile, closely imbricate; glumes unequal, acute, 1-nerved, shorter than the first lemma; lemmas acute, strongly

3-nerved, keeled; seeds finely rugose, loosely enclosed in a thin pericarp.

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Extensively naturalized in the

United States, lawns, roadsides, and waste places.

28. Cynodon L. Rich. Bermuda Grass

Stoloniferous perennials with narrow, often short blades and few to several, slender, digitate spikes; spikelets I-flowered, the rachilla prolonged beyond the spikelet in a naked stipe; glumes subequal; lemma acute, awnless, pubescent on the nerves; palea as long as the lemma.

1. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. New Hampshire to Michigan, south to Florida, Arizona, and southern California, roadsides, lawns, and waste places, Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 591).

29. Chloris Swartz

Plants perennial, or (in ours) annual, with several digitate spikes; spikelets with 1 perfect flnret, the rachilla prolonged beyond the floret, bearing a club-shaped rudiment composed of 1 or more reduced sterile lemmas; fertile lemma 3-nerved, awned from the back just below the apex. 60

1. Chloris virgata Swartz. Nebraska to Texas, west to Nevada,

Arizona, and southern California, a common weed in cultivated land and waste places. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 800).

30. Bouteloua Lag. Grama

Plants annual or perennial with slender culms and 1 to many short, I -sided spikes; spikelets with I fertile floret, and I or 2 rudimentary florets above it; fertile lemma 3-nerved, variously lobed or dentate at apex; rudiment reduced to 3 awns, glumacious and lobed. or dentate with 3 usually conspicuous awns.

1. Spikes deciduous, falling entire, numerous, becoming reflexed;

spikelets not pectinate. 1. ~- c urti pendula

1. Spikes persistent; spikelets pectinate. • 2

2. Plants annual. . 2. B. barbata

2. Plants perennial. • 3

3. Spikes normally 2, rarely I or 3; second glume sparsely papillose-

pilose. . 3. ~ gracilis

3. Spikes 3 to 8; second glume not at all papillose-pilose. 4. B. trifida

1. Bouteloua curipendula (Michx. ) Torr. Maine and Ontario to Montana, south to Alabama, Texas, Arizona, and southern California, up to 7,000 feet, dry hills and mesas, April to October.

2. Bouteloua barbata Lag. Texas to southern Utah, Arizona, and southeastern California, 1,000 to 5,000 feet, dry mesas and rocky hills, July to October. Six-weeks grama. 61

3. Bouteloua gracilis (H. l3. K.) Lag. Wisconsin to Manitoba and Alberta, south to Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and southern California,

1, 000 to 5, 000 feet, dry plains, July to October.

4. Bouteloua trifida Thurb. Texas to southwestern Utah,

Nevada, Arizona, 2, 000 to 4, 000 feet, mesas and dry rocky hillsides,

March to June. Beaver Dam Mountains near the Virgin River. (Cottam

1128).

31. Setaria Beauv. Bristlegrass

Annual or perennials, with flat blades and spikelike or somewhat open panicles; spikelets subtended by one or more scabrous bristles, the spikelets deciduous, the bristles persistent; first glume broad, less than half as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma equal or the glume a little shorter.

1. Bristles below each spikelet more than 5; panicle dense, cylindric,

spike-like; fruit evidently rugose ... 1. S. lutescens

1. Bristles below each~·s.pik.elet l fq, 3,__ • : • .•:: ...... 2

2. Bristles more or less retrosely scabrous. • 2. S. verticillata

2. Bristles antrorsely scabrous only. • . . . 3. S. vi ridis

1. Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubbard. Ne'w Brunswick to

North Dakota, south to northern Florida and Texas, occasional from

British Columbia to California, New Mexico, and Arizona, cultivated soil and waste places, 500 to 7,500 feet.

2. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. Massachusetts to North 62

Dakota, south to Alabama, Louisiana, and Missouri, west to California, cultivated and waste land, up to 7,000 feet.

3. S.etaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Temperate regions of both hemispheres; introduced from Europe, 2,000 to 8,000 feet, fields and open woods. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 807).

3 2. Cenchrus L. Sandbur

Plants annual (in ours), low and branching, with flat blades and rac-emes of burs, the burs readily deciduous; spikelets solitary or few together, surrounded and enclosed by a spiny bur composed of numerous coalescing bristles (sterile branchlets ), the bur sub globular, the spines usually retrorsely barbed.

1. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Ontario to Oregon, south to

Florida, Texas, and California, sandy open ground, a weed in fields and waste places, up to 5,000 feet, July to September, Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 801).

33. Echinochloa Beauv. Cockspur

Slender or stout annuals, with flat blades and few to several

spikelike racemes along a common axis; spikelets hispid, densely arranged on one side of the rachis; first glume acute, about half as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma equal, pointed, the lemma often with a long, conspicuous awn.

I. Echinochloa crusgalli (L. ) Beauv. New Brunswick to 63

Washington, south to Florida, Arizona, and California, 150 to 7,000 feet, moist ground along ditches, and in waste places, July to September.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins aos).

34. Pas pal um L.

Perennials, with flat blades and 2 to several spikelike racemes paired or racemose on a common axis; spikelets solitary or paired in 2 rows on one side of the rachis; first glume usually wanting; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit; fertile lemma indurate, smooth, usually obtuse.

1. Paspalum distichum L. New Jersey to Florida, west to

California and northwest to Idaho and Washington; low altitudes, in moist ground along streams and ditches, June to September. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 824).

35. Panicum L. Panicgrass

Annual or perennials, with spikelets usually in open panicles; fir st glume minute to more than one-half as long as the spikelet; second glume and the sterile lemma equal, usually covering the fruit; fertile lemma indurate, obtuse.

1. Panicum capillare L. British Columbia, south to New

Jersey, Missouri, Texas, Arizona, and California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, moist open ground, July to October. Junction of hwy. 91 and the

Gunlock road. (Higgins 799). 64

36. Sorghum Moench Johnson Grass

Plants perennial (in ours) with flat blades and open panicles of short few-flowered racemes; sessile spikelet ovate, with a twisted, geniculate awn, the glumes indurate; pedicellate spikelet lanceolate; awnless, the glumes membranaceous.

1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Massachusetts to Wyoming,

south to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and southern California, up to 6, 000 feet. Lytles Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 766).

8. CYPERACEAE - SEDGE FAMILY

Plants grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibrous roots; stems mostly solid, triangular, terete, or flattened; leaves narrow, with

closed sheaths; flowers chiefly 3-androus, one in the axil of each scale, arranged in spikelets; perianth wanting or composed of hypogynous bristles or scales; stamens 1 to 3; ovary I-celled, with 1 ovule; fruit an achene.

1. Style enlarged or bulbous at base, persistent on the achene; perianth

bristles usually present; spikelet 1. • • • . 1. Eleocharis

1. Style not enlarged at base; flowers all perfect. 2. Scirpus

1. Eleocharis R. Br. Spikerush

Plants annual or perennial; stems tufted; simple, leafless; scales concave, spirally imbricated all around;perianth of 3 to 9, usually retro~sely barbed bristles; stamens 2 to 3; base of style persistent on

summit of achene. 65

1. Eleocharis acicularis (L. ) Roem. & Schult. North America and Eurasia, 9, 000 feet or lower, June to November. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, at a small spring. (Higgins 510).

2. Scirpus L. Bulrush

Plants perennial or annual; stems leafy or reduced to basal sheaths; spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, subtended by an involucre of 1 to several leaves; flowers perfect; perianth of 1 to 6 bristles, or none; stamens 2 to 3; styles 2 to 3 cleft, not swollen at base, wholly deciduous from the achene.

1. Plants leafy at base; spikelets much shorter than bract; scales awned.

1. S. americanus

1. Plants leafless or nearly so; spikelets not much shorter than bract;

scales quite awnless. . 2. S. olneyi

1. Scirpus americanus Pers. Widely distributed in North and

South America, 1,000 to 6,000 feet. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, at a small spring. (Higgins 607).

2. Scirpus olneyi Gray. Widely distributed in North America,

1,000 to 7,000 feet. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, at a small spring. (Higgins 820).

9. JUNCACEAE - RUSH FAMILY

Plants grass-like, often tufted herbs, with small perfect, regular flowers, usually in heads or spikes arranged in umbels, panicles, 66

etc.; perianth 6-parted, the segments scale-like; stamens 6 or 3, the

anthers introrse, 2-celled; pistil of 3 united carpels; ovary I-celled or

3-celled; fruit a loculicidal capsule.

I. Juncus xiphioides Meyer. A single species with the characteristics of the family. Southern Utah to southern California and Arizona,

3,500 feet and higher, June to August. Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 759).

IO. LILIACEAE - LILY FAMILY

Perennial herbs, or sometimes woody, from rhizomes, bulbs,

or fleshy roots; flowers often in racemes, regular, hypogynous, usually

perfect, 3-merous, often showy; perianth usually petaloid; stamens com-

monly 6; pistil I, of 3 united carpels, with I or 3 styles, and usually 3

stigmas; ovary 3-celled, with axillary placentation and an indefinite num-

ber of ovules; fruit a capsule or berry.

I. Fruit a berry; stems from rootstocks, much btanched; leaves scale-

like; perianth segments alike. I. Asparagus

I. Fruit a capsule. . . 2

2. Plants woody, with a large woody caudex; leaves numerous in a

rosette, rigid and spine tipped. • 2. Yucca

2. Plants herbaceous, with bulbs; leaves not stiff and spiny. . 3

3. Styles 3, distinct; flowers in racemes or panicles •. 3. Zigadenus

3. Style I (often wanting in Calochortus ), or the styles united, at least

toward the base. • 4 67

4. Perianth segments unlike, the 3 outer ones sepal-like, the 3

inner ones broad, petaloid, with a gland at base.

4. Calochortus

4. Perianth segments all alike or nearly so, glands lacking. • 5

5. Plants caulescent, the stems more or less leafy; perianth dull yellow,

veined and mottled with brownish-purple. . . 5. Fritillaria

5. Plants acaulescent; flowers in umbels, subtended by scarious

bracts...... 6

6. P.erianth segments distinct to the base ;_or-:nearly so_, ,pi:p.k or:

whitish; plants with.:.the odor of onions. • . • 6. Allium

6. Perianth segments united below the middle; plants lacking dis-

tincti ve onion odor. . , . . • • 7

7. Stamens with filaments united into a tube, this with tooth-like lobes

between the anthers. . • . . • • • • • 7. Androstephium

7. Stamens with filaments separate, no tooth-like lobes between the

anthers. . . • . . • • . • 8. Brodiaea

1. Asparagus L.

Perennial; stems much branched, from thick, matted rootstocks;

leaves minute, scale-like; flowers small, whitish, nodding; fruit a red_ few-seeded berry. An edible vegetable.

I. Asparagus officinalis L. Naturalized from Europe, up to

8, 000 feet, ditch banks and waste places. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 452). 68

2. Yucca L.

Plants acaulescent or arborescent, simple or branching; leaves alternate, spine-tipped, clustered at the ends of the branches; flowers large, whitish, in terminal racemes or panicles; stamens 6; fruit a capsule; seeds many, flat.

I. Fruit dehiscent. . . I. Y. utahensi s

1. Fruit indehiscent...... • . . 2

2. Plants arborescent; leaf margins sharply toothed.

2. Y. brevifolia

2. Plants acaulescent. . . • • • • • 3

3. Plants with 1 to several heads; forming small clumps; flowers

yellow or faintly tinged with reddish-purple; perianth segments

9 to 10 cm long, more or less acuminate. . . 3. Y. baccata

3. Plants with many heads, forming dense tangled clumps; flowers

strongly tinged with reddish-purple; perianth segments 6 to 7

cm long, acute or blunt. . . 3a. Y. bac cata var. ve spertina

1. Yucca utahensis McKelvey; Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona, and southeastern Nevada, 2, 000 to 6, 500 feet, June to July.

Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 610).

2. Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Southwestern Utah to southeastern

California, 3,500 feet or lower, March to May. Ca. 3 miles west of

Castle Cliffs along road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 433 ).

3. Yucca baccata Torr. Southern Utah to Texas and southern

California, 3, 000 to 8, 000 feet, April to July. 69

4. Yucca baccata Torr. var. vespertina McKelvey. Common in southwestern Utah, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to June. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 432).

3. Zigadenus Michx. Death Camus

Flowering stems subscapose, from bulbs; leaves narrow, grass- like; flowers in racemes or panicles; perianth segments with a gland near the base; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-lobed, 3-loculed.

1. Zigadenus paniculatus (Nutt.} Wats. Montana to New Mexico and California, 5, 500 to 7,500 feet, May. This plant should be on the

Beaver Dam Mountains, since it has been collected just to the north and south of the range.

4. Calochortus Pursh Sego Lily

Stems subscapose, simple or branching, from fibrous-coated bulbs; leaves few, alternate; flowers solitary, large and showy; perianth segments of 2 kinds, the outer sepal-like, the inner ones petaloid, each with a gland at the base; fruit a 3-angled or 3-l,V,inged capsule.

1. Stems usually decumbent and flexuous, often branched; petal gland

not depressed, not surrounded by a membranaceous border.

1. C. flexuous

1. Stem erect or nearly so, usually simple; petal gland depressed,

surrounded by a membranaceous border; petals whitish or

yellow...... 2. C. nuttallii 70

1. Calochortus flexuous Wats. Southwestern Colorado to south-

eastern California and Arizona, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to June. Near

Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91, common on the desert mesas, often forming dense stands. (Higgins 354).

2. Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray. Throughout the state,

4,500 to 8, 000 feet, May to July. The state flower of Utah. Ca. 3 miles

south of the television relay tower. (Higgins 678).

5. Fritillaria L. Fritillary

Stems erect from thick-scaled bulbs; leaves linear, alternate; flowers 1 or few, nodding; perianth campanulate, of 6 distinct segments, mottled yellow with brown or purple; style 3-parted; fruit a 3-valved

capsule.

1. Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt. Throughout most of the west-

ern United States, 6, 000 to 8, 500 feet, in rich pine woods, April to June.

This plant should be found on the Beaver Dam Mountains, since it is found

close by on the Pine Valley Mountains.

6. Allium L. Onion

Flowering stems scapose, from a tunicate bulb; leaves narrow, with an onion odor or taste; flowers in a terminal umbel, subtended by

2 to 4 membranous bracts, rose-purple to nearly white; the segments distinct or nearly so; ovary 3-celled.

1. Allium nevadense Wats. var. cristatum (Wats.) Ownbey.

Southeastern Oregon to northwestern Arizona, 4, 000 to 7, 000 feet, 71

April to June. Junction of hwy. 91 and Jackson road. (Higgins 455 ).

7. Androstephium Torr. Funnellily

Flowering stems from a bulb, scapose; leaves all basal, linear; perianth funnelform, the segments united below; filaments partly united into a tube, this with short lobes or teeth between the anthers; capsule

3-loculed.

1. Androstephium breviflorum Wats. Western Colorado to northern Arizona and southeastern California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, March and April. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 289, 315}.

8. Brodiaea Sm. Wild Hyacinth

Stems scapose, from tunicate bulbs, with a few basal, narrow, grass-like leaves; flowers in terminal umbels, subtended by scarious bracts, more or less tubular at the base, yellow or (in ours) blue; stamens 6 or the alternate ones sterile staminodia; capsule dehiscent.

1. Brodiaea capitata Benth. Oregon to southern California, east to Nevada and Utah, below 5,500 feet, April to June. Widely distributed in the Larrea and Juniper belts.

_ 11; AGA VAGEAE. -, AGAVE FAMILY

Plants perennial, with rhizomatous stems; leaves rigid, fleshy, with spiny edges and tip, arranged in a basal rosette; perianth more or less funnelform, with a short tube, the 6 segments narrow and nearly equal; stamens inserted at the throat or in the tube; anthers versatile; 72 fruit a loculicidal capsule.

1. Agave utahensis Engelm. Southern Utah to southeastern

California, 3,000 to 7,000 feet, on limestone ledges, June to August.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 589).

12. ORCHIDACEAE - OR CHIS FAMILY

Perennial herbs; flowering stem from bulbs, corms, rootstocks, or more or less thickened roots; perianth very irregular, the 3 outer segments sepal-like and similar, the lowest of the 3 inner segments (lip) usually very unlike and larger than the other 2, sometimes saccate or spurred; stamen or stamens united with the style in a column; ovary inferior; capsule 3-valved; seeds minute, very numerous.

1. Epipactis gigantea Dougl. ex Hook. Montana to British

Columbia, south to :Texas, Arizona, and southern California, 2, 000 to

7, 000 feet, May to August. Beaver Dam Mountains at the Virgin Narrows.

(Cottam 1112).

SUBCLASS 2. DI COTY LEDONEAE

13. SAURURACEAE - LIZARD-TAIL FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, perennial; leaves mostly basal, large, somewhat fleshy, cordate at base; inflorescence dense, a cylindrical spike

subtended by large, white, petal-like bracts; perianth lacking; flowers

small, perfect, each flower except the lower also subtended by a small white bract; ovary sunk in the rachis of the spike, I-celled. 73

1. Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook & Arn. Utah to western Texas and California, 2,000 to 5,000 feet, May to August. Virgin

Narrows in wet saline soil. (Cottam 1111 ).

14. SALICACEAE - WILLOW FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, stipulate, leaves; flowers dioecious, in erect or pendulous catkins, the calyx much reduced or lacking, petals none, each flower subtended by a scale-like bract; stamens

2 or more; ovary I-celled, with parietal placentation and numerous ovules; seeds covered with long hairs; fruit a 2 to 4-valved capsule.

1. Buds with a single scale, bracts,entire; flowers without disks;

stigma short. • . , 1. Salix

1. Buds with several scale$; bracts fimbriate; flowers borne on a

cup-like disk; stigma elongate. 2. Populus

1. Salix L. Willow

Plants trees or shrubs, with a single bud scale, and mostly narrow, short peticled leaves; flowers dioecious; catkins erect or spreading, not pendulous; scales entire or denticulate; stamens 2 to 10.

1. Peticles very short (not more than 3 mm long), or none; leaves sel-

dom more and usually much less than 12 mm wide, 5 cm or

more long, the margins entire or remotely denticulate; stamens 2.

1. ~ exigua

1. Peticles more than 3 mm long or if shorter, then the larger leaves 74

more than 7 mm wide, or closely serrate or serrulate. . 2

2. Tree; twigs yellowish; the margin of the leaves serrate or

serrulate; lower surface of leaf green, seldom distinctly

glaucous. 2. ~ nigra

2. SJ:\rubs or trees; the branchlets yellow to dark brown; leaves

entireto.:serrate; lower leaf surface decidedly paler than

the upper, usually glaucous .. 3

3. Leaves oblanceolate to linear and acute or short-acuminate; stamens

2, the filaments glabrous. . 3. ~ lasiolepis

3. Leaves prevailingly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and long

acuminate; stamens more than 2, the filaments hairy toward

the base...... 4. S. laevigata

1. Sali,t•e,xigua Nutt. Ca$tia to northern Mexico, up to 9, 000 feet, usually a shrub not more than 15 feet high. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 514).

2. Salix nigra Marsh (Salix goodingii Ball). Utah to Texas and

southern California, up to 7, 000 feet, May. Jackson road 1 mile west of

hwy. 91, at a small spring. (Higgins 495).

3. Salix lasiolepis Benth. Idaho and Washington, to Arizona,

California, and northern Mexico, 4, 000 to 7,500 feet, usually a shrub to

9 feet high. Ca. 3 miles southwest of television relay tower at a small

spring. (Higgins 718).

4. Salix laevigata Bebb. Southwestern Utah to J\.ri:tona and

California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, usually arborescent, reaching a height 75

of 40 feet. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Da,m Wash. (Higgins 426).

2. Populus L. Cottonwood

Trees with more or less resinous buds; leaves mostly long

peticled, the blades deltoid or ovate; stipules minute, caducous; catkins

long and drooping; stamens numerous.

1. Populus fremontii Wats. Utah to Texas and Mexico, 6, 000 feet or lower. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 427).

15. FAGACEAE - BEECH FAMILY

Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, stipulate leaves, which

are often strongly ribbed and may be deeply lobed, the texture usually

leathery; flowers monoecious, small, without petals; staminate flowers in catkins or sometimes in peduncled heads; calyx parted into several

lobes; stamens 4 to 20; pistillate flowers with 4 to 8 lobed calyx and a

single pistil, usually of 3 carpels, with 3 styles and a stigma; fruit a

nut, I-seeded by the time it becomes mature, with a bony exocarp.

1. Quercus L. Oak

1. Leaves evergreen, with pinnatifid to dentate-spinulose lobes or

teeth. . . 1. Q. turbinella

1. Leaves green, deciduous, lobed. 2

2. Leaves deeply incised with rounded usually narrow lobes.

2. ..9_: gambelii

2. Leaves ovate, mucronately shallow-lobed, somewhat crisped,

moderately rough-pubescent. . 3. Q. undulata 76

1. Quercus turbinella Greene. Southern Utah to Texas, Califor- nia, and Mexico, up to 8, 000 feet. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 461).

2. Quercus gambelii Nutt. Colorado to Nevada, south to

Mexico, 5, 000 to 8, 000 feet, often forming dense stands. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 663).

3. Quercus undulata Torr. Utah to Texas and Arizona, 6, 000 to 8,000 feet. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 781).

16. ULMACEAE - ELM FAMILY

Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, oblique at the base, rough above; flowers perfect or unisexual, in clusters or single, axillary; perianth 5 to 6 merous; style none; stigmas 2, elongate or recurved, plumose; ovary 1-loculed; fruit a drupe.

1. Celtis reticulata Torr. Utah to Oklahoma, Arizona, and northern Mexico, 2, 500 to 6, 000 feet, usually along streams or in moist canyons.

17. URTICACEAE - NETTLE FAMILY

Plants herbaceous; leaves simple, alternate; inflorescence axillary, inconspicuous; flowers perfect or unisexual; perianth small, calyx-like; petals none; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; ovary 1-loculed; fruit an achene. 77

1. Parietaria L. Pellitory

I. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at base; involucre

2 to 3 times as long as the flowers ... I. ~ pennsylvanica

I. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, rounded at the base; involucre

less than twice as long as the flowers ..•. 2. P. floridana

1. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Throughout most of temperate

North America, 1,500 to 4,000 feet. Ca. 4 miles northwest of Welcome

Spring, frequent in sandy, quartzite soil. (Bassett Maguire 20500).

2. Parietaria floridana Nutt. Arizona, southern Nevada and

Utah. Common on the north side of rocky ledges, Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 578).:

18. LORANTHACEAE - MISTLETOE FAMILY

Plants parasitic on trees or shrubs; dioecious, with or without

chlorophyll; stems jointed; leaves opposite, scale-like; pel'ianth small

2 to 5 lobed; stamens 2 to 5, the anthers sessile; ovary epigynous, 1- loculed; fruit a berry.

I. Flowers in axillary spikes; fruit sessile; globose, whitish or

reddish...... 1. Phor ad endr on

I. Flowers not in spikes; fruit on short, often curved pedicels, longer

than wide, greenish, bluish, or purplish. . 2. Arceuthobium

I. Phoradendron Nutt. Mistletoe

Plants with or without chlorophyll; parasitic on trees or shrubs; leaves reduced to scales; style short; stigma capitate. 78

1. Stems not crowded, the branches terete, flexuous; berries usually

red. 1. P. californicum

1. Stems crowded, the branches stout, obscurely quadrangular; berries

whitish. 2 . ....!:_.juniperinum

I. Phoradendron californicum Nutt. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and Arizona, 3,000 or lower, summer. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash, parasitic on Acacia greggii. (Higgins 720).

2. Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. Utah, Arizona, and

Nevada, 7,000 feet or lower. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower, parasitic on Juniper. (Higgins 671).

2. Arceuthobium M. Bieb. Dwarf Mistletoe

Plants without chlorophyll; parasitic on cortffers; leaves reduced to connate scales; flowers solitary or several in the axils of the scales.

1. Arceuthobium campylopodium Engelm. Canada to Mexico,

4, 000 feet or higher. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower, parasitic on Pinus monophylla. (Higgins 661 ).

19. SANTALACEAE - SANDALWOOD FAMILY

Plant a root parasite to 2 dm tall, herbaceous; leaves alternate, narrow, entire; flowers pefect, whitish or pinkish, in terminal corymbose clusters; perianth 4 or 5 cleft; stamens borne on a fleshy disk in the perianth tube; ovary epigynous, 1-loculed; fruit drupaceous, I -seeded.

I. Comandra umbellata (L. ) Nutt. Throughout the state, 4, 000 to 9, 000 feet, April to August. Ca. 5 miles south of television relay tower, parasitic on many hosts. (Higgins 544). 79

20. POLYGONACEAE - BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

Plants herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or climbing; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, simple, entire; stipules forming sheaths

{ochrae) around the stems at the nodes, or lacking ochrae in Eriogonum; flowers small, perfect or sometimes polygamo-dioecious, regular; perianth often petaloid and in a single series or sepaloid and in two series, consisting of 4 to 6 parts; stamens 4 to 12, free or inserted at the base of the perianth tube; pistil 1, the ovary 1 -loc uled and 1 -ovuled; sty le s

2 to 3; fruit an achene.

1. Flowers subtended by a companulate, turbinate, or cylindric involucre,

this composed of more or less united bracts. . • . • • 2

1. Flowers not subtended by an involucre of the foregoing character. 4

2. Teeth of the involucre not spiny or bristly at tip. 1. Eriogonum

2. Teeth or lobes of the involucre ending in spines or bristles. 3

3. Involucre subtending usually only 1 flower, its teeth tipped with

hooked or straight spines or bristles •.•. 2. Chorizanthe

3. Involucre subtending 2 or more flowers, its teeth tipped with

straight spines or bristles; upper bracts connate-perfoliate,

forming a cup-shaped disk. 3. Oxytheca

4. Stems without swollen joints; leaves opposite or basal, with-

out sheath-like stipules. 4. Pterostegia

4. Stems with swollen joints; leaves alternate or basal, with

sheath-like stipule s...... 5 80

5. Sepals unequal, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarg-

ing, enclosing the achene; stigmas 3. . . 5. Rumex

5. Sepals 5, equal, erect, enclosing the achene; stigmas 2 or 3.

6. Polygonum

1. Eriogonum Michx. Umbrella Plant

Contributed by James L. Reveal

Plants annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs; leaves basal or cauline, exstipulate, commonly petiolate, usually tomentose at least below; inflorescence simple to compoundly umbellate, cymose, paniculate, or racemose, each node subtended by a foliaceous or scale- like bract; flowers imperfect and often dioecious or perfect, borne on a short axis surrounded by a sessile or peduncled, tubular to campanulate, 4 to 8-lobed or toothed involucre, awnless, few to many flowered on slender pedicels jointed at the base of the flower, stipitate in some, these intermixed with a few to many scarious setaceous bractlets, the involucres solitary and terminal or more than 1 and capitate; perianth white, cream or yellow, often tinged with pink or rose, or red at maturity, 6 petaloid sepals (often called calyx-segments) parted nearly to the base or connate less than half its length, the outer 3 segments equal to or wider than the inner 3 segments; stamens 9; pistil 3-carpellary, the ovary Ir-celled, I -ovulate, 3-styled; achene triquous or rarely lenticular.

1. Perianth stipitate at the base; flowers yellow, 2. 5 to 4 mm long;

inflorescence compoundly umbellate. 1. E. umbellatum 81

1. Perianth not stipitate. 2

2. Plants perennial. 3

2. Plants annual. . . 11

3. Stems inilated; perianth yellow, hispid, with short white hairs;

leaves pilose. 2. E. inflatum

3. Stems not inflated. 4

4. Outer calyx-segments distinctly wider than the inner segments;

inflorescence capitate. . . • 3. E. ovalifoli um

4. Outer calyx-segments not distinctly wider than the inner seg-

ments; inflorescence various, but not capitate, except

in some forms of E. fasciculatum. . . . 5

5. Inflorescence racemose; leaves cordate; perianth white to reddish. I

4; E. racemosum

5. Inflorescence cymose, or paniculate, not racemose. 6

6. Branches angled or grooved, green and glabrous; densely

branched subshrubs. 5. E. heermannii

6. Branches smooth, usually tomentose, • 7

7. Flowers yellow; subshrubs to shrubs up to 8 dm high; leaves broadly

elliptical. 6. E. corymbosum

7. Flowers white. . 8

8. Perianth pubescent without; subshrubs to shrubs 5 dm high; leaves

linear-lanceolate, revolute. . 7. E. fasciculatum

8. Perianth glabrous without. . 9

9. Leaves elliptical; inflorescence of elongate branches with scattered 82

involucres along the branchlets; subshrubs or shrub with erect,

fragile branches; rare ...•• 8. E. kearneyi

9. Leaves revolute, linear -lanceolate to oblanceolate. . 10

10. Inflorescence a divaricated branched panicle of zig-zag branches;

outer calyx-segments obovate; rare. . 9, E. plumatella

10. Inflorescence a compact terminal cyme; outer calyx-segments

subcordate; infrequent to common •• 10. E. microthecum

11. Involucres erect, sessile and appressed to the stem, narrowly

turbinate to cylindric-turbinate, angled or ribbed. • • • 1 Z

11. Involucres deflexed or erect, sessile to long peduncled but not

appressed to the stem, turbinate to campanulate, smooth. . B<

12. Outer calyx-segments fan-shaped, yellow; involucres 1 mm lq:q.g.

1 I. E. nidularium

12. Outer calyx-segments obovate, white or red. . 13

13. Stems glabrous; flowers white; involucres 2 to 3 mm long.

12. E. vimineum

13. Stems silky puberulent; flowers white to rose or red; involucre 1

to 1. 5 mm long. 13. ~ puberulum

14. Leaves basal and cauline; involucres broadly campanulate,

glandular, calyx-segments distinctly dissimilar, the

outer segments inflated, shorter than the lanceolate inner

segments. . . 14. E. maculatum

14. Leaves strictly basal. 15

15. Calyx-segments glabrous. 16 83

15. Calyx-segments pubescent. 20

16. Involucres erect. . . 17

16. Involucres deflexed. 18

17. Involucres sessile or subsessile, the short peduncle stout; leaves

with long matted hairs; plants to I. 5 m high •. 15. ~. insigne -r--

17. Involucres with long, slender peduncles; leaves with short appressed

hairs below; plants up to 5 dm high. • • 16. E. subreniforme

18. Plants glandular; calyx-segments cordate; inflorescence

flat-topped. • l 7. E. brachypodum

18. Plants glabrous •. 19

19. Outer calyx-segments panduriform, the base and apex truncate;

peduncles 3 to 15 mm long, slender. 18. E. cernuum

19. Outer calyx-segments cordate at base, rounded at the apex; peduncles

up to 3 mm long, stout. . . . 19. E. deflexum

20. Outer calyx-segments saccate at the base, sparsely pilose

at the base, yellowish, white or rose. . 20. E. thomasii

20. Outer calyx-segments not saccate. . 21

21. Perianth white; leaves densely tomentose below .. 16. E. subreniforme

21. Perianth yellow, densely white hirsute; leaves pilose on both sur -

faces. 22

22. Involucres 5-lobed; plants annuals or short lived perennials;

branches and branchlets few and stout at each node; stems

inflated. 2. E. inflatum

22. Involucres 4-lobed; plants strictly annual; branches and 84

branchlets numerous and capillary at each: node; stems

not inflated. . . . . 21. E. trichopes

1. Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. subaridum S. Stokes.

Southern Utah westward to southeastern California, mostly below 7, 000 feet on sandy to gravelly slopes and foothills. Near television relay tower. (Higgins 777 ).

2. Eriogonum inflatum Torr. & Frem. Southern Colorado and adjacent New Mexico westward to southern and eastern California, south to extreme northern Mexico, below 6, 000 feet on sandy and gravelly flats and foothills. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 451 ).

3. Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. Southern Alberta to New Mexico, westward through Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, and Arizona to eastern

California and Oregon, mostly below 7, 000 feet on a wide variety of habitats. Ca. 5 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 549).

4. Eriogonum racemosum Nutt. Colorado and adjacent New

Mexico westward to extreme eastern California, mostly below 7, 000 feet on gravelly or talus slopes. Ca. one-half mile southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 793 ).

5. Eriogonum heermanii Dur. & Hilg. var. sulcatum (S. Wats.)

Reveal, ined. Southern Utah westward to southern California, mostly below 5, 000 feet on talus or gravelly foothills. Castle Cliffs along hwy.

91. (Higgins 586).

6. Eriogonum corymbosum Benth. in DC. var. glutinosum

(M. E. Jones) M. E. Jones. (E. aureum M. E. Jones). Southwestern 85 and south central Utah, southward to northcentral Arizona, mostly below

6,500 feet on sandy to gravelly soil on the lower foothills. Junction of hwy.

91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 810).

7. Eriogonum fasciculatum Be nth. var. poliferum (Benth. in DC. )

Torr. & Gray. Southern Utah and Arizona westward to southern California and northern Mexico, mostly below 7, 000 feet on gravelly or talus slopes and foothills. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 459).

8. Eriogonum kearneyi Tidestr. Western Utah and adjacent northwestern Arizona westward across central Nevada to extreme east-central

California, mostly below 6,500 feet on sandy flats and lower foothills, not definitely known from the Beaver Dam Mountains, but frequently found near

Virgin, and along the Virgin River.

9. Eriogonum plumatella Dur. & Hilg. Southern California and adjacent western Arizona with an apparently isolated population somewhere in southwestern Utah, on gravelly talus slopes and foothills mostly below

4,500 feet. One syntype of EL palmeri S. Wats., a synonym of~ plumatella was collected in southwestern Utah, but with no definite location. It seems most likely that if the specimen did come from Utah the Beaver Dam area seems the most reasonable. Until additional material is found, the occur.Tence of this species in Utah must remain doubtful. (Palmer, s. n. southwestern Utah).

10. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. var. laxiflorum Benth. in DC.

Washington to California eastward to Montana, Utah, and northern Arizona, mostly below 9,000 feet on gravelly to talus slopes and foothills. Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 746). 86

11. Eriogonum nidularium Cov. Southwestern Utah westward to southern California and northwest .through Nevada to southeastern ' Oregon and adjacent Idaho below 6,000 feet. No specimens have been collected on the Beaver Dam Mountains and known only from a single collection near Leeds. Nevertheless this species is expected to be found on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

12. Eriogonum vimineum Dougl. ex. Benth. Washington to

California eastward across Idaho and Nevada into Utah and Arizona, mostly below 6,000 feet on sandy flats and lower slopes. Our plant may be distinct from var. vimineum, but additional study is necessary before any nomenclatural adjustment can be made. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 719).

13. Eriogonum puberulum S. Wats. Southwestern Utah westward to ~a.st-central Nevada, below 5, 000 feet on sandy flats and lower slopes.

Near television relay tower. (Higgins 675, 701).

14. Eriogonum maculatum Heller. Washington to southern

California eastward to Idaho, Utah, and Arizona, below 7, 000 feet on

sandy to gravelly flats and slopes. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam

Wash. (Higgins 399).

15. Eriogonum insigne S. Wats. Southwestern Utah across

southern Nevada to southeastern California, mostly below 5,000 feet on

sandy flats and lower slopes and foothills. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 839).

16. Eriogonum subreniforme S. Wats. South-central to southwestern Utah south to extreme northern Arizona, below 4, 500 feet on 87 clay hills and slopes. Not definitely known from the Beaver Dam Moun- tains but common to the east of St. George and along the Virgin River.

It is expected to be found in the southern part of the range.

17. Eriogonum brachypodum Torr. & Gray. (~ parryi A.

Gray). Southwestern Utah and adjacent northern Arizona westward to southern California, below 6, 000 feet on sandy or gravelly flats and lower foothills. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 594).

18. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. Central Oregon to southeastern

California eastward to Alberta, Nebraska, Colorado, and New Mexico, mostly below I 0, 500 feet in a wide variety of habitats. Beaver Dam

Mountains. (Cottam 1524).

19. Eriogonum deflexum Torr. Southern Utah and northern

Arizona westward to southeastern California, mostly below 6, 000 feet on sandy, gravelly or clay flats or lower slopes and foothills. Ca. 5 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins

618).

20. Eriogonum thomasii Torr. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, and southern California, south into northern Mexico, below

5,000 feet on sandy flats and lower slopes. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 398).

21. Eriogonum trichopes Torr. Southwestern Utah and southern Nevada south to southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico into extreme northern Mexico, below 6, 000 feet on sandy flats and lower slopes. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 332). 88

2. Chorizanthe R. Br.

Plants annual, herbaceous, dichotomously branched;: foliage leaves in a basal rosette, soon disappearing, the stem leaves mostly bractlike, opposite or in threes; flowers usually solitary, subtended by a tubular or funnelform involucre; stamens commonly 9.

I. Involucres 6-toothed, the tube 6-ribbed, the teeth strongly hooked

apically (less than 2 mm long); stems very brittle and soon

falling apart; foliage leaves all basal. . I. C. brevicornu

1. Involucres with fewer than 6 teeth (these to 1 cm long or more},

the tube either 3-r,ibbed, or not ribbed; stems not very

brittle; lower stem leaves like the basal ones •• 2. C. rigida

1. Chorizanthe brevicornu Torr. Utah, Arizona, Nevada and

California, 2,500 feet or lower, March to May. Utah-Arizona border about 3 miles west of hwy. 91. (Higgins 494).

2. Chorizanthe rigida (Torr. ) Torr. & Gray. Southwestern

Utah, Arizona, California, and Baja California, 2,500 feet or lower,

March to May. Utah-Arizona border 3 miles west of hwy. 91. (Higgins

491 ).

3. Oxytheca Nutt.

Plants annual, small, slender-stemmed, qichotomously branched; leaves oblanceolate, the basal ones in a rosette, the stem leaves opposite; upper bracts connate -perfoliate, these and the involucre teeth tipped with long, stiff bristles. 89

1. Oxytheca perfoliata Torr. & Gray. Southwestern Utah,

Arizona, Nevada, and California, 2,000 feet or lower, April. Ca. 5 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins

61 9 ).

4. Pterostegia Fisch. & Mey.

Plants annuah stems slender, weak, diffusely branched, often prostrate; leaves opposite, lower fan-shaped, usually 2-lobed, upper leaves entire or slightly toothed; flowerS" solitary, subtended by a single, folded, 2-lobed, dentate bract, this in fruit enlarged, reticulate-veined, bigibbous on back.

1. Pterostegia drymarioides Fisch. & Mey. Oregon to Utah,

Arizona, and Baja California, 3,500 feet or lower, February to April.

Beaver Dam Mountains. (Cottam 5135 ).

5. Rumex L. Dock

Weedlike herbs, mostly perennial; leaves alternate, simple, mostly basal; stipules somewhat sheathing; flowers small, greenish, pediceled, commonly in crowded whorls in the panicled racemes; sepals

6, the outer 3 spreading, the inner 3 somewhat colored and converging over the fruit, often bearing a callous grain on the back; achenes triangular.

1. Callous grains lacking; inner sepals ovate-cordate, 10 to 16 mm

long; leaves oblong or elongate-elliptic. 1. R. hymenosepalus

1. At least 1 of the inner sepals with a distinct callous grain; sepals 90

triangular, 5 to 6 mm long; leaves with strongly wavy margins.

2. R. crispus

1. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Wyoming to Utah, western

Texas, Arizona, northern Mexico, and California, 6,000 feet or lower sandy stream beds and fields, March and April. Castle Cliffs along

,hwy. 91. (Higgins 392).

2. Rumex crispus L. Naturalized in most of temperate North

America; native of Eurasia; up to 8, 000 feet along streams and ditches.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 632).

6. Polygonum L. Knotweed

Plants herbaceous; stems jointed, often swollen at the nodes; leaves alternate, entire, simple, with sheathing stipules that are entire, ciliate, or lacerate; flowers small on jointed pedicels, in spikes or racemes or in the axils of the leaves; calyx mostly 5-parted, often petaloid, erect, enclosing the achene; styles 2 and achenes lenticular or

3 and the achenes triangular.

I. Plants twining; leaves cordate-sagittate. I. P. convolvulus

I. Plants erect or spreading, not twining. 2

2. Stems decumbent or prostrate; achenes dark brown or reddish-

brown at maturity. 2. P. aviculare

2. Stems erect or ascending; leaf blades not jointed at the base.

3. P. lapathifolium 91

I. Polygonum convolvulus L. Widely distributed in the United

States; naturalized from Eurasia, 2, 500 to 8, 000 feet roadsides and waste places, May to August.

2. Polygonum aviculare L. Widely distributed in North America, naturalized from Eurasia, I, 000 to 8, 000 feet, roadsides, April to

October. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 803 ).

3. Polygonum lapathifolium L. Throughout most of North

America, 1, 000 to 6, 000 feet along streams, April to October. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 806).

21. CHENOPODIACEAE - GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

Annual or perennial, often halophytic herbs or shrubs, which are commonly mealy, with mostly alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves and small, greenish, perfect or sometimes unisexual flowers; calyx of

1 to 5 sepals, which are often fleshy, sometimes lacking; petals none; stamens as many as sepals and opposite them, or fewer; pistil I, the ovary I-celled, the styles 2 or 3; fruit a utricle or achene.

I. Embryo spirally coiled; leaves narrow, entire, either thick and

fleshy or spine-tipped. 2

I. Embryo not spirally coiled, circular to horseshoe-shaped, or con-

duplicate...... 3

2. Leaves strongly spine-tipped; plants annual. . . . I. Salsola

2. Leaves soft and fleshy, subterete; mostly perennial. 2. Suaeda

3. Pubescence of the herbage pilose, villous, or lanate, the hairs

simple and slender; flowers mostly perfect. . . . 3. Bassia 92

3. Pubescence of the herbage wholly or partly of stellate, glandular,

or inflated hairs, seldom none. 4

4. Flowers mostly perfect, without bractlets, with a perianth. 5

4. Flowers unisexual (or some of them perfect in Eurotia), the

pistillate flowers with bractlets and usually without a

perianth; plants mostly woody, at least at base. . . 6

5. Perianth segments and stamens 3 to 5; upper leaves of the inflores-

cence usually .tnuch reduced. 4. Chenopodi um

5. Perianth segment and stamen one; upper leaves of the inflorescence

little reduced. . 5. Monolepis

6. Pubescence entirely or chiefly of simple inflated hairs, these

collapsing and scurflike when dry. 6. Atriplex

6. Pubescence of branched, scarcely inflated hairs; bractlets

united to the middle or higher; seeds vertical. 7

7. Fruiting bracts very thin and flat, glabrous or scurfy-pubescent

winged; herbage puberulent or glabrate. 7. Grayia

7. Fruiting bractlets forming a 2-beaked tube, densely long-villous,

not winged; herbage conspicuously and densely stellate -

pubescent. 8. Eurotia

1. Salsola L. Russian Thistle

Annual, much branched herb; leaves alternate, linear or subu-

late, spinescent; flowers small, perfect, solitary or several together,

axillary, subtended by 3 rigid, spinescent bracts; calyx 5-parted; in fruit with horizontal wings on the back of the bracts; ovary I -celled, hollow 93

above. At maturity the plant breaks off at ground becoming a tumble-

weed.

1. Salsola kali L. Naturalized in western North America;

Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Washington, south to Texas, Arizona,

and southern California, mostly below 7, 000' feet on a wide variety of

habitats. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 627).

2. Suaeda Forsk. Seepweed

Plants mostly perennial, herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves

alternate, fleshy, mostly terete or subterete; flowers perfect or some

of them unisexual, axillary, solitary or in small clusters; perianth 5-

lobed or 5-parted, fleshy, enclosing the utricle; stamens 5.

1. Calyx lobes with hornlike appendages. 1. ~ depressa

1. Calyx lobes not appendaged, the sepals flat, round or keeled. 2

2. Stem and leaves more or less densely pubescent; leaves

strongly flattened, 5 to 20 mm long, obtuse or acute, per -

ennial, woody at base; l m high or less. 2. ~ ramosissima

2. Stems and leaves glabrous or nearly so; leaves contracted

toward the base; annual or perennial. 3. S. nigra

l. Suaeda depressa (Pursh) Wats. Minnesota to Saskatchewan,

south to western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, 7,000 feet or lower on alkaline plains and valleys. This species is common

about St. George, and can be expected at Beaver Dam Arizona and at farms along the Beaver Dam Wash. (Desma Hall 6050). 94

2. Suaeda ramosissima Stand!. Southwestern Utah and western

Arizona to southeastern California and Mexico, below 4, 000 feet in the

Larrea belt. This species is common around St. George, and is to be expected along the Beaver Dam Wash in alkaline areas.

3. Suaeda nigra (Raf. ) Macbr. Minnesota to western Texas, westward to California and Mexico, in alkaline soil and low meadows of the Larrea and Artemisia belts. This species is common around St. George and is to be expected in alkaline areas on the Beaver Dam Mountains,

3, Bassi a All.

Annual, herbaceous; stems tall much-branched; herbage loosely villous; leaves narrow, entire; flowers perfect, without bractlets, in open leafy-bracted panicles of short spikes; perianth lobes each bearing a dorsal tubercle or spine.

I. Bassia hyssopifolia (Pall.) Kuntze (Ech:j.nopsilon hyssopi- folius Moq.). Naturalized from old world, here and there in the western United States, flowering in summer. Junction of hwy. 91 and the

Gunlock road. (Higgins 833 ).

4, Chenopodium L. Goosefoot

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, usually mealy- coated or glandular, with entire, toothed, or lobed blades; flowers perfect or rarely unisexual, greenish, ebracteate, in small, axillary or terminal spikes or glomerules; calyx usually 5-parted, persistent, flat or keeled, usually enclosing the achene. 95

I. Leaves and inflorescence bearing numerous glands, not farinose. 2

1. Leaves and inflorescence not glandular, 1 or both farinose or

occasionally puberulent. 3

2. Inflorescence spicate or pahiculate; £lowers in irregular

glomerules; fruit glandular dotted. • 1. C. ambrosioides

2. Inflorescence loosely dichotomous; flowers solitary or in

loose clusters, some pediceled, fruit not glandular-

dotted. . • • . 2. £=.botrys

3. Leaf blades narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong; entire or

somewhat basally lobed...... 3. .£,:_pratericola

3. Leaf blades lanceo-ovate, broadly oblong, oval or broader, frequently

as broad as long, margins mostly toothed or lobed. . . . . 4

4. Leaf blades as broad as long or nearly so. 5

4. Leaf blades much longer than broad. . . . 6

5. Leaf blades densely farinose, at least below, thick; plants diffusely

branched from the base. 4. C. incanum

5. Leaf blades usually glabrate, thin; plants slender, often over

2. 5 dm tall...... 5. C. fr emontii

6. Plants bright green, not at all farinose. . . 6. ~ paganum

6. Plants pale blue-green, leaves sparingly to densely farinose,

at least on the lower surface...... 7

7. Seeds I. 3 to 2 mm broad, smooth and shiny; plants not ill-scented.

7. C. album

7. Seeds 0. 8 to 1 mm broad, roughened, not very shiny; plants ill-

scented...... 8. C. berlandieri 96

1. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Introduced from tropical.

America, throughout most of the United States, roadsides and waste places. To be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Chenopodium botrys L. Extensively naturalized in North

America, 1, 000 to 5, 500 feet, roadsides and waste places. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 728).

3. Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. New Jersey and Virginia to Washington, Oregon, California, and Mexico, I, 500 to 8, 000 feet,

May to September. Ca. 3 miles west of the Shivwit Indian Reservation along hwy. 91. (Higgins 749).

4. Chenopodium incanum (S. Wats.) Heller. Nebraska to Utah and Mexico, mostly below 7, 000 feet. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 681 ).

5. Chenopodium fremontii Wats. North Dakota to British

Columbia, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico, 2, 500 to 9, 000 feet, June to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 727).

6. Chenopodium paganum Riechenb. Massachusetts to

Virginia, New Mexico, and Utah, waste places and open ground. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 626).

7. Chenopodium album L. Naturalized almost throughout North

America; from Europe, waste places and along roadsides. This species is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

8. Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Virginia to Florida, west to Washington, Oregon, and California, south to Mexico, 7, 000 feet or 97 lower. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 625).

5. Monolepis Schrad. Poverty Weed

Annual, slightly succulent, nearly glabrous herbs; stems low, diffuse or prostrate; flowers in small axillary clusters; perianth reduced to a single, persistent segment; stamen 1; utricle compressed.

1. Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene. Manitoba and

Alberta, south to Texas, Sonora, and California, 3,000 feet or lower,

January to April. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Moun- tains since it is common in and about St. George.

6., Atriplex L. Saltbush

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, usually mealy or scurfy, often silvery-pubescent; leaves alternate or opposite; flowers monoecious or dioecious, in axillary clusters or in spikes or panicles; staminate flowers with a regular 4 or 5-parted calyx; pistillate flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a pair of appressed, foliaceous, accrescent bracts that are more or less united and variously thickened and appendaged.

1. Plants perennial. 2

1. Plants annual. 8

2. Leaves dentate. 3

2. Leaves entire (rarely dentate, then dioecious herbs not as

above). 4

3. Plants monoecious; leaves green, the teeth to 3 mm long.

1. A. semibaccata 98

3. Plants dioecious; leaves white, teeth to 10 mm long.

2. A. hymenelytra

4. Leaf base subhastate; shrubs to 4 m tall. 5

4. Leaf bases attenuate to rounded; herbs or shrubs less than

2 m tall ... 6

5. Branches terete. 3. A. lentifor mis 5. Branches angled. 4. -A. torreyi 6. Fruits conspicuously 4-winged. 5. A. canescens

6. Fruits not 4-winged. . . . . 7

7. Fruiting bractlets normally deeply dentate on nearly the whole

mar gin,: including the tl'll.I[',Cat,e apex . . 6. ~ polycarpa

7. Fruiting bractlets entire or denticulate. 7. A. confertifolia

8. Leaves bright green or greenish, triangular hastate, 3 to 12

cm long or more. 8. A. patula

8. Leaves gray or whitish with a fine scurf (at least on the lower

surface), variously shaped but not triangular hastate,

5_cm long or less. 9

9. Fruiting bracts orbicular, with deeply lacinate-dentate margins,

2 to 4 mm in diameter. 9. A. elegans

9. Fruiting bracts broadest at or below the middle. 10. A. rosea

1. Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Southwestern Utah, New

Mexico, Arizona, and California, 1,000 to 3,000 feet. This plant has been collected in and about St. George, and is to be expected on the

Beaver Dam range. (D. H. Galway, September 28, 1935 ). 99

2. Atriplex hy:menelytra (Torr.) Wats. Southwestern Utah to southeastern California a,nd northwest Mexico, below 2, 500 feet, in dry sandy or stony soil. Beaver Dam slope near the Arizona border.

(Lasater s. n. )

3. Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) Wats. Southern Utah and Nevada to Sonora and California, 4,000 feet or usually lower, in moist or dry, saline soil. Southwest of St. George. (Hanson 385).

4. Atriplex torreyi S. Wats. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, and California, usually below 4,000 feet, in saline soils. Ca.

2 miles east of Santa Clara. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver

Dam Mountains. (Hanson 383 ).

5. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. South Dakota to Oregon, south to northern Mexico, 6, 500 feet or lower. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 504).

6. Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) Wats. Arizona to Nevada, southern California, and northwestern Mexico, 3, 500 feet or lower.

Near Beaver Dam, Arizona, across the street from Bill's Place.

(Hanson 210).

7. Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frem. ) Wats. North Dakota to Oregon, south to Chihuahua, northern Arizona, and California,

2,500 to 5,500 feet on dry plains and mesas. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 837).

8. Atriplex patula L. Throughout most of the Northern Hemis- phere, 4,500 to 5,000 feet. This plant is common about St. George and should be looked for on the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Desma Hall, St. George. 100

9. Atriplex elegans (Moq.) D. Dietr. Southern Utah to Texas and southern California, 3,500 feet or lower. This plant has been collected at St. George, and should be looked for on the Beaver Dam

Mountains. (D. H. Galway, St. George).

10. Atriplex rosea L. Extensively naturalized in the western

United States, 1, 000 to 7, 000 feet. Beaver Dam Mountains near the

Apex Mine. (Higgins 816).

7. Grayia H. & A. Hops age

Much branched, dioecious or rarely monoecious under shrubs; leaves alternate, oblanceolate; flowers small, in axillary clusters or terminal spikes; staminate flowers ebracteate, with a mostly 4-parted calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx, subtended by 2 orbicular, flattened, thin bracts that are winged dorsally and enclose the fruit.

1. Grayia spinosa (Hook. ) Moq. Wyoming to Washington, south to Arizona and California, 2, 500 to 6, 000 feet, flowering in spring.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 434).

8. Eurotia Adans. Winterfat

Plants shrubby or suffrutescent, stellate-tomentose; leaves alternate, entire, linear; flowers unisexual or perfect, in axillary clusters and terminal spike like inflorescences; perianth 4-parted; stamens

4; fruiting bractlets united into a villous, 2-beaked tube.

1. Eurotia lanata (_Pursh) Moq. var. subspinosa (Rydb.)

Kearney & Peebles. Saskatchewan to Washington, south to Texas, Arizona, 101

California, and Mexico, 2,000 to 7,000 feet on dry plains and mesas,

May to October. 5 miles south of Terry's Ranch along the Beaver Dam

Wash. {Higgins 312).

22. AMARANTHACEAE - AMARANTH FAMILY

Plants herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate or opposite, entire, simple; flowers small, perfect or unisexual, inconspicuous, congested in clusters or spikes, with 3 dry, scarious, persistent often colored bracts; sepals 5; petals none; stamens as many as the sepals; ovary hypogynous, 1-loculed; fruit a membranous or fleshy utricle,

I. Leaves alternate; anthers 4-celled; plants nearly or quite glabrous;

plants annual. . I. Amaranth us

I. Leaves opposite; anthers 2-celled; plants white stellate-woolly or

villous. . . 2. Tidestromia

1. Amaranthus L. Amaranth

Annual, usually coarse herbs, erect or prostrate; leaves alternate, entire, petioled; flowers mostly unisexual, small, commonly subtended by a bract and 2 bractlets; perianth segments 2 to 5, distinct; stamens 2 to 5; utricle 2 or 3 beaked by the per sis tent styles.

I. Sepals of the female flowers broadened upward, the calyx urceolate;

calyx fimbriate; plants monoecious .. 1. A. fimbriatus

I. Sepals of the female flowers narrowed upward; the calyx not urceolate,

calyx not Hmbriate. 2 102

2. Inflorescence of terminal or axillary spikes; sepals 5. 3

2. Inflorescence wholly of axillary glomerules. 5

3. Pistillate sepals conspicuously exceeding the utricle, all spreading

at maturity, obtuse or truncate. . 2. A. retroflexus

3. Pistillate sepals shorter than to slightly longer than the utricle,

erect, lanceolate, tapering gradually to the terminal arista. 4

4. Bracts not more than twice as long as the perianth segments;

seeds orbicular. 3. ~ hybridus

4. Bracts 2 to 3 times as long as the perianth segments; seeds

broadly oval or ovate in outline. . 4. A. powellii

5. Stems commonly prostrate and purplish; sepals 4 to 5 in both male

and female flowers; seeds 1. 5 mm broad. 5. A. graecizans

5. Stems commonly erect or ascending and whitish; sepals of the

female flowers 3, subequal; seeds less than 1 mm proad.

6. A. albus

1. Amaranthus fimbriatus (Torr.) Benth. Southern Utah and

Nevada to Arizona and northwestern Mexico, 4, 000 feet or lower on - plains and mesas of the Larrea belt. To be expected on the Beaver Dam

Mountains.

2. Amaranthus retropexus L. Southern Canada t0 northern

Mexico, below 7, 000 feet, June to November. This plant has been collected at St. George, and is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

(D. H. Galway, St. George, September 14, 1935 ).

3. Amaranthus h ybridus L. Widely distributed in North 103

America, I, 000 to 8,000 feet, June to November. In field at junction

of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 805).

4. Amaranthus powellii Wats. Wyoming and Oregon to Arizona

and northern Mexico, waste places at low altitudes, July to October.

This plant has been collected at St. George and should be looked for on the Beaver Dam range. (Desma Hall 8499).

5. Amaranth us graecizans L. Widely distributed in North

America, I, 000 to 8, 000 feet, July to November. Ca. 2 miles west

of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 735).

6. Amaranthus albus L. Widely distributed in North

America, 1, 500 to 8, 000 feet, June to October. This plant is to be

looked for on the Beaver Dam Mountains, since it is so widely distributed.

2. Tidestromia Stand!.

Annual or perennial, pubescent with stellate hairs; leaves

opposite, petioled; flowers minute, perfect, axillary, mostly glomerate;

sepals 5, equal, thin, pubescent; stamens 5; utricle subglobose.

I. Tidestromia oblongifolia (Wats.) Stand!. Southwestern

Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and southeastern California, 5,000 feet or

lower in sandy soil, June to October. Ca. 8 miles south of St. George,

and should be looked for on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

23. NYCTAGINACEAE - FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY

Plants annual or perennial, with simple, alternate or opposite

leaves; flowers perfect, or sometimes unisexual, in cymes that are often 104 dense and head-like, often with bracts; calyx 4 to 5-lobed, often petaloid; petals none; stamens 1 or more; pistil 1, with a I-celled ovary containing a single ovule; fruit often enclosed in the persistent base of the calyx, and indehiscent, sometimes broadly winged at maturity.

1. Cotyledon 1, by abortion; stigma narrowly linear, this and the

stamens included in the perianth tube. . 2

1. Cotyledons 2, stigma globose. • 3

2. Limb of the perianth 5-lobed; wings of the fruit thickish, opaque,

interrupted above and below the body a the fruit.

1. Abronia

2, Limb of the perianth 4 or 5-lobed; wing of the fruit thin and

transparent, conspicuously veined, continuous around the

body of the fruit .. 2. Tripterocalyx

3. Wings of the fruit 3 to 5, conspicuous, papery. 3. Selinocarpus

3. Wings of the fruit none, or coriaceous. . 4

4. Fruit strongly compressed, oval to obovate in outline; margins

dentate, commonly inrolled over the dorsal face.

4. Allionia

4. Fruit not compressed, terete or angled, without inrolled den-

tate margins; stamens and pistil ex~erted .. 5. Mirabilis

1. Abronia Juss. Sand Ver!Jena

plants annual or perennial, often viscid; leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, entire; flowers showy, perfect, in hea~s on axillary or terminal peduncles, subtended by conspicuous, thin, bracts; 105 calyx corolla-like, salverform; fruits deeply lobed or winged.

1. Plants acaulescent or nearly so, caespitose; petioles much longer

than the blades; flowers white or bright pink. 1. A. nana

1. Plants caulescent; stems long, often decumbent. 2

2. Plants annual, bracts linear -lanceolate; stems densely villous

and viscid; perianth purplish-red. . 2. A. villosa

2. Plants perennial; bracts elliptic to obovate; stems viscid-

pubescent to glabrous, not at all villous .. 3. A. fragrans

1. Abronia nana Wats. var. lanciformis Jones. Southern Utah and Nevada, northern Arizona, 3, 000 to 5, 000 feet, April to August. Ca.

4 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 548).

2. Abronia villosa Wats. 'Southern Utah to Arizona and southern

California, 3, 000 feet or lower in sandy areas, February to May. At

Littlefield Arizona. (L. Hafen 7045 ).

3. Abronia fragrans Nutt. Common throughout the western part of the United States, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to June. Beaver

Dam Wash south of Terry's Ranch, common in sandy areas. (Higgins

311, 371).

2. Tripterocalyx (Torr. ) Hook. Sandpuffs

Plants similar to Abronia, except the wing of the fruit is thin and transparent, and conspicuously reticulate -veined; fruit is harder and is completely surrounded by the 2 to 4 wings. 106

1. Tripterocalyx . pedunculatus (Jones) Standl. North Dakota to Montana and Arizona, up to 4,500 feet. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, in sand dune area. (Higgins 685).

3. Selinocarpus A. Gray

Plants diffusely branched perennials; leaves ovate, thickish; flowers few, axillary and solitary, or in short-stalked terminal clusters; stamens 5 or 6; fruit conspicuously winged.

I. Selinocarpus diffusus Gray. Southwestern Utah to western

Texas and southern Nevada. West of St. George, and is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains. (D. H. Galway).

4. Allionia L. Umbrellawort

Plants perennial, glandular-pubescent; stems prostrate; leaves petioled, very unequal in the pair, oblong or broadly ovate; involucre

3-flowered; perianth campanulate-rotate; fruit flattened, the dorsal face bearing 2 rows of stipitate glands.

1. Allionia incarnata L. Utah and Colorado to southern Mexico,

6,000 feet or lower, April to October. Common desert slopes, near Utah-

Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 362).

5. Mirabilis L. Four O'Clock

Plants perennial herbs; stems dichotomously branched, usually pubescent and viscid; leaves opposite, petioled, the blades succulent; flowers solitary or several in the calyx-like involucre; calyx funnel- 107 form to campanulate; stamens 3-5; fruit smooth or tuberculate, sometimes 5-ribbed.

I. Involucre subtending a single flower; perianth white or pinkish

about 1 cm long; fruit smooth. . . . . I. M. bigelovii

1. Involucre subtending more than one flower; perianth purplish-red, 4

to 6 cm long...... 2. M. multiflora

1. Mirabilis bigelovii Gray var. retror sa (Heller) Munz. southern Utah and northern Arizona, 3,000 feet or lower, March to October.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 507).

2. Mirabilis multiflora (Torr.) Gray. Southwestern Utah to northern Mexico, 2, 000 to 6, 000 feet, April to September. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 414).

24. FOR TU LACACEAE - PURSLANE FAMILY

Plants herbs or small shrubs with succulent, alternate or opposite leaves; flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes, regular, perfect; sepals 2; petals 4 to 6, often falling early; stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; pistil I, the ovary 1-loculed; fruit a capsule.

I. Montia perfoliata (Denn. ) Howell. British Columbia to

Arizona, 2,000 to 7,500 feet, February to May. Beaver Dam Mountains near Welcome Spring. (Bassett Maguire 20533 ).

25. CARYOPHYLLACEAE - PINK FAMILY

Plants annual or perennial herbs; leaves simple, opposite; 108 flowers solitary or in cymes, perfect, regular, or sometimes without petals, 4 to 5 merous; stamens 10 or fewer, distinct, pistil 1, of 2 to 5 united carpels; ovary 1-loculed; styles 2 to 5; fruit a utricle or more commonly a capsule, dehiscent by valves.

1. Petals entire or slightly emarginate. . . . 1. Arenaria

1. Petals bifid, often deeply so, rarely none. . . . . 2. Stellaria

1. Arenaria L. Sandwort

Plants perennial, stems slender; flowers mostly in cymes, these open or congested; sepals 5, commonly ribbed or k~el~; petals 5, entire; stamens 10; styles 3; capsules longitudinally dehiscent, the valves 3, entire or 2-cleft.

1. Sepals 4 to 5, 5 mm long; stems not or but slightly woody at the

base •.. l. ..!::_.macradenia Wats. ssp. ferrisiae

1. Sepals 5. 5 to 6. 5 mm long; stems woody at base; petals conspicuously

surpassing the sepals.

2. A. macradenia Wats. ssp. macradenia

1. Arenaria macradenia Wats. ssp. ferrisiae Abrams. South- western Utah and Mohave Co. Arizona, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to

July. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. {Higgins 48~).

2. Arenaria macradenia Wats. ssp. macradenia Maguire.

Southwestern Utah to Baj a California, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to

July. Near television relay tower. (Higgins 579). 109

2. Stellaria L. Chickweed

Plants small, herbaceous, annual; flowers solitary in the axils of the stem, or in few-flowered terminal cymes, inconspicuous; sepals and petals 5; styles 3; fruit a dehiscent capsule.

1. Stellaria. nitens Nutt. Montana and British Columbia south to Arizona and California, 1, 500 to 4, 000 feet, February to March. This plant has been collected near St. George and is to be expected on the

Beaver Dam Mountains.

26. RANUNCULACEAE - BUTTERCUP FAMILY

Plants mostly perennial herbs; leaves basal or alternate, often deeply divided, or compound; flowers solitary or in racemes or panicles, perfect, regular to irregular; sepals 3 to many, sometimes petaloid; petals 0 to many; stamens numerous; pistil,, simple, many; ovary hypogynous; fruit an achene, follicle, or berry.

1. Carpels 2 or more, becoming many-seeded follicles; flowers

irregular. 1. Delphinium

1. Carpels becoming achenes. 2

2. Woody vines; flowers polygamous; leaves opposite; achenes with

long, plumose tails. . 2. Clematis

2. Herbs; leaves basal, alternate or forming an involucral whorl. 3

3. Petals lacking; flowers solitary; cauline leaves 3 .. 3. Anemone

3. Petals present; plants commonly with leafy stems. 4. Ranunculus 110

1. Delphinium L. Larkspur

Plants perennial herbs; leaves alternate, palmately lobed or divided; flowers perfect, racemose; sepals 5, irregular, the upper produced into a spur; petals 4, in unequal pairs, the upper pair developed into spurs, which are concealed by the calyx; carpels 3, becoming many- seeded follicles.

1. Delphinium amabile Tidestr. Southwestern Utah, Arizona, southeastern Nevada, and southern California, 5,000 feet or lower,

February to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 493 ).

2. Clematis L. Virgin's Bower

Plants perennial; stems woody below, usually climbing by means of the twisting petioles of the opposite compound leaves; flowers polygamous, borne on axillary peduncles, with 1 to numerous flowers; sepals

4, white and petaloid; petals lacking (in ours); stamens numerous; fruit a cluster of achenes.

1. Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western Canada and North

Dakota to New Mexico, Arizona, and California, 3, 000 to 8, 000 feet,

May to September. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (~iggins

830).

3. Anemone L. Windflower

Plants perennial herbs; basal leaves palmately divided; cauline leaves lacking except an involucral whorl of 3 bracts; flowers solitary 111 on long peduncles, regular, showy; sepals 4 to 20, petaloid; petals lacking; pistils numerous; achenes compressed in a dense head.

1. Anemone tuberosa Rydb. Utah to Texas and California, 2, 500 to 5,000 feet, February to April. Ca. 2 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 3 09 ).

4. Ranunculus L. Buttercup

Plants annual or perennial herbs; leaves usually alternate, entire to 3-divided or dissected; flowers solitary, yellow, white, pink or red; sepals 5, rarely 4 or 3, early deciduous; petals usually 5, each bearing a scale-covered, nectariferous pit at base; stamens numerous; achenes numerous.

1. Sepals persistent in fruit; fruits utricular; petals red; leaves com-

pound, dissected into ligulate leaflets. . . 1. R. juniperinus

1. Sepals not persistent when the fruit is mature; fruits not utricular;

petals yellow. • . . . . 2. R. cymbalaria

1. Ranunculus juniperinus Jones. Utah to eastern Nevada and northwestern Arizona, 5, 000 to 6, 000 feet, May. Summit of the Beaver

Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 384).

2. Ranunculus cymbalaria Fur sh. Alberta to Vancouver Island and south to Kansas, Arizona, and California, 8,000 feet or lower, spring and summer. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road.

(Higgins 811 ). 112

27. BERBERIDACEAE BARBERRY FAMILY

Shrubs or undershrubs; leaves compound, the leaflets thick, evergreen, spiny-toothed; flowers perfect, hypogynous, regular, yellow; sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the sepals and petals each in 2 series of

3 each; stamens opposite the petals; anthers opening by 2 apical valves; ovary 1-loculed; fruit a few-seeded berry.

1. Mahonia Nutt.

1. Plant a large shrub or small tree to 4 m high; leaves glaucous;

berries red...... 1. M. fr emontii

1. Plant a low creeping undershrub; stems seldom more than 10 cm

long; leaves green to glaucous; berries bluish •• 2. M. repens

1. Mahonia fremontii T

Nevada, 4, 000 to 7, 000 feet among Pinyon and Juniper, April to May.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. {Higgins 389).

2. Mahonia repens Lindl. British Columbia to Arizona and

California, 5,000 to 8,000 feet in coniferous forests, April to June.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains near television relay tower. {Higgins

702).

28. PAPAVERACEAE - POPPY FAMILY

Plants herbaceous; leaves simple or decompound, alternate; flowers perfect, regular, solitary or in small clusters; sepals 2 or 3, caducous; petals 4 to 6; stamens 6 to numerous; pistil l; ovary hypogynous, 1-loculed; fruit a capsule. 113

1. Herbage, sepals and capsules prickly,, sepals with horn-like appen-

dage s; stems leafy...... • 1. Argemone

1. Herbage, sepals and capsules not prickly-,-, • sepals without horh-1ikeI

appendages; plants acapose or nearly so ... 2

2. Leaves toothed; flowers white .... 2. Arctomecon

2. Leaves dissected; flowers yellow or orange. 3. Eschscholtzia

1. Argemone L. Prickly Poppy

Perennial, herbaceous, glaucous, prickly plants, with yellow sap; leaf blades pinnatifid; stems erect, leafy; flowers large, showy, white; sepals 2 or 3 with a hor.n-like, spine-tipped appendage; petals 4 to 6; ovary 1-loculed, with radiating stigmas; capsule dehiscent apically ·· by valves,

1. Argemone munita Dr. & Hilg. ssp. rotundata (Rydb,) G. B.

Ownbey. Northwestern Arizona to California, Nevada, and Utah. Desert slopes to middle elevations. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 512).

2. Arctomecon Torr. & Frem. Desert Poppy

Plants herbaceous, biennial or perennial; leaves mostly basal, hirsute, with long hairs, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed at the apex; flowers large on long peduncles, white; sepals 2 or 3; petals 4 to 6; stamens numerous; capsules oblong, ovoid, or obovoid, 3 to 6 valved.

1. Arctomecon humilis Coville. Southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona, 2,500 feet, May. Beaver Dam Mountains. (J. W. Harrison 114

3. Eschscholtzia Cham. ex Nees California Poppy

Plants annual; leaves ternately dissected, glabrous, glaucous; flowers yellow or orange, on long peduncles or sometimes clustered at the end of the branches; hypanthium surrounding the base of the pistil, often with a spreading outer rim and an erect, scarious, inner rim; sepals 2; petals 4 to 6; stamens numerous; capsule linear, 1-loculed

2-valved.

1. Hypanthium with 2 rims, the outer O. 5 mm wide, the inner erect

and scarious; petals 15 to 30 mm long 1. E. mexicana

1. Hypanthium with 1 rim, the outer rim obsolete or rudimentary. . 2

2. Stems scapose; petals 10 to 25 mm long. 2. ~ glyptosperma

2. Stems leafy; petals less than 10 mm long. • 3. E. minutiflora

1. Eschscholtzia mexicana Green. Southern Utah and Nevada,

Arizona to California, 4, 500 feet or lower. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Elden Beck).

2. Eschscholtzia glyptosperma Greene. Southwestern Utah, western Arizona, to California, 2, 000 feet or lower in sandy soil. South of Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 317).

3. Eschscholtzia minutiflora S. Wats. Southern Utah to southeastern California and western Arizona, 4, 500 feet or lower in sandy soil. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 288).

29. FUMARIACEAE - FUMITOR Y FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, biennial or perennial, glabrous, glaucous; 115 leaves dissected, flowers irregular, in spike-like racemes; sepals 2; petals 4; corolla yellow, spurred; stamens 6; capsule 1-loculed, 2- valved, elongate, cylindric; seeds numerous, black, shining.

I. Corydalis aurea Willd. Throughout the state, I, 500 to 9,000 feet, February to June, Alaska to Mexico. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 416).

30. CRUCIFERAE - MUSTARD FAMILY

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with pungent watery juice, alternate leaves and racemose or corymbose inflorescences; sepals 4; petals 4, cruciform, usually clawed; stamens 6, rarely less, tetradynamous; pistil I, of two united carpels, the ovary 2-celled, with I or more ovules in each cell, the style simple or none, the stigma capitate or 2-lobed; fruit a silique or silicle, dehiscent or rarely indehiscent.

I. Fruits I -celled, I -seeded, indehiscent, thin and flat, orbicular.

I. Thysanocarpus

I. Fruits 2-celled, normally containing 2 or more seeds, and normally

dehiscent. ' 2

2. Capsules strongly compressed contrary to the very narrow

partition, not more than twice as long as wide. 3

2. Capsules not compressed contrary to the partition. • . . 7

3. Capsules 2-lobed; herbage stellate pubescent •. 4

3. Capsules not 2-lobed, at most obcordate. 5

4. Plants not lepidote; capsules flat; seeds solitary in each cell.

2. Dithyrea 116

4. Plants silvery-lepidote; capsules not flattened; seeds more

than 1 in each cell. 3. Physaria

5. Ovule and seed solitary in each cell; pubescence if any, of simple

hairs. . . 4. Lepidium

5. Ovules and usually the seeds, 2 or more in each cell 6

6. Leaves all entire or merely dentate; herbage glabrous; stem

leaves auriculate-clasping. 5. Thlaspi

6. Leaves usually pinnatifid; plants glabrous or stellate-

puberulent; stems very slender; leaves mostly petioled,

entire or few-toothed. . . • • . . . . 6. Hutchinsia

7. Capsules not more than twice as long as wide. 8

7. Capsules more than twice as long as wide. • . 10

8. Capsules flat, strongly compressed parallel to the broad partition;

herbage commonly with stellate or forked hairs. 7. Draba

8. Capsules more or less turgid...... 9

9. Seeds plump; herbage glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple

hairs; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid. . . . . • . 8. Rorippa

9. Seeds flat; herbage densely stellate-pubescent or lepidote; leaves

mostly entire. 9. Lesquerella

10. Capsules long stipitate, the stipe at least 10 mm long.

IO. Stanylea

10. Capsules sessile or if stipitate, the stipe less than IO mm

' long. D

11. Calyx closed or nearly so at anthesis, flask-shaped. 12

11. Calyx o:pen in anthesis, not flask-shaped...... 16 117

12. Herbage sparsely pubescent with gland-tipped hairs.

11. Chorispora

12. Herbage glabrous or nearly so, often glaucous .. 13

13. Petal blades flat or nearly so, much wider than the claws.

12. Sisymbrium

13. Petal blades strongly crisped, channeled, or cucullate. • . 14

14. Pod produced into a long, apical beak; valves separating only

at base. • 13. Streptanthella

14, Pods beakless or nearly so; valves separating completely. 15

15. Capsules at maturity strongly compressed. • . 14. Streptanthus

15. Capsules at maturity terete or nearly so; stems slender, flexuous.

15. Thelypodium

16. Mature capsules strongly compressed parallel to the partition.

16. Mature capsules terete or tetragonal, not strongly compressed.

1 7. Capsules not more than 12 mm long. . 7. Draba

17. Capsules much more than 12 mm long; petals white, ochroleucous,

or purplish-pink. . 16. Arabis

18. Capsules becoming strongly reflexed. 15. Thelypodium

18. Capsules not strongly reflexed, but sometimes recurved-

spreading. . 19

19. Beak of the capsule stout, indehiscent, extending much beyond the

valves. 17. Brassica 118

19. Beak of the capsule none, or slender, not more than 33 mm long. 20

20. Pubescence partly of forked or stellate. hairs. 21

20. Pubescence of simple hairs, or none ..• 23

21. Leaves pinnate or very deeply pinnatifid; pubescence often partly

glandular. 18. Descurainia

21. Leaves entire to moderately pinnatifid; glandular hairs none. . 22

22. Pubescence closely appressed, harsh; petals 6 mm long or

longer; stigma large, deeply 2-lobed; capsule tetragonal,

rigid. 19. Erysimum

22. Pubescence not closely appressed; petals 6 mm long or shorter,

purplish-pink; stigma small, entire. . 20. Malcomia

23. Stem leaves pinnately cleft to pinnate. 12. Sisymbrium

23. Stem leaves entire; capsules torulose. 15. Thelypodiutn

1. Thysanocarpus Hook.

Plants annual, with slender, erect, simple or sparingly branched, leafy stems; leaves sessile, usually ariculate-clasping; flowers small,· in elongated racemes; fruits flat, 1-seeded, orbicular, winged.

1. Thysanocarpus amplectens Greene. Southern Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, 4,000 feet or lower, January to May. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Dithyrea Haw. Spectacle Pod

Plants annual, stellate canescent; stems leafy, erect or decumbent; leaves sinuate-dentate to nearly entire; petals white; capsules 119 didymous, strongly flattened contrary to the partition; seed solitary in each cell.

1. Dithyrea wislizeni Engelm. Colorado and Utah to Arizona and Mexico, 1, 000 to 6, 000 feet, February to October. South of Terry's along the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 320).

3, Phys aria (Nutt, ) A. Gray Twinpod

Plants small, silvery-lepidote, cespitose; leaves mostly basal, orbicular to spatulate; petals narrow, yellow; capsules didymous, blad- er-like, deeply notched at apex; seeds usually 2 or more in each cell,

I. Style 2 to 3 mm long; replum of the capsule lanceolate.

1. P. newberryi

I. Style 6 to 8 mm long; replum oblong. . . . . 2. P. chambersii

I. Physaria newberryi Gray. Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and northern Arizona, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May. Ca, 3 miles southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 559).

2. Physaria chambersii Rollins. Utah, Nevada, and northwestern Arizona, 5, 000 feet, April and May. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

4. Lepidium L. Pep,pergrass

Plants annual or perennial, herbaceous or suffrutescent; stems usually much branched; leaves pinnatifid to entire; flowers small in dense racemes, becoming elongate and open in fruit; fruits 2-celled, 120 orbicular, or elliptic, often emarginate.

1. Plants perennial, the base frequently woody. . . . • . . . 2

2. Plants annual. . 3

2. Capsules 4 to 7 mm wide. 1. L. fremontii

2. Capsules less than 4 mm wide. 2. L. montanum

3. Pubescence of stiff spreading hairs; pedicels conspicuously

flattened, about twice as wide as thick. • 3. L. lasiocarpum

3. Pubescence soft, appressed; pedicels seldom conspicuously flattened

or as much as twice as wide as thick; fruit widest above the

middle. • • . • • 4. L. densiflorum

1. Lepidium fremontii Wats. Southwestern Utah to southeastern

California, 3,000 feet or lower, March to May. Castle Cliffs along hwy.

91. (Higgins 379).

2. Lepidium montanum Nutt. var. jonesii (Rydb.) C. L. Hitchc.

Southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to September. Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 3414).

3. Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Southwestern Colorado to Arizona and California, 4, 000 feet or lower, January to April. Terry's Ranch

on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 400).

4. Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. Widely distributed in the United

States, 2, 000 to 8, 000 feet. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 283).

5. Thlaspi L. Pennycress

Plants annual, low, erect, and glabrous; leaves sagittate and claspirtg; 121 flowers small, white or purplish, in terminal racemes; stamens 6; fruit 2-celled, dehiscent, flattened at a right angle to the partition; seeds

2 or more in each cell.

1. Thlaspi fendleri Gray. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New

Mexico, 4,000 to 12,000 feet, February to August. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 562).

6. Hutchinsia R. Br.

Plants annual; leaves entire to pinnately lobed; flowers small, white; stamens 6; silicles elongate-ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, entire

at the apex, compressed contrary to the narrow partition; seeds 2 to

many in each locule.

1. Hutchinsia procumbens (L. ) Desv. Widely distributed through-

out the western United States, 8~-600 feet or lower, March to July. This

plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

7. Draba L. Whitlowgrass

Plants annual, biennial or perennial, usually pubescent with

simple or forked hairs; leaves entire or dentate; £lowers racemose, white

or yellow; capsules 2-celled, dehiscent, strongly compressed parallel to the partition; seeds numerous.

1. Flowers white; stems pubescent throughout. 1. D. cunefolia

1. Flowers yellow. . . 2

2. Inflorescence and pedicels pubescent. . 2. D. rectifructa 122

2. Inflorescence and pedicels glabrous. 3. D. stenoloba

1. Draba cunefolia Nutt. var. typica C. L. Hitchc. Illinois to

Washington, south to Florida, Texas, and California, 1, 000 to 7, 000 feet,

February to May. Ter:ry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 298).

2. Draba rectifructa C. L. Hitchc. Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and northern New Mexico, 9,000 feet or lower, August. This plant has been collected northwest of St. George, and is to be expected on the

Beaver Dam Mountains, especially at the higher elevations.

3. Draba stenoloba Ledeb. var. ~ (0. E. Schultz) C. L.

Hitchc. Canada to northern Arizona and California, 12, 000 feet or lower,

June to August. This plant has been collected northwest of St. George and is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

8. Rorippa Scop. Cress

Plants perennial; stems usually branched; leaves simple or pinnate; flowers in racemes; petals white; capsules globose, to elongate; seeds in 2 rows, very small.

1. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L. ) Schinz & Thell. Natural- ized throughout most of temperate North America, 1, 500 to 7, 000 feet,

April to August. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road.

{Higgins 821).

9. Lesquerella S. Wats. Bladder pod

Plants annual, biennial, or perennial, herbaceous, with stellate pubescence; leaves simple, entire to pinnatifid, mostly in a basal rosette; 123 flowers in racemes, yellow or white; fruit subglobose to oblong, usually inflated; style persistent, usually long and slender; seeds many, flattened to winged.

I. Plants annual. . • ...... • • . . • . • I. ~ gordoni

1. Plants perennial...... • 2. L. intermedia

I. Lesquerella gordoni (Gray) Wats. Utah to Oklahoma and Calif- ornia, 5,000 feet or lower, February to May. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 304).

2. Lesquerella intermedia (Wats,) Heller, Utah, Colorado,

New Mexico, and Arizona, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to August. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 558).

IO. Stanleya Nutt. Prince's Plume

Plants subshrubby or sometimes woody at the base; stems tall and stout; leaves entire to pinnately compound; flowers large, in elongated terminal racemes; petals yellow to cream colored, with long claws; fruit slender, terete, long stipitate, the stipe I to 3 cm long.

I. Stanleya pinnata (Pursh. ) Britton. North Dakota to Idaho, south to Texas, Arizona, and California, 2, 500 to 6, 000 feet, May to

September. Junction of hwy. 9 I and the Jacks on road. (Higgins 45 7).

1 I. Chorispora DC.

Plants annual; stems branched, leafy; leaves entire to pinnatifid; flowers racemose; petals clawed, rose or purplish; fruit terete, elongate, 124 breaking up into indehiscent joints, beak long; seeds many.

1. Chorispora tenella DC. Scattered throughout the western

United States, naturalized from Asia, 4, 000 to 9, 000 feet, spring.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 439).

12. Sisymbrium L.

Plants annual (in ours), herbaceous; stems simple or branched; leaves pinnatifid, the cauline often clasping; petals yellow; style short; stigma nearly entire or 2-lobed; fruit terete, often torulose, slender; seeds wingless, in 1 or 2 rows.

1. Plants glabrous or very sparsely hirsute near the base; divisions of

the upper stem leaves never filiform; capsules at maturity 3 to

5 cm long, not rigid. . 1. S. irio

1. Plants hirsute up to the inflorescence, usually very sparsely so

above; divisions of the upper stem leaves very narrow, nearly

filiform; capsules at maturity more than 5 cm long, rigid.

2. S. altissimum

1. Sisymbrium irio L. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and Arizona, 4, 500 feet or lower, early spring. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash, (Higgins 301 ).

2, Sisymbrium altissimum L. Widely distributed throughou, the United States, naturalized from Europe, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, April to September. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 677a) 125

13. Streptanthella Rydb. Little Twistflower

Plants annual or biennial; stems slender, usually branched; leaves entire to dentate; flowers small; sepals saccate at base; petals narrow; fruit flat, narrowed to a conspicuous beak, sessile, pendant on a recurved pedicel; seeds flattened.

l. Streptanthella longirostris (Wats.) Rydb. Wyoming to

Oregon, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, up to 7, 000 feet, January to June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 290, 299).

14. Streptanthus Nutt. Twistflower

Plants perennial, glabrous, herbaceous; cauline leaves cordate- clasping; calyx urn-shaped, lateral sepals saccate at base, all erect, constricted at the throat and with spreading tips; petals narrow, ochroleucous, yellow or brown-purple; fruit linear, flattened.

1. Streptanthus cordatus Nutt. Wyoming to Oregon, New Mexico, northern Arizona, and California, 2, 000 to 8, 000 feet, March to May.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 443 }.

l 5. Thelypodi um Endl.

Plants annual or perennial, herbaceous; stems mostly erect, simple or branched; flowers purple, lilac, rose or white; petals rather narrow; anthers sagittate at base; fruit elongate, terete or slightly flattened parallel to the partition.

1. Sepals in anthesis spreading or reflexed; herbage glabrous; leaves 126

at least the lower ones, usually coarsely toothed, cleft or pin-

natifid; racemes dense in flower; petals white or pinkish; cap-

sules usually short-stipitate. . . • . . . I. ..!.=wrightii

I. Sepals in anthesis erect or ascending. 2

2. Calyx in anthesis closed or nearly so, more or less flask-

shaped; stem leaves auriculate-clasping; stems more or

less flexuous; racemes open. . . . . • . 2. T. cooperi

2. Calyx open in anthesis, not flask-shaped; stem leaves not

clasping, pinnatifid. 3. T. lasiophyllum

1. Thelypodium wrightii Gray. Utah, Colorado, New Mexico,

and Arizona, 2,500 to 7,000 feet, March to November. Junction of hwy.

91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 835).

2. Thelypodium cooperi Wats. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, and western Arizona to southern California, 3,500 feet or lower,

March and April. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 508).

3. Thelypodium lasiophyllum (H. & H.) Greene var. utahensis

Rydb. Washington to Arizona and California, 3,500 feet or lower, Feb-

ruary to April. This plant should be found on the Beaver Dam Mountains,

especially during a more moist season.

16. Arabis L. Rockcress

Plants biennial or perennial, but often appearing annual; leaves

entire, toothed or pinnatifid; inflorescence a raceme, elongating in fruit;

petals white to purple; silique sessile, elongated, flattened parallel to the septum; fruits are necessary for the identification of the species. 127

1. Siliques finely pubescent, strongly reflexed but the pedicels not

geniculate-, straight, 2. 5 to 3 mm wide; seeds broadly winged,

biseriate; petals 1. 5 to 2 cm long; leaves all narrow, entire or

nearly so .. 1. A. pulchra

1. Siliques glabrous, widely spreading to pendulous, usually less than

2. 5 mm wide; petals less than 1 cm long. 2

2. Pubescence of the lower stems and basal leaves dendritic, fine

to coarse but not setaceous; leaf margins not ciliate; seeds

winged. . . . 2. A. perennans

2. Pubescence of lower stems and basal leaves coarse, simple

or forked, setaceous; leaf margins ciliate; seeds winged

to wingless. . 3

3. Siliques 2 to 4 cm long; plants mostly less than 3 dm high; basal

leaves with simple trichomes, or glabrous. • 3. A. pendulina

3, Siliques 4 to 6 cm long; plants 2. 5 to 6 dm high; basal leaves with

forked trichomes on the surfaces, or simple on the margins.

4. A. fendleri

1. Arabis pulchra Jones var. munciensis Jones. Southwestern

Utah, about 4,000 feet, April. Junction of hwy 91 and the Gunlock road.

(Higgins 442).

2. Arabis perennans Wats. Western Colorado to Arizona, southern California, and Baja California, 2, 000 to 8, 000 feet, February to October. This plant was observed but not collected.

3. Arabis pendulina Greene. Utah, Nevada, and northern 128

Arizona, 4,000 to 9,000 feet, May to July. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

4. Arabis fendleri (Wats. ) Greene. Colorado and New Mexico to Nevada and northern Arizona, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, April to June.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains I mile west of hwy. 91. (Higgins 471).

17. Brassica L. Mustard

Plants annual or biennial; stems erect, branching, glabrous, glaucous, or hairy; leaves sessile or petioled, at least the lower lyrate- pinnatifid; petals yellow; fruit elongate, commonly torulose, beaked, the beak indehiscent; seeds in I row.

I. Upper cauline leaves with a clasping auriculate base.

I. ~ campestris

I. Upper cauline leaves petioled or sessile but not clasping.

2. B. nigra

I. Brassica campestris L. Native of Eurasia and widely distributed at various places in the United States, 2, 000 to 8, 000 feet, summer.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 804).

2. Bras sic a nigra {L. ) Koch. Naturalized from Europe and widely distributed in the United States, 2,000 to 8,000 feet, May. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 412).

18. Descurainia Webb. & Berthe! Tansy Mustard

Plants annual or biennial; stems leafy, simple or branched; leaves deeply pinnatifid to tripinnate; racemes terminal, elongating at 129 maturity; flowers small, the petals yellow or yellowish; fruit narrow, terete.

I. Pods clavate or subclavate. . . . I. D. pinnata

I. Pods linear, not enlarged at apex; leaves 2 to 3 pinnate.

2. D. sophia

I. Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Colorado and Wyoming to Oregon, south to northern Mexico and lower California, up to 7, 000 feet, spring. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 302).

2. Descurainia sophia (L. ) Webb. Extensively naturalized in the United States; from Eurasia; 2,000 to 7,000 feet, June. Observed but not collected.

19. Erysimum L. Wallflower

Plants annual, biennial or perennial; leaves entire, toothed or lobed; flowers in racemes; sepals erect, 1 pair gibbous at base; petals large, yellow to orange or maroon, clawed; fruit linear, elongated, more or less 4-angled; seeds many.

I. Pods 4-sided; stems relatively simple, herbaceous. 1. E. asperum

I. Pods flattened parallel to the partition. 2

2. Petals more than 10 mm long, yellow or orange.

2. ~ capitatum

2. Petals less than 10 mm long, pale yellow. 3. E. inconspicuum

1. Erysimum asperum (Nutt. ) D. C. Idaho and Oregon to 130 southern Nevada and California, 1, 500 to 8, 000 feet, summer. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 441).

2. Erysimum capitatum (Dougl. ) Greene. Canada south to New

Mexico, Arizona, and California, 2, 000 to 9, 000 feet, March to September.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (F. W. Gould 1516b).

3. Erysimum inconspicuum (Wats.) MacMillan. Alaska to

Kansas, northern Arizona, and Oregon, 6, 000 to 7, 500 feet, May to

June. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 560).

20. Malcolmia R. Br. African Mustard

Plants annual; rough pubescent with mostly branched hairs; stems several; leaves petioled, coarsely dentate; flowers in racemes; sepals erect, the lateral ones often somewhat gibbous at base; petals purplish- pink; fruit elongated, slender, with a short conical beak.

1. Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. Utah, southern Nevada, and northwestern Arizona; introduced from the Mediterranean region; 3, 500 to 4, 500 feet, April and May. This plant was seen by the present writer but not collected.

31. CAPPARIDACEAE - CAPER FAMILY

Plants herbaceous or woody; leaves alternate, simple, or often digitately 3 to 7 foliolate; flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, in bracteate racemes, 4-merous; stamens 6 or more, usually much exserted; pistil l; ovary 1-loculed, often elevated on a long stipe; fruit a capsule.

Plants with a strong odor. 131

1. Cleome L. Beeplant

I. Petals purplish-pink or white; leaflets 3. 1. C. serrulata

1. Petals yellow; leaflets commonly more than 3. . . 2. C. lutea

I. Cleome serrulata Pursh. Canada to Kansas and Arizona,

4,500 to 7,000 feet, June to September. West £acing slope of the Beaver

Dam Mountains near the Apex Mine, (Higgins 8J.5).

2. Cleome lutea Hook. Nebraska to Washington, south to New

Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California, 2, 000 to 6, 000 feet, May

and June. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 458).

32. SAXIFRAGACEAE - SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, opposite

or basal, often palmately veined; flowers usually perfect and regular,

scapose, racemose or paniculate, perigynous; sepals 4 to 5, separate

or united; petals 4 or 5, separate; stamens usually 5 or 10, sometimes numerous; pistil 1, of 2 to 4 united carpels; ovary inferior to superior,

1 to 2 loculed, with parietal or axillary placentation; fruit a follicle,

capsule or berry.

I. Leaves opposite, the blades narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so;

fruit a dry capsule, partially inferior; stamens 10.

1. Fendler ella

I. Leaves alternate, the blades more or less palmately lobed; fruit a

juicy berry, inferior. 2. Ribes 132

1. Fendlerella Heller

Plants low, much branched shrubs; leaves small opposite, entire, nearly sessile; flowers small, perfect, in compound cymes; sepals 5; petals 5, white, with a broad claw; stamens 10; ovary conic,

3-celled; styles 3, distinct; capsule half inferior, 3-valved.

1. Fendlerella utahensis (Wats.) Heller. Southern Utah, Arizona, and southern California, 5,000 to 8,000 feet, June to September. Near television relay tower, summit of Beaver Dam Mountains. (Higgins 710).

2. Ribes L. Currant

Plants shrubs, unarmed or spiny; leaves alternate, with rounded, usually palmately lobed blades; stipules adnate or none; flowers in racemes

or solitary; petals and stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the calyx; ovary inferior; fruit a berry.

1. Stems armed; berry glandular-bristly; leaf blades glandular-

pubescent; plants of dry ground. • 1. R. montigenum

1. Stems unarmed; berry spineless. • • • ...... 2

2. Flowers yellow; leaf bases glabrous or nearly so, not glandular;

plants of moist situations. 2. R. aureum

2. Flowers white, greenish-white or pink; leaf blades minutely

glandular; plants of dry ground. . . 3. R. cereum

1. Ribes montigenum McClatchie. Montana to British Columbia,

south to New Mexico, Arizona, and California, 6, 000 to 11, 500 feet, June to August. Near television relay tower, summit of Beaver Dam Mountains.

(Higgins 672). 133

2. Ribes aureum Pursh. South Dakota to Washington, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, 4, 000 to 6, 000 feet,

March to June. This plant was seen but not collected.

3. Ribes cereum Dougl. Montana to British Columbia, south to Arizona and California, 5, 000 to 9,000 feet, May to July. Ca. 3 miles south of highway 91 along the road to the Dee Keet's Mine. (Higgins 768),

33. ROSACEAE - ROSE FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with mostly alternate, simple or compound leaves, which often have prominent stipules; flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous and perigynous, the hypanthium saucer-shaped, cup-like, or urn-like, free or adnate to the ovary; stamens numerous and free from each other, inserted on the hypanthium; carpels 1 to many, separate or united; fruit a group of achenes or follicles, a pome, or a drupe, or an aggregate of achenes or drupelets.

1. Carpel solitary; fruit a dry or fleshy, usually I -seeded drupe;

calyx more or less persistent at the base of the fruit; plants

small trees or large shrubs .. 1. Prunus

1. Carpels more than 1, or if solitary, then the fruit an achene .. 2

2. Ovary inferior, enclosed in and adnate to the calyx tube;

leaves simple; plants unarmed •.. 2. Ame lane hier

2. Ovary superior; calyx tube not fleshy or enclosing carpels. 3

3. Carpels becoming dehiscent capsules or follicles, containing usual.ly

more than l seed. 4 135

9. Style greatly elongate and plumose in fruit; petals broadly obovate

or nearly orbicular, white; pistils several or numerous. • IO

I 0. Bark exfoliating; bractlets present, alternating with the sepals;

achenes with purplish tails. • • IO. Fallugia

IO. Bark not or but tar

with white tails ...... •.. 11. Cowania

I. Prunus L.

Plants perennial shrubs; leaves alternate or fascicled, simple; flowers regular, white, solitary or clustered; hypanthium cup-shaped; sepals 5, deciduous; petals 5, imbricated, inserted on the calyx; stamens numerous; fruit a dry or fleshy drupe.

I. Prunus fasciculata (Torr.} Gray. Southern Utah and Nevada to Arizona and southern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, March. Castle

Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 474).

2. Amelanchier Medic. Serviceberry

Plants shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, simple, toothed or entire; flowers white, racemose; hypanthium campanulate, becoming globose in fruit; sepals 5, reflexed, persistent; petals 5; stamens about

20; pistil I, 5-celled; fruit a 6 to 10 celled pome.

1. Amelanchier utahensis Koehne. Colorado to Nevada, New

Mexico, and northern Arizona, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April and May.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 3 85 }. 136

3. Chamaebatiaria (Porter) Maxim. Fern Bush

Plants aromatic shrubs; leaves bipinnatisect, with minute leaf-

lets; flowers in a panicle terminating the branches; hypanthium turbinate;

sepals 5, erect; petals 5, rounded, white, erect; pistils 5, more or less

united below; follicles coriaceous.

1. Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.} Maxim. Idaho to Arizona

and California, 4,500 to 8,000 feet, July to November. At television relay

tower. (Higgins 775}.

4. Physocarpus Maxim. Ninebark

Plants shrubs with exfoliating bark; leaves simple, broadly ovate to reniform, palmately lobed, alternate; inflorescence of terminal corymbs, the flowers perfect; calyx tube campanulate; sepals 5; petals 5, white; stamens 20 to 40; pistils superior, 1 to 5, more or less united; fruit a capsule;

seeds 2 to 4.

1. Physocarpus alternans (M. E. Jones) J. T. Howell. Utah to

Colorado and Nevada, 8, 000 feet or lower, July and August. At television relay tower. (Higgins 712).

5. Petrophytum Rydb.

Plants prostrate shrubs with matted branches, growing on rocks; leaves spatulate, simple, short petioled, forming dense rosettes; inflorescence a dense spikelike raceme; flowers 5-merous, white; stigmas about 20; pistils 3 to 5, with a hairy ovary; follicles leathery, dehiscent along both sutures. 137

1. Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt. ) Rydb. South Dakota to

Oregon, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, 5, 000 to 8,000 feet, July and August. At television relay tower. (Higgins 673).

6. Holodiscus Maxim. Rock Spirea

Plants shrubs; leaves simple, toothed or lobed, white-sericeous beneath; flowers small, in ample terminal panicles, or the inflorescence reduced to a small raceme; calyx and petals cream-colored; stamens many; pistils 5.

1. Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ) Heller. Wyoming to Utah, south to Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, 5,500 to 10,000 feet, June to Sep- tember. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 773).

7. Cercocarpus H. B. K. Mountain Mahogany

Plants shrubs or small trees; leaves simple, fascicled, linear to obovate, often prominently veined beneath; flowers solitary or in small fascicles, inconspicuous, with small, yellowish sepals and no petals; stamens numerous; pistil 1, villous, becoming an achene with a long, plumose, twisted style.

1. Leaves deciduous, flat, the margin dentate •.. 1. C. montanus

1. Leaves evergreen, at least somewhat revolute, margin entire. 2

2. Leaves elliptic, over 12 mm long; plants tall shrubs or

small trees. . 2. C. ledifolius

2. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, usually less than 12 mm long;

plants low, intricately branched shrubs. 3. C. intricatus 138

I.· Cercocarpus montanus Raf. South Dakota and Montana,

south to Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona, 4, 500 to 7, 000 feet, April

to June. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 677).

2. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Montana to Washington, south

to Colorado, northern Arizona, and California, 6, 000 to 9, 000 feet,

April to June. At television relay tower. (Higgins 706).

3. Cercocarpus intricatus Wats. Utah, Nevada, northern

Arizona, and southern California, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, April to June.

Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 776 ).

8. Coleogyne Torr. Blackbrush

Plants intricately branched, spine scent shrubs; leaves small,

opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire; flowers solitary; sepals 4, yellow;

petals usually none; stamens numerous; disk at base of hypanthium with

a sheath-like prolongation, this hairy at the throat and enclosing the

solitary achene.

I. Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Southwestern Colorado to

northern Arizona and southeastern California, 3,000. to 6, 500 feet, March

to May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 382).

9. Purshia DC.

Plants shrubs, erect or sprawling; leaves fascicled, small,

tomentose, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at apex; flowers pale yellow, solitary, borne on the ends of the short branches; sepals and petals 5; sta-

mens numerous; pistils l or 2, becoming pubescent, coriaceous achenes

extending into the persistent style. 139

I. Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Montana to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, Nevada, and southern California, 4,000 to 9,000 feet, May. Ca.. 2 miles north of summit along hwy. 91. (Higgins 653).

I 0. Fallugia Endl. Apache Plume

Plants shrubs; leaves fascicled, obovate-cuneate, dissected into linear lobes with revolute margins; flowers white, large, showy, solitary on the ends of nearly naked peduncles; sepals and petals 5; stamens many; pistils numerous, villous, becoming achenes with long, persistent styles.

I. Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. Southern Colorado and western Texas, to southeastern California, 3,500 to 8,000 feet, April to October. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 595 }.

11. Cowania D. Don Cliffrose

Plants shrubs or small trees; leaves small, alternate; flowers cream-colored, solitary; sepals and petals 5; stamens numerous in 2 series; pistils 4 to 12.

1. Cowania mexicana D. Don. Southern Colorado to southeastern

California, 3, 000 to 8, 000 feet, April to August. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 390),

34. LEGUMINOSAE - PEA FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with mostly alternate, compound leaves, with or without stipules; flowers regular or irregular, usually 140 perfect, 5-merous, petals papilionaceous, stamens usually 10, monodelphous, didelphous, or all distinct; pistil 1, of 1 carpel, superior; fruit a legume.

1. Corolla regular or nearly so, not at all papilionaceous; trees or

shrubs. . . . 2

1. Corolla irregular, papilionaceous; herbs or shrubs. 4

2. Leaves simple, cordate; flowers reddish purple; pods flat;

trees. . . 1. Cercis

2. Leaves compound, twice pinnate; large shrubs or small trees. 3

3. Stamens numerous, more than 10, distinct or nearly so; petals

united at the base. . . 2. Acacia

3. Stamens 10, distinct; petals distinct. 3. Prosopis

4. Leaves palmate or tripinnate in Medicago and Melilotus. • 5

4. Leaves all pinnate, with more than 3 leaflets. . • . • . • 8

5. Calyx deeply 2-lipped; leaves palmate, with 4 to many leaflets;

stamens monodelphous. 4. Lupinus

5. Calyx not deeply 2-lipped. . 6

6. Flowers in heads; corolla persistent. 5. Trifolium

6. Flowers in spikes or racemes; corolla deciduous. 7

7. Pods curved or spirally coiled; style subulate. • • . 6. Medicago

7. Pods ovoid, straight; style filiform. 7. Melilotus

8. Pods prickly; plants tall, leafy stemmed; flowers in dense

spike-like racemes; corolla whitish. . . 8. Glycyrrhiza

8. Pods not prickly. . . . 9 141

9. Leaves and usually the calyx glandular-punctate. 10

9. Leaves not glandular -punctate. • • ·• • . • • • 11

10. Stamens 5; plants herbaceous; flowers in dense cylindric spikes;

corolla rose to purplish. • • . . • 9. Petalostemum

10. Stamens 9 or 10; plants shrubby; leaflets few or numerous.

I 0. Dalea

I I. Plants arborescent; corolla 20 to 25 mm long, purplish-pink.

11. Robinia

11. Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent. . . 12

12. Filaments all distinct to the base or nearly so. . 12. Sophora

12. Filaments all, or 9 of them, united, at least near the base. 13

13. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in few-flowered umbels. 13. Lotus

13. Flowers in racemes or spikes. . • • • • • • · 14. Astragalus

I. Cercis L. Redbud

Large shrubs or small trees with the herbage glabrous; leaves simple, broad; flowers red-purple, in short lateral fascicles, appearing before the leaves; calyx broadly campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla irregular, with 5 petals; stamens 10, distinct; ovary short-stipitate, many ovuled; legumes oblong or linear-oblong, flat.

I. Cercis occidentalis Torr. ex Gray. Utah and Arizona to

California, dry canyons below 4, 500 feet, February to April. Near the

Apex Mine. (Cottam 4716). 142

2. Acacia L. Catsclaw

Armed shrubs or trees with bipinnate leaves, and small leaflets; flowers minute, usually yellow, in heads or spikes; calyx 4 to 5 toothed; petals 4 or 5, united or distinct; stamens many, exserted; legume linear, compressed, constricted between the seeds, 2 to 12 cm long; seeds dark brown, roundish.

I. Acacia greggii Gray. Southwestern Utah to Texas and southern California, 4, 500 feet or lower, April to June. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 641 ).

3. Prosopis L. Mesquite

Shrubs or trees, armed with paired supra-axillary spines; leaves bipinnate with 1 to 2 pair of pinnae and many small entire pinnules; flowers small, greenish to yellow, regular, sessile in axillary spikes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens IO; pods indehiscent.

I. Fruits not coiled, compressed, more or less constricted between

the seeds, much more than 4 cm long; leaflets commonly more

than 9 pairs; spines if any, yellowish ••. I. P. glandulosa

I. Fruits tightly spirally coiled, 2 to 4 cm long; leaflets 5 to 9 pairs;

spines white, slender; herbage grayish-pubescent.

2. P. pubescens

I. Prosopis glandulosa Torr. Southern Kansas to southeastern

California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to August. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 722). 143

2. Prosopis pubescens Benth. Southern Utah to Texas and southern California, 4,000 feet or lower, May to July. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. {Higgins 818).

4. Lupinus L. Lupine

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, palmately compound; flowers perfect in terminal racemes; calyx bilabiate; corolla usually bluish, sometimes reddish, whitish or yellow; stamens 10, monodelphous; pods flat, 2 to 12 ovuled.

1. Plants annual. . 2

1. Plants perennial. 5

2. Ovules 4 to 6; cotyledons petioled; leaflets densely pubescent

on the upper surface, as well as the lower.

1. L. concinnus

2. Ovules 2, rarely 3; cotyledons sessile; upper surface of the

leaflets glabrous, or with a few hairs near the margin. 3

3. Keel ciliate at least on the lower margin near the base; flowers

blue to lilac, 10 to 12 mm long. 2. L. sparsiflorus

3. Keel not ciliate. • 4

4. Peduncles 3 to 6 cm long, decumbent or erect; mature pods

ovoid, 5 to 6 mm wide, constricted between the seeds.

3. L. flavoculatus

4. Peduncles 1 to 3. 5 cm long, erect; mature pods 6 to 7 mm wide,

constricted between the seeds, abundantly pubescent.

4. L. pusillus 144

5. Flowers 10 to 12 mm long; leaflets thinly strigose to glabrate;

mountain lupine. . • . . . 5. -!:::_alpestris

5. Flowers 5 to 8 mm long or less; leaflets densely sericeus.

6. L. hillii

1. Lupinus concinnus Agardh. var. orcuttii (Wats.) C. P. Smith

Southl,l'lestern Utah to New Mexico and California, 5,000 feet or lower, I

March to May. Near Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Welsh 1466).

2. Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth. Southwestern Utah to southern

California and Arizona, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 287, 410).

3. Lupin us flavoculatus Heller. Southwestern Utah to southern

California, 2,600 to 7,000 feet, April to June. Ca. 5 miles west of hwy.

91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 6 76 ).

4. Lupinus pusillus ssp. rubens (Rydb.) Dunn. Southwestern Utah to Arizona and southern Nevada, 4, 000 to 6, 000 feet, May to June.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 476). Terry's Ranch. (Higgins

415 ).

5. Lupinus alpestris A. Nels. Montana and Colorado, south to

Arizona and California, 6,500 to 10,800 feet, June and July. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 658).

6. Lupinus hillii Greene. Southern Utah to central Arizona, 3,500 to 8,000 feet, April to June. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the

Jackson road. (Higgins 736). 145

5. Trifolium L. Clover

Herbs with trifoliolate leaves and adnate stipules; flowers variously colored; calyx 5-toothed; petals usually persistent; stamens didelphous; pods globose to elongate, 1 to 2-seeded, included in the persistent calyx.

I. Trifolium pratense L. Extensively cultivated in the United

States, 8,000 feet and lower, June to October. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. Seen but not collected.

6. Medicago L. Alfalfa

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflet mostly dentate; flowers in small heads, racemes, or umbels; stamens didelphous, the upper one free; pods small, l to several seeded, curved to spirally coiled.

1. Plants perennial; flowers blue. 1. M. sativa

1. Plants annual; flowers yellow. 2. M. lupulina

1. Medicago sativa L. An occasional escape from cultivation,

9, 000 feet or lower, April to October. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 636).

2. Medicago lupulina L. Extensively naturalized in the United

States, 2,500 to 8,000 feet, April to July. Ca. l mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, at a small spring. (Higgins 741 ). 146

7. Melilotus Adans. Sweetclover

Annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; flowers small, white or yellow, in spike-like racemes; calyx subequally 5-toothed; stamens diadelphous; pods ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than calyx.

1. Flowers white. . 1. M. albus

2. Flowers yellow. • • • . . • . . . • . • • . 2

2. Flowers 2 to 3 mm long; pedicels less than 1 mm long.

2. M. indicus

2. Flowers 5 to 7 mm long, on pedicels 1. 5 to 2 mm long.

3. M. officinalis

I. Melilotus albus Desr. Widely distributed in the United States,

May to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 723).

2. Melilotus indicus (L. ) All. Southwestern Utah, to Arizona and California, April to September. Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 639).

3. Melilotus officinalis (L. ) Lam. Widely distributed in the

United States, July to October. Near summit of the Beaver Dam

Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 604).

8. Glycyrrhiza L. Licorice

Tall, erect, perennial herbs with sweet roots; leaves odd-pinnate, glandular-punctate, with numerous narrow leaflets; flowers yellowish- white, numerous, in dense, axillary racemes; calyx 5-cleft; stamens

IO, diadelphous, dimorphic; pods indehiscent, sessile, densely covered with hooked prickles. 147

I. Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. Widely distributed throughout tp.ewestern United States, May to July. Lytle's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 756).

9. Petalostemon Michx. Prairie Clover

Plants perennial herbs, with glandular-dotted foliage; leaves odd-pinnate, the leaflets entire; flowers perfect, in dense spikes; rose- pink; stamens 5; pods small, included in the calyx, containing I or 2 seeds.

I. Petalostemon searlsiae Gray. Southern Utah to southern

California, 3,000 to 7,000 feet, April to June. Apex Mine. (Cottam

4093 ).

IO. Dalea Juss. Indigo Bush

Glandular-punctate herbs or shrubs; leaves odd-pinnate; bracts deciduous; calyx 5-toothed, persistent; petals clawed; stamens 9 or I 0, rarely 7 or 8; pods small indehiscent.

I. Branches when young retrorsely hairy and conspicuously punctate

with orange colored glands, spinescent; leaflets 2 to 4 mm

long. I. D. polyadenia

I. Branches not retrosely hairy; leaflets 4 to 15 mm long. . . 2

2. Calyx lobes all alike, lance-subulate, equaling the tube.

2. D. amoena

2. Calyx lobes dissimilar (the upper ones broader), deltoid to

triangular-lanceolate, usually shorter than the tube. . 3 148

3. Leaflets 1 to 7, oblong or elliptic. 3. D. fremontii

3. Leaflets 5 to 11, linear or linear-oblanceolate

4. D. fremontii var. johnsoni

I. Dalea polyadenia Torr. Southwestern Utah to the Mojave

Desert,. California,, 3, 500 feet or lower, April to June. Ca. 5 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 767).

2. Dalea amoena Wats. Southern Utah and Nevada, northern

Arizona, 5,000 feet or lower, April and May. This plant is to be expected

on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

3. Dalea fremontii Torr. Southern Utah to southeastern Calif-

ornia, up to 3, 000 feet, April to June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam

Wash. (f:'Iiggins 503 ).

4. Dale a fremontii Torr. var. johnsoni (Wats. ) Munz. South-

western Utah and northwestern Arizona, 4, 000 feet or lower, April to

June. Reported from the east slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains by Dr.

M~rri:tnan in Botany of the Death Valley Expedition.

11. Robinia L.

Large shrub or small tree, thorny;: leaves odd-pinnate, the leaf-

lets numerous, rather large; flowers many in dense racemes, large and

showy, fragrant, the corolla purplish-pink; pods flat, 2-valved.

I. Robinia neomexicana Gray. Southern Utah to western Texas

and northern Mexico, 4, 000 to 8, 000 feet, May to July. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains. 149

12. Sophora L.

Shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves pinnate; flowers in racemes;

petals blue (in ours); stamens l 0, distinct to the base or nearly so; pods flat or turgid, moderately torulose to moniliform, tardily dehiscent.

I. Sophora stenophylla Gray. Southern Utah to New Mexico and

Arizona, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet, June. Collected l mile east of the Shivwits

Indian Reservation, to be looked for on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

13. Lotus L. Trefoil

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, pinnately 1 to several

foliolate; stipules foliaceous, scarious, or gland-like; flowers axillary,

solitary, to umbellate; calyx teeth 5, subequal; corolla white or yellow,

often with some red or purple; pods flattened or terete, several seeded.

1. Stems rigid, somewhat woody below, the internodes :commonly more

than twice as long as the leaves. 1. !:.:_rigidus

1. Stems not rigid, not woody below, the internodes usually much less

than twice as long as the leaves; peduncles much longer than the

leaves. • 2. L. longebracteatus

1. Lotus rigidus (Benth. ) Greene. Southern Utah and Nevada to

Baja California, 5,500 feet or lower, February to May. Terry's Ranch

on the Beaver Dam Wash. {Welsh 14 71 ).

2. Lotus longebracteatus Rydb. Southern Utah and northern

Arizona, 3,500 to 9,000 feet, April to August. Ca. 2 miles northeast of

summit along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 463 ). 150

14. Astragalus L. Milkvetch

Plants annual or perennial; leaves pinnate; inflorescence commonly racemose, sometimes umbel-like or capitate; keel petals usually

arched or bent; pods diverse, dehiscent or indehiscent, with papery to

leathery or woody walls, I-celled or more or less completely 2-ce lled by

introversion of I or both sutures.

I. Plants annual, the stems diffuse, very slender; flowers I to 4, 7. 5

I mm long or less ..... I. ·,!:j_nuttallianus var. imperfectus

I. Plants perennial, or if flowering the fir st year, then differing in other

ways; flowers (1) 5-several, mostly over 8 mm long. . . 2

2. Plants acaulescent, or nearly so, the stems poorly developed. 3

2. Plants caulescent, the stems well developed. . . . 5

3. Calyx campanulate, the tube 4 to 6. 5 mm long; leaflets 3 to 7.

2. A. calycosus

3. Calyx cylindric, the tube 7 to 13 mm long; leaflets mostly 7 or more,

but often less...... 4

4. Plants strictly acaulescent, the base bearing a persistent thatch

of leaf bases ... 3. A. newberryi

4. Plants with at least one developed internode, the leaf bases not

persistent as a thatch...... 4. A. amphioxys

5. Flowers yellowish-white, the keel purple-tipped or not. 6

5. Flowers lavender, pink-purple, or purplish tinged. 7

6. Calyx the same color as the petals, flowers nodding; plants

with distinctive selenium odor. 5. A~ praelongus 151

6. Calyx not the same color as the petals; flowers horizontal, or

nearly so; plants lacking distinctive odor.

6. A. oophorus var. caulescens

7. Calyx campanulate, the tube 4 mm long or less; flowers to 10 (12) mm

long...... 8

7. Calyx cylindric to short-cylindric, the tube mostly over 4. 5 mm long;

flowers 13 to 25 mm long. . . . . • . . . . • 10

8. Leaflets narrowly oblong to linear; flowers over 9 mm long; pods

erect, woody, not inflated, nor stipitate.

7. A. flavus var. candicans

8. Leaflets oblong to ovate; flowers to 8 mm long; pods pendulous and

stipitate, or erect, bladdery-inflated, and sessile. . 9

9. Pods or ovaries stipitate, the oblong pod at length pendulous, the

stipe exceeding the calyx; plants of mountain slopes.

8. A. straturensis

9. Pods or ovaries sessile, the pod at length erect and inflated; plants

of the Beaver Dam Wash.

9. A. lentiginosus var. stramineus

IO. Leaflets ovate, the apex acute to obtuse; pods lunately curved,

2-loculed, triangular in cross section.

IO. A. minthorniae var. gracilior

10. Leaflets lanceolate to ovate, the apex rounded to emarginate;

pods various, but if 2-loculed, then not triangular in cross

section. • • . . . 11

1 I. Pods long-stipitate, erect...... 11. A. eremiticus 152

11. Pods sessile to sub-stipitate, erect or spreading. . • . . 12

12. Pods inflated, 1-loculed. 12. ~- preussii var. laxiflorus

12. Pods not inflated, 2- loculed. 13. A. lentiginosus var. palans

I. Astragalus nuttallianus DC var. imperfectus (Rydb.) Barneby.

Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona, 4, 000 feet or lower, February to May. Near Utah-Arizona border by hwy. 91.

(Higgins 342).

2. Astragalus calycosus Torr. Wyoming and Idaho to New

Mexico, northern Arizona, and eastern California, 3, 000 to 8, 000 feet.

April and May. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 9 I.

(Higgins 5 7 5).

3. Astragalus newberryi Gray. Idaho and Oregon, south to New

Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet,

March and April. Ca. 2 miles north of summit along hwy. 91, a single

isolated plant was found. (Higgins 651 ).

4. Astragalus amphioxys Gray. Southern Utah to western Texas

and sputhern Nevada, 2,000 to 7,000 feet, April to June. Near the Utah-

Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 170).

~ 5. Astragalus praelongus Sheldon. Southern Utah and Nevada,

New Mexico and Arizona, 3,000 to 6,500 feet, May to July. Near the

Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 450).

6. Astragalus oophorus Wats. var. caulescens Jones. Colorado to Q:regon, southeastern California, and northern Arizona, 2, 500 to 7, 000 153 feet, May. Near television relay tower. (Higgins 655 ).

7. Astragalus flavus Nutt. var. candicans Gray. Central and

southern Utah, 2, 500 to 6, 000 feet. This plant has been collected 2 miles

east of the Beaver Dam Range near Ivins Reservoir, and is to be expected

on the Mountain.

8. Astragalus straturensis Jones. Southern Utah, plains and hillsides of the Artemisia and Pinyon belt. Near Gunlock along the Santa

Clara Creek, is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Barnum

1205).

9. Astragalus lentiginosus Doug!. var. stramineus (Rydb.)

Barneby. Southern Utah and Nevada, also northern Mojave County

Arizona, 2, 500 feet, February to June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 411 ).

10. Astragalus minthorniae (Rydb.) Jeps. var. gracilior

(Barneby) Barneby. Southwestern Utah, 3,500 or 5,000 feet, May and

June. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 466).

11. Astragalus eremiticus Sheldon. Idaho and Oregon to northwestern Arizona and Nevada, 3,000 to 5,500 feet, April and May. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

12. Astragalus preussii Gray var. laxiflorus Gray. Southwest-

ern Utah to southeastern California, 3,500 feet or lower, April to June.

Isotype Palmer 104, in 18:77, is from the Beaver Dam Mountains.

13. Astragalus lentiginosus Doug!. var. palans Jones. Northern

Arizona, western Colorado, and southern Utah, 7,000 feet or lower, 154

February to June. Western slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains, about 5 miles south of Castle Cliffs. (Frank W. Gould 1518).

35. KRAMERIACEAE - KRAMERIA FAMILY

Plants spiny shrubs; leaves alternate, simple; flowers in racemes or more commonly (in ours) solitary and axillary, irregular, purplish; petals 5, shorter than the sepals, the upper 3 petals long-clawed, the others reduced to nearly fleshy glands; stamens 3 or 4, united; fruit globose, indehiscent, spiny, I-seeded.

1. Krameria (Loefl. ) L. Ratany

1. Herbage densely sericeous-tomentose; spines of the fruit with barbs

at the apex of the spine; pedicels without stipitate glands.

1. K. grayi

1. Herbage densely to sparsely strigose; spines of the fruit with

barbs' on the side below the apex, rarely bar bless; stipitate

glands present or absent...... 2. K. parvifolia

I. Krameria ~ Rose & Painter. In Utah known only from the Beaver Dam Mountains, 4,000 feet or lower, Arizona and southern

Nevada. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. ( Higgins 593 ).

2. Krameria parvifolia Benth. Southwestern Utah, Arizona, and southern Nevada, 5,000 feet or lower, April to June. 4 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 485 ).

36. GERANIACEAE - GERANIUM FAMILY

Plants herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate, with stipules; flowers 155

perfect, regular to somewhat irregular; sepals and petals 5, with clawed

petals; stamens 10, all or only 5 of them fertile; pistil of 5 united carpels,

separating at maturity; fruit a long beaked elastic capsule.

1. Erodium L'Her Heronsbill

1. Leaves palmately lobed to divided, often cordate at the base; petals

more than 6 mm long. 1 . E. texanum

1. Leaves pinnate, the leaflets pinnatifid and their segments often cleft;

petals less than 6 mm long. 2. E. cicutarium

1. Erodium texanum ._Gray. Southern Utah to Texas and south-

eastern California, 4, 500 feet or lower, February to April. South of

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, rare. (Higgins 314).

2. Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her, Throughout the state,

7,000 feet or lower, February to July, common on plains and mesas.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 325).

37. LINACEAE - FLAX FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial; stems slender, erect,

and branched; leaves simple, alternate, sessile; flowers perfect, regular;

sepals and petals 5, sepals persistent, petals soon falling; stamens 5, the filaments united at the base; ovary hypogynous, of 5 united carpels;

styles 2 to 5, distinct, or united below; fruit a 4 to 10 valved capsule.

1. Linum perenne L. Alaska to Mexico, 3,500 to 9,500 feet,

March to September. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower, among

Pinyan and Juniper, common. (Higgins 545 ). 156

38. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE - CALTROP FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with mostly opposite, compound, stipulate leaves; flowers hypogynous, perfect, and regular,

5-merous; stamens twice as many as the petals, in 2 whorls; pistil of 2 to 6 united carpels; ovary 2 to 6-celled; fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe or sometimes a bur-like schizocarp.

I. Flowers purple; stipules spiny; leaflets palmately 1 to 7 foliolate.

1. Fasogia

I. Flowers yellow; stipules not spiny; leaves compound pinnate. . 2

2. Plants woody shrubs; fruit densely villous, globose. 2. Larrea

2. Plants prostrate herbs; fruit spiny, splitting into 5 spiny nutlets. ·

3. Tribulus

I. Fagonia L.

Plants perennial, suffrutescent; leaves opposite, I to 7 foliolate, the leaflets more or less spinose-tipped; stipules spinescent; flowers small, solitary in the axils, petals purplish-pink; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; ovary 5-locnled; fruit of 5 united carpels, separating into

5 nutlets.

1. Fagonia californica Ben.th. Southern Utah to southern Calif- ornia, 2,500 feet or lower, January to April.

2. Larrea Cav. Creosote Bush

Plants much branched, evergreen shrubs, with thick, glutinous, strong scented leaves; leaves a single pair of leaflets, sessile; flowers 157 solitary, axillary, yellow; sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10; capsule 5- loculed, densely white villous,

I. Larrea tridentata (D. C. ) Coville. Southern Utah to Texas and California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 326).

3. Tribulus L. Puncture Vine

Plants prostrate, annual herbs, the branches 30 to 50 cm long or more; leaves opposite, compound pinnate; flowers solitary, yellow; sepals s: petals 5; stamens 10; ovary 5-loculed; fruit flat, of 5 nutlets, each dorsally armed with 2 strong spines.

1. Tribulus terrestris L. Extensively naturalized in the United

States, from southern Europe; 7,000 feet or lower, March to October.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 646 ).

39. RUTACEAE - RUE FAMILY

Plants large shrubs or small trees to nearly herbaceous; strong scented; herbage glandular punctate; leaves simple or palmately compound; flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, sepals and petals 4 or 5; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, borne on a fleshy hypogynous disc; ovary superior, 2 to 5-loculed; fruit various.

1. Plants large shrubs or small trees; leaves palmately trifoliolate;

fruit flat and broadly winged, samaroid. . . . . I. Ptelea

1. Plants small shrubs; leaves simple, linear or narrowly spatulate, 158

early deciduous; fruit a deeply 2-lobed capsule. 2. Thamnosma

I. Ptelea L. Hop-Tree

Plants shrubs or small trees; leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets lanceolate or ovate, somewhat rhombic; flowers small, perfect or unisexual, in compound cymes, 4-merous; fruit flat, nearly orbicular, winged, mostly 2-loculed.

1. Ptelea baldwinii Torr. Florida to Texas, southwestern

Utah and California, southward to Mexico, 6,000 feet or lower, spring.

This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Thamnosma Torr. & Frem. ex Frem.

Plants shrubby to herbaceous; leaves simple, alternate, entirt, few and caduceus; flowers in small cymes or racemes; corolla cylindric to campanulate, deep purple; fruit a deeply 2-lobed capsule.

I. Thamnosma montana Torr. & Frem. ex Frem. Southern

Utah and Nevada, Arizona, 4, 000 feet or lower, February to April.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 305).

40. SIMARUBACEAE - SIMARUBA FAMILY

Trees or shrubs, usually with bitter bark, and alternate leave:,;; flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, small; sepals 3 to 5, more or les:; conate; petals 3 to 6; stamens usually twice as many as petals; ovary superior, of 2 to 5 carpels; fruit a samara or drupe-like. 159

l. Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. Widely distributed

throughout the western United States, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 431 ).

41. POLYGALACEAE - MILKWORT FAMILY

Plants annual or perennial; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled,

simple, entire; £lowers perfect, very irregular; sepals 5, unequal, the 2

inner ones often petaloid and larger than the 3 smaller outer ones; corolla

of 5 or 3 petals, united at the base, the lowest one often concave, appearing like a keel, and with or without a fringed crest; stamens 6 to 8, the filaments united below, monadelphous; pistil 1, of 2 united carpels; fruit

a loculicidal capsule with a single seed in each carpel.

l. Polygala subspinosa Wats. A single species with the char-

acteristics of the family. Western Colorado to southern California,

5, 000 feet, June. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower, only in

disturbed soil along road. (Higgins 563).

42. EUPHORBIACEAE - SPURGE FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often with milky juice; leaves usually

opposite, simple or compound; flowers monoecious, commonly in cymes, with or without a perianth; stamens 1 to numerous; ovary hypogynous, mostly 3-locular, sometimes l to 4 !ocular; styles as many as the locules; fruit a capsule or schizocarp.

1. Flowers with a minute, cuplike, 4 or 5-lobed involucre, monoecious;

corolla absent; calyx none or minute...... 1. Euphorbia 160

1. Flowers with a perianth-like involucre; calyx of several sepals. 2

2. Petals present, at least in the staminate flowers; plants with-

out stinging hairs; stamens 5 or 6. • • . . 2. Croton

2. Petals absent; stamens 1 to 3; leaves with stiff stinging hairs.

3. Tragia

I. Euphorbia L. Spurge

Plants annual or perennial herbs; leaves simple, alternate, opposite or whorled; flowers monoecious, borne in a cyathia; pistillate flower solitary in the center of the cyathium; ovary 3-locular, the styles

3; staminate flowers in 5 glomerules; fruit a 3-locular, 3-seeded capsule.

1. Glands of the involucre without petaloid appendages. 1. E. robusta

1. Glands of the involucre with petaloid appendages or if without

appendages then the leaves strictly opposite. 2

2. Leaves linear, symmetric; herbage glabrous; plants ~nnual,

mostly erect. 2. ~ parryi

2. Leaves rarely linear; herbage sometimes pubescent; plants

annual or perennial, often prostrate. 3

3. Stipules not united into a glabrous, membranaceous scale; nodes not

rooting; leaves sometimes serrulate; seeds wrinkled.

3. E. fendleri

3. Stipules united into a glabrous, membranaceous scale; nodes often

rooting; leaves entire; seeds smooth. • • 4

4. Plants perennial, staminate flowers 14 or more; common.

4. E. albomarginata 161

4. Plants annual; staminate flowers 5 to 10; rare. 5. E. serpens

1. Euphorbia robusta (Engelm.) Small. Montana to New Mexico and Arizona, 2, 500 to 7,000 feet, at television relay tower summit of the

Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Euphorbia parryi Engelm. Utah to western Texas and Calif- ornia, 1,500 to 5,500 feet, May to September. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower, among Pinyon and Juniper. (Higgins 682).

3. Euphorbia fendleri Torr. & Gray. Over most of the southwestern United States, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, May to September. Ca. 5 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 55 I}.

4. Euphorbia albomarginata Torr. & Gray. Southern Utah to southern California, and Mexico, 6,000 feet or lower, February to

October. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 393, 421}.

5. Euphorbia serpens H. B. K. Canada to South America, 5,000 feet or lower. At Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

2. Croton L.

Plants herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, simple; flowers monoecious or dioecious; in monoecious species the staminate flowers borne above the pistillate; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; stamens several to many; petals usually absent or rudimentary in the pistillate flowers; capsules usually 3-seeded or sometimes I-seeded, small.

I. Croton longipes M. E. Jones. Southern Utah and Nevada,

Arizona, 5,000 feet or lower, June to August. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy.

91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 771 ). 162

3. Tragia L.

Plants perennial herbs, often twining, slender, with stinging hairs; leaves alternate, stipulate, petiolate, serrate; flowers monecious, staminate flowers above, sepals and stamens 3 to 5; pistillate flowers below, sepals 6; ovary 3-locular; styles 3, united below.

I. Tragia stylaris Muell. Arg. Southern Utah to Texas and

Mexico, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, April to June. Near summit along hwy. 91 in a dry stream bed. (Higgins 602).

43. ANACARDIACEAE - CASHEW FAMILY

Shrubs, the sap usually acrid and resinous, sometimes poisonous; leaves alternate, either simple and entire or compound; flowers regular, perfect or uni sexual, mostly 5-merous, small, greenish, yellowish, or whitish, in axillary or terminal -panicles; stamens 5; styles

3; ovary hypogynous, 1-loculed; fruit a small I-seeded drupe.

1. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Throughout the State, 2, 500 to 7, 500 feet, common, March to June. Near the summit along hwy. 91. (Higgins

391 }.

44. CELASTRACEAE - BITTER-SWEET FAMILY

Plants more or less woody; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, sometimes reduced to scales; flowers small, regular, perfect; sepals and petals 4 to 6; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; style 1 or the stigma sessile; fruit a capsule or follicle. A single species with the characteristics of the family. 163

1. Mcrtonia scabrella Gray var. utahensis Coville. Southwestern

Utah to sputheastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, March to September.

Beaver Dam Mountains near the Virgin Narrows.

45. ACERACEAE - MAPLE FAMILY

Plant a tree or large shrub; leaves opposite, compound (in ours); flowers perfect, imperfect, or polygamous, regular, small in terminal or lateral racemes or panicles; petals 4 to 5 or lacking; stamens 4 to 10, usually 8; ovary hypogynous; fruit a samara.

1. Acer negundo L. Throughout the United States, 3, 000 to

8, 000 feet along streams, April and May. At a small spring 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 688).

46. MELIACEAE - MAHOGANY FAMILY

Trees; leaves alternate, 1 to 3-pinnate; flowers in panicles; sepals 5 to 6; corolla of 5 to 6 petals, white or purple; stamens mostly

10 to 12, the filaments connate and forming a tube; ovary hypogynous,

3 to 8-loculed; fruit a drupe. A single cultivated species with the characteristics of the family.

1. Melia azedarach L. Southwestern Utah to southern California,

2,600 feet or lower, April and May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam

Wash. (Higgins 428).

47. RHAMNACEAE - BUCKTHORN FAMILY

Mostly shrubs or trees; leaves simple, mostly stipulate; flowers 164 regular, perfect or u.nisexual, small, in cymes; corolla inconspicuous

or 4 to 5-merous; ovary perigynous, 2 to 4 loculed.

1. Ceanothus L. Mountain Lilac

1. Leaves opposite, pinnately veined, not more than 2. 5 cm long;

inflorescence small, not or but little surpassing the leaves.

1. f:. greggii

1. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-nerved. • • • • • • 2. C. fendleri

1. Ceanothus greggii Gray var. vestitus (Green) McMinn.

Southern Utah to Texas and southern California, 3, 000 to 7, 000 feet,

March to May. Near summit along hwy. 91. (Higgins 448).

2. Ceanothus fendleri Gray. Utah to western Texas and Mexico,

5,000 to 10,000 feet, April to October. This species was reported from

the Beaver Dam Mountains by Dr. Merriam in Botany of the Death Valley

Expedition.

48. VITACEAE - GRAPE FAMILY

Stems woody, climbing or trailing, with conspicuous nodes and tendrils; leaves alternate, simple, long petioled, dilated at the base; flowers small, greenish, perfect or unisexual, in cymose panicles, 4

or 5-merous; petals deciduous at anthesis; stamens opposite the petals;

pistil l; ovary hypogynous, 2-loculed; fruit a berry.

1. Vitis arizonica Engelm. Southern Utah to northern Mexico,

2,000 to 7,000 feet in canyons and along streams. Climbing on trees at 165

Terry's Ranch; the berries are eaten by birds and also good for jelly and juice. (Higgins 437).

49. MALVACEAE - MALLOW FAMILY

Herbs or shrubs, annuals and perennials, with mucilaginous juice; leaves alternate, simple, stipulate, generally palmately veined and sometimes lobed; flowers regular, perfect; calyx of 5 more or less 1,1nited sepals; petals 5, more or less united at the base; stamens numerous, monodelphous; fruit a capsule, or composed of a ring of united carpels, separating at maturity.

1. Styles branches filiform, stigmatic surface lateral; calyx bractlets

3; plants procumbent; leaves crenate. • • • . 1. Malva

1. Style branches ending in a capitate or truncate stigma. . 2

2. Carpels differentiated into a reticulate indehiscent basal portion

and a smooth dehiscent apical portion, the two portions

separated by a ventral notch; petals orange.

2. Sphaeralcea

2. Carpels not sharply differentiated into two portions as above;

ovule solitary; petals purplish. • . • 3. Malvastrum

Malva L. Mallow

Plants annual or biennial; leaves orbicular or reniform; flowers small, axillary, solitary or in small cymules, short pedicellate; petals white or pink; fruit depressed, disk-like, the carpels numerous. 166

l. Malva neglecta Wallr. Extensively naturalized in the United

States, July to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

2. Sphaeralcea St. Hil. Globe Mallow

Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, mostly perennial, with stellate or branched hairs; leaves alternate, shallowly dentate to pedately dissected; inflorescence racemose or pci.niculate; calyx 5-lobed, subtended by 2 to 3 bractlets; petals 5; stamens many, monodelphous; carpels 5 or more, the lower portion containing 1 or 2 seeds, the upper portion smooth and empty.

l. Indehiscent part of the carpels usually rugose or muricate dorsally,

the reticulations prominent and usually coarse; the leaf blades

semiorbicular, shallowly lobed. • • l. _£: ambigua l. Indehiscent part of the carpels smooth or nearly so dorsally, the

reticulations usually fine and not very prominent. • . . • 2

2. Leaf blades not pedate or cleft more than halfway to the mid-

vein, usually shallowly lobed. . . • . 2. ~- parvifol4a

2. Leaf blades pedate or cleft more than halfway to the midvein'.

3. S. grossulariaefolia var. pedata

1. Sphaeralcea ambigua Gray. Southwestern Utah to southern

California, 3,500 feet or lower, May to August. Ca. 4 miles south of

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 9 l, common at the lower elevations. (Higgins

308).

2. Sphaeralcea parvifolia A. Nels. Southern Utah to Colorado, 167 south to New Mexico and southern California, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, April to October. Near Castle Cliffs. (Frank W. Gould 1522). At the Apex

Mine. (Garrett, April 22, 19 21 ).

3. Sphaeralcea gros sulariaefolia (Hook & Arn. ) Rydb. var. pedata (Torr.) Kearney. Idaho and Washington, south to New Mexico and California, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, April to October. Near summit along hwy. 91. (Higgins 570, 576),

3. Malvastrum A. Gray Falsemallow

Plants annual, herbaceous, with stellate pubescence; leaves ovate to orbicular, crenate or palmately cleft; flowers axillary; petals purplish; carpels few; indehiscent, not more than 15.

I. Malvastrum exile Gray. Southwestern Utah to southern

California, 4, 000 feet or lower, February to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 420).

50. TAMARICACEAE - TAMARIX FAMILY

Large shrubs or small trees; branches when young covered with small, imbricat e, scalelike leaves; flowers in slender terminal

spikes, perfect, regular, small; sepals and petals 4 or 5; stamens borne on a fleshy, lobed, hypogynous disk, stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; styles 3 to 5; fruit a 3 to 5-valved capsule; seeds many with a tuft of hairs.

I. Tamarix L. Tamarix

A single genus with the characteristics of the family. 168

1.. Leaves evergreen, ovate-lanceolate...... 1. ~ aphylla

1. Leaves deciduous, inconspicuous. . 2. T. pentandr a

1, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, and Arizona, 3,000 feet or lower, April and May. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 422).

2. Tamarix pentandra Pall. Utah, Arizona and Nevada; abundant along streams throughout the state, and often becoming a trouble- some weed, 1, 000 to 5,000 feet, March to June. Ca. 5 miles west of

Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 477).

51. LOASACEAE - LOASA FAMILY

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, covered with stiff, bristly or sometimes stinging hairs, stems whitish and shining; leaves alternate, simple, but often pinnatifid; flowers perfect, regular, usually 5-merous; I ovary inferior, l ;:.celled, with parietal placentation; fruit a capsule.

1. Ovary of 1 carpel, I-celled; stamens 5 or fewer. , 1. Petalonyx

1. Ovary of more than 1 carpel; stamens 10 or more. 2

2. Carpels usually 3; ovules in 1 or 2 rows •••• 2. Mentzelia

2. Carpels usually 5; ovules in several rows; leaves cordate at

base, round ovate, crenate-dentate, thickish. 3. Eucnide

1. Petalonyx A. Gray

Plants woody at base; leaves entire or dentate, short petioled; flowers small, in short, broad-bracted spikes, petals white 6 to 7 mm long, the slender claws more or less coherent. 169

1. Inflorescence racemose; petals 9 to IO mm long. 1. P. parryi

1. Inflorescence paniculate; petals 6 to 7 mm long 2. P. nitidus

I. Petalonyx parryi A. Gray. Southern Utah and Nevada, and northern Arizona, 3,000 feet or lower, April and May. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Petalonyx nitidus S. Wats. Western Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada, and southeastern California, 3,000 feet or lower, May.

This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Mentzelia L. Blazing Star

Plants annual or perennial; herbage scabrous; flowers generally in terminal cymose inflorescence~, yellow, orange, or cream-colored; stamens usually numerous, the outer ones often petal-like.

I. Filaments broadened, cuspidate at apex; petals ochroleucous,

apiculate, 20 to 25 mm long. 1. M. tricuspis

1. Filaments narrowed, not cuspidate at apex; capsules erect. 2

2. Petals 2 to 8 mm long; plants annual. 3

2. Petals 8 to 80 mm long; plants perennial or biennial; stems

usually well over 4 mm in diameter. 4

3. Petals 2 to 6 mm long; seeds not grooved, or but slightly so on 1

angle, tuberculate. 2. M. albicaulis

3. Petals 3 to 4 mm long; seeds grooved on the angles, muricate.

3. M. dispersa

4. Seeds pendulous on narrow filiform placentae. 4. M. nitens 170

4. Seeds horizontal on broad horizontal placentae. 5

5. Petals 50 to 80 mm long; calyx lobes 20 to 40 mm long.

5. M. laevicaulis

5. Petals 6 to 20 mm long; calyx lobes 2 to 15 mm long .• 6

6. Petals obtuse; capsules 8 to 15 mm long. . 6. M. pterosperma

6. Petals acute; capsules 10 to 20 mm long •. 7. M. pumila

I. Mentzelia tricuspis A. Gray. Southwestern Utah to southern caiifornia, 2, 000 feet or lower in sandy soil, March and April. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl. Common throughout the state,

Wyoming to California and New Mexico, 7,000 feet or lower. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, sandy soil. (Higgins 417).

3. Mentzelia dispersa Wats. Montana and British Columbia, south to Mexico, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, summer. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash, sandy soil. (Higgins 396).

4. Mentzelia nitens Greene. Southern Utah to Arizona and southern California, 3,000 feet or lower, February to May. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

5. Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) Torr. & Gray. Idaho and

Washington, south to southern Utah and California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet,

May to August. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 730).

6. Mentzelia pterosperma Eastw. Colorado and Utah, sandy soil of the Artemisia belt. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road.

(Higgins 7 25 ). 171

7. Mentzelia pumila (Nutt. ) Torr. & Gray. Thr~ughout the state,

Wyoming and Utah, south to Mexico, 8,000 feet or lower, February to

October. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 397).

3. Eucnide Zucc.

Plants suffrutescent, with stinging, barbed hairs throughout; leaves alternate, obovate, petioled, toothed; flowers yellow; petals 5; calyx 5-lobed; stamens numerous, united below and adnate to the petals; capsule obovoid, 5-valved at top.

1. Eucnide urens (Gray) Parry. Southwestern Utah to southeastern California, 2,500 feet or lower on dry rocky slopes and canyons. This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

52. CACTACEAE - CACTUS FAMILY

Succulent perennials with columnar, cylindrical, globose or flattened stems; with cushion-like organs (areoles) from which spines and branches of flowers arise; leaves lacing or vestigial; flowers perfect, regular, solitary, perianth segments several to many; stamens numerous; ovary inferior, I -celled; fruit fleshy, many-seeded.

1. Aeroles furnished with glochids (barbed bristles); spines barbed or

scabrous...... • ...... 1. Opuntia

1. Aeroles not furnished with glochids; spines not barbed or

scabrous ...... 2

2. Flowers borne in the axil of the tubercle or at base of groove, 172

at some distance from the spiniferous areole; tubercles

distinct, di!;posed in spiral rows. • 2. Mammillaria

2. Flowers born at the apex of the tubercle, contiguous with or

actually on the spiniferous areole. . 3

3. Hypanthium spiny; flowers lateral; spines not hooked.

3. Echinocereus

3. Hypanthium not spiny, commonly scaly; flowers terminal; spines

hooked or curved except in E. johnsonnii. . . 4. Echinocactus

1. Opuntia Mill. Pricklypear

Plants perennial, shrubby or herbaceous, with short- jointed

stems; joints flattened or terete, often tuberculate but never ribbed; leaves small, fleshy, subulate, caduceus; areoles furnished with glochids; spines minutely barbed, at least at the tip, never hooked; flowers diurnal; hypanthium tube short; perianth segments usually broad, entire, spreading; fruit indehiscent~.

I. Joints flattened; spines not sheathed...... 2

I. Joints not flattened...... 7

2. Fruit fleshy; flowers yellow. • 3

2. Fruit dry; plants small or low, rarely more than O. 5 m high;

aeroles 5 to 15 mm apart; joints inclined to be transversely

wrinkled or marked. . . . . • • • ...... 4

3. Joints 15 to 25 cm long; principal spines not appreciably flattened or

angled, straight, spreading, often spirally twisted, 5 to 6 cm 173

long, reddish brown, variegated, or whitened; center of flower

darkened •.••... I. O. phaeacantha

3. Joints commonly more than 25 cm long; principal spines stout, more

or less angled or flattened, slightly curved, 2 to 4 cm long, the

lower or the lowest deflexed and whitened. 2. .Q;_engelmannii

4. Fruit not spiny. • ...... 5

4. Fruit spiny, joints inclined to be tuberculate. 6

5. Branches erect, I-jointed; areoles deeply depressed; joints unarmed,

densely puberulent. • 3. O. basilaris

5. Branches prostrate or low, several jointed; areoles depressed or

level with the surface of the joint; joints unarmed to armed,

glabrous. • 4. O. aurea

6. Areoles less than 10 mm apart; spines appressed or strongly

deflexed, I to 3 cm long; flowers pale yellow.

5. O. polyacantha

6. Areoles mostly more than 10 mm apart; spines not appressed,

2 to 6 cm long, 4 or more at an areole; armed over the

entire surface of the joint. • . • . . . 6. 0. erinacea

7. Stems slender and solid, with a woody axis; tubercles flattened;

spines solitary or absent; joints tessellate. 7. 0. ramosissima

7. Stems thick and fleshy, with a reticulated, cylindrical axis; joint not

tessellate. . 8

8. Fruit fleshy; spines readily detached; joints 3 to 5 cm thick,

readily detached; spines and sheathes straw colored.

8. 0. bigelovii 174

8, Fruit dry; spines stout, firmly attached; joints less than 3 cm

thick...... 9

9. Tubercles short, I to 2 times as long as broad; longer joints IO to

15 cm long; distinct trunk in mature plant. 9. O. echinocarpa

9. Tubercles elongate, 3 to several times as long as broad, longer

joints 15 to 45 cm long; trunk none or short.

IO. 0. acanthocarpa

I. Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. Utah and Colorado to Texas and

Arizona, 1, 000 to 7,500 feet, April to June. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 614).

2. Opuntia engelmannii Slam-Dyck. Utah to Texas and Arizona,

I, 000 to 6, 500 feet, April to June. This plant was not collected but was observed growing in dense masses south of hwy. 91 along the road to the

Dee Keet' s Mine.

3. Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigel. Southern Utah to

Arizona and southeastern California, 3, 000 feet or lower, March and

April. Utah-Arizona border about 3 miles west of hwy. 9 I. (Higgins

490).

4. Opuntia aurea Baxter. Southwestern Utah and southern

Nevada, south to Arizona and California, 5,000 feet or lower, May.

Reported from southwestern Utah by Kearney & Peebles in Arizona Flora.

5. Opuntia polyacantha Haw. Over most of the western United

States, 6, 000 feet, June. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains near television relay tower. (Higgins 679). 175

6. Opuntia erinacea Engelm. & Bigel. Southern Utah and Nevada,

Arizona and eastern California, 5,000 feet or lower, May and June.

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91, common. (Higgins 481).

7. Opuntia ramosissima Engelm. Southweste:rn Utah and Nevada to

Sonora and California, 2,500 feet or lower, May to September. Dr.

Merriman.reported this species from the Beaver Dam Mountains.

8. Opuntia bigelovii Englem. Southwestern Utah and southern

Nevada, south to Sonora and Baja California, 3,000 feet or lower,

February to May. Reported from southwestern Utah by Kearney &

Peebles.

9. Opuntia echinocarpa Engelm. & Bigel. Southwestern Utah and

southern Nevada to Arizona and Baja California, 3,000 feet or lower,

April. Beaver Dam Mountains. (Merriam 1993).

IO. Opuntia acanthocarpa Engelm. & Bigel. Southwestern Utah and

southern Nevada, south to Sonora and California, 3,500 feet or lower,

flowering in the spring. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 613).

2. Mammillaria Haw. Ball Cactus

Plants perennial with globose or short cylindrical, I -jointed, soli-

tary, or clustered stems, with spirally arranged tubercles; spines clus-

tered on areoles on the apex of the tubercles, all alike or I or more

centrals hooked; flowers lateral; fruit a fleshy berry; seeds brown or

black, numerous.

I. Flowers borne at the apex of the stem; tubercles grooved from apex

to middle or base. . . . . 2 17'6

I. Flowers borne well below the apex of the stem; tubercles not grooved

or shortly and indistinctly grooved at apex. I. M. tetrancistra

2. Flowers 2. 5 to 3. 5 cm long, pink or yellowish; central spines

white with dark tips. • . • 2. M. vi vi para _var. deserti

2, Flowers 3. 5 to 5. 5 cm long, pink, central spines mostly dark

brown...... 2a. M. vivipara var. arizonica

1. Mammillaria tetrancistra Engelm. Southwestern Utah to

Arizona and southern California, 2, 500 feet or lower, May. This plant was observed but not collected by the present writer.

2. Mammillaria vi vi para var. deserti (Engelm.) L. Benson.

Southwestern Utah to southern California, Arizona. Reported from southwestern Utah by L. Benson and Kearney & Peebles.

2a. Mammillaria vi vi para var. arizonica (Engelm. ) L. Benson.

Southwestern Utah and Arizona, 5, 000 to 8, 000 feet, May and June.

3. Echiriocereus Engelm. Hedgehog Cactus

Plants perennial with simple or caespitose stems; stems I - jointed, ovoid or cy\indric, longitudinally ribbed; leaves none; flowers funnel-form or subcampanulate, lateral; hypanthium scaly; fruit thin- skinned.

I. Flowers scarlet or crimson; plants caespitose. I. §.:_ triglochidiatus

I. Flowers purple; plants solitary or forming small clumps; central

spines 2 to 6, more or less curved or twisted; ribs 11 to 12.

2. E. engelmannii 177

I. Echintjcereus triglochidiatus Engelm. var. mohavensis

(Engelm. & Bigel.) L. Benson. Southern Utah to southeastern California,

4, 000 to .6, 000 feet, April and May. Reported from the Beaver Dam

Mountains by Dr. Merrirn,al'.)..

2. Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry) Rumpler. Southern Utah to Baja California, 5,000 feet or lower, February to May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91, common on rocky slopes. (Higgins 479).

4. Echinocactus Link & Otto Fishp.ook Cactus

Plants low and caespitose to large, with simple cylindric stems; stems ribbed, armed with stout, annulate spines, hooked and nonhooked; flowers funnelform; hypanthium ciliate to woolly; fruit fleshy, persistent; ovary dehiscent by a basal orifice.

1. Spines, at least some of them hooked or curved; plant large to I

meter or more; wide central spine curved, cross-ribbed, red.

1. E. acanthodes

1. Spines not hooked, may be slightly curved, plants much smaller

than 1 meter...... 2

2. Fruit dry; plants low and caespitose; spines densely puberulent.

2. E. polycephalus

2. Fruit fleshy; plants globose or cylindric; central spines 4 to 9,

all alike, straight or slightly curved. 3. E. johnsoni

I. Echinocactus acanthodes (Lomaire) Britt. & Rose. Southern

Utah to Baja California and Arizona, up to 3,500 feet, April and May. 178

2. Echinocactus polycephalus Engelm. & Bigel. Southern Utah to California and Arizona, February to April, low altitudes. Reported from the Beaver Dam Mountains by Dr. Merriman.

3. Echinocactus johnsoni (Parry) Baxter. Southwestern Utah to

Arizona and California, 3, 000 feet or lower, April. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 480).

53. ONAGRACEAE - EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, caulescent or acaulescent; leaves alternate or basal; flowers perfect and regular; ovary completely inferior, the calyx sometimes prolonged above it into a hypanthium; sepals 4 or 2; petals distinct, 4 or 2, inserted on the hypanthium; stamens twice as many as or as many as the petals; ovary usually 4-celled; style

1; stigma capitate, 4-lobed or discoid; fruit a nut, capsule, or berry.

I. Seeds with a tuft of hairs (coma) at one end; capsules elongate, sub-

'cylindric to fusiform or clavate. • I. Epilobium

I. Seeds without coma. . ' ...... 2 2. Fruit a dehiscent capsule; flowers regular. . . 2. Oenothera 2. Fruit indehiscent, hard, nutlike; flowers irregular. 3. daura

1. Epilobium L. Willowherb

Plant suffruticose, perennial; leaves opposite, sessile, denticulate; flowers axillary, perfect; hypanthium short, or not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals 4; petals 4, usually notched, purplish, rose, pink, white, or yellow; stamens 8; capsule elongate; seeds with a coma at the upper end. 179

I. Epilobium nevadense Munz. Charleston Mts., Clark County,

Nevada, and the Beaver Dam Mountains in southwestern Utah. This plant is a new record for the state of Utah, being known previously from only the Charleston Mts., which is the type locality, 7,000 feet, July and

August. (Higgins 778).

2. Oenothera L. Evening Primrose

Plants annual to perennial, acaulescent to caulescent; leaves alternate or basal; flowers yellow or white, rarely red except in age, then commonly so; hypanthium deciduous after £lowering; sepals and

petals 4; stamens 8; capsule straight, curved or coiled, 4-celled, 4- valved, dehiscent; seeds many, naked.

I. Stigma with 4 linear lobes; flowers mostly vespertine. . . . . 2

I. Stigma capitate, discoid, or 4-toothed; flowers mostly diurnal. I 0

2. Capsule sharply 4-angled or winged; plants perennial. 3

2. Capsule terete or round-angled, elongate, not winged. 4

3. Seeds in 1 row in each cell; capsules broadly winged throughout its

length; petals 3 to 5 cm long; herbage pubescent, often grayish

tomentose. • 1. O. brachycarpa

3. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell; capsule winged most widely on the

upper half; petals 1 to 2 cm long; herbage more or less pubes-

cent. 2. O. £lava

4. Seeds sharply angled, in 2 rows in each cell of capsule; capsule

somewhat cylindric or fusiform, gradually tapering upward;

flowers yellow, opening in the evening. . . . . • • 5 180

4. Seeds not sharply angled. 6

5. Free tube of hypanthium 3 to 5 cm long; leaves more or less sinuate-

dentate. . . . • . . . 3. 0. hookeri

5. Free tube of hypanthium 8 to 12 cm long; leaves sinuate-serrulate to

almost entire. • • ...... 4. .0. longissima ',, 6. Plants tufted or almost acaulescent; seeds with a deep furrow

along the raphe; capsule cylindric or lanceovoid. 7

6. Plants definitely caulescent; seeds not as above. • • 8

7. Plants perennial; sepals 25 to 35 mm long; anthers 10 to 14 mm long;

petals white, aging red or pink. • . . 5. 0. caespitosa

7. Plants annual; sepals 15 to 28 mm long; anthers 5 to 10 mm long;

petals yellow, aging red...... 6. _S2.:primiveris

8. Plants coarse spring or winter annuals; basal leaves rhombic,

2 to 8 cm long; capsules woody, 2 to 7 cm long, with

exfoliating epidermis; buds often shaggy. 7. O. deltoides

8. Plants perennial or biennial; basal leaves smaller and narrower;

capsules not woody. . . 9

9. Plants essentially glabrous; capsules usually contorted; anthers

5 to 10 mm long •.. 8. Q.:_pallida

9. Plants canescent to hoary; capsules spreading or curved; anthers 3

to 6 mm long .• 9 . ...2_.trichocalyx

10. Stigma discoid, somewhat shallowly 4-lobed; flowers yellow;

plants densely strigose or pilose; petals 13 to 22 mm long.

1 O. 0. lavandulaefolia 181

I 0. Stigma capitate; flowers yellow or white. 11

11. Capsule cylindric or tapering toward the tip, sessile. 12

I I. Capsule cylindric or clavate, distinctly pedicelled. . 14

12. Capsules not strictly cylindric, somewhat enlarged at the

base and attenuate at tip, curved or bent; leaves chiefly

basal. • • • 11. 0. decorticans

I 2. Capsules terete, cylindric, linear, not thickened in the lower

portion. • • • ...... 13

13. Petals 5 to 7 mm long, suborbicular; style exceeding the corolla;

capsules refracted or spreading. 12. O. refracta

13. Petals 3 mm long, spatulate; style shorter than the corolla;

capsules divaricately spreading. • . 13. O. chamaenerioides

14. Seeds with a thick wing surrounding the concave face.

14. 0. pterosperma

14. Seeds not winged, or with a thin membranous wing. 15

I 5. Capsules distinctly clavate, more than 2 mm in diameter. I 6

I 5. Capsules elongate, often linear, usually less than 2 mm in diameter;

pedicels often inconspicuous. . • • • . • • . . . . • l 7

16. Branches of the inflorescence pumerous and filiform; leaves

not strictly basal; capsules less than 10 mm long the

pedicels slender. 15. _£. parryi

I 6. Branches of the inflorescencij not filiform; leaves mostly in

a basal rosette; capsules often more than 10 mm long;

stamens subequal; inflorescence dense; leaves generally

dentate...... I 6. O. clavaeformis 182

17. Stigma surrounded by anthers at maturity; petals less than 6 mm

long, the style less than 6 mm long; inflorescence erect in bud.

17. O. walkeri

I 7. Stigma elevated above the anthers at maturity; petals usually more

than 6 mm long; the style more than 6 mm long. • • • • 18

18. Inflorescence erect or drooping, elongating before flowers

open, the mature buds mostly individually pendulous;

plants virgate; hypanthia less than 3 mm long.

18. .£: multijuga

18. Inflorescence drooping, mostly elongating after flowers open;

stems stout, not virgate; hypanthia m~re: than:3 mm long. 19

19. Plants villous, stout and nearly succulent; sepals with free caudate

projections arising just below the apices.

19. O. brevipes ssp. brevipes

I 9. Plants strigose; rarely villous below, more slender; sepals without

caudate projections. . . . . 19a. O. brevipes ssp. pallidula

I. Oenothera brachycarpa Gray. Idaho to Texas and Arizona,

4, 000 to 6, 000 feet, May to July. Near television relay tower, under conifers. {Higgins 704).

2. Oenothera £lava {A. Nels.) Garrett. Canada to New Mexico,

Arizona, and California, 2,500 to 9,000 feet, April to September. To be looked for on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

3. Oenothera hookeri Torr. & Gray. Colorado, Utah and

Nevada to Mexico, 3,500 to 9,500 feet, July to October. To be looked 18J for on the Beaver Dam Mountains, it is represented in southwestern UtG\-h by two subspecies, growing in damp places.

4. Oenothera longissima Rydb. Southern Utah and Nevada to southeastern California, 4,000 to 8,000 feet, July to September. Lytles

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 738).

5. Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. Colorado to Utah and California,

4, 000 to 6, 000 feet, April to July. Ca. 4 miles southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 564).

6. Oenothera primiveris Gray. Utah to Texas and California, below 4, 500 feet, March to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, sandy soil. (Higgins 296 ).

7. Oenothera deltoides Torr. & Frem. var. decumbens (Wats.)

Munz. Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada, 2, 500 feet or lower, March and April. At Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, seen but not collected.

8. Oenothera pallida Lindl. Eastern Washington to New Mexico and Arizona, 7,500 feet or lower, May to September. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 737).

9. Oenothera trichocalyx Nutt. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and and northwestern Arizona, 7, 000 feet or lower, May to July. Near Utah-

Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 603).

IO. Oenothera lavandulaefolia Torr. & Gray. Wyoming to Texas and Arizona, 5,500 feet, May to July. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower, sandy soil. (Higgins 543 ). 184

11. Oenothera decorticans (H. & A. ) Greene. Utah and Nevada, south to Arizona and southeastern California, 2,500 feet or lower, March to May. Variety condensata is to be expected on this range.

12. Oenothera refracta Wats. Southern Utah and western Arizona, south to California and Mexico, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May.

This plant is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

13. Oenothera chamaenerioides Gray. Utah to Texas and California,

5, 500 feet or lower, February to May, sandy soil. Terry'.s Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 285 ).

14. Oenothera pterosperma Wa~.son. Western Utah to Oregon and

California, 5, 000 feet or lower, May, widely distributed but rare. Near

St. George, Utah. (Parry 70).

15. Oenothera parryi Wats. Southwestern Utah and northwestern

Arizona, 4,500 feet or lower, April to June. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 819 ).

16. Oenothera clavaeformis Torr. & Frem. var. aurantiaca (Wats.)

Munz. Southwestern Utah to southern California, 4, 500 feet or lower,

February to April. Beaver Dam Wash. (Gooding 3142).

17. Oenothera walkeri var. tortilis (Jepson) Munz. Southwestern

Utah to southern California, 4,000 feet or lower. (Washington County,

St. George Rl3169).

18. Oenothera multijuga Wats_- var. parviflora (Wats.) Munz.

Southwestern Utah to California, 4,000 feet or lower, April to September.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 394). 185 j

19. Oenothera brevipes Gray ssp. brevipes Small. Southwest- ern Utah to southeastern California, 4, 500 feet or lower, February to

May. On the Beaver Dam Wash. (Jack Rencher, 1941 ).

19a. Oenothera brevipes Gray ssp. pallidula Munz. Southwest- ern Utah to southeastern California, low altitudes, March to May. Terry's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 395 ).

3. Gaura L. r Plants annual or perennial herbs; flowers red to white, somewhat irregular, 4-merous; stamens declined, all fertile, 8; stigma deeply lobed, with a cuplike indusium at base; fruit woody, small, inde- hi scent.

1. Flowers small, the petals 1. 5 to 2 mm long; stem simple below,

branched above. • I. G. parviflora

1. Flowers larger, petals 4 to 6 mm long; low perennials, branched

from the base; basal leaves subentire ••.• 2. G. coccinea

I. Gaura parviflora Dougl. Missippi valley to Washington and northern Mexico, 6, 000 feet or lower, June to October. Lytle' s Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. {Higgins 761 ).

2. Gaura coccinea Nutt. Southern Canada to Mexico, 2, 000 to

8,000 feet, April to September. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. {Higgins

473.)

54. UMBELLIFERAE - PARSNIP FAMILY

"'Annual or perennial aromatic herbs, with alternate or basal, 186 compound or occasionally simple leaves having peticles dilated and sheathing the stem at the nodes; flowers small, in simple or compound umbels; calyx teeth small or obsolete; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary inferior;

2-celled; styles 2, often swollen at the base forming a stylopodium; fruit of two mericarps, splitting apart at maturity.

1. Some or all of the dorsal fruit ribs prominently winged.

1. Cymopterus

1. Dorsal ribs all filiform or obsolete, the lateral winged.

2. Lomatium

I. Cymopterus Raf.

Plants perennial from an elongated taproot; leaves thin and somewhat fleshy, variable, from pinnate to bipinnate, ultimate divisions entire, toothed or lobed; inflorescence umbellate, these terminal; flowers white, yellow, or purple; stylopodium lacing; fruit ovoid to oblong ..

1. Flowers yellow or greenish-yellow; fruit ovoid-oblong or oblong,

6 to 12 mm long, 5 to 10 mm wide; wings slightly or not at all

inflated at the base, equalling or a little broader than the body;

seed face concave. . • . . . . I. C. purpureus

I. Flowers purple; fruit broadly ovoid to ellipsoid, 10 to 12 mm long,

10 to 14 mm wide; wings conspicuously inflated at the base,

several times the width of the body; seed face deeply sulcate.

2. C. jonesii 18:7

1. Cymopterus purpureus Wats. Southwestern Colorado, Utah, and northern Arizona, 7,000 feet or lower, May and June. Summit of

Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 659).

2. Cymopterus jonesii Coult. & Rose. Southwestern Utah, 3, 000 feet, April and May. Ca. 3 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road.

(Higgins 608}.

2. Lomatium Raf. Desert Parsley

Plants perennial with long taproots; leaves ternately or pinnately compound; umbels compound; calyx teeth small or obsolete; corolla greenish-white, yellow or purple; stylopodium absent; fruit ovate to linear, 4. 5 to 16 mm long, compressed dorsally, the lateral wings present, the dorsal ribs absent or filiform.

1. Plants pubescent; leaves mostly 2 to 3 pinnate. 1. L. scabrum

1. Plants glabrous; leaves 2 to 3 pinnate; pedicels 10 to 1 7 mm long.

2. ~ parryi

1. Lomatium scabrum (Coult. & Rosp) Mathias. Southwestern

Utah, 6, 000 feet or lower, April to June. To be looked for on the Beaver

Dam Mountains.

2. Lomatium parryi (Wats.} Macbr. Southeastern Utah and northern Arizona, south to southern California, 8, 500 feet or lower,

May and June. Ca. 2 miles southeast of the Apex Mine. (Higgins 813). 188

55. GARRYACEAE - QUININE-BUSH FAMILY

Large evergreen shrub, the branches quadrangular; leaves thick, short petioled; flowers in dense catkin-like spikes, the pistillate flowers solitary in the axils of the bracts, the staminate ones in clusters of 3; calyx with tube adnate to the ovary, the limb reduced to 4 teeth or lobes in the staminate flowers, obsolete or nearly so in the pistillate flowers; fruit berry-like, dry or juicy. A single species with the characteristics of the family.

1. Garrya flavescens Wats. Southern Utah and Nevada, Arizona,

2,000 to 7,000 feet, February to June. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower, gravelly soil. (Higgins 670).

56. ERICACEAE - HEATH FAMILY

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, ·sometimes saprophytic, with alternate, simple leaves; flowers perfect, regular or nearly so; calyx 4 to 5 lobed; corolla 4 to 5 lobed of united petals; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla and free from them, anthers often opening by terminal pores, often with 2 awn-like appendages; pistil I, of 4 to

5 carpels; fruit a capsule or berry. A single genus with the charact,eristics of the family.

I. Arctostaphylos Adans. Manzanita

I. Herbage, pedicels, and calyx glandular pilose; bract commonly more

than 3 mm long, thin, often pink; leaves commonly rounded or

suhcordate at base. . I. A. pringlei 189 I 1. Herbage puberulent, subtomentose, or glandular, at least when young;

calyx and ovary glabrous; bracts commonly only 2 to 3 mm long,

thickish; leaves not as above. • • • • . . . 2. A. pungens

1. Arctostaphylos pringlei Parry. Southwestern Utah to Baja

California, 4, 000 to 6, 000 feet, April to June. Summit of Beaver Dam

Mountains near television relay tower, locally common in washes, sandy soil. (Higgins 665 ).

2. Arctostaphylos pungens H. B, K, Southern Utah to New

Mexi.co and California, 3,500 to 8,000 feet, February to May. Near

Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 386).

5 7. LOGANIACEAE - LOGANIA FAMILY

Shrubs; leaves opposite or whorled; flowers small, in dense axillary clusters; flowers perfect, regular, normally 4-merous; stamens borne on the corolla tube, alternate with the lobes; style and stigma 1; ovary 2-celled; fruit a capsule. A single species with the characteristics of the family.

1. Buddleja utahensis Coville. Squthwestern Utah to southeastern California, 3, 000 feet or lower, limestone cliffs, spring. Castle

Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 583).

58. OLEACEAE - OLIVE FAMILY

Plants trees, shrubs, or herbs; leaves mostly opposite, simple or oddpinnate; flowers perfect or unisexual, regular, usually 4-merous, 190 the corolla of united petals or lacking; stamens 2 to 4; pistil 1, ovary

2-loculed; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; fruit a capsule or samara.

1. Leaves compound, opposite; fruit a samara; corolla wanting.

1. Fraxinus

1. Leaves simple; fruit not a samara; flowers perfect, corolla present;

leaves alternate. 2. Menodora

1. Fraxinus L. Ash

Trees or large shrubs; leaves opposite, petioled, odd pinnate or simple; flowers in ours dioeci6us or polygamous, in racemes or panicles, in ours apetalous; calyx small, truncate, 4-cleft or toothed; stamens 2; fruit a dry, I-seeded samara with a terminal wing.

1. Flowers polygamous; leaves simple or rarely with 2 to 3 leaflets,

wing of samara extending around body; young branches 4-sided.

1. F. anomala

1. Flowers dioecious; leaves pinnate, with 5 to 9 leaflets; wing of

samara terminal; young branches terete. . . 2. F. velutina

1. Fraxinus anomala Torr. ex Wats. Colorado and New

Mexico to Utah and southeastern California, 6, 000 feet or lower, April.

Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 446).

2. Fraxinus velutina Torr. var. toumeyi (Britton) Rehder.

Utah to western Texas and southeastern California, 7, 000 feet or lower,

March to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 424). 191

2. Menodora H. & B.

Perennial desert shrub, woody toward the base, herbaceous above; leaves simple entire, mostly alternate; flowers showy, the corolla large, sympetalous, rotate-campanulate, yellow; capsules didymous, thin-walled, circumscissile or indehiscent; seeds commonly 2 in each cell.

1. Menodora scabra Gray. Southern Utah to western Texas and southeastern California, 7, 500 feet or lower, March to September.

Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

59. GENTIANACEAE - GENTIAN FAMILY

Plants annual or perennial, herbaceous, mostly glabrous; leaves commonly opposite, entire, simple, sessile; flowers solitary, or in simple or compound cymes, perfect, regular; corolla sympetalous; stamens superior, I-celled; fruit a capsule.

1. Corolla rotate, with 1 at 2 nectariferous glands or scales adnate

to each lobe; perennials with taproots ... 1. Swertia

1. Corolla salverform to tubular -campanulate; eglandular. 2. Centaurium

1. Swertia L. Green-Gentian

Plants perennial; stem leaves opposite or whorled; flowers in cymose panicles; corolla rotate, deeply 4 or 5 lobed, the lobes bearing

1 to 2 large pitted glands, these with fringed margins; stigma 2-lobed; seeds flat, usually margined or winged. 192

1. Sepals broadly ovate, acute; corolla yellowish-green, with purple

spots; basal leaves lanceolate; stems up to l meter high.

1 . S. utahensi s

1. . Sepals .lane:eolate, acuminate; corolla greenish-yellow, without

purple spots; basal leaves linear-oblanceolate; stems more

than . 5 m high . . . 2. S. albomarginata

1. Swertia utahensis M. E. Jones. Southern Utah and Nevada,

to northern Arizona and New Mexico, 4, 000 to 7,000 feet, June to

September. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Moun- tains.

2. Swertia albomarginata (Wats.) Kuntze. Utah and Colorado to Arizona and southern California, 4,500 to 7,000 feet, May to September.

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 572).

2. Centaurium Hill Centaury

Plants annual or biennial; stems branched; calyx and corolla limbs 4 or 5-parted, the calyx lobes keeled, the corolla salverform;

stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla; stigma 2-lobed.

1. Centaurium calycosum (Buckl.) Fern. Southern Utah to western Texas and Arizona, 6,000 feet or lower, March to November.

Not collected, but occurs south of St. George not far from the Beaver

Dam Mountains. 193

60. APOCYNACEAE - DOGBANE FAMILY

Plants perennial, herbaceous, commonly with acrid milky juice; leaves simple, entire, opposite or alternate; flowers perfect, regular, sympetalous, 5-merous; stamens borne on the corolla; pistils 2, the ovaries superior, distinct; fruit a pair of elongated follicles.

1. Amsonia Walt l. Follicles torulose, more or less compressed. 1. A. tomentosa

1. Follicles not torulose. 2. A. jonesii

1. Amsonia tomentosa Torr. & Frem. Southern Utah and Nevada, northern and western Arizona, and southern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, April to June. Not collected.

2. Amsonia jonesii Woodson. Colorado, Utah and northern Arizona,

4, 000 to 5, 000 feet, April and May. Ca. 4 miles south of the television relay tower. (Higgins 546 ).

61. ASCLEPIADACEAE - MILKWEED FAMILY

Plants perennial herbs with milky juice, erect or decumbent; leaves simple, opposite or whorled; flowers pefect, regular, 5-merous, highly specialized and generally reflexed; stamens 5, coherent with the style, a corona of hood-like appendages usually present between the corolla and stamens; anthers commonly winged; pollen waxy, in pear-shaped masses; ovaries 2, united only by the stigma; fruit a pair of follicles; seeds with a pappus-like crown of fine bristles or hairs. 194

1. Stems not twining; flowers generally terminal. . 3. Asclepias

1. Stems twining; flowers lateral, solitary or clustered. 2

2. Corona none; corolla lobes hood-like; stems filiform.

1. Astephanus

2. Corona present; corolla rotate or campanulate. 2. Funastrum

1. Astephanus R. Br.

Plants herbs with twining stems; leaves linear; flowers yellowish, small, in axillary clusters of 3 to 5; corona lacking from corolla; follicles long-acuminate; seeds rough-granulate.

1. Astephanus utahensis Engelm. Southwestern Utah to southeastern California, 2,500 feet or lower, April to June. Western slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains, not collected.

2. Funastrum Fourn.

Plants with twining stems; leaves opposite, linear to cordate- ovate or sagittate; flowers numerous, in lateral umbels; corolla campanulate-rotate, deeply lobed, the corona appearing double; follicles fusiform.

1. Funastrum heterophyllum (Engelm. ) Standl. Southern Utah to Texas and southeastern California, Mexico, 5,000 feet or lower, March to October. Western slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Robert

Pendleton, November 4, 1939). 195

3. Asclepias L. Milkweed

Perennial herbs with erect or decumbent stems, usually with milky sap; leaves opposite; alternate or whorled; flowers regular, per- feet, purple, greenish, or white, in axillary or terminal umbels; calyx

5-lobed; corolla rotate, 5-cleft, with the lobes spreading, erect or reflexed in anthesis; hoods of the crown distinct or joined by a lobed disk.

I. Leaves narrowly linear, not more than 3mm wide, the margins more

or less revolute ... 1. A. subverticillata

1. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 4 mm wide or wider, flat. 2

2. Corolla lobes rotate; segments of the crown joined by a lobed

disk, crested within with I or 2 small appendages between

the lobes .•• 2. A. asperula

2. Corolla lobes reflexed during anthesis. . 3

3. Hoods attenuate-acuminate, 4 or ino~e times as long as the anthers;

follicles with soft, spinulose processes; corolla lobes purple.

3. ~ speciosa

3. Hoods not attenuate-acuminate, not much longer than the anthers;

follicles without processes; corolla lobes pale green.

4. A. erosa

1. Asclepias subverticillata (Gray} Vail. Kansas and Colorado to Texas, Utah and northern Mexico, 8,000 feet or lower, May to Sep- tember. Not collected, but known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson. Widely distributed i.n Utah, 7, 000 feet or lower, May to July. Ca. 5 miles west of the 196

Shivwit Indian Reservation along hwy. 91. (Higgins 753).

3. Asclepias speciosa Torr. Widely distributed in the western

United States, 7, 000 feet or lower, July to September. In a field at junc - tion of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 831).

4. Asclepias erosa Torr. Southwestern Utah to southeastern

California, 3,500 feet or lower, May to October. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy.

91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 687).

62. CONVOLVULACEAE - CONVOLVULUS FAMILY

Plants herbaceous {in ours), mostly with twining or trailing stems, in one genus without chlorophyll and parasitic; leaves alternate, simple, but sometimes deeply lobed or parted; flowers perfect, regular, mostly 5-merous, often showy; sepals imbricate, distinct or partly united; pistil of 2 united, or partly distinct carpels, the styles 1 or 2, often cleft; fruit a capsule or a pair of utricles.

1. Plants green; corolla plicate-convolute in the bud. . 1. Convolvulus

1. Plants without green coloring matter; leaves scalelike. 2. Cuscuta

1. Convolvulus L. Bindweed

Perennial, herbaceous plants with trailing stems; leaves more or less lobed; corolla broadly funnelform, white or pinkish; stigmas elongate; capsule normally 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled.

1. Convolvulus arvensis L. Extensively naturalized in North

America, fields and waste places, May to July. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 643 ). 197

2. Cuscuta L. Dodder

Plants without roots and leaves, herbaceous, parasitic; stems yellowish, filiform, twining; flowers small, 2 to 5 mm long; perianth parts united; stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, alternate with the lobes; ovary 2-celled,~the styles 2; embryo acotyledonous, filiform, or enlarged at one end.

1. Perianth fleshy-papillate; corolla lobes commonly erect, with inflexed

tips; scales prominent and mostly free from the corolla tube,

at least above. . • • . 1. C. indecora

I. Perianth not fleshy-papillate; corolla lobes ovate or suborbicular,

obtuse; flowers about 2 mm long; margins of the perianth lobes

denticulate. • 2. C. denticulata

1. Cuscuta indecora Choisy. Southern and western United

States, Mexico, and South America, June to September. Junction of hwy.

91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 828).

2. Cuscuta denticulata Engelm. Southern Utah to southern

California, occurs mostly on Larrea but also a variety of composites.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. {Higgins 516).

63. POLEMONIACEAE - PHLOX FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs, occasionally shrubby, with alternate or opposite leaves; leaves simple to compound, entire; flowers showy, in cymes or solitary, regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the corolla of united

petals, usually salverform or tubular; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla 198 tube alternate with the lobes; pistil I, of 3 united carpels; ovary 3-

loculed; style I; stigma 3-lobed; fruit a capsule.

I. Leaves prevailingly opposite. 2

I. Leaves prevailingly alternate. 4

2. Stamens equally inserted on the corolla tube. . I. Linanthus

2. Stamens unequally inserted on the corolla tube. 3

3. Plants perennial, or rarely annual; corolla tube over 6 mm long,

salverform, with a narrow throat. . . . . 2. Phlox

3. Plants annual; corolla tube less than 6 mm long. . 3. Microsteris

4. Calyx lobes subequal; flowers solitary, cymose, or in heads. 5

4. Calyx lobes unequal; flowers in dense bracteate heads. 6

5. Corolla lobes essentially alike; leaf lobes mostly not setose or

spine -tipped. . . . . 4. Gilia

5. Corolla lobes more or less alike; leaf lobes setose or spine-tipped.

5. Langloisia

6. Plants cobwebby pubescent, at least the inflorescence with a

felt-like mass of interlaced hairs; leaves rarely spine-

tipped. . . 6. Eriastrum

6. Plants not having a felt-like mass of interlacing hairs; leaves

and bracts with rigid spinulose lobes. 7. Navarretia

I. Linanthus Benth.

Plants annual; leaves opposite (except in demissus), entire or

palmately parted with narrow di visions; flowers solitary or in few-flowered

:lusters; stamens equally inserted; ovules few to piany in locule. 199 l. Calyx lobes free to base, membrane-margined but not with an obvious

hyaline membrane below the sinuses; corolla campanulate.

l. L. demissus l. Calyx lobes united by bordering membranes; corolla funnelform to

salverform...... 2. L. bigelovii

l. Linanthus demis sus (Gray) Greene. Southern Utah to Arizona and southeastern California, 2, 000 feet or lower, :t-4arch to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 360).

2. Linanthus bigelovii (Gray) Greene. Utah to western Texas and California, 3,500 feet or lower, February to May. Ca. 2 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 310).

2. Phlox L.

Plants mostly perennial, erect, diffuse, or caespitose; leaves opposite, or sometimes the uppermost alternate; flowers showy, white, blue, purple, or red; corolla salverform, with a narrow tube and a 5- lobed rim; stamens included, unequally inserted on the corolla tube; ovary 3-celled.

l. Shoots tending to be elongate and little branched, and the inflorescence

to be compound; corolla tube 12 to 18 mm long.

1. £.: longifolia

1. Shoots tending to be short and branched, and the inflorescence to be

simple; depressed phloxes. 2

2. Leaves thinnish, soft, scarcely acerose, gray-green, canescent 200

to arachnoid-tomentose, l mm wide ... 2. P. hoodii

2. Leaves thickish, gray-green, more or less acerose. • • • 3

3. Hairs fine; calyx intercostally carinate. 3. P. austromontana

3. Hairs coarse; calyx intercostally flat. . 4. P. griseola

I. Phlox longifolia Nutt. subsp. cortezana (A. Nels.) Wherry.

According to Kearney & Peebles this plant has been collected at Black

Rock Spring in northern Mohave County which is very close to the southern end of the Beaver Dam Mountains. To be expected.

2. Phlox hoodii Richards. We stern North America, 4, 000 feet, early spring. Reported from just north of Beaver Dam, Arizona, which would place the species in the range of this work. (Kearney & Peebles}.

3. Phlox austromontana Coville subsp. densa (Brand) Wherry.

Over most of the far western United States, 8,000 feet or lower, May to

July. Ca. 3 miles west of hwy. 91 on the road to the television relay tower. (Higgins 468).

4. Phlox griseola Wherry. Western Utah, eastern Nevada, northwestern Arizona, 4, 000 feet, early spring. Reported from the northwestern corner of Mohave County, Arizona, which would place this plant on the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Kearney & Peebles).

3. Microsteris Greene

Plants annual, small; leaves mostly opposite, entire; flowers small, axillary, or in small terminal clusters; corolla salverform, white or pink, little surpassing the calyx; stamens unequally inserted on 201 the corolla tube; ovules solitary in each cell; seeds mucilaginous when placed in water.

I. Microsteris gracilis (Hook.) Greene. Western United States to

Alaska and South America, 7,000 feet or lower, February to May. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains 1 mile west of hwy. 91. (Higgins 472).

4. Gilia R. & P.

Plants annual or perennial; leaves alternate or basal, or in

G. filiformis the lower leaves opposite, entire to bipinnatifid; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; corolla funnelform, salverform, or open campanulate; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla throat; capsule 3-celled. l. Plants biennial; flowers bright red...... 1. G. aggregata

1. Plants annual. . . . . 2

2. Flowers in leafy-bracted glomerules at the ends of long, naked

branches; plants spreading. 2. G. polycladon

2. Flowers in panicles or heads or solitary in the axils of the

leaves ...... 3

3. Corolla campanulate; flowers usually solitary, opposite a leaf.

3. G. filiformis

3. Corolla funnelform or salverform. 4

4. Leaf blades ovate or elliptic, the teeth aristate.

4k G. latifolia

4. Leaf blades variously pinnately lobed and dissected or cleft. 5

5. Panicle branches spreading rri- asc:endi:ng:,.s,p.:readhii; basal Ieaves 202

shallowly pinnately incised; herbage glandular-puberulent;

corolla narrowly funnelform. • . . 5. G. leptomeria

5. Pahicle branches mostly erect or ascending; basal leaves pinnatifid or

bipinnatifid; herbage glabrous to arachnoid-tomentose below,

usually glandular-puberulent only in the inflorescence. . . 6

6. Corolla tube longer than the thr:crat, often 2 to 3 times as long,

tube and throat 7 to 10 mm long. . . 6. ..9.:scopulorum

6. Corolla tube shorter than to somewhat longer than the throat

(rarely twice as long); leaf lobes or divisions usually more

than twice as long as wide, often very narrow. . . . 7

7. Stem leaves palmately 3 to 5 lobed, the basal leaves pinnately 5 to 9

lobed, the lobes very narrow; corolla yellow or cream colored,

the lobes sometimes purple tipped. . . . . 7. G. ochroleuca

7. Stem leaves entire or few toothed, the basal leaves pinnately or bi-

pinnately lobed, the segments numerous; corolla pink, lavender,

or whitish when fresh. . . . 8

8. Corolla lobes obtuse; leaf segments oblong, mostly entire.

8. G. sinuata

8. Corolla lobes acute; leaf segments oblong, mostly pinulose

toothed...... 9. G. hutchinsifolia

1. Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng. Western United States, 5,000 to 8, 000 feet, May to September. Ca. 4 miles south of television relay tower among Pinyan and Juniper, common. (Higgins 54 7 ).

2. Gilia polycladon Torr. Utah to western Texas and southeast- 203

ern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, April to June. Near the Utah-

Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 343 ).

3. Gilia filiformis Parry. Utah and western Arizona to south-

easte.r.m California, 2,500 feet or lower, April and May. Terry's Ranch

on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 401, 310 ).

4r Gilia latifolia Wats, Southwestern Utah and western Arizona

to southeastern California, 2, 500 feet or lower, March and April. Not

collected but the type locality is in this area.

5. Gilia leptomeria Gray. West of the Rocky Mountains, 4, 000

to 6,000 feet, April to June, common on rocky slopes. Terry's Ranch on

the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 419).

6. Gilia scopulorum Jones. Southern Utah, Nevada, Arizona,

and southeastern California, 2, 500 feet or lower, March and April.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 506).

7. "Gilia ochroleuca Jones subsp. t'ransmontana Mason & Grant.

Southwestern Utah to southeastern California, 2,500 feet or lower, April to June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 407).

8. Gilia sinuata Dougl. Over most of the western United States,

7,000 feet or lower, February to June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dani

Wash. (S. L. Welsh 146 l ).

9. Gilia hutchinsifolia Rydb. Southwestern Utah, Arizona,

and southern Nevada, 4, 000 feet or lower, March to June. Terry's Ranch

on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 293). 204

5. Langloisia Greene

Plants low diffusely branched annuals; leaves alternate, linear to cuneate, pinnatifid-toothed; flowers in terminal, few-flowered, bracteate heads; calyx lobes equal, spinescent-tipped; corolla showy, tubular- funnelform, more or less 2-lipped, 3 upper, 2 lower, or sometimes nearly regular; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla throat; capsule sharply

3-sided; seeds 2 to 9 in the capsule, mucilaginous when wet.

1. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped; leaves sessile, seldom dilated at apex,

the marginal bristles single. . 1. L. schottii

1. Corolla regular or nearly so; leaves more or less petioled, dilated

at the apex, marginal bristles paired •. 2. L. setosis sima

1. Langlosia schottii (Torr. ) Greene. Southern Utah, western

Arizona, south to California, 2, 500 feet or lower, March to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 340).

2. Langlosia setosissima (Torr. & Gray) Greene. Idaho, south to Arizona and southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, February to

June. Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 3415).

6. Eriastrum Woot. & Stancil.

Plants annual; herbage puberulent to densely arachnoid-floccose or lanate; leaves linear, entire to pinnately toothed or dissected; flowers sessile in bracteate heads, enveloped in a dense mass of arachnoid wool; calyx lobes more or less unequal, bristle tipped; corolla regular to irregular, bright blue to whitish, tube usually much longer than the calyx. 205

I. Corolla 6 to 8 mm long; lobes conspicuously shorter than the tube,

regular to slightly irregular; stems low, diffuse, divaricately

branched, glabrous •• ...... 1. E. diffusum

I. Corolla 8 to 20 mm long, the lobes equal or longer than the tube;

filaments 2 to 4 times the throat. • • 2

2. Stamens subequal to equal in length; corolla 8 to 15 mm long,

slightly irregular. • • • • 2. ~ sapphirinum

2. Stamens very unequal in length; corolla irregular; leaves

pinnately parted. • • . • • • • • • • • 3. E. eremicum

1. Eriastrum diffusum (Gray) Mason, Southern Utah to western

Texas and southern California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 353).

2. Eriastrum sapphirinum (Eastw. ) Mason. Southwestern Utah, southern California, May to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 41~}.'.

3. Eriastrum eremicum (Jepson) Mason. Southern Utah and

Nevada, south to Arizona and southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower,

March to June. Not collected, but common on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

64. HYDROPHYLLACEAE - WATER-LEAF FAMILY

Plants herbs or shrubs; leaves various, often in a basal rosette; flowers small or sometimes showy, often in coiled cymes, perfect, regular, hypogynous, 5-merous, the corolla of united petals; stamens 5, inserted on the lower part of the corolla tube, alternate with the lobes, 206 usually exserted; pistil 1, of 2 united carpels; styles 2, distinct or partly united; fruit a capsule or berry.

1. Plants shrubby, evergreen, aromatic and glutinous. 1. Eriodictyon

1. Plants herbaceous, not evergreen or glutinous. 2

2. Calyx lobes very unequal, the 3 outer ones suborbicular,

cordate, enlarged and veiny in fruit; stamens included.

2. Tricardia

2. Calyx lobes not conspicuously unequal...... 3

3. Ovary I -celled; placentas expanded and lining the wall of the ovary.

3. Ovary more or less completely 2-celled by intrusion of the

placentas. 5

4. Plants perennial; leaves basal, long petioled; stamens much

exserted. 3. Hydrophyllum

4. Plants annual; stems leafy, the leaves sessile; stamens

included...... 4. Eucrypta

5. Stamens inserted at different levels on the corolla tube; flowers

axillary, solitary, or in small clusters. 5. Nama

,. Stamens inserted at the same level; flowers in cymes. 6

6. Corolla blue, purple, or white; soon deciduous. 6. Phacelia

6. Corolla pale yellow or cream colored, persistent; flowers

on filiform pedicels, becoming pendulous. 7. Emmenanthe 207

1. Eriodictyon Benth. Yerba Santa

Plants shrubs; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, dark green and resinous above, white tomentose beneath; flowers numerous in scorpioid cymes; corolla broadly funnelform, deeply lobed, whitish; styles 2; capsules 4-valved.

1. Briodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Southern Utah and Nevada,

Arizona, 7, 000 feet or lower, April to August. Terry's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. {Higgins 505).

2. Tricardia Torr. ex S. Wats.

Plants perennial; stems branched from base; leaves alternate, mostly basal, entire; flowers few, in short, raceme-like cymes; corolla with 10 narrow internal appendages, broadly campanulate, with purple markings; stamens unequal, included.

I. Tricardia watsonii Torr. ex S. Wats. Southwestern Utah to southeastern California, 2, 500 feet or lower, April. Not collected, but the plant occurs close by on both sides of the range.

3. Hydrophyllum L. Waterleaf

Plants perennial herbs; leaves large, basal or nearly so, long petioled, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid; flowers terminal, in dense, short clusters; corolla campanulate, pale blue; filaments hairy; style

2-cleft.

1. Hydrophyllum occidentale {Wats.) Gray. California and 208 central Arizona, to Utah and Oregon, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May. Ca.

1 mile southeast of the television relay tower, in rich soil. (Higgins

660).

4. Eucrypta Nutt.

Plants small, delicate annuals; leaves alternate or opposite, oblong or oval, truncate at base, 1 to 3 pinnately divided; upper leaves less divided or even entire; inflorescence terminal, loose, and raceme- like; flowers minute; corolla unappendaged; ovules borne on both faces of the placenta.

1. Eucrypta micrantha (Torr. ) Heller. (Ellisia micrantha

Brand). Utah to Texas and southeastern California, 4, 000 feet or lower, February to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91.

{Higgins 363),

5. Nama L.

Annual prostrate herbs, with alternate, entire or rarely cuneate leaves; flowers in reduced cymes or solitary, blue, purple or white; calyx deeply 4 to 5 parted; corolla funnelform, the tube scaleless and without folds; stamens included; styles 2; capsule thin-walled.

1. Nama demissum Gray. Utah, Arizona, and southeastern

California, 3, 500 feet or lower, February to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, common. (Higgins 295 ). 209

6. Phacelia Juss. Scorpion Weed

Plants annual or perennial, herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate, simple, entire to pinnate; flowers white, blue, or purple, the tube often yellow, in scorpioid cymes; corolla narrowly funnelform to broadly campanulate, usually with folds or appendages in the tube; stamens inserted at the base of the corolla, exserted or included; capsule 1 or 2- celled.

1. Leaves entire or irregularly dentate or crenate, not pinnate or

pinnatifid; stamens and style not exserted. 2

1. Leaves one or more times pinnate or pinnatifid, or pinnately toothed,

or if entire, then the veins very prominent beneath and the stems

hispid. 4

2. Corolla broadly campanulate; style deeply parted or divided;

leaves mostly entire, lanceolate, 1 . .!::_ curvipes

2. Corolla tubular to funnelform, campanulate; style parted to one

third of its length. . 3

L Stems glandular -villous or glandular -hirsutulous; plants annual;

corolla about 5 mm long, tube pale yellow. 2. P. rotundifolia

,, Stems finely glandular-puberulent, not villous or hir sutulous; cor-

olla 7 mm or longer; corolla scales 2 mm long. 3. P. pulchella

4. Seeds transversely corrugate all around; stamens and style not

exserted; corolla funnelform. . 5

4. Seeds corrugate (if at all), only on the margins and keel; stamens

and style mostly exserted. 7 210

5. Corolla 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx, 10 to 15 mm long, deep

blue or violet with a yellow throat. . . 4. P. fr emontii

5. Corolla small, if at all longer than the calyx, not more than 5 mm

long, white or purplish. . 6

6. Plants few branched from base; stems erect, or ascending;

racemes much surpassing the leafy portion of the stem.

5. P. affinis

6. Plants many branched from base; stems decumbent or spreading;

racemes not or little surpassing the leafy portion of the

stem. 6. P. ivesiana

7. Seeds not excavated or corrugate, deeply pitted; stems weak, usually

supported by other vegetation; corolla 8 to 16 mm wide.

7. P. vallis-mortae

7. Seeds excavated on 1 side; stems relatively stout. 8

8. Corolla funnelform; inflorescence usually elongate and narrow;

stems stout, erect, copiously hirsute and tomentulose;

leaves oblanceolate, shallowly dentate. 8. P. palmeri

8. Corolla campanulate; inflorescence more corymbiform and

spreading; plants very ill scented. 9

1. Stamens and styles included. . 10

). Stamens and styles prominently exserted. 11

10. Plants glandular-hispid; leaves oblanceolate to ovate; cymes

spreading in fruit, 5 to 10 cm long; corolla 3 to 4 mm long

and broad. 9. P. coerulea

10. Plants viscid-pubescent; leaves oblong to oblanceolate; cymes 211

erect and compact in fruit, 1.5 to 3 cm long; corolla 6 mm

long and broad. . . . . IO. P. anelsonii

I 1. Leaves oblong, coarsely crenate or cleft not more than halfway to

the midrib, seldom deeper. 11. .!:..:_corrugata

11. Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with usually

acute, often crenate, leaflets or lobes. . . 12. P. crenulata

I. Phacelia curvipes Torr. ex S. Wats. Utah and Nevada to southeastern California, 4, 500 to 7, 000 feet, April and May. Ca. 3 miles southwest of television relay tower. (Higgins 880a).

2. Phacelia rotundifolia Torr. Southern Utah and Nevada to western Arizona and southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, April and May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 361).

3. Phacelia pulchella Gray. Southern Utah and Nevada, northwestern Arizona to southern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, April to

June. Beaver Dam Mountains at the Apex Mine. (Cottam 4717).

4. Phacelia fremontii Torr. Southern Utah and Nevada, northwestern Arizona and California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to June.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 291 ).

5. Phacelia affinis Gray. Southern Utah to New Mexico and

southern California, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May. Beaver Dam

\.1ountains. (J. T. Howell 9071).

6. Phacelia ivesiana Torr. Wyoming and Colorado, south to

\rizona and southern California, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, March to June.

iouth of Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 3 I 9). 212

7. Phacelia vallis -mortae Voss. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and southern California, 3, 000 feet or lower, April and May. Beaver Dam slope. (Evere Barnhurst).

8. Phacelia palmeri Torr. Southern Utah, Nevada, and northern Arizona, 3, 000 to 6, 000 feet, April to August. Ca. 3 miles south of the Apex Mine. (Higgins 81 7).

9. Phacelia coerulea Greene. Southwestern Utah to Texas and and southeastern California, 2,000 to 5,000 feet, March to June. Ca. 5 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 499).

l 0. Phacelia anelsonii Macbr. Southwestern Utah to southeastern California, 3, 000 to 5,000 feet, April and May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Robert Pendleton, Dixie Junior College).

11. Phacelia corrugata A. Nels. Utah and Colorado, to Texas and.Mexico, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, April to September. Virgin Narrows.

(Jones 4717).

12. Phacelia crenulata Torr. Southern Utah to New Mexico,

Arizona, and southeastern California, 4, 000 feet or lower, February to

June. South of Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 313).

7. Emmenanthe Benth.

Plants annual, viscid, scented herbs; leaves cleft to divided;

lowers pendulous on filiform pedicels, in scorpioid cymes; calyx 5-

>arted; corolla campanulate, persistent, without folds; stamens included;

ty:les cleft at apex, deciduous; capsule compressed.

, l. Emmenanthe penduliflora Benth. Southern Utah and Nevada to 213

Arizona and California, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

65. BORAGINACEAE - BORA GE FAMILY

Plants hispid, bristly or hairy herbs; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules; flowers perfect, hypogynous, 5-merous, regular or nearly so, often in coiled cymes; corolla of united petals, the limb commonly spreading, and the throat often closed by petaloid appendages, which form a small corona; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, alternate with the lobes; ovary 2-loculed, and usually deeply 4-lobed; fruit commonly four I -seeded nutlets.

I. Style 2-cleft; stigmas 2, distinct; flowers solitary or clustered in

the stem forks. . . 1. Coldenia

I. Style simple; stigmas united. 2

2. Style borne from the pericarp at the apex of the fruit; stigma

annulate; corolla plaited in the bud. . . 2. Heliotropium

2. Style borne between the lobes of the fruit; stigma capitate;

corolla not plaited. 3

I. Nutlets stellately spreading, attached at the apical end, armed with

hooked appendages; small slender annuals. . . 3. Pectocarya

Nutlets erect, incurved, attached at or below the middle. . 4

4. Margin of the nutlets with barbed appendages 4. Lappula

4. Margin of the nutlet lacking barbed appendages. 5

Nutlets attached above the base along a usually open and generally

basally forked ventral groove, slit or triangular opening in the 214

pericarp. 5. Cryptantha

5. Nutlets lacking a distinct groove or opening in the pericarp, this

usually replaced by an elevated ventral keel. 6

6. Plants perennial, receptacle flat or convex; nutlets smooth

and shining; corolla yellow. 6. Lithospermum

6. Plants annual; receptacle elongate or conic; nutlets rough. 7

7. Corolla white; cotyledons entire. 7. Plagiobothrys

7. Corolla orange or yellow; cotyledons 2-cleft. 8. Amsinckia

1. Coldenia L.

Plants low, spreading, fruticose; leaves alternate, margins

revolute; flowers sessile, clustered or solitary; calyx 5-lobed; corolla funnelf orm, white, pink, or lavender; stamens 5, included; ovary entire

or 4-lobed.

1. Plants perennial; leaves not evidently nerved, pungently setose, the

base of petiole expanded; flowers solitary in the axils of the

leaves. I. ~ hispidissima

1. Plants annual; leaves with evident, impressed nerves, lacking

conspicuous setae; flowers clustered. 2. C. nuttallii

I. Coldenia hispidissima (Torr.) Gray. Southern Utah,

Nevada, and northern Arizona, 5, 000 feet or lower, April to September.

Near the Virgin Narrows, west of Beaver Dam, Arizona. (Higgins 838).

2. Coldenia nuttallii Hook. Wyoming to Washington, northern

Arizona, and California, 4,500 feet or lower, June. Terry's Ranch on

the Beaver Dam Wash, sandy places. (Higgins 649). 215

2. Heliotropium L. Heliotrope

Plants herbs; flowers in scorpioid cymes or borne along the

stems, usually between or opposite the leaves; corolla white or purplish;

fruit unlobed, at maturity breaking up into 4 nutlets or falling away entire.

1. Plants entirely glabrous, very succulent. 1. H. curassavicum

I. Plants hairy, not succulent, corolla broad. 2. H. convolvulaceum

1. Heliotropium curassavicum L. var. oculatum (Heller) Johnst.

Widely distributed in the warmer parts of the western hemisphere, 1n

moist saline soil, 5,000 feet or lower. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash, locally common. (Higgins 513 ).

2. Heliotropium convolvulaceum (Nutt.) Gray var. californicum

(Greene) Johnst. Northwestern Arizona at Beaver Dam, also California

and Sonora, 4,500 feet or lower, March to October. Ca. 2 miles west

of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 686).

3. Pectocarya DC. Combseed

Plants slender, annual herbs; leaves linear; flowers white, inconspicuous; pedicels recurving at maturity; nutlets diverging.

I. Plant erect; body of the nutlet distinctly ovate, entire margined or

merely erose or dentate, divergent in pairs .. 1. P. setosa

I. Plant prostrate or spreading; body of the nutlet linear or oblong,

the margine lacerate, undulate, or uncinate-bristly. 2

2. Nutlets dimorphic, 2 of them ascending and having distinct,

upturned sparsely toothed or entire margined, the other

2 recurved; calyx strongly asymmetric. 2. P. heterocarpa 216

2. Nutlets homomorphic, with the margins pectinately lacerate or

dentate to near base. 3

3. Nutlets with a very conspicuous, broad toothed margin, the triangu-

lar or cuneate teeth evidently united at base. 3. ~ platycarpa

3. Nutlets with a very inconspicuous margin, dissected into distinct,

pectinately arranged, subulate teeth, the body of the nutlet

becoming very strongly recurved. 4. P. recurvata

1. Pectocarya setosa Gray. Idaho and Washington, south to

Arizona and California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to June. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Pectocarya heterocarpa Johnst. Southwestern Utah to

Arizona and southeastern California, 3,000 feet or lower, March and

April. Near Utah Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 284, 351 ).

3. Pectocarya platycarpa Munz & Johnst. Southern Utah to

Arizona and southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, February to

April. Near Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 350).

4. Pectocarya recurvata Johnst. Southwestern Utah to Arizona and southeastern California, 5,000 feet or lower, February to April.

Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

4. Lappula Moench Stickseed

Plants annuals; leaves alternate, entire, pubescent; flowers

?erfect, regular, in bracted racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla white

)r blue, salverform, the throat closed by 5 scales; stamens 5,

ncluded; nutlets 4, large and bur like, armed with barbed bristles. 217

I. Lappula redowskii (Hornem.) Greene. Widely scattered in the western United States, 8,500 feet or lower, May to July. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

5. Cryptantha Lehm. Catseye

Plants annual, biennial, or perennial, bristly herbs; corolla white or yellow, cymes prevailingly scorpioid, with or without bracts; nutlets smooth, tuberculate, or wrinkled, with rounded, angled, or winged edges, attached through a break in the pericarp along a ventral groove, or a triangular opening.

I. Plants biennials, or perennials: section Oreocarya. . 2

1. Plants annuals, or mostly so; slender; section Krynitzkia. q

2. Corolla tube elongate, distinctly surpassing the calyx; flowers

I usually heterostyled. 3

2. Corolla tube short, scarcely if at all surpassing the calyx;

flowers not heterostyled. 4

3. Nutlets smooth on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, distinctly winged

margined; inflorescence glomerate .. I. C. confertiflora

3. Nutlets rugose or tuberculate. . 2. C. £la voe ulata

4. Nutlets smooth on the dorsal surface, globular. 3. C. jamesii

4. Nutlets rugose, tuberculate, or muricate. . 5

5. Nutlets densely and uniformly muricate; leaves with two distinctly

different kinds of trichomes. 4. C. nana

). Nutlets not exclusively muricate. 6 218

6. Nutlets ovate, papery with a broad, thin wing-margin; stout

erect plants 2. 5 to 8 dm tall. . . . . 5. C. setosissima

6. Plants not as above. . 7

7. Scar of the nutlets distinctly open some distance above the base,

triangular. . 8

7. Scar of nutlets open only at the base. 6. C. humilis

8. Cymules elongating and so the inflorescence broad; biennials

or short-lived perennials; nutlets with an evident dorsal

ridge...... 7. S virginensis

8. Cymules shorter and inflorescence narrow; long-lived peren-

nials; nutlets with only a slight dorsal ridge .. 8. C. abata

9. Nutlets with margins decidedly winged or knife-like. . . 10

9. Nutlets with margins rounded or angled, never winged or knife-like.

1 O. Nutlets solitary or rarely 2; calyx asyµimetrical, obliquely

conical at base. . . . . 9. C. utahensis

10. Nutlets 4; calyx symmetrical. 1 o. S pterocarya

11. Nutlets all smooth and shiny. . . 11. C. gracilis

11. Nutlets all rough or at least some of them so. 12

12. Nutlets decidedly heteromorphous; roots charged with purple

dye...... · 12. C. micrantha

12. Nutlets homomorphous or practically so. 13

1.3. Calyx circumscissile. . 13. C. circumscissa

14. Ovules 2; nutlet and calyx bent . 14. C. recurvata

14. Ovules 4; nutlet and calyx straight. . . . . 15 219

15. Stems spreading hirsute. 15. S._ barbigera

15. Stems strigose. . . . . 16. C. nevadensis

1. Cryptantha confertiflora (Greene} Payson. Western Utah and northwestern Arizona, south to California, 5,000 feet or lower, May.

Beaver Dam Mountains, May, 1874, Parry 166.

2. Cryptantha flavoculata (A. Nels. ) Payson. Wyoming, western

Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and southeastern California, 7, 000 feet or lower, April to June. Not collected, but to be expected.

3. Cryptantha jamesii (Torr.) Payson. Nebraska and Wyoming to Texas, Arizona, and California, 7, 500 feet or lower, April to Septem- her. Near Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 388).

4. Cryptantha ~ (Eastw.} Payson. Western Utah and eastern

Nevada, 5,000 feet or lower, April to July. Beaver Dam Mountains at the Apex Mine. (Cottam 4727}.

5. Cryptantha setosissima (Gray) Payson. South-central Utah to northern Arizona, 6, 000 to 8, 000 feet, June to August. Not collected, but in 1877, at St. George was collected by Palmer 357.

6. Cryptantha humilis (Gray} Payson. Southwestern Utah to

:)regon and California, 6,000 feet or lower, April to August. Not col-

.ected but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

7. Cryptantha virginensis (Jones} Payson. Southwestern Utah,

,outhern Nevada, southeastern California, 5,000 feet or lower, April to

une. Not collected, but occurs close by at Diamond Valley, and also

,a Verkin, which is the type locality. 220

8. Cryptantha abata Johnst. (g_.modesta Payson, non Brand).

Western Utah, adjacent Nevada, and westernArizona, 8,000 feet or

lower, May to July. Occurring at Beaver Dam, Arizona. (Kearney &

Peebles).

9. Cryptantha utahensis Greene. Southwestern Utah to southern

California, 3, 000 feet or lower, March and April. Beaver Dam Moun- tains. (Cottam 1116 ).

10. Cryptantha pterocarya (Torr.) Greene. Western Texas and

Colorado to Utah and southern California, below 4, 000 feet, March to

June. Ca. 5 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. {Higgins 501).

Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 334).

11. Cryptantha gracilis Osterh. Eastern Colorado to Idaho, northern Arizona, and eastern California, 7, 000 feet or lower, May and

June. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 292).

12. Cryptantha micrantha (Torr.) Johnst. Western Texas to

Oregon and California, 5, 000 feet or lower, March to June. Terry 1 s

Ranch and near the Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 344, 406).

13. Cryptantha circumscissa (Hook & Arn.) Johnst. Wyoming

:1.nd Colorado to Washington, Arizona, and California, 5, 000 feet or

1.ower, April to June. Valley of the Virgin River. (Parry 165).

14. Cryptantha recurvata Coville. Southwestern Utah and

tarthwestern Arizona to southeastern Oregon and eastern California,

,, 000 feet, rare, April. To be expected in the valley of the Virgin

'.iver. 221

15. Cryptantha barbigera (Gray) Greene. Western New Mexico, southern Utah, Nevada, and southern California, 5, 000 feet or lower,

March to June. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 447).

16. Cryptantha nevadensis Nels. & Kenn. Southern Utah and

Arizona to southern California, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May.

Terry's Ranch and near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins

333, 303 ).

6. Lithospermum L. Stone seed

Plants perennial or biennial herbs; leaves alternate, entire, narrow, hirsute; flowers yellow or orange, salverform or funnelform, in bracted spikes or racemes; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed, often with the tube elongated; nutlets 4, attached at the base to the flat receptacle.

1. Lithospermum incisum Lehm. Canada to Illinois, Texas, and Arizona, 4,000 to 7,500 feet, March to May. Ca. 4 miles southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 909 ).

7. Plagiobothrys Fisch. & Mey. Popcorn Flower

Plants annual herbs; leaves opposite or in a basal rosette; flowers white, in slender spikes or racemes; calyx 5-lobed; corolla with a short tube, with crests in the throat; nutlets rugose.

l. Nutlets tessellate with broad, flattened, contiguous, pavement-like

tuberculations. 1. P. jonesii

Nutlets not tessellate; leaves charged with purple dye.

2. P. arizonicus 222

1. Plagiobothrys jonesii Gray. Southwestern Utah to Arizona and California, 3,000 feet or lower, March and April. Junction of hwy.

91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 454).

2. Plagiobothrys arizonicus (Gray) Greene. Southwestern Utah to western New Mexico and California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to

May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 300).

8. Amsinckia Lehm. Fiddleneck

Plants annual, hispid herbs; leaves alternate; flowers yellow or orange, in elongated scorpioid cymes; calyx lobes 5, or fewer; corolla funnelform or salverform, with the tube elongated; throat appendages absent, or reduced; nutlets l to 4, triangular; gynobase pyramidal. l. Calyx lobes 2 to 4, often partly coalescent, unequal; nutlets with

checkered ridges, interposed with tubercles; corolla tube 20

nerved below the stamens. . 1. A. tes sellata

1. Calyx lobes 5, distinct, equal or nearly so; nutlets variously

roughened but not checkered; corolla tube 10 nerved below the

stamens ... 2. A. intermedia

1. Amsinckia tessellata Gary. Eastern Washington to southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and California, February to June.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (L. K. Shumway 23 ).

2. Amsinckia intermedia Fish. & Meyer. Western New

\1exico to California, 4,000 feet or lower, March to May. Terry's lanch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 402). 223

66. VERBENACEAE - VERVAIN FAMILY

Plants herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves; flowers perfect, mostly irregular, in terminal or axillary spikes; calyx persistent, 2, 4 or 5-lobed or toothed; corolla gamopetalous, the tube cylindric, the limb

4 or 5-lobed; stamens 4 and didynamous, inserted on the corolla tube; ovary 2 to 4 celled; fruit dry, forming 2 to 4 nutlets or drupe.

1. Calyx 5-toothed; flowers in terminal spikes; nutlets 4. 1. Verbena

1. Calyx 2 to 4-toothed; flowers in short, usually axillary spikes or

heads; nutlets 2. 2. Aloysia

1. Verbena L.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves mostly opposite; flowers bracteate in terminal spikes; calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed; corolla

5-lobed, regular or slightly 2-lipped; stamens 4 in 2 pair; ovary 4- celled; fruit dry, enclosed in the calyx, separating into 4 nutlets.

1. Flowers in slender spikes; corolla 3 to 6 mm long; bracts longer

than the flowers, cons pie uous. 1. V. bracteata

1. Flowers mostly in headlike clusters; corolla about 10 mm long; the

ultimate leaf divisions oblong. 2. ~ gooddingii

1. Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Widely distributed in

North America, 1,000 to 7,500 feet, May to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 623).

2. Verbena gooddingii Briq. Southern Utah to Texas and lower

California, 5,000 feet or lower, April to June. Not collected, but occurs

::lose by near, Veyo, Utah. 224

2. Aloysia Ortega ex Pers.

Aromatic shrubs, with opposite, entire or toothed leaves; flowers in narrow spikes on slender axillary peduncles; calyx small, 2 to 4-cleft; corolla somewhat irregular, 2-lipped, whitish or bluish.

1. Aloysia wrightii (Gray) Heller. Southern Utah to western

Texas and southeastern California, 3, 200 to 5,000 feet, May to July.

Ca. 4 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch, rare on limestone ledges. (Higgins 615).

67. LABIATEAE -MINT FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial, or sometimes shrubs or subshrubs; stems usually square; leaves opposite; flowers variously disposed; calyx commonly more or less 2-lipped, the tube sometimes enlarged in the fruit; corolla usually bilabiate, the upper 2 petals joined to form an erect, sometimes galeate lip enclosing the stamens, or this sometimes very short and deeply notched, or the 5 lobes sometimes subequal, the lower lip usually spreading, its middle lobe sometimes dipperlike; stamens 4 or 2, usually in 2 unequal pairs, the anthers distinct lobes of the 4-lobed ovary, or from the apex of the ovary when the lobes

:i.re united.

l. Functional stamens 2, or with small staminodes sometimes also

present. 2

Functional stamens 4, staminodes none 3

2. Stamens straight, unjointed, bearing 2 parallel anther sacs at

the apex. 1. Hedeoma 225

2. Stamens appearing jointed, the filament relatively short, the

connective either straight above the joint, bearing a single

anther sac, or bow-shaped, and bearing an anther sac at

each end .. 2. Salvia

3. Calyx teeth l 0, definitely hooked at the apex. 3. Marrubium

3. Calyx teeth 5 or fewer, the lips being entire and similar. 4

4. Calyx teeth none, entire, becoming enlarged and bladdeT -like at

maturity, completely enclosing the nutlets .. 4. Salazaria

4. Calyx teeth 5. 5

5. Anther sacs parallel or nearly so; upper lip of the corolla plane,

subequal to the other lobes. 5. Mentha

5. Anther sacs divergent or divaricate; upper lip of the corolla

cupped, the tube bearing a hairy annulus within. 6. Stachys

1. Hedeoma Pers. Mock Pennyroyal

Small perennial herbs; leaves small, entire, essentially sessile; flowers in small cymules in the axils of the upper leaves, these either bractlike or not much reduced; calyx tubular, the teeth relatively short, the upper 3 joined below the middle, the lower 2 free, subulate, longer than the upper, bristly, without stiffish hairs, the orifice of the calyx more or less hispid-annulate; corolla rose, lavender, or white, tubular;

stamens 2, exceeding the corolla tube; nutlets smooth, oblong.

1. Hedeoma nan um (Torr. ) Briq. s sp. macrocalyx Stewart.

Southwestern Utah to Arizona and southeastern California, 6,500 feet 226 or lower, March to October. Ca. l mile southeast of the television relay tower. (Higgins 797).

2. Salvia L. Sage

Shrubs with entire, obovate leaves, or annual herbs with dissected, almost compound leaves; flowers in interrupted spikes or in globose heads, subtended by conspicuous bracts; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip entire or 3-pronged, the lower lip 2-toothed; corolla blue, strongly

2-lipped, the upper lip usually erect and somewhat notched, stamens 2, exserted from the corolla tube under the upper lip, the filament short; nutlets smooth. l. Plants annual, with dissected leaves .... 1. S. colurnbariae l. Plants shrubby with obovate, entire leaves •. 2

2. Bracts glabrate; leaves 8 to 15 mm wide.

2a. S. dorrii ssp. argentea

2. Bracts thinly hairy outside; leaves 7 to 10 mm wide.

2. S. dorrii

1. Salvia colurnbariae Benth. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, Arizona, and California, 3,500 feet or lower in sandy washes,

March to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 286).

2, Salvia dorrii (Kellogg) Abrams. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower, April and May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 380).

2a. Salvia dorrii {Kellogg) Abrams ssp. argentea (Rydb.) Munz. 227

Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and northern Arizona, 6, 000 feet or lower, spring. Not collected, but is to be expected.

3. Marrubium L. Horehound

Perennial herbs with densely white -woolly stems and strongly corrugate, rotund leaves; flowers crowded in subglobose verticils, these forming interrupted, more or less leafy spikes; calyx tubular, with IO hooked teeth; corolla white, small, the upper lip erect, notched; stamens

4, paired; nutlets black.

I. Marrubium vulgare L. Extensively naturalized in the United

States; from Europe; a common roadside weed in some places, April to

September. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 590).

4. Salazaria Torr.

Subspinose shrubs with divaricate, naked branches and inconspicuous leaves; flowers in the axils of small, bractlike leaves; calyx usually 2-lipped, the lips entire, the tube becoming inflated and papery at maturity, forming a bladder, which encloses the nutlets; corolla white and violet, the hooded upper lip enclosing 4 stamens; nutlets roughened.

I. Salazaria mexicana Torr. Western Texas to southwestern

Utah, Arizona, southern California, and northern Mexico, below 3, 000 feet on foothills and in washes, March to May and October. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. {Higgins 357). 228

5. Mentha L. Mint

Perennial, fragrant herbs, usually of wet places, with creeping, mat-forming rhizomes; leaves ovate or oval, serrate; flowers small and white or pinkish, in dense clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, or forming narrow terminal spikes; calyx equally 5-toothed, the teeth deltoid, acute, usually shorter than the tube; corolla subequally 5-lobed; stamens 4, exserted.

I. Mentha arvensis L. A circumpolar, polymorphic species, below 9,500 feet, wet places, July to October. Lytle's Ranch on the

Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 758).

6. Stachys L. Betony

Perennial herbs; leaves ovate or oblong, the upper ones gradually reduced; flowers usually 3 in the axils of the leaf-like bracts, disposed in interrupted spikes; flowering calyx turbinate, somewhat enlarged at maturity, the teeth more or less deltoid and spinulose at tip; corolla pink or whitish, the tube cylindric, pilose-annulate within below the middle, and often constricted at the annulus, the upper lip galeate, including the stamens, the lower lip spreading; stamens 4, attached near the middle of the corolla tube, paired; nutlets obovate.

I. Stachys palustris L. Southwestern Utah to New Mexico and

Arizona, 7,000 feet or lower, summer. Lytle's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 755). 229

68. SOLANACEAE - POTATO FAMILY

Plants mostly herbaceous or woody; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple; flowers perfect, regular to slightly irregular, 5- merous; corolla rotate, salverform, campanulate or funnelform; stamens

5, inserted on the tube of the corolla alternate with the lobes, rarely 4 or 2; ovary hypogynous; pistil 1, of 2 united carpels, 2-loculed; style 1 or none; stigma 1, or slightly 2-lobed; fruit a berry or capsule.

1. Fruit a 2-celled, indehiscent berry. 2

1. Fruit a capsule. 3

2. Spinose shrubs; flowers funnelform. 1. Lycium

2. Herbaceous or suffruticose plants; corolla rotate. 2. Solanum

3. Capsules completely included in the calyx, not spiny, less than 15

mm long; flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.

3. Nicotiana

3. Capsules not included in the calyx, spiny, to 40 mm long or more;

flowers solitary in the upper forks of the stem. 4. Datura

1. Lyci um L. Matrimony Vine

Plants spinose shrubs; leaves mostly fascicled, entire; flowers mostly axillary, solitary or in small clusters; calyx campanulate, irregularly toothed or cleft; corolla campanulate, tubular-funnelform> or salverform; stamens 4 or 5; berry fleshy or dry, globose or ovoid.

1. Corolla about 20 mm long. 1. L. pallidum

1. Corolla 8 to 15 mm long. 2 230

2. Leaves 4 to 12 mm long. . . 2. L. anders onii

2. Leaves 10 to 25 mm long. . . 3

3. Leaves minutely viscid-pubescent; corolla lobes glabrous.

3. L. c ooperi

3. Leaves glabrous; corolla lobes finely lanate-ciliate.

4. ~ torreyi

1. Lycium pallidum Miers. Southern Utah and Colorado, south to Arizona and southern California, 3, 500 to 7, 000 feet, April to June.

Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins 363 ).

2. Lycium andersonii Gray. Utah and New Mexico to California and Mexico, 5,500 feet or lower, February to April. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 436).

3. Lycium cooperi Gray. Southwestern Utah to southeastern

California, 3,000 feet or lower, March and April. Not collected, but is known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

4. Lycium torreyi A. Gray. Southwestern Utah to Texas and southeastern California, 3,000 feet or lower, March to June. From

Beaver Dam, Arizona. (Jones 5015).

2. Solanum L. Nightshade

Plants herbaceous; leaves petioled, entire to pinnatifid; flowers mostly lateral, solitary or in cymes; corolla rotate or rotate campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-parted; anthers opening by apical pores or slits.

1. Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with acute or acutish, narrowly triangular

segments; plants annual. . . . 1. S. triflor um 231

I. Leaves entire to sinuate-dentate. . 2

2. Sepals obtuse; plants less than 1 meter high, glabrous, annual;

leaves ovate or oblong ovate, undulate or sinuately lobed.

2. ~ nigrum

2. Sepals abruptly acute; annual or perennial. . 3. S. douglasii

I. Solanum triflorum Nutt. Ontario to British Columbi~ south to Kansas, New Mexico, and Nevada, 7,000 feet or lower, May to Septem- ber. At a small spring about 3 miles southwest of television relay tower.

(Higgins 788).

2. Solanum nigrum L. (S. nodiflorum Jacq. }. Utah to Washing- ton and Arizona, common in fields and waste places, April to November.

Lytle's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 757).

3. Solanum douglasii Dunal. Western New Mexico to Oregon and California, 6,000 feet or lower, March to October. On the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Harrison 1221 ).

3. Nicotiana L. Tobacco

Plants herbs, usually viscid-pubescent; leaves alternate, large, entire or repand; flowers in terminal panicles or racemes; corolla funnelform, salverform, or nearly tubular; ovary 2-celled, rarely 4; capsule 2 to 4-valved at summit.

1. Leaves auriculate-clasping at base; flowers open throughout the day;

desert perennial or biennial. 1. ~ trigonophylla

1. Leaves distinctly petioled, ovate to linear -lanceolate.

2. N. attenuata 232

l. Nicotiana trigonophylla Dunal. Southwestern Utah to Texas and southern California, 4,000 feet or lower, March to June. Near the

Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 364).

2. Nicotiana attenuata Torr. Utah to Texas and California,

disturbed soil, l 0, 000 feet or lower, May to October. Terry's Ranch

on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 645).

4. Datura L. Jimsonweed

Rank-smelling herbs; leaves alternate, short petioled; flowers

large, solitary, erect, on short peduncles in the forks of the stem, whitish-purple, opening in the evening; corolla funnelform, convolute-

plicate in bud; stamens included; capsule 2 to 4-valved from the top,

prickly or spiny; plants poisonous.

I. Datura meteloides DC. Southern Utah to Texas and south-

ern California, 6, 500 feet or lower, May to October. Castle Cliffs

along hwy. 91. (Higgins 6ll).

69. SCROPHULARIACEAE - FIGWORT FAMILY

Annual or perennial herbs (in ours), sometimes partly parasitic;

stems terete; leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, simple; flowers

perfect, usually in cymes or racemes, hypogynous; corolla 5-merous,

of united, regular or irregular parts; stamens usually 4, or with the fifth present and fertile or sterile, or 2; pistil l of 2 united carpels;

ovary 2-loculed with many ovules; style l or 2-lobed; fruit a capsule. 233

I. Corolla spurred; fertile stamens 4. I. Antirrhinum

I. Corolla not spurred...... 2

2. Corolla rotate, little if at all bilabiate. 3

2. Corolla broadly campanulate to tubular; nearly regular to

2-lipped. 4

3. Stamens 5 .... 2. Verba scum

3. Stamens 2 {rarely 4); capsule compressed. 3. Veronica

4. Leaves prevailingly alternate...... 5

4. Leaves prevailingly opposite, verticillate, or basal. 6

5. Calyx I-lobed; floral bracts not colored; stamens 2 or 4.

4. Cordylanthus

5. Calyx with 2 or more lobes; floral bracts and calyx brightly

colored; stamens 4; upper lip of the corolla much longer

than the lower . . 5. Castilleja

6. Sterile stamen elongate, conspicuous, filiform to spatulate;

calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals. 6. Penstemon

6. Sterile stamen if present scalelike or glandlike; calyx gamo-

sepalous, angled; corolla 2-lipped. . . . . 7. Mimulus

1. Antirrhinum L. Snapdragon

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, or the lower opposite or whorled; flowers axillary to the foliage leaves, or in racemes; calyx 5-parted; corolla 2-lipped, gibbous or saccate at base; fertile stamens 4, didynamous. 234

1. Antirrhinum filipes Gray. Southern Utah to southeastern

California, 5,000 feet or lower, February to May. Not collected, but is known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Verbascum L. Mullein

Plants biennial or perennial; leaves simple, alternate, sessile, clasping or somewhat decurrent; flowers in racemes or crowded spikes, ephemeral; calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, slightly irregular, commonly yellow; stamens 5.

1. Verbascum thapsus L. Widely distributed in North America,

8, 000 feet or lower, summer. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 629).

3. Veronica L. Speedwell

Plants annual or perennial; herbaceous; terrestrial or aquatic; leaves opposite or the upper alternate, sessile or short petioled; flowers small, slightly irregular, axillary, in loose racemes; capsule compressed, often notched at apex.

1. Leaves all short-petioled; blades elliptic, oblong, or ovate,

serrulate or serrate; capsules wider than long.

I. V. americana

1. Leaves all sessile and cordate-clasping, or the lowest ones short-

petioled; capsules suborbicular. . 2. V. anagallis-aquatica

I. Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. Widely distributed in 235

North America, 9, 000 feet or lower, May to August. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 624).

2. Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Widely distributed in North

America, 7, 000 feet or lower, March to September. Not collected, but is to be expected around some of the springs on the mountain.

4. Cordylanthus Nutt. Birdbeak

Plants annual; stems much branched, erect, leafy; leaves alternate, entire to pinnatifid; bracts entire or parted; calyx with a tubular base and a spathe-like lobe, this often opposed by a more or less similar bract, giving the appearance of a 2-lobed calyx; corolla narrow, bilabiate, the upper Hp enclosing the stamens.

1. Leaves or their segments linear to filiform; flowers scattered;

calyx narrow, enclosing corolla at base only. 1. f..:.parviflorus

1. Leaves oblong to lanceolate; flowers in elongate spikes; calyx

spathe-like, enclosing proximal part of the corolla; corolla

yellowish. • 2. C. canescens

1. Cordylanthus parviflorus (Ferris) Wiggins. Southern Utah and Nevada to southeastern California, 2,500 to 7, 000 feet, August and

September. Ca. 1 mile northwest of the Dee Keets Mine. (Higgins 769),

2. Cordylanthus canescens Gray. Southwestern Utah to Oregon and California, 2,700 to 5,500 feet, June to September. Not collected, but occurs close by near St. George, Utah. 236

5, Castilleja Mutis Indian Paintbrush

Plants annual or perennial, partially root-parasites; leaves alternate, sessile; calyx: 4-lobed, tubular, compressed and greenish,

2-lipped, the upper lip elongate and enclosing the stamens and style; stamens 4, didynamous.

1. Plants annual; leaves and bracts entire, lanceolate. . 1. C. exilis

1. Plants perennial. . . . . 2

2. Stems 2 to 6 dm high; corolla 18 to 25 mm long.

2. C. chromosa

2. Stems 6 to 15 dm high; corolla 35 to 45 mm long. 3

3. Stems glabrous ...... 3. C. linariaefolia

3. Stems short-pubescent. . 3a. C. linariaefolia var. omnipubescens

1. Castilleja exilis A. Nels. West of the Rocky Mountains,

6,000 feet or lower, April to September. Junction of hwy. 91 and the

Gunlock road. (Higgins 827 ).

2. Castilleja chromosa A. Nels. Colorado to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, 8, ()00 feet or lower, March to August. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy.

91. (Higgins 571). Castle Cliffs. (Higgins 322).

3. Castilleja linariaefolia Benth. Wyoming to New Mexico,

Arizona, southern Nevada and California, 5,000 to 10,000 feet, April to

October. Ca. I mile southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 698).

3a. Castilleja linariaefolia Be nth. var. omnipube scens (Pennell)

Clokey. Southern Utah and northern Arizona, 7,000 feet or lower, April 237 to October. Ca. 1 mile southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins

795).

6. Penstemon Mitchell Beardtongue

Perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, rarely whorled, or the upper alternate; flowers usually showy, in panicles; calyx 5-parted; corolla tubular, the throat often inflated, the limb weakly or strongly

2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft; fertile stamens 4, paired, the fifth stamen represented by a long sterile staminode, often dorsally bearded; capsule septicidal.

1. Anther-sacs opening across their continuous apices, the free tips

remaining saccate; corolla scarlet, tubular, the limb relatively

long, lower lip sharply reflexed .. 1. f..:_ bridgesii

1. Anther-sacs opening from the free tips throughout or partially,

almost always di varicate after dehi scence...... 2

2. Corolla scarlet, obscurely 2-lipped, the lobes scarcely

spreading. . . 3

2. Corona not scarlet, although it may be rose or carmine, to

blue, purple. . 4

3. Herbage glabrous throughout, 2. P. eatonii

3. Herbage puberulent; stamens included or barely exserted,

2a. _!:: eatonii s sp. undosus

4. Leaves of the lower and middle stem definitely toothed, usually

coarsely so. . 5

4. Leaves of the lower and middle stem entire or obscurely

denticulate...... 6 238

5. Corolla less than 18 mm long, violet or deep pink, drying purple;

plants 10 to 20 cm tall; leaves serrate. . . 3. P. petiolatus

5, Corolla over 20 mm long, suffused with pink or lilac; stems 50 to

140 cm tall. . . 4. P. palmeri

6. Corolla carmine; staminode glabrous, . 5. P. utahensis

6. Corolla whitish, pink, lavender, blue or blue-purple .. 7

7. Throat of the corolla more or less distinctly 2-ridged within

ventrally, the ridges densely hairy about the orifice; plants

strongly caespitose, no more than IO cm high; leaves cinereous

whitened, oblanceolate to obovate. 6. P. thompsoniae

7. Throat of the corolla rounded ventrally, lightly if at all hairy at

the orifice. . • • ...... 8

8. Staminode bearded. 9

8. Staminode and corolla glabrous externally, the limb much

expanded. IO

9. Corolla rose-lavender, glabrous; anther sacs boat-shaped.

7. P. confusus

9. Corolla blue-purple, viscid-puberulent externally.

8. P. linarioides

1 O. Corolla blue-purple throughout, funnelform, 10 to 12 mm long;

stamens exserted. . . • . 9. P. thurberi

IO. Corolla pink, salverform, 14 to 16 mm long, the limb white

within; stamens included. • . . . . . IO. P. ambiguus

1. Penstemon bridgesii Gray. Utah to Colorado and California, 239

4,500 feet to 7,500 feet, May to September. At television relay tower.

(Higgins 699, 722).

2. Penstemon eatonii Gray. Southwestern Colorado to central

Arizona and California, 7, 000 feet or lower, February to June. At the junction of hwy. 91 and the Jackson road. (Higgins 445).

2a. Penstemon eatonii Gray ssp. undosus (Jones) Keck. South- ern Utah and northern Arizona, 2, 000 to 7,000 feet, February to June.

Not collected, but is known to occur close by at St. George, Utah.

3. Penstemon petiolatus Brandeg. Southwestern Utah and southern Nevada, 5, 000 feet or lower, April to July. Ca. 4 miles west of Castle Cliffs along the road to Terry's Ranch. (Higgins 617).

4. Penstemon palmeri Gray. Utah and Arizona to California,

3,500 to 6,500 feet, March to September. Junction of hwy. 91 and the

Jackson road. (Higgins 456).

5. Penstemon utahensis Eastw. Southern Utah and northern

Arizona to eastern California, 4, 000 to 6,000 feet, May to July. Not collected, but has been observed growing 15 miles northeast of the

Beaver Dam.

6. Penstemon thompsoniae (Gray) Rydb. Southern Utah, southeastern Nevada, and northern Arizona, 4,000 to 7,000 feet, May and

June. This plant was observed, but not collected.

7. Penstemon confusus Jones. Southern Utah to California,

5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May and June. Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains

1 mile west of hwy. 91. (Higgins 465 ). 240

8. Penstemon linarioides Gray ssp. coloradoensis (A. Nels.)

Keck. Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, 4, 500 to 9, 000 feet, June to

August. Ca. I/ 2 mile southeast of television relay tower. (Higgins 696 ).

9. Penstemon thurberi Torr. Southern Utah to New Mexico and Baja California, 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet, March to August. Ca. 2 miles south of television relay tower, rare. (Higgins 692).

10. Penstemon ambiguus Torr. ssp. laevissimus Keck. South- western Utah to Texas and Nevada, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, summer. Ca.

2 miles west of Shivwit Indian Reservation, sandy soil. (Higgins 609).

7. Mimulus L. Monkeyflower

Plants herbaceous, annual or perennial; leaves opposite or basal, sessile or petioled; flowers in terminal leafy racemes, or axillary and solitary; calyx tubular or campanulate, usually 5-angled, sometimes bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, or nearly regular; stigma 2-lobed; capsule

2-valved; seeds numerous.

1. Pedicels less than one half as long as the calyx...... 2

1. Pedicels as long as or longer than the calyx...... 3

2. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, yellow, often tinged or spotted

with reddish-purple; anther glabrous. . . 1. _M. parryi

2. Corolla regular or nearly so, pink with a yellow tube, often

with a bright yellow patch in the throat. 2. M. bigelovii

3. Calyx lobes decidedly unequal; anthers glabrous. 4

3. Calyx lobes equal or nearly so; plants annual; corolla yellow with

the limb pink; pedicels 6 to 20 mm long. . . 3. M. rubellus 241

4. Corolla 4 to 9 mm long; plants villous. 4. M. pilosus

4. Corolla 30 to 45 mm long. . . 5. M. guttatus

1. Mimulus parryi Gray. Southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and northwestern Arizona, 3, 000 feet or lower, March and April.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 297).

2. Mimulus bigelovii Gray. Southwestern Utah to southern

California, 3,000 feet or lower, February to April. Ca. 5 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road, rare. (Higgins 502).

3. Mimulus rubellus Gray. Wyoming to New Mexico and

California, 7,500 feet or lower, March to June. Not collected, but occurs at Gunlock, Utah, which is 5 miles to the north of the Beaver Dam

Mountains.

4. Mimulus pilosus (Benth.) Wats. Southern Utah to Oregon and California, 4,500 feet or lower, April to August. Ca. 3 miles southwest of television relay tower. (Higgins 716).

5. Mimulus guttatus DC. Throughout the United States, western half, 9,500 feet or lower, March to September. Not collected, but to be expected along the Virgin River at the narrows.

70. BIGNONIACEAE - BIGNONIA FAMILY

Plant a shrub or small tree; leaves alternate or opposite toward the base, simple, linear; flowers large and showy, in terminal racemes or panicles; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate; stamens 5, borne on the corolla, usually only 4 bearing anthers; ovary hypogynous, 2-loculed; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; fruit a 2-valved capsule; seeds many, winged. 242

A single species with the characteristics of the family.

1. Chilopsis linearis (Cav.} Sweet. Arizona, Nevada, and southwestern Utah, 4, 000 feet or lower, May to August. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash, locally abundant along desert washes.

(Higgins 635 }.

71. MARTYNIACEAE - UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY

Coarse, viscid-pubescent, annual herbs; leaves petioled, opposite, at least below; flowers few, large and showy, in terminal racemes; calyx somewhat inflated, subtended by 1 or 2 bractlets; corolla sympetalous, zygomorphic; stamens 4, 2 of them sterile; pistil 1, the ovary hypogynous, 2-carpelled, 1-loculed; fruit a horned capsule. A single species treated.

1. Proboscidea louisianica (Mill. } Thell. Southwestern Utah to southern California, 3, 000 feet or lower, June to August. Lytle' s

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 785 ).

72. OROBANCHACEAE - BROOM-RAPE FAMILY

Plants root parasites, without green foliage; stems fleshy; leaves alternate, reduced to scales; flowers perfect, irregular, bilabiate, the tube narrow, the lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 4, in pairs, inserted on the tube; ovary superior, 1-loculed; capsule 2-valved; seeds many.

1. Orobanche L. Broomrape

1. Flowers without floral bracts; pedicels commonly much longer than 243

the flowers. . . . I. 0. fasciculata

1. Flowers subtended by bractlets; pedicels none or shorter than the

flowers; corolla straight or nearly so .. 2

2. Corolla lobes rounded. 2. O. multiflora

2. Corolla lobes narrowed toward the acute or acutish apex.

3. 0. ludoviciana

I. Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. British Columbia and Michigan to Texas and Baja California, 4, 000 to 8,000 feet, May to August.

Parasitic on Artemisia tridentata. Not collected, but to be expected.

2. Orobanche multiflora Nutt. Wyoming and Washington to

Mexico and southern California, 6,000 feet or lower, April to September.

Parasitic on Compositae. Not collected, but to be expected.

3. Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. var. cooperi (Gray) G. Beck.

Southern Utah and Nevada to southeastern California, 7, 000 feet or lower,

February to September. Parasitic on Franseria and other Compositae.

Not collected, but to be expected.

73. PLANTAGINACEAE - PLANTAIN FAMILY

Plants acaulescent; flowers small, in dense spikes, perfect or unisexual, regular, and terminal; calyx and corolla 4-divided or 4-lobed, persistent; stamens 2 or 4, distinct, attached to the corolla tube; ovary hypogynous, 2 to 4-loculed; fruit a circumscissile, few-seeded capsule.

1. Plantago L. Plantain

I. Leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or broader, seldom less than 10 mm 244

wide, usually perennials, with a thick caudex. 2

1. Leaves linear or lanceolate, commonly less than 10 mm wide, plants

silky-villous or lanate; annuals. . 3

2. Spikes short-conic, becoming oblong, very dense; leaves lance-

olate or oblanceolate; seeds 2. 1. P. lanceolata

2. Spikes cylindric, moderately dense to loose; leaves broadly

ovate, abruptly contracted at base. 2. P. major

3. Bracts subulate or lanceolate, not scarious -margined ..

3. ~ purshii

3. Bracts broadly lanceolate to nearly orbicular, conspicuously scarious-

margined, none longer than the calyx 4. P. insularis

1. Plantago lanceolata L. Widely distributed in the United

States, naturalized from Europe; lawns and wet ditch banks, 1,000 to

8, 000 feet, Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 762).

2. Plantago major L. Widely distributed in the United States, naturalized from Europe, 1, 000 to 7, 000 feet, moist soil along streams.

North of Terry's Ranch along a ditch bank. (Higgins 760).

3. Plantago purshii Roem. & Schult. Canada to Texas and

California, 7, 000 feet or lower, February to April. Near the Utah-

Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 345).

4. Plantago insularis Eastw. Southern Utah and Nevada,

Arizona to southern California, 3, 000 feet or lower, abundant on dry slopes and mesas, February to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam

Wash, sandy soil. (Higgins 294). 245

74. RUBIACEAE - MADDER FAMILY

Plants annual or perennial; leaves simple, opposite or whorled, with stipules, these in one genus (Galium) enlarged and leaf-like; flowers mostly perfect, regular or nearly so, usually 4 or 5-merous; calyx tube adnate to the ovary; ovary inferior, 2 to 4-celled; fruit a capsule.

I. Flowers 5-merous; fruit fleshy. 1. Rubia

I. Flowers 4-merous; fruit dry .. 2. Galium

1. Rubia L. Madder

Perennial climbing herbs; leaves lanceolate, 5 to 10 cm long, in whorls of 4 to 6; cymes terminal; flowers greenish-yellow; fruit red, turning black, 2 to 5 mm in diameter; introduced weedy plant.

1. Rubia tinctoria L. Widely distributed in the western United

States, 6,000 feet or lower, summer. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gun- lock road, cultivated field. (Higgins 740).

2. Galium L. Bedstraw

Plants annual or perennial; stems angled, often winged, usually weak and reclining or supported by other plants; herbage often retrorsely hispid; leaves appearing whorled, usually narrow; flowers small, perfect or unisexual, in terminal or axillary cymes or glomerules, these often panicled; fruit smooth or with bristles.

I. Lateral veins of the leaf obscure or obsolete; plants more or less

shrubby; herbage hispid or hispidulose; leaves lanceolate to

ovate, 10 mm long or shorter. 1. G. stellatum 246 l. Lateral veins 1 or more, usually distinct (except in G. munzii} but

often very short; plants suffrutescent. 2

2. Hairs of the fruit hooked or curved; flowers sessile or nearly

so; leaves ovate or oblong. 2. G. proliferum

2. Hairs of the fruit not hooked or curved; flowers unisexual, the

plants dioecious; leaves firm .... 3

3. Herbage smooth, glabrous or obscurely puberulent; leaves up to 5

mm wide, the lateral veins usually evident. . 3. G. watsoni

3. Herbage copiously rough-pubescent; leaves up to 6 mm wide, the

lateral veins obscure or obsolete. 4. G. munzii

1. Gali um stellatum Kellogg. Southern Utah to Arizona and Baja

California, 3,000 feet or lower, January to May. Beaver Dam Mountains at the Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 1100}.

2. Galium proliferum Gray. Southern Utah to Texas and Calif- ornia, 2,000 to 4,000 feet, March to May. Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 1126).

3. Galium watsoni (Gray) Heller. Idaho and Oregon to northern

Arizona, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, April to September. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 697).

4. Galium munzii Hilend & Howell. Southern Utah to southern

California, 5,000 feet or lower, April to July. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 553}.

75. CAPRIFOLIACEAE - HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, shrubby, or arborescent; leaves opposite, simple or compound; flowers perfect, regular or irregular; calyx with the tube 247 wholly adnate to the ovary, the limb represented by 3 to 5 teeth or lobes or nearly obsolete; corolla rotate, funnelform, or somewhat bilabiate; stamens 4 or 5, distinct, borne on the corolla; ovary 2 to 5-celled; fruit

berry-like or drupe-like.

I. Symphoricarpos Juss. Snowberry

1. Corolla salverform, 11 to 13 mm long; desert slopes.

1. S. longiflor us

1. Corolla elongate-campanulate, 6 to 9 mm long. 2

2. Plant erect, corolla 7 to 9 mm long; leaves scarcely glaucous;

young twigs tomentulose-puberulent. • 2. S. vaccinoides

2. Plant low, spreading, often rooting at the tips of the branches;

corolla 6 to 7 mm long; leaves glaucous. • 3. S. parishii

I. Symphoricarpos longiflorus Gray. Western Texas and

Colorado to Oregon and California, 4, 000 to 8, 000 feet, April to

August. Near the Shivwit Indian Reservation. (Desma Hall, Dixie Junior

College).

2. Symphoricarpos vaccinoides Rydb. (S. rotundifolius auth. not Gray). Utah to California and Montana, 5,000 to 10,000 feet, June to August. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 664 ).

3. Symphoricarpos parishii Rydb. Southern Utah and Nevada, northern Arizona, to southern California, 5,000 to 9,000 feet, April to

August. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 662). 248

76. CUCURBITACEAE - GOURD FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, perennial; stems with tendrils trailing or climbing; leaves alternate, simple; flowers mostly unisexual, regular; calyx tube wholly adnate to the ovary; corallaz adnate at base to the calyx; stamens 3 or 5; style 1, the stigmas usually 3; fruit gourdlike. A single species treated, with the characteristics of the family.

l. Cucurbita foetidissima H. B. K. Southern Utah to Nebraska,

Texas, and southern California, 7,000 feet or lower, May to August.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 647 ).

77. CAMPANULACEAE - BELLFLOWER FAMILY

Plants herbaceous, usually with milky juice; leaves alternate, simple; flowers mostly perfect, usually 5-merous except as to carpels; ovary epigynous or partly so; corolla sympetalous, regular or irregular; stamens distinct or united; style 1; ovary 2 to 5-loculed.

1. Nemacladus glanduliferus Jeps. var. orientalis McVaugh.

Southern Utah to southeastern California, 5,000 feet or lower, March to May. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 366).

78. COMPOSITAE - SUNFLOWER FAMILY

Plants herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, entire to dissected; flowers borne in a head, on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre of phyllaries, perfect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious; corolla gamopetalous; stamens 5 rarely 4 or 3, usually united by their elongate anthers into a tube; style normally 2-branched; ovary 249 inferior, I-celled; fruit an achene.

1. All the flowers of the head hermaphrodite, with strap-shaped 5-

toothed corollas. Section A

1. All the hermaphrodite flowers of the head with tubular corollas,

the marginal often pistillate or neutral and with 2 or 3-

toothed strap-shaped corollas. 2

2. Rays present. 3

2. Rays none. . 5

3. Pappus of capillary bristles, rarely with a few short outer squamellae.

Section B

3. Pappus of awns or scales, or none...... • •... 4

4. Pappus none. Section C

4. Pappus present. . . Section D

5. Pappus none or vestigial. Section E

5. Pappus evident. . . 6

6. Pappus of awns or squamellae, these sometimes united into a

low paleaceous crown. . Section F

6. Pappus of capillary bristles, rarely with additional outer

squamellae ...... Section G

A Flowers all hermaphrodite and with strap -shaped 5-toothed corollas.

1. Achenes without pappus. 1. Atrichoseris

1. Achenes with pappus .. 2

2. Pappus at least in part, of plumose bristles. 3 250

2. Pappus of nonplumose bristles or of awns or scales. 4

3. Achenes truncate at apex, plants more or less rush-like, corolla

pink. 2. Stephanomeria

3. Achenes tapering or beaked at apex; leaves pinnatifid; corolla white

or pinkish. . 3. Rafinesquia

4. Pappus simple, of bifid paleae tipped with a bristle; plants

scapose or subscaposa 4. Mier oseris

4. Pappus of capillary bristles only. 5

5. Achenes more or less flattened; stems leafy; heads in panicles. 6

5. Achenes not flattened. . 7

6. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric; achenes not beaked.

5. Sonchus

6. Involucre cylindric or ovoid-cylindric; achenes beaked.

6. Lactuca

7. Achenes not beaked. 8

7. Achenes beaked. 10

8. Pappus quickly deciduous, or with 1 to 8 stiff, persistent

bristles .• . • • 7. Malacothrix

8. Pappus per sis tent. 9

9. Plants rush-like or spinescent; corolla pink. • . 8, Lygodesmia

9. Plants not rush-like; corolla yellow, rarely white; phyllaries

thickened at base or on the midrib; pappus white. . 9. Crepis

10. Pappus persistent; achenes 4 to 5-ribbed, plants scapose.

10. Taraxacum

l 0. Pappus deciduous at maturity of the achene. 11 251

11. Leaves not crustaceous -margined; plants conspicuously stipitate-

glandular above; achenes tapering into the beak, not transversely

rugulose. 11. Calycoseris

11. Leaves crustaceous-margined; plants not stipitate -glandular; achenes

abruptly beaked, transversely rugulose between the ribs.

12. Glyptopleura

B. Hermaphrodite flowers tubular; rays present; pappus of capillary

bristles, rarely with a few short outer scales.

1. Rays white, pink, purple, or violet. 2

1. Rays yellow or orange. 7

2. Leaves and involucre marked with translucent oil glands.

13. Dyssodia

2. Leaves and involucre without translucent oil glands. 3

3. Pappus of 1 or 2 bristle-like awns, these not plurnose.

14. Laphamia

3. Pappus bristles more numerous, or else single and plumose. 4

4. Plants dwarf, hispid-hirsute, winter annual; upper leaves

closely subtending the heads; pappus of a single plumose

bristle and a scarious cup, or of numerous unequal bristles

or narrow palaea. 15. Monoptilon

4. Plants otherwise in habit, or in the pappus. 5

5. Style tips deltoid, obtuse or rounded; phyllaries usually equal or

little graduated; rays very narrow. . 16. Erigeron

5. Style tips lanceolate or narrower; phyllaries either subequal and 252

the outer leafy, or usually imbricate. 6

6. Plants annual to perennial from a distinct taproot; leaves

mostly toothed; phyllaries chartaceous or coriaceous

toward the base, often spreading or recurved at the her-

baceous tips. . . . 17. Machaeranthera

6. Plants mostly perennial, and if so rhizomatous or fibrous

rooted; phyllaries mostly herbaceous. . . . 18. Aster

7. Pappus of squamellae or paleae dissected into bristles above, but

entire at the base...... 8

7. Pappus otherwise. . . 9

8. Plants floccose-woolly, annual. 19. Syntrichopappus

8. Plants not floccose-woolly. 13. Dyssodia

9. Leaves opposite at least below. 10

9. Leaves alternate...... 12

10. Involucre and leaves with translucent oil glands; leaf margins

with a few stiff bristles near the base. . . . 20. Pectis

10. Involucre and leaves without translucent oil glands; leaves

not bristly at base...... • 11

11. Heads large; pappus of numerous bristles. 21. Arnica

11. Heads small; pappus of 1 or 2 bristle-like awns, or wanting.

14. Laphamia

12. Pappus wholly of numerous simple and similar capillary

bristles .... 13

12. Pappus not wholly of numerous simple and similar capillary

bristles ...... 15 253

13. Phyllaries proper 1-seriate, equal; style tips truncate.

22. Senecio

13. Phyllaries in more than I series, usually more or less unequal

and graduated. . 14

14. Heads usually small and very numerous panicled or cymose;

phyllaries rarely distinctly herbaceous at tip.

23. Solidago

14. Heads usually few and relatively large, if small and panicled,

then the plants shrubby; phyllaries often distinctly herba-

ceous at apex. 24. Aplopappus

15. Shrubs; heads small, few flowered, crowded in small rounded

terminal clusters; rays 1 or 2, small. 25. Amphipappus

15. Herbs; inflorescence otherwise; rays more numerous, conspicuous;

achenes all consimilar and with a consimilar double pappus,

26. Chrysopsis c. Hermaphrodite flowers with a tubular, regular or nearly regular

corolla; rays evident but sometimes small; pappus none or

vestigial.

1. Receptacle not chaffy. . . 2

1. Receptacle chaffy, at least toward the margin. 4

2. Plants not woolly, involucre and leaves with translucent oil

glands. 20. Pectis

2. Plants woolly. 3 254

3. Rays persistent, becoming papery .. 27. Baileya

3. Rays not persistent. . 28. Eriophyllum

4. Involucre distinctly double, the outer phyllaries herbaceous,

the inner ones broader, longer .. 29. Thelesperma

4. Involucre not double. . 5

5. Achenes conspicuously ciliate on the margin, notched at apex, very

flat; plants shrubby. 30. Encelia

5. Achenes not conspicuously ciliate on the margin; leaves entire,

opposite, linear to lance-ovate. . 3 I. Viguiera

D. Hermaphrodite flower with a tubular, regular or nearly regular

corolla; rays evident but sometimes small; pappus present, of

awns, squamellae, or paleae, these sometimes united into a

crown.

I. Receptacle paleaceous. . 2

I. Receptacle naked or rarely fimbrillate, not paleaceous. 6

2. Involucre distinctly double, the outer phyllaries narrow,

herbaceous, the inner ones broader, membranaceous.

29. Thelesperma

2. Involucre otherwise. 3

3. Rays pistillate; pappus a conspicuous, more or less divided, chaffy

crown, often with 1 or 2 awns; leaves alternate .. 32. Wyethia

3. Rays neutral. 4

4. Achenes strongly compressed, very flat. . 30. Encelia 255

4. Achenes more or less thickened. 5

5. Pappus of caducous awns or paleae; achenes pubescent.

33. Helianthus

5. Pappus of persistent awns and squamellae, or if wanting, then the

achenes glabrous; leaves opposite...... 31. Viguera

6. Involucre and leaves with translucent oil glands. 7

6. Involucre and leaves without translucent oil glands. 8

7. Leaves without stiff spreading bristles at base; phyllaries more or

less 2-seriate, often partly united, often with bractlets at base.

13. Dyssodia

7. Leaves with a few stiff, spreading bristles at base; phyllaries

1-seriate, free, without bractlets at base. . . 20. Pectis

8. Rays white, pink, blue, or purple. 9

8. Rays yellow. . . 13

9. Achenes compressed, 2-edged or 2-nerved, 10

9. Achenes more or less thickened, 4 or 5-angled. 11

10. Pappus, at least in the disk flowers, of several or many paleae

or flattened bristles; phyllaries with scarious margin and

tip. 34. Townsendia

10. Pappus of only 1 or 2 bristle-like awns, or a crown of squa-

mellae, or both; phyllaries not scarious-margined.

14. Laphamia

11. Phyllaries with a conspicuous, scarious, whitish or yellowish

margin and tip; plants perennial or biennial.35. Hymenopappus 256

11. Phyllaries without a conspicuous scarious margin and tip. . . 12

12. Herbage hispid-pilose; upper leaves subtending the heads.

15. Monoptilon

12. Herbage woolly; heads not subtended by the upper leaves.

28. Eriophyllum

13. Phyllaries distinctly graduated, in several series. 14

13. Phyllaries equal or subequal or in 2 unequal series, not distinctly

graduated...... 16

14. Heads comparatively large, solitary; pappus of numerous,

narrowly linear awns and bristles, several-seriate.

36. Acamptopappus

14. Heads small or very small, clustered. . . . 15

15. Disk achenes with a pappus of several straight paleae or squamellae

in a single series; involucre not compressed; leaves chiefly

linear...... 37. Gutierrezia

15. Disk achenes with a pappus of numerous, more or less twisted,

flattened bristles or narrow paleae; involucre compressed;

leaves obovate or elliptic ...• , . , . • 25. Amphipappus

16. Rays persistent on the achenes, becoming papery, , 17

16. Rays not persistent on the achenes. , . . . • . . . . 18

17. Rays 3 to 5, about as wide as long; achenes linear, slightly angled,

essentially glabrous, .. 38. Psilostrophe

17. Rays 10 or more, much longer than wide; achenes obpyramidal,

5 -angled, hirsute...... 39. Hymenoxys 257

18. Pappus squamellae dissected into numerous bristles, these

united at base. 19

18. Pappus squamellae not dissected into bristles. 20

19. Heads short-peduncled, solitary; rays conspicuous.

I 9. Syntrichopappus

19. Heads essentially sessile, clustered; rays inconspicuous.

28. Eriophyllum

20. Achenes ob pyramidal, 5-angled, only 2 or 3 times as long as

wide. 39. Hymenoxys

20. Achenes obpyramidal, 5-angled, to several times as long as

wide .. 28. Eriophyllum

E. Hermaphrodite flowers with a tubular, regular or nearly regular

corolla; rays and pappus none or vestigial.

I. Heads unisexual, monoecious; pistillate heads with 1 to 4 flowers

enclosed in a nut-like or bur-like involucre .. 2

I. Heads not unisexual; involucre not nut-like or bur-like. 5

2. Phyllaries of the staminate head separate; fruiting involucre

bur-like, covered with hooked prickles. . 40. Xanthium

2. Phyllaries of the staminate heads united. 3

3. Pistillate involucre with several transverse scarious wings; leaves

or their lobes linear-filiform. 41. Hymenoclea

3. Pistillate involucre without transverse wings; leaves and their lobes

not linear -filiform. 4 258

4. Fruiting involucre unarmed or with a few teeth or tubercules

in a single series below the beak. . . . 42. Ambrosia

4. Fruiting involucre with several or many spines in more than 1

series. 43. Franseria

5. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 6

5. Flowers not all hermaphrodite, the outer ones pistillate and fertile,

the inner ones hermaphrodite but often sterile. 10

6. Receptacle chaffy. . . 7

6. Receptacle not chaffy. 8

7. Inner phyllaries united to the middle or higher into a cup; achenes

thickish, papillate...... 29. Thelesperma

7. Inner phyllaries not united; achenes strongly compressed, very

flat, not papillate. . . 30. Encelia

8. Achenes strongly compressed, 14. Laphamia

8. Achenes plump...... 9

9. Phyllaries with conspicuous whitish or yellowish tips and margins;

achenes strongly 4 or 5-angled, hirsute on the angles.

35. Hymenopappus

9, Phyllaries not with conspicuous whitish or yellowish tips and

margins; achenes otherwise .. 44. Artemisia

10. Plants woolly, annual, dwarf. 45. Stylocline

10. Plants not woolly or if so, then perennial. 11

11. Receptacle not chaffy; heads usually numerous, in spikes, racemes,

or panicles...... 44. Artemisia 259

11. Receptacle chaffy, at least toward the margin. 46. Iva

F. Hermaphrodite flowers with a tubular, regular or nearly regular

corolla; rays none or vestigial; pappus present, of awns or

scales or both, these sometimes united into a low chaffy crown.

1. Receptacle chaffy. 2

1. Receptacle not chaffy, sometimes setose or fimbrillate. 4

2. Pappus of numerous flattened bristles. 47. Baccharis

2. Pappus of 1 to 4 teeth, squamellae, awns, or paleae .. 3

3. Awns or teeth of the pappus notretrorselybarbed; plants shrubby.

30. Encelia

3. Awns or teethretrorsely barbed; plants herbaceous.

29. Thelesperma

4. Plants strictly dioecious. . 47. Baccharis

4. Plants not dioecious. 5

5. Pappus of numerous graduated bristles, the inner ones somewhat

flattened and paleaceous; low shrubs, with crowded, subterete

impressed-punctate leaves •. 48. Peucephyllum

5. Pappus otherwise. • . . . 6

6. Leaves and involucre conspicuously punctate with translucent

oil glands. . . . 13. Dyssodia

6. Leaves and involucre sometimes impressed-punctate, but not

with translucent oil glands. . . . 7

7. Pappus of 12 or more paleae, these nearly or quite as long as the

achene. . 36. Acamptopappus 260

7. Pappus of fewer than 12 paleae or squamellae, or else these much

shorter than the achene. 8

8. Achenes strongly compressed; pappus of I or 2 slender awns

and often with a crown of squamellae. 14. Laphamia

8. Achenes not compressed or else the pappus otherwise. . 9

9. Phyllaries with a thin scarious, white, yellow, or purplish margin

and tip; plants tomentose. 35. Hymenopappus

9. Phyllaries not with a scarious, colored margin and tip. IO

IO. Corollas yellow. . . 28. Eriophyllum

IO. Corollas white, flesh colored, or purplish. 11

11. Pappus paleae with a strong midrib; leaves lanceolate or linear,

entire. . . 49. Palafoxia

I I. Pappus paleae nerveless or essentially so; leaves, at least in

part, toothed or pinnatifid. . 50. Chaenactis

G. Hermaphrodite flowers with a tubular, regular or nearly regular

corolla; rays none or vestigial; pappus present, usually of

capillaries or flattened bristles, rarely paleaceous.

I. Receptacle densely bristly. . 51. Cirsium

I. Receptacle naked or chaffy. 2

2. Leaves very large, spiny-toothed; heads about 5 cm wide; a

coarse biennial. 5 2. Onopordon

2. Leaves, if spiny-toothed, small, heads very much smaller .. 3

3. Phyllaries scarious or hyaline or, in genera Baccharis and Pluchea

only partly so. 4 261

3. Phyllaries herbaceous, at least in the center. 6

4. Heads unisexual; plants dioecious. 47. Baccharis

4. Heads with the marginal flowers pistillate, the central flowers

perfect. 5

5. Receptacle chaffy except in the center; plants small, woolly.

53. Filago

5. Receptacle naked; corollas purplish. . . 54. Pluchea

6. Heads unisexual; plants dioecious. . 47. Baccharis

6. Heads not unisexual. 7

7. Plants winter annual, low, depressed, scurfy-pubescent, leaves

broadly ovate or suborbicular. 55. Psathyrotes

7. Plants perennial or, if annual, then not low and scurfy-pubescent. 8

8. Phyllaries and leaves bearing conspicuous translucent oil

glands. 13. Dyssodia

8. Phyllaries and leaves sometimes impressed-glandular but not

with translucent oil glands. . 9

9. Phyllaries proper 4 to 7, in a single series, of equal length;

plants shrubby; leaves narrow, entire. . 56. Tetradymia

9. Phyllaries more than 7 .. 10

1 O. Pappus bristles plumose; leaves lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved.

57. Brickellia

1 o. Pappus bristles not plumose. 11

11. Plants shrubby; involucre strongly graduated, the phyllaries not

in vertical ranks, lanceolate, acute; achenes silky-pubescent.

18. Aster 262

11. Plants otherwise in habit and foliage; or else the phyllaries in

distinct vertical ranks. 12

12. Shrubs; leaves crowded, linear-filiform, subterete, impressed-

punctate; phyllaries equal...... 48. Peucephyllum

12. Herbs or, if shrubby and with subterete, impressed-punctate

leaves, then the phyllaries not equal, nor subulate. . 13

13. Pappus double, the outer series of short scales, the inner series

of capillary bristles; white-barked shrubs; leaves small, the

petioles much longer than the blade. . . . 58. Hofmeisteria

13. Pappus simple, or else the plants herbaceous. 14

14. Achenes IO-ribbed; involucre usually strongly graduated, the

phyllaries striate; leaves often opposite; corollas not

yellow. 57. Brickellia

14. Achenes not IO-ribbed; phyllaries not striate; leaves alternate;

corolla nearly always yellow. 15

15. Phyllaries in a single series of equal length, or with a few much

shorter outer bractlets; style tips truncate. 22. Senecio

15. Phyllaries more or less unequal and imbricate, in more than I

principal series; style tips not truncate ... 16

16. Phyllaries in more or less distinct vertical ranks ..

59. Chrysothamnus

16. Phyllaries not in vertical ranks ...... 17

17. Plants woody, or else the leaves spinulose-toothed; phyllaries in

2 or more graduated series, often closely imbricate.

24. Aplopappus 263 l 7. Plants herbaceous, the leaves not spinulose-toothed; phyllaries

usually subequal, scarcely imbricate. . 16. Erigeron

1. Atrichoseris A. Gray

Glabrous, scapose, annuals, the scape branched above, several or many-headed; leaves obovate, spinulose-toothed, often spotted; heads up to 3. 5 cm wide, white; involucre of 12 to 15 equal, 2-seriate, lance- linear phyllaries; achenes oblong, with more or less corky-thickened ribs, epappose.

1. Atrichoseris platyphylla Gray. Southwestern Utah and western Arizona to southeastern California, up to 2,500 feet, sandy or stony slopes and mesas, March and April. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 403 ).

2. Stephanomeria Nutt.

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves linear to oblong, entire to pinnatifid; heads small, usually panicled, rosy or flesh-colored; involucre of several equal phyllaries and some calyculate bractlets, or more regularly graduated; achenes columnar, 5-angled; bristles of the pappus 1- seriate, plumose at least above.

1. Involucre 9 to 13 mm high, 10 to 20 flowered .. l. s. parryi

1. Involucre 5 to 9 mm high, 3 to 9 flowered. 2

2. Plants annual. 2. s. exigua

2. Plants perennial. 3 264

3, Pappus brownish-tinged, the bristles naked and merely scabrous

toward the base...... 3. S. pauciflora

3. Pappus bright white, the bristles plumose to the base.

4. S. tenuifolia

I. Stephanomeria parryi Gray. Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona, and southeastern California, 3, 500 feet or lower, May and

June. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. Wyoming to New Mexico,

Arizona, and California, 8,000 feet or lower, April to September. Near the Apex Mine. (Higgins 814).

3. Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) A. Nels. Kansas to

Texas, Arizona, southwestern Utah, and California, 7, 000 feet or lower, summer. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 592).

4. Stephanomeria tenuifolia (Torr. ) H. M. Hall. Montana to

Washington, south to Colorado, Arizona, and California, 4,500 to 8, 000 feet, May to September. Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 747).

3. Rafinesquia Gray

Glabrous or obscurely puberulent branching annuals; leaves mostly pinnatifid; heads large, solitary at the tips of the branches, white; involucre of about 7 to 15 equal, lanceolate, acuminate, scarious- margined phyllaries; achenes subfusiform, tapering into a beak; pappus of long-plumose setae. 265

l. Rays white, about 5 mm long; achenes with slender beak as long as

the body; pappus dull white. I. R. californica

l. Rays white, veined outside with rose-purple, 15 mm long or more;

achenes with stout beak shorter than the body; pappus bright

white. . . . 2. R. neomexicana

l. Rafinesquia californica Nutt. Southwestern Utah to southern Arizona, and California, 3,000 to 4,500 feet, March to May. Not collected, but is known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Rafinesquia neomexicana Gray. Western Texas to southern

Utah, and southern California, 3,000 feet or lower, February to July.

Near the Arizona-Utah border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 336).

4. Microseris D. Don

Ours a scapose annual; leaves narrowly linear and entire or pinnatifid into narrow lobes much shorter than the scapes; heads solitary, medium sized or rather small, yellow, often drying purplish; phyllaries rather few, graduated, glabrous; achenes slender, narrowed above but not distinctly beaked; pappus of 5 linear-lanceolate, scarious paleae bifid at the apex.

l. Microseris linearifolia (D. C.) Schultz Bip. Idaho and

Washington to New Mexico, Arizona, and Baja California, up to 5,000 feet, March to June. Not collected, but to be expected.

5. Sonchus L. Sow Thistle

Coarse, weedy annuals, with subentire to pinnatifid, spinulose- toothed leaves and medium-sized, irregular cymose-panicled, yellow 266 heads; lower leaves usually petioled, the upper ones sessile and strongly

clasping; achenes strongly flattened, several-ribbed, not beaked; pappus

copious, of soft, white capillary bristles.

I. Sonchus oleraceus L. An abundant weed in most parts of

North America; naturalized from Europe; roadsides and waste places,

March to September. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. {Higgins

633).

6. Lactuca L. Lettuce

Annual or perennial herbs, nearly or quite glabrous, leafy-

stemmed; leaves variable; heads small or medium sized, panicled, yellow or blue; involucre rather slender, more or less strongly graduated; achenes strongly flattened, abruptly or gradually beaked; pappus copious,

soft, with white capillary bristles.

1. Lactuca serriola L. Abundant in southern Canada and the

United States, 7,000 feet or lower, wate lands and road sides, May to

September. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road.

(Higgins 745 ).

7. Malacothrix DC.

Annual herbs, sometimes subscapose; leaves pinnatisect; heads

small to medium-sized, yellow; involucre of subequal phyllaries and calyculate, or more or less regularly graduated, the phyllaries narrowly scarious-margined; achenes columnar, truncate, ribbed; pappus of soft bristles, deciduous more or less in a ring, I to 8 of them, the achenes 267 often also crowned with a ring of minute teeth.

I. Involucre 12 to 15 mm high, strongly graduated, the phyllaries 3 to

4 mm broad. I. M. coulteri

1. Involucre 5 to 12 mm high, calyculate but scarcely graduated, the

phyllaries 1. 5 mm wide or less. 2

2. Leaf segments linear-filiform, elongate. 2. M. glabrata

2. Leaf segments oblong or triangular, short, usually toothed;

achenes 15 ribbed .. 3. M. sonchoides

1. Malacothrix coulteri Gray. Southwestern Utah to southern

Arizona and southern California, 3,500 feet or lower, March to April.

Not collected, but is known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

2. Malacothrix glabrata Gray. Idaho to Arizona and California, up to 7,000 feet, March to June. Not collected, but common on plains and mesas of the Beaver Dam Mountains.

3. Malacothrix sonchoides (Nutt.) Torr & Gray. Nebraska to

Idaho, Arizona, and California, 6, 000 feet or lower, April to June.

Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 355).

8. Lygodesmia D. Don. Rush Pink

Plants annual herbs, essentially glabrous or merely puberulent; leaves entire or toothed; heads very small to large, the corollas pink or rosy; involucre slender, of few equal phyllaries and a calyculus; achenes subcylindric or linear -prismatic, few-ribbed, not beaked; pappus of numerous capillary bristles. 268

1. Lygodesmia exigua Gray. Colorado to Texas, Utah, Arizona,

and California, 1, 000 to 5, 500 feet, hills and mesas, March to June.

Not collected but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

9. Crepis L. Hawk's Beard

Low, perennial herbs, leafy-stemmed or scapose; leaves mostly

basal, entire to pinnatifid; heads several or numerous, yellow; involucre

of narrow, equal phyllaries and some calyculate bractlets; achenes colum-

nar or fusiform, 10 to 20-ribbed; pappus copious, of soft, white, capil-

lary bristles.

1. Crepis intermedia Gray. Colorado to Alberta, south to

northern Arizona and California, 4, 000 to 9, 000 feet, June and July.

Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 694).

10. Taraxacum Haller Dandelion

Scapose perennial herbs; leaves all basal, pinnatifid or sinuate-

lobed; heads solitary, large, yellow, on hollow scapes; involucre double, the outer phyllaries much shorter than the inner ones, often recurved,

the inner phyllaries 1-seriate, erect; achenes more or less fusiform.

1. Taraxacum officinale Weber. Northern Canada to Mexico;

probably naturalized from Europe, 2,500 to 9,000 feet, lawns and ·road-

sides, April to September. Not collected, but common on this range.

11. Calycoseris A. Gray

Low, branching, winter annuals, glabrous except for conspicuous,

stipitate glands on the upper part of the stem and involucre leaves 269 pinnatisect into very narrow divisions; heads medium-sized, white, yellow or rosy; involucre of equal phyllaries, calyculate; achenes fusiform, 5 or 6-ribbed, tapering into a short beak, this expanded at apex into a shallowly denticulate, white cup; pappus of numerous soft, white bristles, deciduous in a ring.

l. Flowers white or rose-colored; achenes tuberculate, not very

deeply sulcate between the ribs, dark colored. I. ~ wrighti_i, l. Flowers bright yellow; achenes minutely rugulose, not tuberculate,

very deeply sulcate between the ribs, light gray. 2. ~ parry_!:_

I. Calycoseris wrightii Gray. Western Texas to Utah, Arizona, southern California, and northern Mexico, 500 to 4, 000 feet, common on plains, mesas, and rocky slopes, March to May. Not collected.

2. Calycoseris parryi Gray. Southern Utah, Arizona, and southern California, about 3, 000 feet, March and April. Not collected, but is listed as occurri:rig here by Tidestrom and Kearney & Peebles.

12. Glyptopleura D. C. Eaton

Dwarf, depressed, winter annuals; leaves pinnatifid, with a toothed, crustaceous, white margin; heads white or pale yellow, turning pink in drying; involucre of about 7 to 12 equal, lanceolate, scarious- margined phyllaries; achenes oblong or columnar, 5-ribbed, cancellak- rugose, at apex produced into a thick, 5-lobed, cuplike border, from which is exserted an abrupt, short beak dilated at apex to bear the pappus; pappus copious, of soft, white, deciduous bristles. 270

I. Glyptopleura setulosa Gray. Southern Utah to northwestern

Arizona and southern California, 5,000 feet or lower, April to June. On sandy flats, usually in the Larrea belt. Not collected.

13. Dyssodia Cav.

Herbaceous or suffrutescent, with oil glands on the involucre and often on the leaves; leaves alternate or opposite below, toothed or pinnatisect; heads small or rather large, radiate, yellow, peduncled; involucre with the principal phyllaries equal, free or united below, subtended by a few bractlets; achenes slender; pappus paleae 10 to 15, in ours dissected into numerous bristles or awned from a more or less conspicuously bifid apex.

1. Dyssodia thurberi (Gray) A. Nels. Southwestern Utah to

Texas and southeastern California, 3, 500 feet or lower, April to October.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 453 ).

14. Laphamia A. Gray Laphamia

Plants low, suffruticulose; leaves toothed, lobed, or parted, rarely entire, at least the lower ones opposite; heads small or medium- sized, radiate or discoid, yellow or the rays white; achenes strongly compressed, not ciliate, rarely callose-margined; pappus of I or 2 bristle-like awns, or wanting.

1. Laphamia palmeri Gray. Southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona, about 2,000 feet, July and probably later. Ca. 3 miles west of the Shivwit Indiart·Reservation along hwy. 91. (Higgins 751). 271

15. Monoptilon Torr. & Gray

Dwarf, hispid-hirsute, winter annuals, diffusely branched; leaves Hnear-spatulate, small, entire, the upper ones subtending the solitary heads; rays white or rose-tinged, often drying bluish; disk yel~• low; involucre broad, nearly 1-seriate, the phyllaries equal; the achenes obovate-oblong, compressed, 2-nerved; pappus of numerous ur~equal bristles or narrow paleae, or of a scarious cup and a single subplurr10se bristle.

1. Pappus of numerous unequal bristles, or of bristles and short

narrow paleae. I. M. bellioidt~s

1. Pappus of a scarious cup and a single subplumose bristle.

2. M. bellidifornw

I. Monoptilon bellioides (Gray) H. M. Hall. Southern Utah,

Arizona, southern California, and Sonora, 3,500 feet or lower, February to April. Sandy or stony mesas and slopes. Not collected.

2. Monoptilon bellidiforme Torr. & Gray. Southwestern Utah to western Arizona and southern California, 2,500 feet or lower, April.

Not collected, but is to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

16. Erigeron L. Fleabane

Herbs, usually low and perennial; leaves alternate, entire r)r essentially so; heads small or medium-sized, radiate, the rays white, pink, or purple, the disk yellow; involucre usually only slightly or not at all graduated, the phyllaries not herbaceous -tipped, but sometirnes 272 herbaceous throughout; achenes usually 2-nerved; pappus usually sparse, of subequal, capillary bristles, sometimes with an outer series of short squamellae or bristles; appendages of the style short, triangular, obtuse or rounded.

1. Plants annual or biennial. 2

1. Plants perennial by rootstocks or woody caudice s. 3

2. Rays inconspicuous, white or rosy. 1. E. canadensis

2. Rays conspicuous, purple, violet, or white .. 2. E. divergens

3. Plants low, less than 20 cm high. . 3. E. concinnus

3. Plants more than 20 cm high, cinereous-strigose. 4. E. utahensis

1. Erigeron canadensis L. Widely distributed in North America,

7,000 feet or lower, July to October. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gun- lock Road. (Higgins 809).

2. Erigeron divergens Torr. & Gray. North Dakota to British

Columbia, south to New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, California, and northern Mexico, 9, 000 feet or lower? February to October. Not collected, but occurs within 4 miles of the Beaver Dam Mountains.

3. Erigeron concinnus (Hook & Arn.) Torr. & Gray. Montana to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and California,

3,000 to 8,000 feet, April to October. Near the Utah-Arizona border

3 miles west of hwy. 91. (Higgins 488).

4. Erigeron utahensis Gray. Southern Utah and northern

Arizona, 7, 000 feet or lower, May to October. Not collected, but 273 occurs at Dixie State Park 4 miles east of the Beaver Dam Mountains.

17. Machaeranthera D. C. Eaton

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs or shrubs with a well- defined taproot, or a woody caudex; leaves alternate, spinulose-toothed, pinnatifid or entire; heads few to many; involucres turbinate to hemispheric, graduated; phyllaries in several series; rays purple or white; achenes turbinate to linear; pappus of unequal barbellate bristles, often brownish.

I. Plants shrubby, perennial; heads solitary at tips of branches; stems

glandular and hispid. . 1. M. tortifolia

1. Plants annual, biennial, or perennial herbs; heads few to many on

a branching inflorescence. 2

2. Leaves densely cinereous-puberulose. , .. 2. M. canescens

2. Leaves green, not as above...... 3. M. bigelovii

I. Machaeranthera tortifolia (Torr. & Gray) Cronq. & Keck.

Utah, Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern California, 2, 000 to

3, 500 feet, March to May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 408).

2. Machaeranthera canescens (Pursh) A. Gray. Colorado to

British Columbia, south to Arizona and California, 8, 000 feet or lower,

June to November. Big bend Virgin River, Arizona. (Gooding 757).

3. Machaeranthera bigelovii Gray. Colorado, New Mexico,

Utah, Arizona, and Nevada, 3,000 to 7,000 feet, March to November. 274

Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 748).

18. Aster L. Aster

Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, entire or toothed; heads medium to large, often showy, the rays white, violet, or purple, the disk yellow or white, sometimes turning purplish in age; involucre usually definitely graduated, the phyllaries with herbaceous tips; pappns

0£ subequal, capillary bristles, persistent, sometimes with a few sho:rteT

outer bristles.

1. Aster arenosus (Heller) Blake. Colorado to Texas, Arizo:ca, and Mexico, 3,500 to 7,500 feet, April to October. Ca. 3 miles west of hwy. 91 along road to television relay tower. (Higgins 566 ).

19. Syntrichopappus A. Gray

Dwarf, floccose-woolly winter annuals; leaves mostly alternate,

spatulate to linear, often 3-lobed at tip; heads small, yellow, radiate,

solitary at the tips of the branches; paleae of the pappus dissected into numerous bristles, these united only at base.

1. Syntrichopappus fremontii Gray, Southern Utah and Nevada, western Arizona, and southern California, 3,500 to 5,000 feet, March t,)

June. Not collected, but is known to occur on the Beaver Dams.

20. Pectis L.

Low, slender, branching annual, with oil glands on the leaves and involucre; leaves opposite below, alternate above, linear, bearing 275 several oil glands on the margins, and 1 to 3 bristle-like teeth on each side toward the base; heads small, radiate, yellow; involucre 1-seriate, of 8 linear, erect phyllaries; achenes slender; pappus of 12 to 8 slender, barbellate bristles.

1. Pectis papposa Harv. & Gray, Southern Utah to New Mexico and California, 6, 000 feet or lower, June to November. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

21. Arnica L. Arnica

Low, pubescent, perennial herbs; leaves opposite; heads solitary or few, rather large, long-peduncled, yellow, radiate; involucre

2-seriate, of thin, subherbaceous, lance-oblong, acute or acuminate, equal phyllaries; pappus of barbellate bristles.

1. Arnica. foliosa Nutt. Alaska to Colorado, New Mexico, northern Arizona, and California, 7, 000 to 9, 000 feet, July to October.

Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 691 ).

22. Senecio L. Groundsel

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, usually deeply pinnatifid or rarely entire leaves; heads yellow, medium-sized, radiate or discoid, usually numerous; involucre with the principal phyllaries equal, essentially uniseriate, erect, connivent, subchartaceous, with some usually very small bractlets at base; style branches truncate; achenes cylindric or oblong-cylindric, ribbed; pappus of copious, soft, white, hairs. 276

I. Leaves pinnatilobate, with narrowly linear or filiforrr1 entire lobes,

plants very leafy throughout . . . I. S. monoensL,

1. Leaves neither pinnatilobate with narrowly linear or linear-filiform

entire lobes, nor entire and narrowly linear .. 2

2. Achenes hirtellous; phyllaries about I 3. 2. S. multiloh~,t,,s ---·· ·.••·•- .....

2. Achenes glabrous, plants tomentose. 3. S. uintahu,~is

I. Senecio monoensis Greene. Utah and Arizona to Cali:fornia and Mexico, I, 000 to 6, 000 feet, spring. Lytle I s Ranch on the Beave1:

Dam Wash. (Higgins 786).

2. Senecio multilobatus Torr. & Gray. Wyoming to New

Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada, 6,000 to 7,000 feet, June to August.

Ca. 5 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 561 }.

3. Senecio uintahensis A. Nels. Wyoming to Arizona, v;;e;;;t to Oregon and California, 5,000 to 7,000 feet, June to Septembe:r..

Summit of Beaver Dam Mountains along hwy. 91. (Higgins 464).

23. Solidago L. Goldenrod

Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, usually narrow, entire or toothed; heads small, radiate, yellow, in usually racemiform o:.t cynw"e

panicles, often secund on the branches; involucre narrow, the phyH~rief, more or less graduated, usually thin and dry, sometimes herbac•·~ous tips; achenes short; pappus of capillary bristles.

I. Heads corymbose, or panicled in corymbose clusters; leaves

spatulate-oblanceolate or linear -oblanceolate; leaves reticnla:h-

and 3-nerved. . 277

1. Heads racemose or very numerous and panicled, the inflorescence

with usually racemiform branches .. 2

2. Stems glabrous or sparsely pubescent above; leaves subglabrous

or pubescent mostly on the margin, rarely sparsely

pubescent on the surface. 2. S. canadensis

2. Stems dense'l'fcinereous-puberulent; leaves usually densely

puberulous on lower face; lower leaves oblanceolate or

spatulate, the upper lanceolate. 3. S. sparsiflora

1. Solidago petradoria Blake. Wyoming to Oregon, western

Texas, northern Arizona, and southeastern California, 4,000 to 8,000 feet, June to September. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 791 ).

2. Solidago canadensis L. Newfoundland to Virginia, westward to Montana, Nevada, and central Arizona, 3,500 to 8,500 feet, July to

August. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 798).

3. Solidago sparsiflora Gray. South Dakota and Wyoming to

Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, 2,000 to 8,500 feet, June to October.

Ca. 1 mile east of the television relay tower. (Higgins 796A).

24. Aplopappus Cass. Goldenweed

Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, entire to bipinnatifid; heads small to large, usually radiate, yellow, or the rays rarely saffron- colored; involucre usually definitely graduated; achenes cylindric to turbinate; pappus copious, of graduated capillary bristles.

1. Plants with strictly herbaceous stems, but sometimes with a woody

caudex. . . . 1. A. gracilis 278

1. Plants shrubs or subshrubs. . . 2

2. Heads solitary at the tips of the branches, definitely peduncled,

radiate, large., the disk 1 cm high or more; involucre broad,

the phyllaries about 3-seriate, not strongly graduated;

pappus bright white. . . 2. A. linearifolius

2. Heads cymose or panicled or, if solitary, then not definitely

peduncled; involucre usually narrow, often strongly gradu-

ated; pappus straw-colored or dull white. . 3. A. watsoni

1. Aplopappus gracilis (Nutt.) Gray. Colorado to Texas,

Arizona, southeastern California, and Baja California, 7, 000 feet or lower, February to November. Virgin Narrows. (Cottam 3407).

2. Aplopappus linearifolius D. C. var. interior (Coville) M.

E. Jones. Southwestern Colorado and Utah to central and western

Arizona, and southeastern California, 2, 000 to 5, 000 feet, March to

June. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 377).

3. Aplopappus watsoni Gray. Southern Utah, southern Nevada, and northern Arizona, 7, 000 feet, September and October, Ca. 3 miles south of the television relay tower. (Higgins 782).

25. Amphipappus Torr. & Gray

Low, branching shrubs, white barked; leaves alternate, obovate or elliptic, small, entire; heads small, yellow, few flowered, crowded in small, rounded, terminal clusters; involucre graduated, the phyllaries broad, blunt, dryish; rays 1 or 2, small; disk flowers 3 to 6; ray achenes hairy, their pappus of more or less united bristles, awns 279 or paleae; disk achenes glabrous, their pappus of twisted, hispidulous bristles and narrow paleae.

I. Amphipappus fremontii Torr. & Gray. Southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona to eastern California, 2,500 feet or lower, March to May. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 375).

26. Chrysopsis Nutt. Golden Aster

Low, pubescent, perennial herbs; leaves alternate, spatulate to obovate or oblong, entire; heads medium-sized, radiate, yellow, solitary or several at apex of stem and branches; involucre broad, graduated, pappus double in both ray and disk flowers, the outer series of short squamellae or squamellate bristles, the inner of capillary bristles.

I. Involucre densely pubescent, the glands obscure; plants canescent

or grayish-green...... I. C. villosa

I. Involucre rather densely glandular, ciliolate toward the apex,

otherwise essentially glabrous; stems densely hispid as well

as hispidulous; leaves grayish-green, rather densely hispid.

2. C. viscida

I. Chrysopsis villosa (Pursh.} Nutt. Minnesota to Saskatchewan, south to Texas and southern Arizona, 8, 500 feet or lower, May to

October. Ca. I mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 844}.

2. Chrysopsis viscida (Gray} Greene var. cinerascens Blake.

Colorado and Utah to Texas and Arizona, 3, 500 to 9, 500 feet, May to

October. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 743}. 280

27. Baileya Harv. & Gray Wild Marigold

Low, floccose-woolly herbs; leaves alternate; heads solitary,

0 long peduncled, radiate, yellow; involucre of numerous subequal phyl • laries; rays papery-persistent, reflexed at maturity; achenes striate, epappose.

1. Stem leafy only at base or below the middle, the naked peduncles l.S

to 28 cm long. . . 1. B. multiradiata

I. Stems leafy to above the middle or nearly to apex, the peduncles

12 cm or less long, 2. B. pleniradiata

I. Baileya multiradiata Harv. & Gray. Western Texas to

southern Utah and Nevada, southeastern California, 5, 000 feet or lower 0

March to November, Ca. 4 miles south of Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 306).

2, Baileya ~leniradiata Harv. & Gray. Western Tex.as to southern Utah and southeastern California, 6,000 feet or lower, Feb.:t"uary to November. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 9 I. (Higgins

449).

28. Eriophyllum Lag

Ours dwarf, whitish-woolly annuals about 6 cm or less :high; leaves alternate, obovate, entire, or with l or 2 obscure teeth toward apex; heads small, yellow or white, solitary, pedunculate; involucre of usually 8 1-seriate, oblong, subherbaceous phyllaries; achenes :nearJy linear, sparsely hispidulous; pappus of about 8 oblong or oblong-ovate, very obtuse, opaque, whitish squamellae. 281

I. Rays yellow. I. E. wallacei

I. Rays white or rosy. 2. E. lanosum

I. Eriophyllum wallacei Gary. Southern Utah and western

Arizona to southern California, 2, 000 to 4, 000 feet, March to June.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 438).

2. Eriophyllum lanosum Gray. Southern Utah, southern Nevada, western Arizona, southeastern California, and Baja California, I, 000 to

3, 000 feet, February to May. Ca. 5 miles south of Terry's Ranch along the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 318).

29. Thelesperma Less.

Slender perennials; leaves opposite, mostly pinnately parted into a few narrow lobes; heads medium-sized or small, long peduncled, radiate or discoid, entirely yellow or the disk brownish; involucre double, the outer phyllaries narrow, herbaceous, the inner ones broad, scarious-mar gined, connate to about the middle or higher; achenes oblong to linear, thickish, more or less papillate; pappus of 2 retrorsely hispid awns.

I. Thelesperma subnudum Gray. Colorado and Utah to northern New Mexico and Arizona, 4,500 to 6,000 feet, May to September.

Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 840).

30. Encelia Adans.

Low, branching shrubs; leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, entire or toothed; heads medium-sized, solitary or panicled, radiate 282 or discoid, yellow, or the disk purple; rays neutral; achenes compressed, very flat, obovate, notched at apex, ciliate, more or less pubescent on the sides; pappus none, or of I or 2 weak awns.

I. Heads cymose or panicled; leaves whitish-tomentulose.

1. E. farinosa

I. Heads solitary; leaves not tomentulose. . . . . 2. E. frute scens

I. Encelia farinosa Gray. Southwestern Utah (according to

Benson and Darrow), southern Nevada, Arizona, and southern Calif- ornia, 3,000 feet or lower, November to May. Not collected.

2. Encelia frutescense Gray var. virginensis (A. Nels.) Blake.

Southern Utah to Arizona and southern California, 4,000 feet or lower,

January to September. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 486).

31. Viguiera H. B. K. Golden Ray

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite, linear to ovate, usually toothed; heads medium-sized, radiate, yellow, rays neutral; achenes laterally compressed, thickened; pappus of 2 awns and several short squamellae.

I. Viguiera multiflora (Nutt.) Blake var. nevadensis (A. Nels.)

Blake. Southwestern Montana to New Mexico, southern Arizona,

Nevada, and eastern California, 4,000 to 9,000 feet, May to October.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 644). 283

32. Wyethia Nutt. Mulesears

Perennial herbs; leaves alternate, linear to oblong, entire or essentially so; heads large, terminal, solitary, yellow, radiate; rays pistillate; achenes rather large, 3 or 4-angled; pappus a chaffy, dentate crown, or divided into a few teeth, or long-awned at the angles.

1. Wyethia arizonica Gray. Colorado, Utah, and northern Ne,,v

Mexico, Arizona, 6,500 feet, June to August. Near the television :rday tower. (Higgins 674).

33, Helianthus L. Sunflower

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, usually toothed; heads medium-sized to large, usually solitary or few, radiate, the rays yellow, the disk yellow, brown or purplish brown; involucre more or less herbaceous; achenes oblong, thickened; pappus of 2, rarely many, caduceus paleaceous awns.

1. Phyllaries narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate; pappus of nurne.t'01J$

unequal paleae. . . 1. H. anornah::;,

1. Phyllaries broader, or else blackish-green; pappus normally of 2

awns. 2

2. Leaves broadly ovate to cordate. 2. H. a:n.nui.,.s

2. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate.

3. H. petiolad,,

1. Helianthus anomalus Blake. Utah and northern Arizona, 2,

2,000 to 6,000 feet, June to September. Beaver Dam, Mohave County,

Arizona. (Peebles 13083). 284

2. Helianthus annuus L. Saskatchewan to Texas and westward,

7, 000 feet or lower, March to October. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver

Dam Wash. (Higgins 7 21 ).

3. Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Saskatchewan to Missouri and

Texas, west to British Columbia and California, 7, 500 feet or lower,

March to October. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 841 ).

34. Townsendia Hook.

Dwarf, perennial herb; leaves alternate, crowded, spatulate, entire, grayish-st rigose; heads solitary, rather small, with rosy or violet rays and yellow disk; involucre graduated, the phyllaries oblong, with purplish or white, scarious margin and tip; achenes of disk compressed, thick-mar.gined, pubescent with 2-forked hairs; pappus of numerous, white awns, persistent, longer than the achene.

I. Townsendia arizonica Gray. Southwestern Colorado, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and northern Arizona, about 5, 000 feet,

May to August. Ca. 5 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins

552).

35. Hymenopappus L'Her

Tomentose herbs; leaves alternate, pinnatifid to dissected, or the lowest leaves entire, often all or most of them basal; heads usually of 6 to 12 equal, oblong or oval, scarious-margined phyllaries; achenes obpyramidal, 4 or 5-angled, pubescent, often villous; pappus of 10 to

20, mostly obtuse scarious palea~ or squamellae. 285

1. Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. Colorado to Nevada, Arizona,

and southern California, 3,500 to 7,500 feet, May to October. Ca. 3

miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 684, 574).

36. Acamptopappus A. Gray

Low, branching shrubs, white-barked; leaves alternate, spatu-

late to nearly linear, small, entire; heads medium-sized, discoid, yel-

low; involucre broad, graduated; phyllaries with a greenish subapical

spot; achenes turbinate, densely villous; pappus of numerous narrowly

linea:r paleae, some of the outer ones narrower and setiform.

I. Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus {Harv. & Gray) Gray.

Southern Utah to central Arizona and southern California, 1, 000 to 4, 500 feet, April to October. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 487).

37. Gutierrezia Lag. Snakeweed

Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, more or less glutinous; leaves alternate, linear to narrowly oblanceolate, entire; heads

small, yellow, radiate, usually numerous and crowded; involucre cylindric to campanulate, the phyllaries chartaceous, scarious -margined, with small green tip; achenes small, oblong or obovoid; pappus of several

squamellae or paleae, often shorter in the ray flowers.

1. Heads tiny, cylindric, about 1 mm thick; rays l or 2; disk flowers

1 to 3. . l. G. lucida

1. Heads larger, slender-turbinate to subglobose; rays 3 to 12; disk

£lowers 1 to 12...... 2 286

2. Involucre very slenderly turbinate, l to l. 5 mm thick; rays 4

or 5; disk flowers l to 3 ...... 2. G. microcephala

2. Involucre turbinate, usually 2 mm thick or more; rays 3 to 8;

disk flowers 3 to 8...... • . . 3. G. sarothrae

l. Gutierrezia lucida Greene. Colorado to Texas, west to

Nevada and California, south to Mexico, 1, 000 to 7, 000 feet, June to

October. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 787).

2. Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) Gray. Texas to Idaho, south to Arizona and Coahuila, 3,500 to 6,500 feet, June to October.

Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road;. (Higgins 822).

3. Gutierrezia sarothrae {Pursh) Britt. & Rushy. Saskatchewan to Kansas, south to northern Mexico and Baja California, 3, 000 to 8, 000 feet, July to November. Lytle' s Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash.

(Higgins 765 ).

38, Psilostrophe DC.

Herbs or shrubs, more or less woolly; leaves alternate, entire or the lower ones pinnatifid; heads small, radiate, yellow; receptacle naked; rays persistent, becoming papery; achenes slender; pappus of 4 to 6 hyaline paleae.

1. Psilostrophe cooperi (Gray): Greene. Utah and western

New Mexico to southern California and northwestern Mexico, 2, 000 to

5,000 feet, flowering throughout the year. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 484 ). 287

39. Hymenoxys Cass

Annual or perennial herbs; leaves alternate, entire to pinnatifid; heads radiate, yellow; involucre in 2 or more series, the phyllaries often rigid, the outer ones sometimes united at base; pappus of 5 to 12 paleae.

1. Leaves entire, all basal; heads solitary on the naked scapes.

1. H. acaulis

1. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow divisions; heads numerous on

the branching inflorescence. . 2. ~ cooperi

1. Hymenoxys acaulis (Pur sh. ) Parker var. arizonica (Greene)

Parker. Western colorado and southern Utah to central Nevada, and southern California, 4,000 to 7, 000 feet, April to October. Ca. 3 miles south of television relay tower. (Higgins 550).

2. Humenoxys cooperi (Gray) Cockrell. Southern Utah and

Nevada, northern Arizona, and southeastern California, 2, 000 to 7, 000 feet, May to September. Not collected, but to be expected.

40. Xanthium L. Cocklebur

Monoecious, weedy annuals; leaves alternate, sometimes with triple spines in the axils; hermaphrodite heads clustered, borne above the pistillate ones, their involucres with free phyllaries; pistillate involucres bur-like, 2-celled, 2-beaked, covered with stiff, hooked prickles. 288

1. Xanthium strumarium L. Throughout the United States and in the Hawaiian Islands, 100 to 6,000 feet, summer. Ca. 1 mile west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 825 ).

41. Hymenoclea Torr. & Gray

Low, much branched shrubs, monoecious or subdioecious; leaves alternate, linear-filiform and entire, or pinnately parted into a few linear -filiform lobes; heads small; pistillate involucre fusiform, beaked, indurate, !-flowered, with 5 to 12 transverse scarious wings near the middle, completely enclosing the achene; staminate heads with a flattish, 4 to 6-lobed involucre.

1. Wings of the pistillate involucre soon wide spreading, the lower

6 to 8 mm wide .. 1. H. salsola

1. Wings of the pistillate involucre erect or only at length spreading,

the lower 3 to 5 mm wide. 2. H. fasciculata

I. Hymenoclea salsola Torr. & Gray. Southern Utah, Arizona, southern California, and northwestern Mexico, up to 4, 000 feet, March and April. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 435 ).

2. Hymenoclea fasciculata A. Nels. Southwestern Utah and southern Nevada, up to 4, 000 feet, March and April. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

42. Ambrosia L. Ragweed

Weedy, monoecious herbs; leaves opposite or alternate, lobed or dissected; pistillate heads mostly axillary, I -flowered, their involucres 289 more or less turbinate, short-beaked, indurate, armed with a few tubercles in a single series around the middle, completely enclosing the achene; staminate heads naked-racemose, above the pistillate ones, terminating the stem and branches.

1. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Illinois to Saskatchewan and

Washington, south to northern Mexico, 2, 500 to 7, 000 feet, July to

October. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 724).

43. Franseria Cav. Bursage

Plants with the characters of Ambrosia, but with the pistillate involucre armed with spines or prickles in more than 1 series, and 1 to

4-flowered.

1. Plants herbaceous. 1. F. acanthicarpa

1. Plants shrubby, at least at base. . 2

2. Leaves once to thrice pinnately divided into small, mostly ovate

or obovate divisions, canescent-strigillose on both faces;

fruit 4 to 6 mm long. . 2. F. dumosa

2. Leaves ovate to oblong, sinuate-toothed to pinnatifid; fruit

fusiform, 8 to 10 mm long .. . . 3. F. eriocentra

I. Franseria acanthicarpa (Hook.) Coville. Minnesota to

Alberta, south to we stern Texas, northern Arizona, and California,

1, 000 to 7, 000 feet, June to December. Not collected, but to be expected.

2. Franseria dumosa Gray. Southern Utah to southeastern

California and northwestern Mexico, up to 3,000 feet, April to November. 290

Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins 492}.

3. Franseria eriocentra Gray. Southern Utah to southeastern

California and south-central Arizona, 1, 500 to 5, 000 feet, April and

May. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 509 }.

44. Artemisia L. Sagebrush

Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, entire to thrice-pinnatifid; heads small, discoid or disciform, usually numerous, spicate, racemose, or panicled; involucre few-seriate, of more or less scarious phyllaries; flowers brownish, whitish, or yellowish; pistillate outer flowers sometimes present, their corollas tubular; achenes short, thick, glabrous or merely sessile-glandular; pappus none.

1. Plants herbs. 2

1. Plants shrubs or undershrubs. 3

2. Leaves elongate-linear, entire or some of the lower ones

sometimes 3-cleft, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, but

never tomentose. . 1. A. dracunculoides

2. Leaves usually broader or else usually lobed, toothed, or pin-

natifid, always tomentose, at least beneath.

2. A. ludoviciana

3. Leaves linear filiform, less than 1 mm wide, entire or 3-parted.

3. A. filifolia

3. Leaves broader, at least the lower ones 3-dentate at apex. . 4

4. Plants usually 50 cm high; panicles not naked. 4. A. tridentata

4. Plants 10 to 30 cm high; panicles naked .. 5. A. nova 291

I. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. Manitoba to British

Columbia, south to Texas, Arizona, and Baja California, 3, 500 to

9,500 feet, July to November. Near the television relay tower.

(Higgins 796).

2. Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Southern Canada to northern

Mexico, 2,500 to 8,500 feet, August to November. Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 642).

3. Artemisia filifolia Torr. Nebraska and Wyoming to

Nevada, Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico, 4,000 to 6,000 feet,

August to November. Ca. 2 miles west of hwy. 91 along the Jackson road. (Higgins 683 ).

4. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. South Dakota to British Columbia,

south to New Mexico, northern Arizona, and Baja California, 5,000 to

8,000 feet, July to October. Not collected, but common.

5. Artemisia nova A. Nels. Montana to New Mexico, northern

Arizona, and California, 6,000 to 8,000 feet, August and September.

Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 711 ).

45. Stylocline Nutt.

Dwarf, gray-woolly annual; leaves alternate, small, linear or spatulate-linear, entire; heads small, sessile; outer flowers pistillate, the 4 or 5 inner flowers hermaphrodite but infertile; paleae of the pistillate flowers boat-shaped, tipped with a hyaline appendage, completely enclosing the achenes and deciduous with them; paleae subtending the 292 hermaphrodite flowers flattish; pappus none in the pistillate flowers, of a few bristles in the hermaphrodite flowers.

1. Stylocline micropoides Gray. Utah and southern Nevada to

New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, 4,000 feet or lower,

March to May. Not collected, but to be expected on the Beaver Dam

Mountains.

46. Iva L.

Herbs; leaves alternate or opposite, entire or dissected; heads small, greenish, panicled or solitary in the axils, disciform; involucre simple; outer flowers 5, pistillate, fertile, their corollas vestigial, the inner flowers hermaphrodite, sterile; achenes obovate, thickened, epappose.

1. Iva axillaris Pursh. Manitoba to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, northern Arizona, and California, 4,000 to 5,000 feet,

May to July. Lytle's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 763).

4 7. Baccharis L.

Dioecious shrubs, rarely only suffrutescent at base; leaves alternate, entire to toothed; heads usually numerous and panicled, discoid, whitish; involucre graduated, of chartaceous, whitish phyllaries; pistillate heads composed entirely of tubular -filiform pistillate flowers; staminate heads composed entirely of hermaphrodite flowers, with tubular, 5-toothed corollas, infertile; achenes small, 5 to 10 ribbed; pappus of copious capillary bristles. 293

I. Leaves few, small, soon deciduous; plant broomlike; pappus short,

4 mm long. . I. ~ sergiloides

I. Leaves numerous, medium-sized, persistent; plant not broomlike. 2

2. Pappus of female flowers at maturity much exceeding the

styles. 2. B. emoryi

2. Pappus of female flowers merely equaling the styles at

maturity. 3

3. Heads in small clusters terminating numerous short lateral

branches. 3. B. viminea

3. Heads in a terminal panic le. . . 4. B. glutinosa

1. Baccharis sergiloides Gray. Utah, Arizona, southeastern

California, and Sonora, 2,000 to 5,500 feet, summer. Ca. 3 miles west of the television relay tower. (Higgins 789).

2. Baccharis emoryi Gray. Texas to southern Utah and

California, 5, 000 feet or lower, September to November. Not collected, but occurs close by at Zion National Park, and to be expected.

3. Baccharis viminea DC. Southwestern Utah and western

Arizona to California, up to 3, 000 feet, spring and late summer.

Terry's Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 423).

4. Baccharis glutinosa Pers. Colorado and Texas to California and Mexico, up to 5,500 feet, but usually lower, March to December.

Lytle' s Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 7 83 ). 294

48. Peucephyllum A. Gray

Much branched shrubs, whitish-barked, resinous -viscid, essentially glabrous, denudate below, very leafy above; leaves alternate, linear -filiform, subterete, obtuse or apiculate, densely glandular -punctate, 8 to 20 mm long; heads solitary at the tips of the branches, subsessile, yellow, discoid; involucre 2-seriate, of linear-lanceolate, acuminate, subequal phyllaries; achenes silky-pi lose; pappus of numerous graduated bristles, the inner ones sometimes narrowly linear and paleaceous.

1. Peucephyllum schottii Gray. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, western Arizona, and southern California, up to 5,000 feet, dry rocky slopes, March to June. Not collected.

49, Palafoxia Lag.

Annual (or perennial) herbs; leaves mostly alternate, linear or lanceolate, entire; heads 2 to 2. 8 cm high, discoid, flesh-colored or whitish; achenes slender, linear -tetragonal, about 1 cm long; pappus of

4 or 5 linear paleae with an excurrent nerve, or reduced in some flowers.

1. Palafoxia linearis (Cav.) Lag. Southern Utah, southern

Nevada, western Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Mexico, up to 2,500 feet, February to November. Not collected, but to be expected. 295

50. Chaenactis DC

Low herbs; leaves alternate, entire to bipinnatifid, the blade or its divisions narrow; heads flesh-colored or white (rarely yellow), discoid but sometimes with enlarged outer corollas; achenes linear; pappus of hyaline paleae, these without a midrib.

1. Leaves simple and linear, or once pinnatifid, plants quickly

glabrate. 1. C. fremonti

1. Leaves usually bipinnate, tomentum more or less persistent .. 2

2. Involucre 12 to 15 mm high; corollas about 10 mm long.

2. C. macrantha

2. Involucre 6 to 9 mm high; corollas about 5 mm long.

3. C. stevioides

1. Chaenactis fremonti Gray. Southwestern Utah, southern

Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern California, up to 3~ 500 feet,

April to June. Near the Utah-Arizona border along hwy. 91. (Higgins

335 ).

3. Chaenactis stevioides Hook. Wyoming to Idaho, south to New

Mexico, southern California, 1,000 to 6,500 feet, February to May.

Not collected, but very common on dry mesas and plains.

51. Cirsium Hill. Thistle

Biennial or perennial herbs, often woolly, with spiny or prickly leaves and involucre; leaves alternate, usually pinnatifid; heads medium or large, discoid, usually purple, pink, or red, rarely white or greenish 296 yellow; involucre broad, many-seriate, the phyllaries, at least the outer, tipped with spines; receptacle densely bristly; achenes oblong or ovate; pappus of numerous plumose bristles or very narrow paleae, united at base and deciduous in a ring.

1. Phyllaries more or less densely and persistently tomentose, the

middle ones spreading, the outer reflexed.

1. C. neomexicanum

1. Phyllaries glabrous or the margin hispidulous or somewhat arach-

noid-tomentose, the outer ones not reflexed. . 2

2. Inner phyllaries with elongate, attenuate, plane, usually bright

red or reddish tips .. 2. C. nidulum

2. Inner phyllaries with usually more or less dilated and twisted,

often erose tips. . 3. C. ochrocentrum

1. Cirsium neomexicanwn Gray. Colorado to Nevada, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, l, 000 to 6,500 feet,

March to September. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91. (Higgins 482).

2. Cirsium nidulum (Jones) Petrak. Southern Utah, Nevada, and Arizona, 3,500 to 8,000 feet, June and July. Junction of hwy. 91 and the Gunlock road. (Higgins 836).

3. Cirsium ochrocentrum Gray. Nebraska to Texas and Arizona,

4,500 to 8,000 feet, May to October. At television relay tower.

(Higgins 689 ). 297

52. Onopordon L. Cottonthistle

Tall herbs with erect stems and alternate, simple, spiny leaves; the cauline leaves decurrent and the stems conspicuously spiny-winged; heads large, mostly solitary; involucre broad, the phyllaries numerous in many series, entire, narrowed into a stiff spine; achenes somewhat compressed, pubescent, transversely rugose; pappus setose, the bristles slender, scabrous, in several series.

1. Onopordon acanthium L. Widespread in the United States,

3,000 to 5,000 feet, June to September. Ca. 2 miles north of summit along hwy. 91. (Higgins 654).

53. Filago L.

Low, whitish-woolly annuals; leaves alternate, narrow, entire; heads small, glomerate, disciform; outer flowers pistillate, the outer- most of these subtended by boat-shaped, open paleae, apappose, the others usually without paleae and with a pappus of capillary bristles; innermost flowers (2 to 5) hermaphrodite, usually without paleae, epappose.

1. Filago californica Nutt. Utah to southern Arizona, Califor- nia, and Baja California, 7,000 feet or lower, March to May. Not collected.

54. Pluchea Cass

Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate; heads small, disciform, in terminal cymes or panicles, the corollas purplish; involucre graduated, 298 the bracts chartaceous to subscarious; receptacle naked; outer flowers

pistillate, with a tubular-funnelform corolla, the inner hermaphrodite;

achenes small, 4 to 5-ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles.

1. Pluchea sericea (Nutt.) Coville. Texas to Utah, southern

California, and northern Mexico, up to 3, 000 feet, very abundant along

streams, sometimes in saline soil, flowering chiefly in spring. Lytle's

Ranch on the Beaver Dam Wash. (Higgins 754).

55. Psathyrotes A. Gray

Low, spreading, divaricately branched, annual; leaves alter-

nate, ovate to deltoid-ovate, toothed or entire, petioled; heads solitary

in the forks, small, discoid, yellow or purplish; involucre 2 or 3-

seriate, somewhat graduated, the phyllaries lanceolate to oblong or

ovate, at least the outer ones herbaceous, at least above; achenes

densely silky-villous; pappus of numerous graduated bristles, yellow-

brown in age.

1. Outer phyllaries obovate, much broader than the inner ones; plants

lanate -tomentose as well as scurfy. 1. P. ramosissima

1. Outer phyllaries lanceolate, lance-ovate, or spatulate, not broader

than the inner ones; plants scurfy-tomentose. 2. P; annua

1. Psathyrotes ramosis sima (Torr. ) Gray. Southwestern Utah

to western Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Baja Calif-

ornia, 2, 500 feet or lower, flowering much of the year. Not collected. 299

2. Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) Gray. Southern Utah to southeastern California, and northwestern Mexico, up to _3, 000 feet, February to July. Beaver Dam Mountains. (Palmer 266).

56. Tetradymia DC.

Shrubs, commonly less than 1 meter high, much branched, canescent tomentose throughout; leaves oblanceolate to linear, entire, sessile, callose-tipped, usually less than 1. 5 cm long, often with axillary fascicles; heads medium-sized, discoid, yellow, solitary and axillary or clustered at the tips of the branches; involucre of equal, thick chartaceous phyllaries, tomentose outside; achenes obovoid, densely silky-pilose; pappus of copious, whitish, capillary bristles.

1. Primary leaves transformed into stiff, straight, spreading spines;

heads solitary, axillary, 5 to 9 flowered; phyllaries 5 or 6.

1. T. axillari s

1. Primary leaves not transformed into spines; heads clustered at the

ends of the branches, 4-flowered; phyllaries 4.

2. T. canescens

1. Tetradymia axillaris A. Nels. Utah and western Arizona to California, up to 3,500 feet, spring. Castle Cliffs along hwy. 91.

(Higgins 475).

2. Tetradymia canescens DC. var. inermis (Nutt.) Gray.

Montana to New Mexico, northern Arizona, and California, 6, 000 to

7, 000 feet, July to October. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 715 ). 300

57. Brickellia Ell. Brickellbush

Herbs or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate; heads small to medium-sized, discoid, usually whitish, solitary or panicled; involucre

usually definitely graduated, the phyllaries generally dryish and striate;

achenes IO-ribbed; pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

1. Heads 40 to 50 flowered, solitary or few and cymose.

1. B. oblongifolia

1. Heads 9 to 26 flowered, numerous, panicled. . 2. ~ atractyloides

1. Brickellia oblongifolia Nutt. var. linifolia (D. C. Eaton)

Robins. Colorado to New Mexico, west to Nevada and southeastern

California, 4, 000 to 8, 500 feet, May and June. Near the television relay tower. (Higgins 7 00 ).

2. Brickellia atractyloides Gray. Southern Utah and Arizona to southern Nevada and California, 3,500 feet or lower, March to May.

Not collected, but definitely known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

58. Hofmeisteria Walp.

Much branched, low shrubs; glandular-puberulous; leaves oppo-

site or alternate, the blades lanceolate or lance-ovate, 2 to 10 mm long,

shorter than the petioles; heads loosely panicled, white, discoid; involucre

strongly graduated, of dry, few-ribbed phyllaries, the outer ones with acuminate subherbaceous tips; pappus of about 12 bristles, alternating irregularly with much shorter, narrow squamellae or bristles. 301

1. Hofmeisteria pluriseta Gray. Southern Utah and Nevada, western Arizona, southeastern California, and Baja California, 3, 000 feet or lower, January to March. Not collected, but to be expected.

59. Chrysothamnus Nutt. Rabbitbrush

Shrubs; leaves alternate, linear -filiform to linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire; heads small or medium-sized, discoid, yellow, usually few-flowered; involucre several-seriate, graduated, the phyllaries chartaceous, sometimes herbaceous-tipped, in more or less distinct, vertical ranks; achenes slender; pappus of numerous capillary bristles.

1. Leaves conspicuously punctate with impressed glands, terete or

slightly flattened; plants glabrous throughout. 2

1. Leaves not punctate with impressed glands .. 3

2. Phyllaries with the midrib often glandular -thickened for most

of its length, but without a roundish terminal gland.

1. C. paniculatus

2. Phyllaries with a large, roundish terminal gland.

2. C. teretifolius

3. Stems covered with a dense, often matted tomentum.

3, C. nauseosus

3. Stems glabrous to pubescent, never tomentose. 4. C. viscidiflorus

1. Chrysothamnus paniculatus (Gray) H. M, Hall, Utah and

Arizona to southeastern California, up to 4, 000 feet, September to 302

November. Western slope of the Beaver Dam Mountains. (Robert

Pendleton, Dixie. )

2. Chrysothamnus teretifolius (Dur. & Hilgard) H. M. Hall.

Southwestern Utah, Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and southern

California, about 3,000 feet, September and October. Not collected, but definitely known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains.

3. Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pall.) Britton var. graveolens

(Nutt. ) Piper. Southern Utah and northern Arizona, to southeastern

California, 2, 000 to 8, 000 feet, July to October. Junction of hwy. 9 I and the Jackson road. (Higgins 842).

4. Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, (Hook.) Nutt. North Dakota to British Columbia, south to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern

California, 5, 000 to 7, 000 feet, August to October, Not collected, but known to occur on the Beaver Dam Mountains. SUMMARY

This study indicates that the Beaver Dam Mountains have a very rich flora. The families, genera, species, and infraspecific entities recognized in this paper are shown in the following tabulation.

families genera entities

Pteridophyta 2 6 8

Gymnos permae 3 5 11

Monocotyledonae 7 52 99

Dicotyledonae 66 245 549

Totals 78 308 667

The families with the largest total representation for the Beaver

Dam Mountains are: Compositae (59 genera, 108 entities), Gramineae

(36 genera, 79 entities), Leguminosae (14 genera, 39 entities),

Cruciferae (20 genera, 37 entities), Boraginaceae (8 genera, 30 entities),

Polygonaceae (6 genera, 30 entities), Chenopodiaceae (8 genera, 27 entities), Scrophulariaceae (7 genera, 24 entities), Onagraceae (3 genera, 23 entities).

This study also shows extensions of the geographical range of many of the species of plants; as a result several new records for the

State of Utah are listed. These are: Aloysia wrightii (Gray) Heller,

Epilobium nevadense Munz, Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., and

Schismus arabicus Nees.

303 304

There are numerous species which are endemic to the Beaver

Dam Mountains, or are only found in close proximity in northwestern

Arizona or southeastern Nevada. these are: Agave utahensis Engelm.,

Yucca baccata Torr. var. vespertina McKelvey, Eriogonum puberulum

S. Wats., Eriogonum subreniforme S. Wats., Arctomecon humilis

Coville, Ara bis pule hr a Jones var. muneiensis Jones, Dale a fremoritii

Torr. var. johnsoni (Wats.) Munz, Lotus longebracteatus Rydb. ,

Astragalus lentiginosus Doug!. var. stramineus (Rydb.) Barneby,

Astragalus minthorniae (Rydb.) Jeps. var. gracilior (Barneby) Barneby,

Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth., Ptelea baldwinii Torr .• , Croton longipes

M. E. Jones, Epilobium nevadense Munz., Oenothera parryi Wats.,

Lomatium scabrum (Coult. & Rose) Mathias, Cymopterus jonesii

Coult. & Rose, Phlox griseola Wherry, Cryptantha virginensis (Jones)

Payson, Penstemon petiolatus Brandeg., Phacelia palmeri Torr.,

Mimulus parryi Gray, Enceliopsis argophylla (D. C. Eaton) A. Nels., and Laphamia palmeri Gray. -

LIST OF REFERENCES

Abrams, Leroy. 1923. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. Vol. 1: Ferns to Birthworts. Stanford University, California: Stanford University Press.

1944. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. Vol. II: Buckwheats to Kramerias. Stanford University, California: Stanford University Press.

1951. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. Vol. III: Geraniums to Figworts. Stanford University, California: Stanford University Press.

and R. S. Ferris. 1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific ----- States. Vol. IV: Bignonia to Compositae. Stanford University, California: Stanford University Press.

Benson, L. 1950. The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Benson, L. and R. A. Darrow. 1954. The Trees and Shrubs of the Southwest Deserts. University of Arizona, Tucson.

Clokely, I. W. 1951. Flora of the Charleston Mountains, Clark County, Nevada. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Coulter, J. M. and A. Nelson. 1909. New Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany. American Book Company, New York.

Coville, F. V. 1893. Botany of the Death Valley Expedition. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Cronquist, A. and D. D. Keck. 1957. A Reconstitution of the Genus Machaeranthera. Brittonia 9: 231-239.

Hanson, C. A. 1962. Perennial Atriplex of Utah and the Northern Deserts. M. S. Thesis, Brigham Young University.

Harrington, H. D. 1954. Manual of the Plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver.

305 30-6

Heylmum, E. B. 1963. Guidebook to the Geology of Southwestern Utah, Publishers Press, Salt Lake City.

Hitchcock, A. S. 195 O. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Misc. Publ. 200.

Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 5. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.

Jepson, W. L. 1923. Flowering Plants of California. University of California, Berkeley.

Johnston, I. M. 1925. The North American Species of Cryptantha. Contrib. Gray Herb. 74: 1-114.

Jones, M. E. 1965. Botanical Explorations of Marcus E. Jones. Leaflets West. Bot. 193-236.

Kearney, T. H. and R. H. Peebles. 1960. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

McKelvey, S. D. 1947. Yuccas of the Southwestern United States, Part 2. Published by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University.

Munz, P. A. 1941. Onagraceae of Nevada. Contrib. toward a Flora of Nevada, 32: 1-73.

and D. D. Keck. 1959. A California Flora. University of ----- California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Payson, E. B. 1927. A Monograph of the Section Oreocarya of Cryptantha. Ann. Mo. Botan. Gard. 14: 211-358.

1922. A Monographic Study of Thelypodium and its immedi- ate Allies; Ann. Mo. Botan. Gard. 9.

Porter, C. L. 1959. Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. Freeman and Company, Inc. San Francisco.

Preston, R. J. 1940. Rocky Mountain Trees. Iowa State College Press, Ames.

Raven, P. H. 1962. The Systematics of Oenothera subgenus Chylismia, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Rehder, A. 1927. Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs. MacMillan Company, New York. 307

Rydberg, P. A. 1922. Flora of the Rocky Mountains. Intelligencer Printing Company, Lancaster, Pa.

Shreve, F. and I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert. Vol. I. Stanford University Press, Calif.

1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert, Vol. II. Stanford University Press, California.

Tidestrom, I. 1925. Flora of Utah and Nevada. Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium, Vol. 25. Washington, D. C.

Vines. R. A. 1960. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Webber, J. M. 1953. Yuccas of the Southwest. U. S. Dept. Agr. Monograph, 17: 1-97.

Welsh, S. L., M. Treshow, G. Moore. 1964. Guide to Common Utah Plants. Brigham Young University Press, Utah. A FLORA OF THE BEAVER DAM MOUNTAINS

An Abstract

of a Thesis Submitted to

the Department of Botany

Brigham Young University

Provo, Utah

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Master of Science

Larry C. Higgins

August, 1967 ABSTRACT

The Beaver Dam Mountains are located in the extreme southwestern corner of Washington County, Utah, and the northwestern corner of

Mohave County, Arizona, with the greater portion of the range being in

Utah. The area covered in this study is about 30 miles in length and 20 miles in width.

The topography of the range is quite varied, with an elevational range of 5, 746 feet. The lowest point is 2, 000 feet at Beaver Dam,

Arizona, and the highest point is 7, 746 feet at the television relay tower. The lower elevations support a wide variety of desert vegetation from the Lower Sonoran life zone. The upper limits of the range are much more mesic, and the plants are primarily from the Upper Sonoran life zone.

Most of the Beaver Dam Mountains are composed of rocks ranging from the Cambrian to the Permian Periods. These rocks are represented mostly by various limestone formations.

In this study an attempt was made to collect all plant species growing on the Beaver Dam Mountains, and to arrange them into a workable flora of the area. A study was also made of the collections in the herbaria of Brigham Young University and Dixie Junior College.

From this information keys and descriptions for all plant families and genera were written, as well as keys to all .the species. For each

1 2

species the following information was also given; the distribution in

North America, the elvational range, period of flowering, and the

location on the Beaver Dam Mountains in which the species was collected,

Some 667 species in 308 genera and 78 families are recognized as occurring on this range.

This study also shows extensions of the geographical range of

many of the species of plants; as a result several new records for the state of Utah are listed. These are: Aloysia wrightii {Gray)

Heller, Epilobium nevadense Munz, Leptochloa filiformis {Lam, )

Beauv., and Schismus arabicus Nees.

There are numerous species which are endemic to the Beaver

Dam Mountains, or are only found in close proximity in northwestern

Arizona or southeastern Nevada. These are: Agave utahensis Engelm,,

Yucca baccata Torr. var. vespertina McKelvey, Eriogonum puberu-

lum S. Wats., Eriogonum subreniforme S. Wats., Arctomecon humilis

Coville, Arabis pulchra Jones var. muneiensis Jones, Dalea fremontii

Torr. var. johnsoni (Wats.) Munz, Lotus longebracteatus Rydb.,

Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl. var. stramineus (Rydb.) Barneby,

Astragalus minthorniae (Rydb.) Jeps. var. gracilior (Barneby) Barneby,

Lupinus sparsiflorus Benth., Ptelea baldwinii Torr., Croton longipes

M. E. Jones, Epilobium nevadense Munz., Oenothera parryi Wats.,

Lomatium scabrum {Coult. & Rose) Mathias, Cymopterus jonesii Coult.

& Rose, Phlox griseola Wherry, Cryptantha virginensis (Jones) Payson,

Penstemon petiolatus Brandeg., Phacelia palmeri Torr., Mimulus 3 parryi Gray, Enceliopsis argophylla (D. C. Eaton) A. Nels., and

Laphamia palmeri Gray.